Sie sind auf Seite 1von 58

MECH-346 Heat Transfer: Summary Sheets Complete Version

1
1
MECH-346 Heat Transfer: Summary Sheets Complete Version
Fouriers law of heat conduction for isotropic materials:
" q k T =


Convection heat loss from an isothermal surface:

Net radiation loss from a flat isothermal surface to surroundings at
surr
T
(or a large enclosure with isothermal walls at
w surr
T T = ): assumption is
that surface is gray w.r.t. radiation from surroundings, so
surf surf
=






Three-dimensional unsteady heat conduction in an isotropic material:
General (vector calculus) form of the governing equation:
( )
.
p
T
k T S c
t


+ =



A
surface

T
surf

T


h
av

,
( )
conv loss surface av surf
exposed
toconv
q A h T T

=
,
( )
conv surf th conv
q T T R



( )
,
1
th conv surfaceexposed toconv av
R A h
surr w
T or T
, ,
surf surf surf
T A
4 4
.
net surf surf surf surr
radiation abs abs
surface surr
or surface encl walls
q A T T

| |
=
|
\ .


8
2 4
Stefan-Boltzmann constant
5.669x10 [ ]
W
m K

=
=



MECH-346 Heat Transfer: Summary Sheets Complete Version

2
2
Governing equation expressed in Cartesian coordinates:
p
T T T T
k k k S c
x x y y z z t

(
( (
+ + + =
(
( (




Governing equation expressed in cylindrical coordinates:
2
1 1
p
T T T T
rk k k S c
r r r r z z t


(
( (
+ + + =
(
( (




Governing equation expressed in spherical coordinates:
2
2 2 2 2
1 1 1
(sin )
sin sin
p
T T T T
r k k k S c
r r r r r t


(
( (
+ + + =
(
( (





Steady-State One-Dimensional Heat Conduction [Isotropic Materials]
1. Plane Wall

T
1

T
2

L

x
A
c.s.

Governing equation (1-D Cartesian):
0
d dT
k S
dx dx
| |
+ =
|
\ .


For constant k = and 0 S = , the solution is:

2 1 2
( ) ( ) 1 ( / ) T T T T x L =
. . 1 2 1 2
. .
,//
,//
. .
( ) ( )
( )
Restrictions: 1-D, steady-state,
0, .,// wall
c s
x c s
th wall
th wall
c s
A k T T T T dT
q k A
dx L R
L
R
S k const kA

= =

=
`
= =
)


1
T
2
T
x
q
,// th wall
R
MECH-346 Heat Transfer: Summary Sheets Complete Version

3
3
T
1
T
2
q
r
R
th,long hollow cylinder
Plane wall of thickness 2L: S.S., 1-D Cartesian, S =constant, k =constant

2. Long Hollow Cylinder [L>> (r
2
r
1
)]







Resistance analogy: Long hollow cylinder ( 0 r ), steady-state, 1-D radial
heat conduction, k = constant, and 0 S = are the restrictions here


L

x
A
c.s.

L
S>0
(const.)
T
x=L


= T
Right

General case: (i) at x =- L, T =T
Left
and
(ii) at x =L, T =T
Right

2
2
1
2 2 2
Right Left Right Left
T T T T
S L x x
T
k L L

+
| | | |
| | | |
= + +
`
| | | |
\ . \ .
\ . \ .
)

Symmetric case: (i) at x =- L, T =T
W
and
(ii) at x =L, T =T
W

2
2 2
max 0
1 ;
2 2
W x W
S L x S L
T T T T T
k L k
=

| |
= + = = +
`
|
\ .

)

T
1
T
2
r
2
r
1
r
r
L
Steady-state, 1-D radial heat conduction: Governing equation
T
x=-L


= T
Left

1
0
d dT
rk S
r dr dr
| |
+ =
|
\ .


k = constant, S = 0, with B.C.s;
(i) at
1 1
, r r T T = = ; and (ii) at
2 2
, r r T T = =
Solution for this case is the following:
2 1 2 2 1 2
( )/( ) ln( / )/ln( / ) T T T T r r r r =
2 1
,
ln( / )
2
th long
hollow cylinder
r r
R
kL
=
MECH-346 Heat Transfer: Summary Sheets Complete Version

4
4
T
1
T
2
q
r
R
th,hollow sphere
3. Long solid cylinder (L >> R): steady-state, 1-D radial heat conduction




4. Hollow Sphere



Resistance analogy: Hollow sphere ( 0 r ), steady-state, 1-D radial heat
conduction, k = constant, and 0 S = are the restrictions here




r
2
r
1
T
w
R

L

Governing equation:
1
0
d dT
rk S
r dr dr
| |
+ =
|
\ .


k =constant, S =constant, with B.C.s;
(i) at 0, is finite r T = ; and (ii) at ,
w
r R T T = =
Solution for this case is the following:
2
2
( ) 1
4
w
S R r
T T
k R
(
| |
=
(
|
\ .
(

; and
2
max 0
4
r w
S R
T T T
k
=
= = +
Steady-state, 1-D radial heat conduction: Governing equation
2
2
1
0
d dT
r k S
r dr dr
| |
+ =
|
\ .


k =constant, S =0, with B.C.s;
(i) at
1 1
, r r T T = = ; and (ii) at
2 2
, r r T T = =
Solution for this case is the following:
2
2 1 2 1 2
( ) 1 1 1 1
( )
T T
r r r r T T
| | | |
=
| |

\ . \ .

