APA Annotated of Bibliography

Subin Panta
BUSI 604 D09 Forum 6 Module 6
7/31/2013
Dimensions of culture
1. Scholtens, B., & Dam, L. (2007). Cultural values and international differences in business
ethics. Journal of Business Ethics,75(3), 273-284. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10551-006-
9252-9
Bert Scholtens, Ph.D., who has been working in University of Groningen, The
Netherland, has researched particularly on the interaction between financial institution and social
responsibility. Mr. Lammartjen Dam is the student of Ph.D. at University of Groningen, The
Netherland. This research paper they analyze the ethical policies of 2700 organization from 24
different countries. The writers looked into the organizations human rights policy, bribery and
corruptions and its code of ethics. They found that significant difference in policies of firms
headquartered in different countries. They concluded by stating that cultural values are important
determinant of differences in ethical policies.
2. Yeganeh, H. (2011). Culture and international trade: evidence from Canada. International
Journal of Commerce and Management, 21(4), 381+. Retrieved from
http://go.galegroup.com.ezproxy.liberty.edu:2048/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA279461621&v=2.1&u
=vic_liberty&it=r&p=ITOF&sw=w
Dr.Hamid Yeganeh is the assistant professor at the Winona State University in
Minnesota, and author of various journals. His previous researches focused on international
business and cross cultural management. This research focused on the effects of culture on the
international trade. The research model was incorporated to test the effects of cultural variables,
religion and language commonalities on international trade between Canada and 53 other
countries. The research shows that the linguistic commonality has positive influence but culture
and religion doesnt seem to have any significant effect on international trade. He concluded the
research saying that the managers should train bilingual agents to remove language barriers.
3."BusinessVibes." Things to Consider When Starting Business in Canada. BusinessVibes, 28
July 2012. Web. 27 June 2013. Retrieved from http://businessvibes.com/blog/things-consider-
when-starting-business-canada
This article was published in businessvibes.com on Sat 07/28/2012. The article tells us
knowing about the cultural difference, economy, and location of the business and ways of
communication style of Canadian before starting business in Canada. This website has been used
as supplement.
4. Canada - Canadian Business Etiquette, Manners, Cross Cultural Communication, and Geert
Hofstede Analysis. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.cyborlink.com/besite/canada.htm
The website is used as the supplementary reference to scholarly journals. This website
tells us the basic facts of Canada. It also tells us the Geert Hofstede analysis for Canada.
Furthermore it tells about the religion, behavior norms, appearance, and the way of
communication of the Canadians.
5. Brooks, L. J. (1997). Business ethics in Canada: Distinctiveness and directions. Journal of
Business Ethics, 16(6), 591-604. Retrieved from
http://search.proquest.com/docview/198106448?accountid=12085
Mr. Leonard J Brooks, professor of business ethics and accounting at University of
Toronto, wrote several journals on Canadian business ethics and editor of corporate ethics
monitor. This paper also focuses on the business ethics of Canadian corporations. He wrote that,
in Canada there are no regulatory bodies like US Securities and Exchange Commission and
foreign corruption act, but the business ethics have been the result of broad socio-political and
socio-economic factors. The pressure for business ethics in Canada came from Canadian
societies, share ownership from church, responsible investors and executives. The business ethics
in Canada has been developed by the consultants, academic researchers and the professional
accountants influenced by the USs experience.
6. Boyd, C. (1997). Business ethics in canada: A personal view. Journal of Business
Ethics, 16(6), 605-609. Retrieved from
http://search.proquest.com/docview/198191034?accountid=12085
Mr. Colin Boyd, professor in the department of university of Saskatchewan, is
coordinator of Initiative 21 project and the author of Zebrugge ferry disaster. He wrote that, on
two areas, Canadas business ethics varies from the other countries. First was on the harvest of
animals like seal, fur bearing animals and of forests. Canada was the center of controversy on
these business activities. He also pointed out that Greenpeace spearheaded the attacks on
Canadas harvest of baby seals. The campaign against the fur also highlights ethical dilemma of
Canadian business. The lumber industry also faced the same attack by social activists. He
concluded his paper by saying about relative advancement of Canadian business attitude towards
ageism, sexism and gender.

