Lapplace Transform

Pekik Argo Dahono

Definition
| |
e o j s
dt e t f s F t f L
st
+ =
= =
}

0
) ( ) ( ) (
Laplace transform is an integral transformation of a function f(t) from the time
Domain into the complex frequency domain, giving F(s).
Examples
s dt e t u L s F
t u t f
st
/ 1 1 )] ( [ ) (
) ( ) (
0
= = =
=
}

a s
dt e e s F
t u e t f
st at
at
+
= =
=
}

1
) (
) ( ) (
0
1 ) ( ) (
) ( ) (
0
= =
=
}

dt t s F
t t f
o
o
Examples
( )
( )
( ) ( )
| |
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
0
0 0
) (
cos ) (
2
1
2
sin ) (
) ( sin ) (
e
e
e
e
e
e
e e
e e
+
=
=
+
= =
(

= =
=
}
} }

s
s
s F
t u t t f
s
dt e e
j
dt e
j
e e
dt e t s F
t u t t f
t j s t j s
st
t j t j
st
Properties
| | ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
2 1 2 1
s bF s aF t bf t af L + = +
Linearity:
| | ) / (
1
) ( a s F
a
at f L =
Scaling:
| | ) ( ) ( ) ( s F e a t u a t f L
as
=
| | ) ( ) ( ) ( a s F t u t f e L
at
+ =

Time shift:
Frequency shift:
Examples
| |
| |
( )
( )
( )
2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2
) (
cos ) (
)] ( [
/ 1 )] ( [
4
2
2 /
2
1
) 2 / (
2
1
2 sin
sin
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
+ +
+
=
=
=
=
+
=
+
= =
+
=

a s
a s
s F
t e t f
s
e
a t u L
s t u L
s s
s F t L
s
t L
at
as
Properties
| |
) 0 ( ) 0 ( ' ) 0 ( ) ( ]
) (
[
) 0 ( ) ( ) ( '
1 2 1
=
=
n n n n
n
n
f f s f s s F s
dt
t f d
L
f s sF t f L
) (
1
) (
0
s F
s
dt t f L
t
=
(

}
Time differentiation:
Time integration:
Example
| |
2 2
1
1
2 2
) 0 ( ) (
1
) (
) ( '
1
cos ) (
) (
sin ) (
e e
e
e
e
e
e
+
= =
= =
+
=
=
s
s
f s sF s F
t f t t f
s
s F
t t f
Properties
| |
ds
s dF
t tf L
) (
) ( =
) ( ) 0 (
lim
s sF f
s
=
) ( ) (
lim
0
s sF f
s
=
Frequency diferentiation:
Initial value theorem:
Final value theorem:
Inverse Laplace Transform
( )
) (
) (
s D
s N
s F =
Steps:
1. Decompose F(s) into simple terms using partial fraction expansion.
2. Find the inverse of each term by matching entries in Laplace transform table.
Simple poles
( )
i
p s
i i
n
n
n
s F p s k
p s
k
p s
k
p s
k
p s p s p s
s N
s F
=
+ =
+
+ +
+
+
+
=
+ + +
=
) (
) ( ) )( (
) (
) (
2
2
1
1
2 1

t p
n
t p t p
n
e k e k e k t f

+ + + =
2 1
2 1
) (
: Solution
Repeated Poles
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) | |
p s
n
m
m
m n
p s
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
s F p s
ds
d
m
k
s F p s k
p s
k
p s
k
p s
k
p s
s N
s F
=

+ =
+ =
+
+ +
+
+
+
=
+
=
) (
!
1
) (
) (
) (
1
1
1

( )
(

+ + + =
pt n
n
pt pt
e t
m n
k
te k e k t f
1
2 1
!
) (
: Solution

Complex Poles
( )
( )( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )t j t j
j s
j s
e K e K t f
s F j s K
s F j s K
j s
K
j s
K
j s j s
s N
s
s N
b as s
s N
s F
e o e o
e o
e o
e o
e o
e o e o
e o e o
| o
+
+ =
=
+ =
+ =
+ + =
+
+
+ +
=
+ + +
=
+ +
=
+ +
=
2 1
2
1
2 1
2
2 2
) (
) (
) ( ) ( ) (
) (
Example
( )
( )( )
( )
( )
t t
s
s
s
t
e e t f
s F s C
s F s B
s sF A
s
C
s
B
s
A
s F
s s s
s
s F
t e t f
s
s s
s F
3 2
3
2
0
2
2
7 8 2 ) (
7 ) ( 3
8 ) ( 2
2 ) (
3 2
) (
3 2
12
2 sin 3 5 3 ) (
4
6
1
5 3
) (

