Improved Performance of APSK Modulation Scheme for Sattellite System
Jae-Hyun Kim, Cheon Sig Sin, Sang Uk Lee, Jae Hoon Kim Satellite Ground Control Technology Team Electronics and Telecommunication Research Institute, Daejeon, 305-700, Korea Email: longinus@etri.re.kr, cssin@etri.re.kr, slee@etri.re.kr, jhkim@etri.re.kr
AbstractThis paper propose new bit mapping based on Amplitude Phase Shift Keying (APSK) modulation with application to satellite broadband communications in the DVB-S2 standard. The APSK modulation outperforms classical 16-QAM and 16-PSK over a typical satellite nonlinear channel due to its intrinsic robustness against the High Power Amplifier (HPA) nonlinear characteristics. The proposed bit mapping considers non-linearity of HPA in the APSK modulation and the performance of APSK modulation for the proposed bit mapping has been compared to the conventional bit mapping. KeywordsAPSK modulation, bit mapping, HPA I. INTRODUCTION Recently, in the european digital video broadcasting, new standard DVB-S2 constituted into the standard for wideband satellite services provides the transfer efficiency and the highly reliable transmission in the same environment as the current DVB-S transmission mode. DVB-S2 within the bandwidth and signal power of the given satellite transponder provides the high transmission capacity and the various services through the link margin improved by the development of the spectrally- efficient high-order modem and high efficiency codec. In a satellite, the transmission technique of the high-order modulation having the high transfer efficiency was essential for the communication and broadcast services including HDTV and multimedia communication, and etc. The APSK modulation scheme was adopted by intrinsic robustness over a typical satellite nonlinear channel in the DVB-S2 [1], [2]. The APSK exists in various modulation scheme (4+12 APSK, 5+11 APSK, 6+10 APSK, 1+5+10 APSK, etc.) having the different signal constellation. Among them, 4+12 APSK and 4+12+16 APSK which is the modulation scheme which shows the most good performance in case of considering the nonlinear characteristics of an amplifier were adopted in DVB-S2 [3], [4]. In this paper, we propose the new bit mapping which is suitable for the non-linearity of HPA such as AM/AM and AM / PM. Moreover, the affect that the proposed bit mapping has an effect on the bit error probability is analyzed. This paper is organized as follows. Section describes Saleh model generally used to HPA model of the transmission unit, and review system model which has the nonlinear characteristic. In Section , the changes of the signal constellation according to the nonlinear characteristic of an amplifier and decision area are shown. The new bit mapping considering this is proposed. In Section , we analyze the effect of proposed bit mapping according to the input back-off (IBO) of an amplifier, and finally some conclusions are drawn in Section . II. SYSTEM MODEL
S/P Information bit APSK Modulator log 2 M HPA AWGN APSK Demodulator P/S log 2 M
Fig. 1. System Model
In Fig. 1, the system model represents the process of being demodulated in the receiver after the APSK modulated signal is transmitted under the AWGN (Additive White Gaussian Noise) channel through HPA. HPA is used in the various wireless telecommunication devices including the transponder of a satellite, the transmission of the earth station, the base station of the mobile communication, and etc. The various HPA is applied to according to use. In this paper, the TWTA (Travelling Wave Tube Amplifier) used in DVB-S2 is appointed as the model of an amplifier. When TWTA operate on the maximum power, the amplitude and phase of the input signal according to the signal level are distorted by the AM/AM and AM/PM, and these distortions bring about the degradation of the error performance. The general model among theoretical models expressing mathematically for the non-linearity is Saleh model showed in Fig.2 [5].
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 Input Voltage (normalized) o u tp u t V o lta g e (n o rm a liz e d ) ( ) A r
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 0 5 10 15 20 25 Input Voltage (normalized) o u tp u t P h a s e (d e g re e s ) ( ) r
Fig. 2. AM/AM and AM/PM characteristics
III. PROPOSED BIT MAPPING
: Decision Boundaries : Signal points through linear power amp. : Signal points through nonlinear power amp. I
Fig. 3. 4+12 APSK constellation and Decision region for non-linearity
As shown in Fig. 3, while 4+12 APSK modulated signal passes through HPA, the signal constellation is changed with the AM/AM, and the AM/PM characteristic, where a priori probabilities of all the signal points are supposed to be equally likely. The optimum decision region about signal constellation is determined about the signal passing through HPA. And we are seen that the error performance according to optimum decision region becomes bad. Moreover, after passing through HPA, it can look at that the point of the inner ring and point on the diagonal in outside becomes closer. The distance between points becomes closer as the non-linearity of HPA is enlarged. Therefore, if the appropriate bit mapping considering the characteristic of HPA is done, the bit mapping which has the performance which is better than the bit mapping of the DVB- S2 standard can be drawn. Presently, in the various modulation scheme, if the gray mapping in which 1 bit difference for adjacency symbol comes out is applied, as to the bit mapping allocated for each symbol, bit error probability can show the most good performance. However, as to the APSK modulation scheme, the signal constellation cannot apply the gray mapping which is perfect because of being not in the symmetry. Therefore, when a bit is assigned in order to be near to the gray mapping, because the signal constellation of 4+12 APSK is nearly symmetry, the bit pattern closer to the gray mapping in comparison with the other 16-APSK modulation scheme can be applied. If the new bit mapping shown in Fig. 4 is applied, the performance which is better than the bit mapping which determines in a standard is shown.