Comparisons of culture
7. Alston, J. P., Morris, T. M., & Vedlitz, A. (1996). Comparing canadian and american values:
New evidence from national surveys. The American Review of Canadian Studies, 26(3), 301.
Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/213982312?accountid=12085
Mr. Jon Alston, Ms. Theresa Morris and Mr. Arnold Vedlitz contributes to this article
titled Comparing Canadian and American values: New evidence form national surveys. This
article exams the thesis done by Mr.Seymour Martin Lipset on differences in the values systems
of Canadians and Americans. The writers pointed out the Mr. Lipset argument of formation of
two nations rises two different culture. Mr. Lipset argues that the major difference between
Americans and Canadians rest on the fact that America is country of revolution but Canada is
counter-revolution. The writers tell that other researcher has also observed that Americans are
individualistic and suspicious of institution whereas Canadians are collectivistic and supportive
of institution. The writes believed that the debate are important and want to discuss further by
examining recent data.
8. Robinson, E. I. (2006). Political culture, labor movement power, religion, and public policy in
Canada and the united states: Vive la diffrence? Contemporary Sociology, 35(3), 237-242.
Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/233582462?accountid=12085
Mr. E Ian Robinson is the professor at University of Michigan. The essays talks about the
difference in union density and religiosity in Canada and America. He pointed out that the
difference in factions within labor movements and religious communities contributes to lower
union density and higher religiosity in America than Canada.
9. MacNab, B. R., & Worthley, R. (2007). Culture typing versus sample specific accuracy: An
examination of uncertainty avoidance, power distance, and individualism for business
professionals in the U.S. and Canada. Multinational Business Review, 15(3), 1-23. Retrieved
from http://search.proquest.com/docview/194176478?accountid=12085
Mr. Brent R Mcnabb, who works in University of Sydney, focuses his research on
examination of cross-culture and intra-cultural phenomena. Mr. Reginald Worthley, works in
University of Hawaii, focuses his research on various cross cultural issues. The writers
contribute updated test on the comparisons of Canada and the USA that was done by Hofstede in
1980. After the research, the writers duo clarifies that the as with most cross-cultural studies it
has limitations. The professionals used in the programs on these studies are not sample of general
population. And the study didnt capture the subject information on specific industry type. They
concluded by saying that the research done by Hofstede in 1980 holds some meaningful
accuracy.
10. Ali, A. J., Falcone, T., & Azim, A. A. (1995). Work ethic in the USA and Canada. The
Journal of Management Development,14(6), 26. Retrieved from
http://search.proquest.com/docview/216311247?accountid=12085
Mr. Abbas Ali and Mr. Thomas Falcone works of Indiana University of Pennsylvania and
Mr.A Azim works at university of Calgary, Canada. The writers focused their research on the
work ethics of Canadians and Americans. The study was done to determine the relationship
between various works related measure like individualism, work involvement and work ethics.
The samples were from two companies of USA and Canada. Canadian sample consist employees
of three organizations in Alberta of different age, gender and religion and U.S sample consist
three businesses from Pennsylvania of different age, gender and religion.
Trade agreements
11. Zemans, J. (1994). And the lion shall lie down with the lamb: US-canada cultural relations in
a free trade environment. The American Review of Canadian Studies, 24(4), 509-536. Retrieved
from http://search.proquest.com/docview/213984127?accountid=12085
Mr. Joyce Zemans on the article published on The American Review of Canadian
Studies explains the problems foreign entertainers faces who wish to perform in the USA. It
drew lots of international fire especially from Canada. Even though there is project in place to
facilitate a constant traffic of artists between US and Canada, the collaboration didnt get support
it deserved. He further clarifies that the Canadas cultural policy is the result of US presence in
Canada. He also wrote that USs dominate global culture by different regulations like ownership,
copyright and distribution. He quoted Mr.Donald Macdonald that the economic and geographic
factors disrupt the cultural markets to provide Canadian products and services to Canadian on
their own, and Canadian culture will not survive if its repackaged to cater North American
market, 90 percent doesnt interest in Canadian things. He concluded by saying that this
discussion is about the sovereignty of Canadas culture and her ability to produce arts and
cultural products.