,
1 2
1 1 1
4
th hollowsphere
R
k r r
(
=
(


MECH-346 Heat Transfer: Summary Sheets Complete Version

5
5
5. Solid sphere: steady-state, 1-D radial heat conduction






Thermal Contact Resistance







( ) ( )
, th contact contact interface
I I I I
q T T R h A T T
+ +

Thus,
( )
,
1
th contact contact interface
R h A =
Here,
contact
h is the thermal contact coefficient [
2 o
W
m C
]
R

Governing equation:
2
2
1
0
d dT
r k S
r dr dr
| |
+ =
|
\ .


k = constant, S =constant, with B.C.s;
(i) at 0, is finite r T = ; and (ii) at ,
w
r R T T = =
Solution for this case is the following:
2
2
( ) 1
6
w
S R r
T T
k R
(
| |
=
(
|
\ .
(

; and
2
max 0
6
r w
S R
T T T
k
=
= = +
T
w
Interface
Material Material
I
T


I
T
+

q
Note: For unit
contact area, the
thermal contact
resistance is
denoted as:
"
,
1/
th contact contact
R h =

MECH-346 Heat Transfer: Summary Sheets Complete Version

6
6
Critical Radius of Insulation or Coating of Curved Surfaces
(Conduction-Convection Systems)

Long hollow cylindrical geometry
If
{ }
1 1
, , , , ,
insl
r L k T T h

all constant,
2
r variable; 0
insl
S = ; steady-state; and
1-D radial, then when
2
insl
crit
long hollow cyl
k
r r
h
= = ,
max
q q =

Hollow spherical geometry
If
{ }
1 1
, , , , ,
insl
r L k T T h

all constant,
2
r variable; 0
insl
S = ; steady-state; and
1-D radial, then when
2
2
insl
crit
hollowsphere
k
r r
h
= = ,
max
q q =

Note: For both the cylindrical and spherical geometries, if
{ }
1
, , , , ,
insl
r L k h T q

all constant,
2
r variable; 0
insl
S = ; steady-state; and 1-D
radial, then when
2 crit
r r = ,
1 1
( )
minimum
T T =





MECH-346 Heat Transfer: Summary Sheets Complete Version

7
7
Classical Fin Theory
(
fin
k = constant;
fin
S =0; h = constant; T

= constant; steady-state)
For uniform fin cross-sectional area and perimeter,
. . c s
A = constant and
. . c s
Peri = constant, and the fin equation reduces to
2
1/2
2
. . . .
2
( ) 0 ; ( )/( )
c s fin c s
d T
m T T m hPeri k A
dx

( = =


B.C. (i): at x =0,
0 x base
T T
=
=
For B.C. (ii), the following four cases and solutions are considered:

Case A: at x L = ,
}
( / ) ( ) Convection heat loss from the tip surface
fin x L x L
k dT dx h T T
= =
=
Case A solution:
| |
cosh ( ) sinh[ ( )]
cosh( ) sinh( )
fin
base
fin
h
m L x m L x
mk
T T
T T
h
mL mL
mk

| |
+
|
|

\ .
=
| |
+
|
|
\ .

Case A total rate of heat transfer from fin to fluid:
( )
. . . .
sinh( ) cosh( )
( )
cosh( ) sinh( )
fin
total fin c s c s base
fin fluid
fin
h
mL mL
mk
q k A hPeri T T
h
mL mL
mk

(
| |
+
( |
|
(
\ .
=
(
| |
(
+
|
|
(
\ .



Case B: at x L = ,
}
( / ) 0 Adiabatic tip or symmetry surface at
x L
dT dx x L
=
= =
Case B solution:
| |
cosh ( )
cosh( )
base
m L x
T T
T T mL


Case B total rate of heat transfer from fin to fluid:
( )
. . . .
( )tanh( )
total fin c s c s base
fin fluid
q k A hPeri T T mL

=
MECH-346 Heat Transfer: Summary Sheets Complete Version

8
8
Case C: Long-fin, at x L = ,
x L
T T
=
=
Case C solution:
( )
exp
base
T T
mx
T T


Case B total rate of heat transfer from fin to fluid:
( )
. . . .
( )
total fin c s c s base
fin fluid
q k A hPeri T T

=

Case D: at x L = ,
}
Specified fin tip temperature
x L L
T T
=
=
Case D solution:
sinh( ) sinh[ ( )]
sinh( )
L
base
base
T T
mx m L x
T T
T T
T T mL

| |

+
|

\ .
=


Case D total rate of heat transfer into fin across base:
( )
. . . .
cosh( )
( )
sinh( )
L
base
total fin c s c s base
base in
T T
mL
T T
q k A hPeri T T
mL

(
| |

( |

\ .
(
=
(
(


Case D total rate of heat transfer from lateral surface of fin to fluid:
. . lateral surface total out total fin c s
fin fluid base in fin tip base in tip
x L
dT
q q q q k A
dx
=
| |
= = +
|
\ .


