HBSE 3303

PENDIDIKAN KHAS
MEI 2014
NAMA : SOHAIMI B. MOHD YUSOFF
NO. MATRIK : 730712035549001
EMAIL :
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PUSAT PEMBELA*ARAN : OUM *OHOR BAHRU
Introduction.
Dysarthria is a condition in which you have difficulty controlling or coordinating the muscles
you use when you speak or weakness of those muscles. Dysarthria often is characterized by
slurred or slow speech that can be difficult to understand. When this happens, listeners perceive
the distortion or omission of sounds and syllables and the alterations to voice quality
characteristic of dysarthria. For eample, changes to lips and tongue movement can cause !tip" to
be heard as !sip", !hip" or !sieve" # !beach" to be heard as !eats"# !decide" as !sigh" or !say".
$ommon causes of dysarthria include nervous system %neurological& disorders such as stroke,
brain in'ury, brain tumors and conditions that cause facial paralysis or tongue or throat muscle
weakness. Dysarthria may also be caused by certain medications. If the disruption is so severe
that no speech is possible it may be termed anarthia %though the francophone term !anarthrie" is
often used to mean what in (nglish is termed apraia of speech&. ) distinction is made between
acquired and developmental dysarthria. *he former denotes problems arising from disorders that
occur after speech has been fully learned. *he latter covers dysarthrias associated with congenital
and perinatal conditions that affect nervous system support for the speech musculature, or
disorders acquired in childhood before speech is fully developed.
)praia is the inability to eecute learned purposeful movements, despite having the desire and
the physical capacity to perform the movements. )praia is an acquired disorder of motor
planning, but is not caused by incoordination, sensory loss, or failure to comprehend simple
commands %which can be tested by asking the person to recognize the correct movement from a
series&. It is caused by damage to specific areas of the cerebrum. )praia should not be confused
with ataia, a lack of coordination of movements# aphasia, an inability to produce and+or
comprehend language# abulia, the lack of desire to carry out an action# or allochiria, in which
patients perceive stimuli to one side of the body as occurring on the other. Developmental
coordination disorder %D$D& is the developmental disorder of motor planning. *here are several
types of apraia including idemotor apraia, ideational+conceptual apraia, constructional
apraia and apraia of speech. )praia of speech involves the loss of previously acquired speech
levels. It occurs in both children and adults who have %prior to the onset of apraia& acquired
some level of speaking ability. )praia of speech is typically the result of a stroke, tumor, or
other known neurological illness or in'ury. )praia may be accompanied by a language disorder
called aphasia.
)& ,esearch *opic
Assessment of Orofacial Strength in Patients with Dysarthria
- *he muscles of the tongue and face are integral to the function of speech, facial epression,
eating and swallowing. *herefore, speech- language pathologist assess orofacial function as part
of a diagnostic evaluation for patients with suspected dysarthria. .aimum performance tasks,
such as those used for strength testing, are often included in such evaluations, because they may
reveal a neuromuscular impairment, serve as diagnostic aid, and provide information to facilitate
treatment planning. *he specific relationship between orofacial weakness and functional
activities is not known and cannot be fully evaluated without a reliable, accurate and valid
measurement technique.
/& ,esearch 0roblem
)ssessment of orofacial weakness is common during the evaluation of patients with suspected
dysartria. *his study addressed the validity of clinical assessments of orofacial weakness by
comparing clinical ratings to instrumental measure.
- *ypically, orofacial muscular strength is assessed by the speech language pathologists asking
the patient to push the tongue
$& ,esearch question+ hypotheses
i. sub'ective assessment of weakness involved rating maimum resistance against a firmly held
tongue depressor, using a 1-point scale.
ii. ob'ective assessment involved the Iowa 2ral 0erformance Instrument %I20I&, measured as the
maimal pressure generated against an air-filled bulb.