12. Hart, M. (2004). Canada-US relations after free trade: Lessons learned and unmet
challenges. The American Review of Canadian Studies, 34(4), 603-619,721. Retrieved from
http://search.proquest.com/docview/214001463?accountid=12085
Mr. Michael Hart, professor at Carleton University in Ottawa, is the author of numerous
books and articles on Canadian trade policies. He was also former trade official who participated
in both Canada-US FTA and NAFTA negotiations. In this article titled Canada-US relations
after free trade: lessons learned and unmet challenges, Mr. Hart pointed out the lessons learned
from being in trade agreements for fifteen years. Canada was using GATT as their primary trade
agreements some thirty years ago. But US-Canada FTA made the way for NAFTA. Canada used
the lawyers to negotiate with US in FTA and NAFTA, the result was beneficial but the lawyers
tend to complicate matter and need to be in constant check. The writer concludes by saying that
the both governments must engage each other, analyze the issues and determine what can be
accommodated and what cannot be in order to succeed with the free trade agreements.

13. Swanson, L. D. (1990). The U.S.-canada free trade agreement: What it is and its implications
for montana. Montana Business Quarterly, 28(2), 2. Retrieved from
http://search.proquest.com/docview/234305244?accountid=12085
Mr. Larry Swanson is the director of economic analysis, bureau of business and
economic research, from University of Montana. This article tells us the US-Canada free trade
agreements and its benefits to U.S border states and cities. The writer, being from Montana,
examines the impact of free trade agreements and its effect on Montanas economy. He
emphasized that free trade agreements encourages free energy trade between US and Canada and
prohibits restrictions on imports and exports of energy. He further clarifies that the trade is two
way business and there will be losers and winners on both sides. Montana will benefit from trade
on retail service, tourism, transportation and manufacturing area.
14. Long, M. (2009). RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN NAFTA. Law and Business Review of the
Americas, 15(3), 695-699. Retrieved from
http://search.proquest.com/docview/1316124763?accountid=12085
Ms.Melissa Long, J.D.2009, SMU Dedman School of Law, wrote the article titled
Recent Developments in NAFTA. She tells us that the most important issue about NAFTA is
whether it should be reopened and renegotiated. The newly elected president wants to renegotiate
the NAFTA. She writes that the some people argued that the member country benefited from the
agreements but other see as the means of trade continuation for future. She also wrote that senior
officials from Canada and Mexico wouldnt oppose to updating the agreements as suggested by
the president. She concluded the article by saying that buy American and buy Canadian
policies implemented from respective country threatens the trade between these countries but it
doesnt violate agreements of NAFTA.
15. Schwanen, D. (2011). Go big or go home: Priorities for the canada-EU economic and trade
agreement. Backgrounder - C.D.Howe Institute, (143), 0_1,0_2,1-9. Retrieved from
http://search.proquest.com/docview/902187879?accountid=12085
Mr. Daniel Schwanen, associate vice president of C.D. Howe Institute, wrote this article
that focuses on the EU and Canadas trade agreements. He quote that the agreement meant
Canada can diversify the market of its high value services and increase investment. And also to
make a statement that it is ready to trade with other countries to reduce barriers for mutual
benefits. The writer points out in order the agreements to success the main issues like mutual
access to public contracts, protection of intellectual property rights, skilled personnel and non-
discriminatory regulations should be addressed. He concluded the article by saying that the
Canada need to broaden their horizon to fulfill the trade agreement deal.
16. Boosting trade with Asia. (1993, Nov 17). Edmonton Journal. Retrieved from
http://search.proquest.com/docview/251979131?accountid=12085
The article titled Boosting trade with Asia was published in Edmonton Journal on Nov
17, 1993. It talks about the Canadas unsuccessfulness on enhancing trade in Asia. The article
criticized the government for not identifying and pursuing economic opportunities in Asian
region. The article pressures that its time to get formal trade agreements with Asian nations.
Canada can work for free trade agreements with ASEAN nations without alarming them or
violating NAFTA. The ASEAN countries can gain entry from Canada to USA and broaden their
market.