Fin Efficiency:
,
Entire fin at
Same fin geometry and tip condition

base
actual fin fluid
fin T
fin fluid
q
q

(


For Case B (insulated tip):
( )
,
tanh
fin Case B
mL mL = (


Compensated length:
c
L may be used to approximate the total rate of heat
loss from the fin to the fluid in Case A using the results for Case B: in general,
( )
. . . . c c s tip c s tip
L L L L A Peri = + + ; for a straight fin of uniform
rectangular cross-section with W >>t, /2
c
L L t = + ; for a straight fin of
uniform circular cross-section, with diameter d, /4
c
L L d = +
MECH-346 Heat Transfer: Summary Sheets Complete Version

9
9
Fin Thermal Resistance:
, ,
1[ ]
th fin fin surface total fin fluid
R Area h

; note that this
fin thermal resistance accounts for both conduction through the fin and
convection at its surface

Fin Effectiveness:
,
,
( )
actual fin fluid
fin
base fin w
q
Area h T T



Fin Design Charts and Related Procedures

Basis: Solutions based on adiabatic fin tip assumption (akin to Case B
solution for a fin of uniform rectangular cross-section)

Thus, when using fin design charts, use L
c
instead of L if the fin tip
looses heat by convection (but if the actual fin tip is adiabatic, then use
the actual fin length, L).


3/2 1/2
[ { /( )} , ]
fin c fin m
fnc L h k A geometric paramters = ; A
m
is the profile area

If the fin efficiency,
fin
, is obtained from fin design charts, then the fin
thermal resistance is
,
,
,
1/( )
c
th fin fin surface lateral total
fin fluid with
L if needed
R Area h

=

If
fin
is obtained from fin design charts, then use the following
expressions:
,
,
,
( )
( )
c
base
actual total fin surface lateral base
fin fluid total fin
th fin
with L if needed
T T
q Area h T T
R

= =

Design charts for uniform fins of triangular cross-section, uniform fins
of rectangular cross-section, and circumferential (or annular) fins of
rectangular cross-section are given on the following page: again, use the
compensated fin length, L
c
, if needed (that is, if the fin tip looses heat by
convection); but if the actual fin tip is adiabatic, then use the actual fin
length, L.
MECH-346 Heat Transfer: Summary Sheets Complete Version

10
10




Fin efficiency charts: Fins
of uniform rectangular
and triangular cross-
sections
rectangular fin
2
triangular fin
rectangular fin
triangular fin
2
c
c
m
c
t
L
L
L
tL
A
t
L


Figures taken from Heat Transfer by J .P. Holman, 7
th
Edition, 1990
Fin efficiency
chart:
Circumferential or
annular fins of
uniform
rectangular cross-
section
2 1
2 1
2
( )
c
c c
m c
t
L L
r r L
A t r r
= +
= +
=

MECH-346 Heat Transfer: Summary Sheets Complete Version

11
11
Heat Conduction Shape Factor
A heat conduction shape factor, S, can be defined in problems that allow the
following approximations or restrictions: isotropic and homogeneous material;
steady-state conditions prevail; k =constant; volumetric source term S =0; and
only two different uniform boundary temperatures.
1 2
1 2
1 2
( )
( )
total
T T
th cond
T T
q k T T
R

= = S where 1/( )
th cond
R k = S

MECH-346 Heat Transfer: Summary Sheets Complete Version

12
12
Unsteady Heat Conduction (Isotropic Materials)
Governing equation: ( ) /
p
div k T S c T t + =


Properties and source data ( , , ,
p
k c S ), B.C.s ,and I.C. are needed to
complete the mathematical model: these are problem specific.
Biot number (conduction-convection systems):
c
solid
hL
Bi
k
; where
[Total volume of solid]
[Surface area of solid exposed to convection]
c
L

Lumped Parameter Analysis [LPA; valid if 0.1 Bi ]
Key idea

Governing equation: ( ) ( / )
solid surface solid p solid
exposed to convection
SV A h T T c V dT dt

=
where S is the volumetric source term
LPA solution for 0 S = , [ , , , ]
p
c h T

all constant,
0 t ini
T T uniform
=
= = :
( )
exp
( )
surface exposed
to convection
ini ini p solid
h A
T T
t
T T c Vol

(
| |

( |
= =
( |

|
(
\ .


Solid
Fluid, T

, h
( , , , ) ( ) T T x y z t T t =
when
0.1
c
solid
hL
Bi
k
| |

|
\ .
; with
( )
solid
c
surface solid exposed to convection
Volume
L
Area
=

( )
p solid surface exposed
to convection
c Vol h A

| |
=
`
|
\ .
)
time constant of conduction-convection
system
MECH-346 Heat Transfer: Summary Sheets Complete Version

13
13
When LPA solution for 0 S = , [ , , , ]
p
c h T

all constant, and
0 t ini
T T uniform
=
= = applies; and the time constant of the conduction-convection
system is
( )
p solid surface solid exposed
to convection
c Vol h A

| |
=
`
|
\ .
)
:
1 2
1 2
1 2
( ) ( ) exp exp
total loss solid p t t t t solid p ini
t t t
t t
Q Vol c T T Vol c T T

= =

(
| | | |
= =
| | (
\ . \ .