=
=
=

+ =
= + =
= + =
= =
+
+
+
+ =
+ +
+
=
+ =
+
+
+
=
( )( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( )
( )
t t t
s
s
s
s
s
e te e t f
s s
s s s s s s
s F s
ds
d
D
s F s C
s F s B
s sF A
s
D
s
C
s
B
s
A
s s s
s s
s F
3
1
2 2
3 2
1
2
1
2
3
0
2 2
3
25 . 2 5 . 1 25 . 3 2 ) (
4
13
3
3 2 6 2 3 2 3
) ( 1
2
3
) ( 1
12
27
) ( 3
2 ) (
1
1
3
1 3
6 2
) (

=
=
=
=
=
+ =
=
+
+ + + + +
= + =
= + =
= + =
= =
+
+
+
+
+
+ =
+ +
+ +
=
The Convolution Integral
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) t h t x t y
d t h x t y
- =
=
}

) (

The convolution of two signals consists of time-reversing one of the signals, shifting it,
and multiplying it point by point with the second signal, and integrating the product.
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
}
= - =
< =
t
d t h x t x t h t y
t t x
0
) (
then causal is system the and
0 for 0 ) ( If

Properties
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) | | ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) | | ( ) ( ) | | ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) | | ( ) ( ) s F s F t f t f L
d f t u t f
t f t t f
t t f t t t f
t f d t f t t f
t y t x t f t y t x t f
t y t f t x t f t y t x t f
t x t h t h t x
t
o o
2 1 2 1
' '
) (
= -
= -
= -
= -
= = -
- - = - -
- + - = + -
- = -
}
}

o
o
o o
Steps to evaluate the convolution
integral
Folding: Take the mirror image of h() about
the ordinate axis to obtain h(-).
Displacement: Shift or delay h(-) to obtain
h(t-).
Multiplication: Find the product of h(t-) and
x().
Integration: For a given time t, calculate the
area under the product h(t-)x() for 0<<t to
get y(t) at t.
Example
Laplace Applications
| | | |
( )
( )( )
t t
e e t v
C B A
s
C
s
B
s
A
s s s
s s
s V
s
s s
s V s s
s
s V v s sV v sv s V
v v
v
dt
dv
dt
v d
4 2
2
2
2
2
2
2
4
1
2
1
4
1
) (
4 / 1 2 / 1 4 / 1
4 2 4 2
2 4
) (
2 4
) ( 8 6
2
) ( 8 ) 0 ( ) ( 6 ) 0 ( ' ) 0 ( ) ( s
: Jawab
2 ) 0 ( ' 1 ) 0 (
2 8 6

+ + =
= = =
+
+
+
+ =
+ +
+ +
=
+ +
= + +
= + +
= =
= + +
Example
| | | |
( )
( )( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
t t
s
s
s
t
te e t v
s V s
ds
d
C
s V s B
s V s A
s
C
s
B
s
A
s s
s s
s V
s
s s
s
s
s V s s
s
s V v s sV v sv s V s
v v
e v
dt
dv
dt
v d
2
2
2
2
2
1
2 2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 ) (
0 ) ( 2
2 ) ( 2
1 1
2
2
1
2 1
6 6
) (
1
6 6
5
1
1
) ( 4 4
1
1
) ( 4 ) 0 ( ) ( 4 ) 0 ( ' ) 0 ( ) (
1 ) 0 ( ' ) 0 (
4 4

=
=
=

+ =
= + =
= + =
= + =
+
+
+
+
+
=
+ +
+ +
=
+
+ +
= + +
+
= + +
+
= + +
= =
= + +
Example
| |
( )( )
t t
t
e e t y
B A
s
B
s
A
s s
s
s s
s
s Y
s
s
s Y
s
s s
s
s Y
s
s Y y s sY
y
t u ydt y
dt
dy
3 2
2
2
0
5 3 ) (
5 3
3 2 3 2
2 1
6 5
2 1
) (
2 1
) (
6 5
1
) (
6
) ( 5 ) 0 ( ) (
2 ) 0 (
) ( 6 5

+ =
= =
+
+
+
=
+ +
+
=
+ +
+
=
+
=
(

+ +
= + +
=
= + +
}
End