Import and export
17. Akram, M., Khan, A. J., Atif, M., & Shafique, M. F. (2011). Exports and economic growth:
Empirical evidence from canada.Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in
Business, 3(2), 849-858. Retrieved from
http://search.proquest.com/docview/878742079?accountid=12085
Mr. Muhammad Akram, Mr.Abdul Khan, Mr. Muhammad Atif and Muhammad Shafique
are working at Hailey college of commerce, University of Punjab,Lahore-Pakistan. The writers
explained that the purpose of the paper is to examine the effects of exports and expenditure on
economic growth of Canada. The writers used Ordinary Least Square method to know relation
between export and economic growth. Using various diagnostic tests, they found out that there is
positive effect of export and public expenditure on economic growth. The writer concluded the
paper by saying that the further tests should be done, considering for commodity wise exports
and its individual effect on economy.

18. Bloskie, C. (2004). Canada's imports by country. Canadian Economic Observer, 17(9), C1-
C9. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/217120019?accountid=12085
Mr. C Bloskie wrote this article Canadas import by country for Canadian Economic
Observer. The article tells us the geographic distribution of Canadas imports of goods. He
grouped the commodities from individual countries that are importing in the market. He also
mentions that as the exports from US has dropped more than 10 percent, whereas Europe, Asia
and Latin America has increased by 4,5 and 1 respectively. He concluded the article by stating
that US is biggest trading partner till today.
Investment
19. Boscariol, J. W., Silva, O. E., Stras, M. B., Borgers, O. J., Pratt, J. L., Katz, M., . . . Shea, E.
P. (2009). Canada. The International Lawyer, 43(2), 1057-1072. Retrieved from
http://search.proquest.com/docview/191696536?accountid=12085
The article was written by the group of lawyers for The International Lawyer. Mr. John
Boscariol served as editor for committee submission. The writers contributed covering
negotiations of several free trade agreements and bilateral investment treaties. The writers tell
that in order for Canadian business to fully participate in global market, it came up with the
comprehensive global commerce strategy. They also mention that the Canadian negotiators were
very busy with FTAs and BITs. Bilateral investment treaties helped investors seek monetary
damage from harmful government action by bringing it to independent arbitral trial. They also
write about the Canada-US relations on software lumbar agreements, NAFTA and mutual
recognition for custom-trade security.
20. Daniel Shapiro, Steven Globerman, Foreign investment policies and capital flows in Canada:
a sectoral analysis, Journal of Business Research, Volume 56, Issue 10, October 2003, Pages
779-790, ISSN 0148-2963, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0148-2963(02)00466-6.
Mr. Daniel Shapiro works at faculty of business administration of Simon Fraser
University and Mr. Steven Globerman works at college of business and economics of Western
Washington University. They wrote this paper on developing and estimating the statistical model
of foreign investment flows in Canada to see how its foreign direct investment (FDI) policies
affected these flows. They conducted their statistic on three sectors: manufacturing, finance
services and energy. Their study found out that public policies have been influential in some
degree to determine the investment flow. They concluded their finding by stating that FDI in
Canada and Canadian direct investment abroad respond to GDP in Canada and abroad, exchange
rate variation and relative wages.
21. Dang, S. (2010). Foreign Direct Investment in Canada. Transnational Corporations
Review, 2(3), 119-124. Retrieved from
http://search.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.liberty.edu:2048/login.aspx?direct=true&db=eoh&AN=126
4447&site=ehost-live&scope=site
Mr. Sino Dang, economist and visiting researcher at Indiana University, wrote this article
analyzing foreign direct investments in Canada. He gathered the statistics which shows that the
US and the UK are two top destinations for Canadian investment aboard but has been gradually
diversified around the globe. He further writes that even though the investment to US has been
declined the foreign direct investment from US has increased significantly. He summarized the
article noting that FDI in Canada was concentrated of 26 countries having more than billion
dollars in direct investment in Canada.
22. Chiavetta, T. R. (1991). Tax implications of doing business in canada. Journal of
Accountancy, 171(6), 131. Retrieved from
http://search.proquest.com/docview/206729051?accountid=12085
Mr. Thomas Chiavetta, senior tax consultant, has extensive experience in dealing with
clients who does business in Canada. Even though there are free trade agreements and have
common customs and language, he cautions the prospective businessman of tax implications on
Canada. He further informs that US companies, having permanent establishments, can do
business in Canada without paying Canadian income tax. Canadian branch can file tax as
separate entity. Also, the taxable income from subsidiary is determined by separate accounting.