Transient heat conduction in semi-infinite solids


Mathematical model: with the thermal diffusivity /( )
p
k c =
Governing equation:
p
T T
k c
x x t


| |
=
|

\ .
or
2
2
1 T T
x t

=

x

k =const.; S =0;
=const.; c
p
=const.

uniform
i
T T = = ,
for 0 t
Isotropic materials

Common B.C.s
(imposed) on the
surface: for 0 t >
a) Constant temperature,
o i
T T
b) Constant heat flux,
0
q


c) Convection boundary
condition, , h T


MECH-346 Heat Transfer: Summary Sheets Complete Version

14
14
I.C.: at t =0, T =T
i
=constant; 0 x
B.C.s
a)
0, .
0
, .
o
i
at x T T const
for all t
at x T T const
= = =

>
`
= =
)

b)
0
0, .
0
, .
o
x
i
T
at x q k const
x for all t
at x T T const
=

= = =

>
`

= =
)

c)
0
0
0, ( )
0
, .
x
x
i
T
at x h T T k
x for all t
at x T T const
=
=

= =

>
`

= =
)

Solutions:
a)
( , )
erf
2
o
i o
T x t T x
T T
t

| |
=

\ .


Notes:
1) Error function:
( )
2
0
2
erf e d

; values in Table 8-1 (attached)


2) Complementary error function:
( ) ( )
erfc 1 erf
b)
2
2 / -
( , ) exp - erfc
4
2
o o
i
q t q x x x
T x t T
k t k
t

| |
| |
=

|
|
\ . \ .


c)
2
2
( , )
erfc exp erfc
2 2
i
i
T x t T x hx h t x h t
T T k k k
t t

(
( | |
= + +
(
( |

\ .



Penetration depth: ( ) t
When ( ) x t = ,
0
( , )
0.99
2
i o
T t T
erf
T T
t

| |
= =
|

\ .

MECH-346 Heat Transfer: Summary Sheets Complete Version

15
15
Table 8.1: Values of error function



MECH-346 Heat Transfer: Summary Sheets Complete Version

16
16
One-dimensional unsteady heat conduction in solids with
convection B.C. [S =0; k, , c
p
, h, T

all constant;
c
L
Bi > 0.1;
uniform initial temperature,
i
T ; and /( )
p
k c = ]


















Case B:

L>> r
o

r
o

h, T



Long solid cylinder
o
M
solid
hr
Bi
k
= ;
*
2
o
t
t
r

= ;
*
o
r
r
r
=

Case A:

T


h
T


h
L L
t 0, T=T
i


Symmetrically cooled/heated
plane wall
M
solid
hL
Bi
k
= ;
*
2
t
t
L

= ;
*
x
x
L
=
Case C:

r
o

h, T



Solid sphere
o
M
solid
hr
Bi
k
= ;
*
2
o
t
t
r

= ;
*
o
r
r
r
=

Notes:
1. One-dimensional
transient heat conduction
in these three cases can
be predicted analytically:
solutions are in the form
of infinite series;
2. However, these series
are rapidly convergent;
3. For
*
0.2 t , one-term
approximation of infinite
series is excellent:
[Error 2%]
MECH-346 Heat Transfer: Summary Sheets Complete Version

17
17
For
*
0.2 t , use the following one-term approximation:
Case A: Symmetrically cooled/heated plane wall (total thickness =2L)
* * * 2 * * * * 2
1 1 1
( , )
( , ) exp[ ]cos( ) ; / ; /
i
T x t T
x t A t x x x L t t L
T T

= = = =


* * * 2 *
1 1
( 0, )
( 0, ) exp[ ]
i
T x t T
x t A t
T T

=
= = =


*
* * *
1
, 1
0
1
sin( )
1 [ ( 0, )] ; 2 ; ( )
t
o total p i
loss x
o
Q
x t Q q dt Q Vol c T T
Q


=
(
= = = =
(



Case B: Long solid cylinder (radius
o
r ; cylinder length >>2
o
r )
* * * 2 * * * * 2
1 1 0 1
( , )
( , ) exp[ ]J ( ) ; / ; /
o o
i
T r t T
r t A t r r r r t t r
T T

= = = =


* * * 2 *
1 1
( 0, )
( 0, ) exp[ ]
i
T r t T
r t A t
T T

=
= = =


*
* * *
1 1
, 1
0
1
J ( )
1 2[ ( 0, )] ; ; ( )
t
o total p i
loss r
o
Q
r t Q q dt Q Vol c T T
Q


=
(
= = = =
(



Case C: Solid sphere (radius
o
r )
*
* * * 2 * * * 2
1
1 1
*
1
( , ) sin( )
( , ) exp[ ] ; / ; /
o o
i
T r t T r
r t A t r r r t t r
T T r

= = = =


* * * 2 *
1 1
( 0, )
( 0, ) exp[ ]
i
T r t T
r t A t
T T

=
= = =


*
* * *
1 1 1
3
, 1
0
1
sin( ) cos( )
1 3[ ( 0, )] ; ; ( )
t
o total p i
loss r
o
Q
r t Q q dt Q Vol c T T
Q


=
(
= = = =
(



Notes:
For cases A, B, and C, values of
1 1
, A as functions of
M
Bi are given
in Table 9.1 (see page 18)

