Renounce reject, give up, relinquish, abandon, forsake, leave, refuse

Repugnant disgusting, nauseating, revolting, repulsive, hideous, vile, fouls

Ordain - order, decree, lay down, command, establish
Usurp takeover, assume, grab
Insurrection rebellion, revolution, revolt, mutiny, uprising
Emanate originate, come, stem, spring, derive, start, radiate, emit
Pursue- follow, chase, hunt, trail track, tail
Sanctity holiness, blessedness, sacredness, inviolability, purity
Autonomous independent, self sufficient, self directed, self governing, sovereign, self rulling
Assertion declaration, claim, statement, allegation, contentment, affirmation
Disclosure revelation, expose, discovery, leak, confession, admission
Deprive divest, rob, leave with, take away, deny, remove, withdraw
Wholesome healthy, nutritious, good, nourishing, natural, healthy, decent
Condemn censure, denounce, express disapproval of, criticize, attack, revile, slam
Denounce condemn, criticize, censure, accuse, deplore, deprecate
Contemplate consider, think, reflect, study, mull over, weigh up, ponder
Affecting moving, touching, upsetting, disturbing, distressing
Impartial neutral, fair, unbiased, dependent, objective, detached, unprejudiced
Tribunal court, hearing, trial, committee, board, panel
Judicial legal, court, trial, official, sensible, wise, clever, smart
Jurisdiction authority, control, influence, power, ruled, command, sway, field
Render cause to be, make, leave, turn into, provide, give, deliver, summit
Substantial considerable, sizeable, large, extent, important, significant, generous, ample
Lest for fear that, in case
Controversy argument, disagreement, debate, storm, hullabaloo
Impair damage, spoil, weaken, harm, make worse, prejudice, blight, mess up
Implicit - understood, implied, unspoken, contained, couch, inherent, hiding, embedded
Explicit open, clear, overt, unambiguous, plain, and unequivocal
Bar block
Prejudice injustice, unfairness
Repeal cancel, revoke, rescind, annul, retract, abolish
Concurrence agreement, accord, harmony, consensus
Interfere obstruct
Mantle responsibility, function, covering, layer, shroud, veil
Inoculation immunization, vaccination, jab, shot, booster, injection
Impede obstruct, hamper, slow-down, hamper, delay
Impair damage, spoil, weaken, harm, prejudice
Confer award bestows, present, grant, give
Intrinsic inherent, essential, fundamental
Writ summons, court order, injunction
Injunction order, command, sanction, ruling, embargo, restriction








Legislative Power in General
- Legislative power is the power of lawmaking, the framing and enactment of laws
- A Statute is the written will of the legislature, solemnly expressed according to the forms
necessary to constitute it the law of the state.
- The power to make laws includes the power to alter and repeal them.

Origin of the Bill
- An appropriation bill is one the primary and specific purpose of which is to authorize the release
of fund from the public treasury.
- A revenue bill is one that levies taxes and rises funds for the government.
- A Tariff bill specifies the rates or duties to be imposed on imported articles.
- A bill increasing the public debt is illustrated by one floating bonds for public subscription
redeemable after a certain period.
- A bill of local application is one involving purely local or municipal matters, like a charter of a
city.
- Private bills are illustrated by a bill granting honorary citizenship ot a distinguished foreigner.

Title of Bills

Every bill passed by the Congress shall embrace only sone subject which shall be expressed in
the title thereof.

The purpose of this rule are:

1. To prevent hodgepodge or log-rolling legislation.
Any act containing several subject dealing with unrelated matters representing diverse interest,
the main aobject of such combination being to unite the members of the legislsture who favor
any one of the subject in support of the while act
2. To prevent surprise or fraud upon the legislature.
3. To fairly apprise the people, through such publications of its proceedings as are usually made, of
the subjects of legislation that are being considered in order that they may have opportunity of
being heard thereon, bu petitions or otherwise, if they should so desire.

A bill may become a law, to wit:
1. When the President signs it;
2. When the President vetoes it but the veto is overridden by two-thirds vote of all the
members of each houses, and
3. When President does not act upon the measure within thirty days after it shall have been
presented to him.

The Power of Appropriation
- An appropriation measure may be defined as a statute the primary and specific purpose of
which is to authorize the release of public funds from the treasury
- Appropriation measures may be classified into, to wit:
1. General appropriation law passed annually is intended to provide for the financial
operations of the entire government during one fiscal period.
2. Special appropriation is designed for a specific purpose such as the creation of a
fund for the relief of typhoon victims.

The Power of Concurrence
Article VII, section 19, authorizes the President to grant amnesty with concurrence of a majority
of all the members of the Congress. The basis of the majority is not the membership of each House, it
would appear, but the membership of the legislature as a while. I is also specifically provided in Article
VII, Section 21, that no treaty or international agreement shall be valid and effective unless
concurred in by at least two thirds of all the members of the Senate


The War Power
Sec 23. (1) The Congress, by a vote of two-thirds of both Houses in joint session assembled,
voting separately, shall have the sole power to declare the existence of a state of war


Referendum and Initiative

- Initiative is defined as the power of the people to propose bills and laws, and to enact or reject
them at the polls, independent of the legislative assembly. It is the right of a group of citizens to
introduce a mater for legislation either to the legislature or directly to the voters.
- Referendum is the right reserved to the people to adopt or reject any act or measure which has
been passed by a legislative body and which in most cases would without action on the part of
the electors become a law. It is defined as a method of substituting an important legislative
measure to a direct vote of the whole people, the submission of law passed by the legislature
for their approval or rejection.

The executive:

There are now six categories of officials who are subject to the appointing power of the President.
1. The heads of the executive departments
2. Ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls
3. Officers of the armed forces from the rank of colonel or naval caption
4. Those other officers whose appointments are vested in him by the Constitution
5. All other officers of the government whose appointments are not provided for by law
6. Those whom he may be authorized by law to appoint

The writ of Habeas Corpus
Is a writ directed to the person detaining another, commanding him to produce the body of the
prisoner at a designated time and place, with the day and cause of his caption and detention, to do, to
submit to, and receive whatever the court or judge awarding to writ shall consider in his behalf.

Martial Law that the military powers have been called upon by the executive to assist him in the
maintenance of law and order and that while the emergency last, they must, upon pain of arrest and
punishment, not commit ay act which will in any way render difficult the restoration or order and the
enforcement of law.