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= =
= =
Let p be the number of pole in the DC machine
60
P N
e
=
Here egives the emf produced in each turn of the winding.
Now for, lap winding: ( )
60
P N Z
e
P
=
Wave winding: ( )
60 2
P N Z
e
=
Where Z is the total number of armature conductors generally we can write,
( )
60
P N Z
e
A
=
Where A =2 for wave winding
A=no. of poles for lap winding
Types of DC generator:
Generally classified on the bases of their field excitation. On this basis, they are mainly
classified into two types
Spectator excited DC generator
Self excited DC generator
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Electric Machine I Lec #3 and 4
Dr. Suhail Aftab Qurashi Syed Abdul Rahman Kashif
Separately excited DC generator:
In the generator, the field winding is excited by an external DC source
a
- I
a l
t a
I I
V E R
=
=
Where R
a
is resistance of the armature winding. Separately excited DC generator is rarely
used in practice.
Self excited DC generator:
In self excited DC generator, no external DC source is needed for field excitation. The
field winding is connected to the armature winding, so the field current is provided by the
emf produced in the armature. Initially when there is no emf in the armature, no field
current, residual magnetic field is present in the field winding. Self excited DC
generators are commonly used in practice.
Types of self exited DC generators:
Self excited DC generators are often classified on the basis of the field connection with
armature winding.
They are generally of three types.
Series type self excited DC generators.
Shunt type Self excited DC generators.
Compound type Self excited DC generator.
Series type:
In this configuration, the field winding is connected in series with the armature winding
so that the whole armature current flows through the field winding as well as through the
load.
In this case,
( )
f l a
t a
I I I
V E I R R
= =
= +
f
Shunt type:
In shunt type generator, the field winding is connected in parallel with the armature
winding so that some of the armature current flows through the field windings and rest
through the load.
In this case,
a
I
a f c
t a
I I I
V E R
= +
=
Compound type:
In a compound type DC generator, we use the sets of field windings on each pole, one is
the series winding and the other is in parallel with the armature winding.
In this case
1 2
f2 2
I
a f f
I I I
where I
= +
=
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Electric Machine I Lec #3 and 4
Dr. Suhail Aftab Qurashi Syed Abdul Rahman Kashif
25
Electric Machine I Lec #3 and 4
Dr. Suhail Aftab Qurashi Syed Abdul Rahman Kashif
Voltage build up phenomenon in self excited DC
generators
We know that, in self excited DC generators, initials 0
f
I = and
a
I is produced due to the
residual magnetism present in the field winding. Now after the production of the armature
current, the field current
f
I increases, which in return, increases the
n
I which then
increases
f
I and so on.
So the emf in self excited DC generators goes on increases until the field winding is
saturated and the further increases in the current
f
I does not rein force the magnetic field.
At this point (steady state), the voltage becomes constant and maximum (rated voltage).
This phenomenon is known as voltage build up phenomenon.
Condition:
Residual magnetism
Connect the field winding with the armature winding properly
The resistance of the field windings should not be very high, that is, it should be
less than the critical resistance.
VI characteristics:
Series type:
In this type of DC generators,
a f l
I I = =
f
f
a
t
, R 1.2
R 8
I=0
V
t a a f
V E I R I R
usually
when
E
=
=
=
=
I
As (load voltage) varies by varying the load, so it is not use for domestic purposes.
t
V
Shunt type:
In this type of DC generator,
f
I
a f c
t
f
t a
I I I
V
where
a
R
V E I R
= +
=
=
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Ideally the field winding resistance is infinite all the current pass through the load and if
a
R is negligible, the load voltage almost remains constant so it is generally used for
domestic purpose.
Electric Machine I Lec #3 and 4
Dr. Suhail Aftab Qurashi Syed Abdul Rahman Kashif
27
Electric Machine I Lec #3 and 4
Dr. Suhail Aftab Qurashi Syed Abdul Rahman Kashif
Characteristics of Field Winding:
Series Type:
Rf should be very small. (Rf=1.2 ohm)
The wire should be very thick.
Full load current passes through this resistance.
Few number of turns are generally sufficient as NI = where I is quite large.
Critical Resistance: The maximum total series resistance that is (R
L
+Rf) with
which the series DC generator would just excite is known as its critical resistance.
Shunt Type:
Rf should be very large. Rf=1K ohm
The wire should be very thin.
It carries a very small amount of current usually in milliampere.
It has large number of turns as the current is very small.
Critical resistance: The maximum field resistance with which the DC generator
of shunt type would just excite is known as its critical resistance.
Note:
As a characteristic of field windings for series type and shunt type DC generator are
much different from each other so they are not interchangeable.
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