Values of
0 1
J ( ) and J ( ) as functions of are given in Table 9.2
(see page 18). Note:
o 1
J ( )/ J ( ) d d =
MECH-346 Heat Transfer: Summary Sheets Complete Version

18
18
Table 9.1 Table 9.2
Values of
1
and
1
A for different values of Zeroth- and
M
Bi and Cases A, B, and C first-order
Bessel functions
of the first kind

Notes:
( ) ; ( ) ; ( )
o o
M PlaneWall M Long Solid Cylinder M Solid Sphere
solid solid solid
hr hr hL
Bi Bi Bi
k k k
= = =
( /2) ( /3)
( ) ; ( ) ; ( )
c c c
o o
L PlaneWall L Long Solid Cylinder L Solid Sphere
solid solid solid
h r h r hL
Bi Bi Bi
k k k
= = =
Case A Case B Case C
MECH-346 Heat Transfer: Summary Sheets Complete Version

19
19
Product solution approach: temperature distribution for
multidimensional unsteady heat conduction in solids with convection B.C.
[S =0; k, , c
p
, h, T

all constant;
c
L
Bi > 0.1; and
i
T uniform]
Notation for one-dimensional unsteady solutions:
Plane-wall:
( , )
( , )
i
T x t T
P x t
T T


Long-cylinder:
( , )
( , )
i
T r t T
C r t
T T


Semi-infinite solid:
( , ) ( , )
( , ) 1
i
i i
T x t T T x t T
x t
T T T T


| |
= =
|

\ .
S


In general, for three-dimensional unsteady
problems:
3
1
3
IS
i i
Full D solid Intersecting Solid
T T T T
T T T T

=

| | | |
=
| |

\ . \ .


P = S
1 2
P P =
1 2 3
PP = S
1 2 3
PP P =
C = S
PC =
MECH-346 Heat Transfer: Summary Sheets Complete Version
20
20

Total heat transfer for multidimensional unsteady heat
conduction in solids with convection B.C. [S =0; k, , c
p
, h, T

all
constant;
i
T uniform; and
c
L
Bi > 0.1]
Work of Langston
For solids that can be constructed by the intersection of two objects (1
and 2) for which the 1-D solutions (discussed earlier) apply:
1 2 1
1
o o o o
total
Q Q Q Q
Q Q Q Q
(
| | | | | | | |
= +
(
| | | |
\ . \ . \ . \ .


For solids that can be constructed by the intersection of three objects
(1, 2, and 3) for which the 1-D solutions (discussed earlier) apply:
1 2 1
3 2 1
1
1 1
o o o o
total
o o o
Q Q Q Q
Q Q Q Q
Q Q Q
Q Q Q
(
| | | | | | | |
= +
(
| | | |
\ . \ . \ . \ .

( (
| | | | | |
+
( (
| | |
\ . \ . \ .


If the temperature distribution and/or the total heat transfer
after a given time into the heating/cooling process is desired, the
solution is straightforward
Obtain the appropriate one-dimensional solutions and combine
them suitably, as discussed above
If the time needed to obtain a desired temperature distribution or
total heat transfer is required, then:
Explore options offered by symmetry surfaces
Keep your thinking cap on



MECH-346 Heat Transfer: Summary Sheets Complete Version
21
21

Uniform Newtonian Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer over a
Flat Plate with a Sharp Leading Edge and Zero Angle of Attack

Local or running Reynolds number, /
x
Re U x


Transition region:
5 6
1 x 10 1 x 10
x
Re
In engineering analyses:
5
( / ) 5 x 10
crit
x crit
Re U x

= = for flow over


a flat plate at zero angle of attack
At , ( / ) 0.99 y u U

= =

At , [( )/( )] 0.99
T w w
y T T T T

= =
Fully Turbulent Layer:
turb
>>
Buffer Layer:
turb

Viscous sublayer:
turb
<<
, U T


MECH-346 Heat Transfer: Summary Sheets Complete Version
22
22

"
@
0
"
0 0
@
0
( )
( ) ( )
( / )
1
Note: Here, ( ) constant
( )
plate fluid x w
x
y
L L
total topsurf plate fluid w av total topsurf w av
x
L
total topsurf total topsurf
av x w
w
T
q k h T T
y
q q Wdx h T T Wdx h A T T
q A
h h dx T T
T T L

=

= =

= =
`



Dimensionless parameters for this problem:
L
U L
Re


=
`
)
Reynolds number
( / )
/( )
p
p
c
Pr
k k c

= = =
`

)
Prandtl number
2
( )
p w
U
Ec
c T T

=
`


)
Eckert number
Analogy between momentum and heat transfer: Chilton-Colburn analogy
[Applies when 1 Ec << and 0.6 60 Pr ]
}
2
( /2)
f w
c U

= Skin friction coefficient
}
/( )
p
St h U c

Stanton number
2/3
1
2
f
c St Pr

=
`
)


The Chilton-Colburn analogy is valid for the following situations:
Flat plate at zero angle of attack with: smooth or rough surface; and
laminar and/or turbulent flow
Laminar and/or turbulent flow over streamlined objects with smooth or
rough surface, provided there is no flow separation from the surface of
the object
Applies to local results with
, f x
c and
x
St ; and also
to average results with
, f av
c and
av
St
MECH-346 Heat Transfer: Summary Sheets Complete Version
23
23

