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74

73

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-30400-7_1360
Rosenfeld, B.A.& Ekmeleddin Ihsanoglu (2003)
Mathematicians, Astronomers, and Other Scholars of
Islamic Civilization and Their Works (7th -19th c,). Istanbul:
IRCICA; pp.333-335.

(())(())(())(())(())

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al-Din" in Muslim Observer, dated March 5, 2009
Remzi DEMIR, The Use of Decimal Fractions in
Trigonometry and Astronomy by Taq al-Dn in Bilim Tarihi
History of Science accessed from: http://www.bilimtarihi.org/
Ihsan Fazilioglu (2007) "Taqi al-Din Abu Bakr
Muhammad ibn Zayn al-Din Ma'ruf al-Dimishqi al-Hanafi" in
Hockey, Thomas et al. (eds.). The Biographical Encyclopedia
of Astronomers, New York: Springer, 2007, pp. 1122-1123;
r

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102

Context here can be speech,life,the world,the real,history


and what not:in which case ,to quote Derrida,deconstruction
would be the effort to take this limitless context into account
,to pay the sharpest and broadest attention possible to
context and thus to an incessant movement of
recontextualization.Again here we have the double gesture
of the sharpest and broadest attention, an affirmation of
significance of minuscule detail and interminable overrun.No
meaning can be determined out of context ,but no context
permits saturation,:this is what Derrida,s texts keep
affirming,while always affirming it differently .(1)

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101

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above all ,at a particular moment ,to reverse the
hierarchy.....Deconstruction must through a double
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general displacement of the system.It is on that
condition alone that deconstruction will provide the
means of intervening in the field of oppositions it
criticizes and which is also a field of non-discursive
forces." (3)

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103

unthinkable itself."
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106

105

foundation,a first principle or unimpeachable ground


upon which a whole hierarchy of meanings may be
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107

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structure of repitition ,a structure cut off from any

"The pleasure of the text does not prefer one ideology

absolute responsibility or from consciousness as

to another .However this impertinence does not proceed

ultimate authority,orphaned and separated since birth

from liberalism but from perversion:the text ,its

from the support of the father,is indeed what Plato

reading,are split .What is overcome,split,is the moral


unity that society demands of every human product." (6)

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(1)Nicholas Royle:Jacques Derrida,Routledg London
,2003,page 65.
avid Lodge :Modern Criticism and Theory ,Pearson
(2.)DEducation Singapore,2004,Page 90
(3)Jonathan Culler:On Deconstruction Routledge,London
,1994.Page,86
(4)Terry Eagleton :Literary theory ,Minnesota Press ,London
,1998,Page114
(5)Jonathon Culler : Structuralist Poetics,Routdge ,London
,2002

Page 155

(6).Christo Butler:Post -Modernism,Oxford University Press


London ,2002,Page 55
(7)David Lodge:Modern Criticism and Theory ,Pearson
Education ,Singapore,Page 246

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