He concluded this informative article stating other considerations like Canadian goods and
service tax, value added tax, and withholding requirement for income tax, pension plans and
unemployment insurance.
23. Price, D. M., & Christy, P. B. (1995). Investing in north america. International Financial
Law Review, , 37. Retrieved from
http://search.proquest.com/docview/233195642?accountid=12085
Mr. Daniel Price is senior partner and Mr. P Christy is an associate at Powell, Goldstein,
Frazer and Murphy,Washington D.C. They contribute on this article which talks about the
investing in North America. They tell us that NAFTA provides important protection to the
foreign investors. The firms can benefit from structuring their investment to take NAFTA
protection. They talked about four basic guarantees with host nations: nondiscrimination,
prohibition of performance requirements, freedom to transfer earnings and international law
standards on expropriation and compensations. They conclude this article stating that investing is
important in strategic planning of firms, and the protection of such investment should be
prioritized.
24. Delfino, R. M., & Paura, C. M. (2009). SETTING UP SHOP IN CANADA. Business Law
Today, 18(3), 11-15. Retrieved from
http://search.proquest.com/docview/207373570?accountid=12085
Mr. Rocco Delfino and Mr. C Paura are partners in Stikeman Elliott LLP, Toronto. They
wrote the article informing the US retailers, who wants to expand their business in Canada, about
Canadas legal and business culture. He tells that to avoid any kind of road blocks, its better to
use Canadian legal, tax and accounting experts from the beginning of the expansion or
acquisition. He further categorized the typical legal issued encountered by US retailers, they are
Canadian foreign investment and anti-trust laws, distinctive employment, consumer protection
and privacy and French-language requirement. They conclude this informative article saying that
if planned and executed carefully, expansion strategy in Canadian market is well worth
investment.
Global implications
25. Roy, F. (2006). Canada's place in world trade, 1990-2005. Canadian Economic
Observer, 19(3), 3-3_1,3_2,3_3,3_4,3_5,3_6,3_7,3_8,3_9. Retrieved from
http://search.proquest.com/docview/217126159?accountid=12085
Mr. F Roy of current analysis group wrote this article for Canadian Economic Observer.
This article talks about the Canadas place in world trade. He writes that how composition,
direction and magnitude of Canadas trade has responded to global shift of demands. The article
begins by analyzing Canadas export, and concludes by its imports. He clarifies that the
emergence of China into world economy has make sure that Canada as a long standing trading
nation. He concluded this article stating that US is still the top export market and imports may
have been diversified away from US to China.
26. Kiggundu, M. N., & Uruthirapathy, A. (2010). Canada's global and business
competitiveness: Competition policy reform in a changing world. Competitiveness
Review, 20(4), 288-304. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10595421011065307
Mr. Moses Kiggundu and Ms. Aareni Uruthirapathy works at Eric Sprott School of
Business of Carleton University. They contributed on this article which focuses on exploring
necessary policy reforms to strengthen Canadas competitiveness in global economies. They
focus on four countries: the USA, the UK, China and India. They used the data from the annual
Global Competitiveness Reports to compare Canada with other four countries. They come up
with several points which will help change the policy to make more favorable for Canada to
compete with other countries. They pointed out to strengthen the national alliance for
competitiveness, raising the profile of competition policy, taking climate change as an
opportunity for enhancing competitiveness and need for clear framework. They concluded the
research by addressing the limitation of this study.
27. Macmillan, K., & Grady, P. (1999). Canada in the global economy: An overview. Canadian
Business Economics, 7(3), 1-10. Retrieved from
http://search.proquest.com/docview/220498905?accountid=12085
Ms. Kathleen Macmillan is the president of Ottawa Economics Association and Mr.
Patrick Grady is with Global Economics Ltd. The writer duo summed up in this issue, where
Canada was and where it is heading in retrospect to the rest of the world. They emphasize the
Canadas role in smooth functioning of the world economic system. They further write that to
avoid global economic depression that we faced recently, we need to improve international
economic coherence, modernize international financial institution and continue to trade
liberalization. They conclude this issue saying the key for globalization to work better, we need
to improve policy coordination and stronger international institution which can be done by good
faith negotiations and communication.