Similarity solutions of Blasius and Pohlhausen

Results:
1)
5.0 5.0
; or
/( )
x
x
U x Re

= =
where
5
( / ) 5x10
x
Re U x

=
Notes: a) Higher the Re
x
, thinner the ;
and (b)
1/2
laminar flow
x
2)
@
0
0.332 /
w
any x
y
u
U U x
y


=

= =

; thus, the local skin friction


coefficient is
, 1/2
,
2
0.664( )
( /2)
w x
f x x
c Re
U

= =
3)
"
, 1/2 1/3
{ /( )}
0.332( )
w x w
x
x x
fluid fluid
q T T x
h x
Nu Re Pr
k k

=
4)
1/3
( / )
T
Pr =
5)
( ) ( )
1 1
1
1
, 1
0 0
1/2
,
2 2
0
( )/( )
1.328( )
/2 /2
w av Viscous
x x x x
f av x
x x
Drag xW
c Re
U U






=
6)
1 1
1 1
1
1 1
0 0
1/2 1/3
1
,
0
( ) { /( )}
0.664( )
( )
av w fluid
x x x x
av x x
x x
fluid w fluid
h x q xW
x
Nu Re Pr
k T T k




| |
|
=
|

\ .

7) The following important general guidelines can be inferred from these
solutions:

Restrictions: Smooth flat plate;
zero angle of attack; uniform U


and T

; constant-property
Newtonian fluid; steady, two-
dimensional, laminar flow and
heat transfer; sharp leading edge
5
5x10
L
Re ; 1 Ec << ;
0.6 60 Pr
Prandtls boundary-layer
approximations valid
Base properties on
0.5( )
film w
T T T

= +
f
c Re

= and
m n
Nu C Re Pr =
MECH-346 Heat Transfer: Summary Sheets Complete Version
24
24

Turbulent flow and heat transfer over a smooth flat plate: uniform flow;
zero angle of attack; sharp leading edge
[Newtonian fluid; constant , ,
p
c , k ,
w
T , T

; two-dimensional, steady-
state conditions; smooth surface; base fluid properties on ( )/2
film w
T T T

= + ]
Correlations for average results: mixed (laminar + turbulent) flow
over the plate


0
0
, ,
0
/
1
( )
( )( )
1 cr
cr
L
plate fluid surf plate
av x w
x L
w w
x L
lam x turb x
x
q A
h h T T Wdx
T T T T WL
h dx h dx
L



| |
= =
|

\ .
(
= +
(




1) With
5
5x10
cr
x
Re = ,
0 4/5 1/3
0
( )
[0.037 871]
av
x L
av L
x L
fluid
h L
Nu Re Pr
k


=
Valid for 0.6 60 Pr and
5 8
5x10 10
L
Re < <

2) With
5
5x10
cr
x
Re = ,
,
0
,
2 1/5
0
0.074 1742
/2
w av
x L
f av
x L
L L
c
U Re Re




(
=
(


Valid for
5 8
5x10 10
L
Re < < . Note that

| | | |
, 0 0
0
Viscous Drag Surface Area
w av x L x L
x L






Note: Here, ( )
w
T T

is constant
It is assumed here that laminar-
turbulent transition takes place
suddenly at
5
( / ) 5x10
cr
x cr
Re U x

= =
Here:
5
5x10
L
Re >
MECH-346 Heat Transfer: Summary Sheets Complete Version
25
25

Empirical Correlations for External Forced Convection

A: Cylinder of circular cross-section in uniform cross-flow

The values of C and m should be obtained from the following table:
/
D
Re U D

C
m
1 - 40 0.75 0.4
40 - 1000 0.51 0.5
10
3
2 x 10
5
0.26 0.6
2 x 10
5
10
6
0.076 0.7

(ii) Whitaker correlation [Note form:
1 2
1 2
( )
m m n
D D
Nu C Re C Re Pr = + ]
1/4
1/2 2/3 0.4
(0.4 0.06 )
av
av D D
fluid w
h D
Nu Re Re Pr
k

| |
= +
|
\ .

All fluid properties are evaluated at T

, except
w
which is the dynamic
viscosity of the fluid evaluated at
w
T
Range of validity of this correlation:
0.65 300 Pr ;
5
40 10
D
Re ; and 0.25 ( / ) 5.2
w



}
5 40
D
Re A fixed pair of
Fppl vortices in the wake of
the cylinder
(i) Zhukauskas correlation
1/4
m n
av
av D
fluid w
h D Pr
Nu CRe Pr
k Pr

| |
=
|
\ .

All fluid properties are evaluated at T

,
except
w
Pr which is the Prandtl number
of the fluid evaluated at
w
T
If Pr 10, n =0.37; and if Pr >10, n =
0.36
Range of validity of this correlation:
0.7 500 Pr ;
6
1 10
D
Re
MECH-346 Heat Transfer: Summary Sheets Complete Version
26
26

B: Cylinders of non-circular cross-section in uniform cross-flow
Jacob correlation:
1/3
/
c
m
av av c fluid L
Nu h L k CRe Pr =
c
L =characteristic length (see table below)
All fluid properties evaluated at the film temperature: 0.5( )
film w
T T T

= +


C: Sphere in cross-flow: Whitaker correlation


1/4
1/2 2/3 0.4
2 [0.4 0.06 ]
av
av D D
fluid w
h D
Nu Re Re Pr
k

| |
= + +
|
\ .

