PRODUKSI PRODUKSI Presentasi Kuliah TKI-313 Sistem Produksi Jurusan Teknik Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta Dosen :MuchDjunaidi The Role and Importance of The Role and Importance of Operations Operations Role of Operations Purchasing of Raw Materials to meet Production requirements Managing Stock Using quality techniques to ensure maximum 2 Operations to ensure maximum quality output is achieved from minimum inputs Warehousing and distribution of finished products Ensuring appropriate methods of production are used The Role and Importance of The Role and Importance of Operations Operations Operations is important because: it is one of the CORE activities of any it is one of the CORE activities of any business It produces the products and services which enable the business to make a profit OPERATING SYSTEMS OPERATING SYSTEMS Sistem operasi memiliki 3 tahap berbeda: Input Proses Output Raw material Using different The actual goods Raw material Tenaga kerja Energi Using different stocks in order to produce a different product The actual goods INPUT, PROCESS, OUTPUT INPUT, PROCESS, OUTPUT Production Systems Production Systems Throughout the operations process decisions have to be made about the nature of that process. Planning - What to produce? Production How to produce it? Purchasing cost, quantities, quality? Purchasing cost, quantities, quality? Warehousing and storage (including stock control) Distribution In-house or outsourced? Each of these interact with other functional areas of the Organisation. PRODUCTION SYSTEMS IN PRODUCTION SYSTEMS IN MANUFACTURING MANUFACTURING This is looking at: the layout of the factory (where each stage of production takes place) by which machine or worker, how many workers/how many machines. how many workers/how many machines. The splitting up of the production process into small stages or different jobs is called the division of labour. A successful system will need a flow of stocks from one job to another to make sure that there are no delays due to shortages or bottlenecks The main factors taken into consideration The main factors taken into consideration when deciding which production system to when deciding which production system to use are: use are: the nature of the product different products made in different ways the quantity to be produced mass production techniques different to customised products the resources available finance, number and skills of staff, size and capacity of factory Stage of development of business small businesses tend to have limited capacity and lack of resources as business grows they can extend product range The main factors taken into consideration when The main factors taken into consideration when deciding which production system to use are: deciding which production system to use are: Labour intensive vs Capital intensive Labour intensive is where the cost of labour is greater than the cost of capital. In the developed country (UK, USA, Japan, etc), labour is expensive and therefore there are very few companies which are labour intensive. In other parts of the world labour is cheap and therefore cost-effective. and therefore cost-effective. Availability of technology Continuing developments in technology (CAM, CAD, automation) allow businesses to design, develop and produce products more quickly. Robots can carry out very complicated tasks very quickly and with a high degree of accuracy they can do jobs which humans cant and there is less wastage and more consistent quality. Labour Intensive Production Labour Intensive Production This occurs when: The cost of labour is cheap and readily available The product requires craftmanship to produce The business is small and does not have the money to purchase expensive equipment money to purchase expensive equipment Disadvantages of labour intensive production: Skilled workers are expensive to pay Production is limited to small scale Cannot take advantage of economies of scale Consistent quality is hard to achieve Capital Intensive Production Capital Intensive Production This occurs when: A standard product is being produced with standard operations Labour supply is scare or expensive Consistency of product and quality is required economies of scale are desirable Continuous production is required Continuous production is required Disadvantages of Capital Intensive Production: Set-up costs are very high Lost production time during breakdowns or maintenance is very costly Individual customer requirement cannot be met Worker motivation can be low due to repetitive work