(a) Conventional 4+12 APSK (b) Proposed 4+12 APSK Fig. 4. bit mapping proposed in the 16-APSK
For proposed 4+12 APSK bit mapping and conventional bit mapping, altogether, the bit difference between points of inner and outer ring are the same. However, in the proposed bit mapping the bit difference between the point of the inner ring and surrounding points on the diagonal in outside become 2 bits. in the conventional bit mapping the bit difference between the point of the inner ring and point on the diagonal in outside becomes 2 bits. Because the distance between the point of the inner ring and point on the diagonal in outside become closer as surrounding points, we can know that the bit error probability of the conventional bit mapping becomes bad. Moreover, because the distance between the point of the inner ring and point on the diagonal in outside become closer according to IBO of HPA, the bit error probability of the conventional bit mapping becomes worse. Therefore, in case of the linear amplifier, it nearly does not have the performance difference of each other but we can show that the performance of proposed bit mapping as the non-linearity increase of an amplifier is better. 32-APSK modulation scheme, because of being the form in which the 16-points in outside 4+12 APSK, is not different from the case of 4+12 APSK. However, as shown in Fig. 5, the points of outer ring and middle ring at the signal constellation become close unlike the case of 4+12 APSK in case the nonlinear characteristic of HPA is considered. The bit mapping proposed in figure 6 according to the method to be proposed the bit mapping of 4+12 APSK become 1 bit difference in the inner ring and middle ring. And the bit difference between the point of the inner ring and point on the diagonal in outside becomes 2 bits. the points of the middle ring and outer ring closed according to IBO of HPA become 1 bit difference.
Fig. 5. 4+12+16 APSK constellation and Decision region for non-linearity
(a) Conventional 4+12+16 APSK (b) Proposed 4+12+16 APSK Fig. 6. bit mapping proposed in the 32-APSK
IV. RESULT AND ANALYSIS The error performance in the APSK modulation scheme changes according to the ring ratio because the signal constellation is distributed at the ring shape. The error performance according to the ring ratio is analyzed and the optimum ring ratio can be found [6]. 4+12 APSK and 4+12+16 APSK are the optimum ring ratio in 2.47 and 2.43, 3.93. The bit error probability could be exactly measured based on the optimum ring ratio. Considering the nonlinear characteristic of HPA, IBO is given with 0dB, 5dB and that the value of AM/AM and AM/PM is different. As shown in Fig. 7, 16- APSK can look that the performance difference between 4+12 APSK applying the conventional bit mapping and proposed bit mapping as IBO is less appear very much. However, 32-APSK can look at that the difference of a performance is decreased as the SNR (signal noise ratio) is enlarged. This is due to become close than the inner ring and middle ring in the points between the outer ring and the middle ring if the amplifier consider non- linearity. Therefore, the proposed bit mapping can see the most big effect in case of 16-APSK. 32-APSK can look at the little performance improvement effect. 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 10 -5 10 -4 10 -3 10 -2 10 -1 10 0 E b /N 0 [dB] B E R Conventional 4+12 APSK Proposed 4+12 APSK linear amp. IBO = 2dB IBO = 0dB Fig. 7. BER of the proposed bit mapping in the 16-APSK 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 10 -5 10 -4 10 -3 10 -2 10 -1 10 0 E b /N 0 [dB] B E R Conventional 4+12+16 APSK Proposed 4+12+16 APSK linear amp. IBO = 5dB IBO = 2dB Fig. 8. BER of the proposed bit mapping in the 32-APSK
V. CONCLUSION Recently, APSK was adopted as the high order modulation in order to guarantee the high transfer efficiency in the DVB- S2 because intrinsic robustness in the distortion of a transmission data due to the nonlinear characteristics of HPA. In this paper, we look into the change of the signal constellation and propose the new bit mapping fitting for the changed signal constellation if the nonlinear characteristic of HPA is taken into consideration. In the 16-APSK it had the performance improvement due to the proposed bit mapping. It had the little performance improvement in 32-APSK. Therefore, in case of being applied to the satellite system using HPA it can obtain the error performance which is better than the conventional method and the bit mapping proposed in this paper be helpful in the receiver design. ACKNOWLEDGMENT This work was supported by the IT R&D program of MIC/IITA. [2007-S-301-01, Development of Global
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