All properties are evaluated at T

, except
w
which
is the dynamic viscosity of the fluid evaluated at
w
T
Range of validity of this correlation:
0.7 380 Pr ;
4
3.5 7.6x10
D
Re ; and
1.0 ( / ) 3.2
w



MECH-346 Heat Transfer: Summary Sheets Complete Version
27
27



MECH-346 Heat Transfer: Summary Sheets Complete Version
28
28



MECH-346 Heat Transfer: Summary Sheets Complete Version
29
29



MECH-346 Heat Transfer: Summary Sheets Complete Version
30
30






MECH-346 Heat Transfer: Summary Sheets Complete Version
31
31





MECH-346 Heat Transfer: Summary Sheets Complete Version
32
32




MECH-346 Heat Transfer: Summary Sheets Complete Version
33
33



MECH-346 Heat Transfer: Summary Sheets Complete Version
34
34





MECH-346 Heat Transfer: Summary Sheets Complete Version
35
35





MECH-346 Heat Transfer: Summary Sheets Complete Version
36
36




MECH-346 Heat Transfer: Summary Sheets Complete Version
37
37



MECH-346 Heat Transfer: Summary Sheets Complete Version
38
38



MECH-346 Heat Transfer: Summary Sheets Complete Version
39
39





MECH-346 Heat Transfer: Summary Sheets Complete Version
40
40


MECH-346 Heat Transfer: Summary Sheets Complete Version
41
41



NTU
Figure 1: -NTU design chart for parallel-flow heat exchanger



Figure 2: -NTU design chart for counter-flow heat exchanger



MECH-346 Heat Transfer: Summary Sheets Complete Version
42
42



Figure 3: -NTU design chart for heat exchanger with one shell pass
and two (or integer multiples of two) tube passes



Figure 4: -NTU design chart for heat exchanger with two shell
passes and four (or integer multiples of four) tube passes
MECH-346 Heat Transfer: Summary Sheets Complete Version
43
43


Figure 5: -NTU design chart for a single-pass, cross-flow heat
exchanger with both fluids unmixed


MECH-346 Heat Transfer: Summary Sheets Complete Version
44
44



Figure 6: -NTU design chart for a single-pass, cross-flow heat
exchanger with one fluid mixed and the other unmixed



Fluid in cross-flow outside tubes: Mixed
Fluid flowing inside tubes: Unmixed
MECH-346 Heat Transfer: Summary Sheets Complete Version
45
45

Radiation Heat Transfer
Matter (an intermediate medium) is not necessary for a surface to
exchange thermal radiation with another surface
Distinguishing feature: 0.1m 1000m in vacuum
Visible light: 0.4 m 0.7m
Blackbody
Diffuse and ideal emitter and absorber
Emits radiation according to the Stefan-Boltzmann law:
4
b abs
e T = [W/m
2
]
: Stefan-Boltzmann constant =5.669 x 10
8
W/m
2
-K
4

Non-black bodies:
4
b abs
e e T = = [W/m
2
]; here, is the
emissivity of the surface; and 0 1
Basic Radiation Properties
(i) Emission of radiation: emissivity,
(ii) Absorption of radiation: absorptivity,
(iii) Reflection of radiation: reflectivity,
(iv) Transmission of radiation: transmissivity,

A balance on the incident radiation gives: 1 + + =
A balance on the spectral incident radiation gives: 1

+ + =
G: Total incident radiation
(irradiation) [W/m
2
]
G: Reflected radiation [W/m
2
]
G: Absorbed radiation [W/m
2
]
G; Transmitted radiation [W/m
2
]

MECH-346 Heat Transfer: Summary Sheets Complete Version
46
46

Opaque materials: = 0 and

= 0
}
+ =1 ; and

+ = 1
100% transparent materials: =1
}
0 ; 0 = =
Blackbody: = 1
}
0; 0 = =
Kirchhoffs law:
}
For a gray body:
= and ;thus,



=

= =


Radiation Shape Factors [angle, configuration, and view factors]
Consider an enclosure of N isothermal surfaces:




m n
F

: Fraction of total radiation energy leaving surface m and
heading towards (and intercepted by) surface n
If both of the surfaces m and n radiate diffusely and are
isothermal, then
m n
F

depends only on their relative orientation
and their relative sizes and shapes
For a complete enclosure of N diffuse isothermal surfaces:
1 1 1 2 1 3 1 1 n N
F F F F F

+ + + + + =1
Thus,
1
1
N
n
n
F

=
=

1 or
1
N
m n
n
F

=
=

1
}

Portion of radiation leaving
surface 1 and heading towards
surface n
Portion of radiation leaving
surface 1 and heading towards
surface 2
Radiation leaving surface 1 and heading out in all directions
Summation Relationship
MECH-346 Heat Transfer: Summary Sheets Complete Version
47
47

For any two diffuse isothermal surfaces:
m m n n n m
A F A F

=
}



Also look for symmetries and take advantage of them whenever
possible

Sample shape factors (view, configuration, angle factors) given
on the next page


Radiation Heat Transfer between Two Black Surfaces
Forming an Enclosure



4 4
2 2 2 1 ,2 ,1 2 2 1 2, 1,
net rad loss
( ) ( )
b b abs abs
q A F e e A F T T

= =
4 4
1 1 1 2 ,1 ,2 1 1 2 1, 2, 2
net rad loss net rad loss
( ) ( )
b b abs abs
q A F e e A F T T q

= = =




Reciprocity Relationship
Both black surfaces are
isothermal:
1 2
T T
MECH-346 Heat Transfer: Summary Sheets Complete Version
48
48





MECH-346 Heat Transfer: Summary Sheets Complete Version
49
49

Emissive Power of a Blackbody
Plancks radiation relation for a blackbody








Wiens displacement law: Hemispherical total emissive power
of a blackbody:
4
,
0
b b abs
e e d T

= =



4
2 1
( / ) ( /15) C C =
or = 5.669 x 10
8
[W/m
2
-K
4
]
Emissive Power of a Real Body










Monochromatic emissive power of a
blackbody:
1
,
5
2
exp 1
b
abs
C
e
C
T

=
(

`
(
)

[W/m
3
]
-16 2
1
3.7418 x 10 W-m : C = First
radiation constant
-2
2
1.4388 x 10 m-K : C = Second
radiation constant

-3
max
2.8976 x 10 m-K
=2897.6 m-K
abs
T

=


}
,
( / )
b
e e

Monochromatic




Total emissive power:

0
e e d



Overall or total emissivity:
,
0
4
b
b abs
e d
e
e T


MECH-346 Heat Transfer: Summary Sheets Complete Version
50
50

Absorption











Blackbody Radiation Functions

,
0
4 4
(0 ) b
b abs
abs abs
e d
E T
T T



2 1
4 4
1 2
(0 ) (0 )
Fraction of total blackbody
radiation that lies in
b abs b abs
abs abs
E T E T
T T




(
=

(



G

: Spectral irradiation [W/m


2
-m]

}
0
Portion of incident radiation in
the band that is absorbed
Hemispherical monochromatic
Lim
absorptivity
Total incident radiation in
the band


(
(
(
(

For a blackbody:

=1. Total absorptivity:


0 0
G d G d





2
1
2 1
,
, ,
0 0
b
b b
e d
e d e d


,
0
4
( )
b
abs
abs
e d
fnc T
T


MECH-346 Heat Transfer: Summary Sheets Complete Version
51
51

4
(0 )
Tabulated
b abs
abs
E T
T



`
)
as a function of (
abs
T )


MECH-346 Heat Transfer: Summary Sheets Complete Version
52
52

Radiation Heat Transfer between Diffuse-Gray Surfaces in
an Enclosure

Irradiation: Total rate of incident radiation on a surface per unit
time and per unit area G [W/m
2
]

Radiosity: Total rate at which radiation leaves a surface per unit time
and per unit area J [W/m
2
]

Assumptions: [steady-state]
1. All surfaces are diffuse-gray [ ; ;

= = = ]
2. Each surface is uniform in temperature (isothermal)
3. Reflectivity, , and emissivity, , are constant over each surface
4. All surfaces are opaque ( = 0)
5. G and J are uniform over each surface

Enclosure schematic:

Total number of surfaces: N
MECH-346 Heat Transfer: Summary Sheets Complete Version
53
53

Surface radiation resistance:

Space or geometrical radiation resistance:

Network representation of radiation exchange between surface i
and all other N surfaces of the enclosure:

Two key equations
,
1
(1)
(1 )/( ) {1/( )}
N
b i i i j
j
i i i i i j
e J J J
A A F
=



=
`


1
(2)
{1/( )}
N
i j Net Rad
i
j
i i j
J J
q
A F
=



=
`


Note: For a black surface:
4
, ,
1and
i b i i abs i
e T J = = =
MECH-346 Heat Transfer: Summary Sheets Complete Version
54
54

Governing equations for radiation exchange in the N-surface
diffuse-gray enclosure
11 1 1 1 1
1 1
1 1
....... ......
| | | |
....... ........
| | | |
..
i i N N
i ii i iN N i
N
a J a J a J c
a J a J a J c
a J
+ + + + =
+ + + + =
+ ..... .....
Ni i NN N N
a J a J c + + + =

Note: Once the radiosities,
i
J , are found (computed), equation (1)
can be used to obtain the temperature of any surface where
Net Rad
i
q is
specified, and equation (2) can be used to obtain the
Net Rad
i
q at any
surface where the temperature is specified.
Two-Surface Diffuse-Gray Enclosure

Equivalent circuit:

Notes:
1)
1 1 2 2 1
Net Rad Net Rad Net Rad
q q q

= =

2)
4
,1 1, b abs
e T =

3)
4
,2 2, b abs
e T =
| || | | | }
{ }
Solved using methods
of linear algebra
A J C =


MECH-346 Heat Transfer: Summary Sheets Complete Version
55
55

Three-Surface Diffuse-Gray Enclosures


Radiation Shields
Example 1: Two large parallel flat plates, with a thin-plate
radiation shield in between them

1 2 3 1 3 3 2
; 1 A A A A F F

= = = = =

With no shield:
( )
| |
4 4
1, 2,
1 1 2
1 2
(1/ ) (1/ ) 1
abs abs
Net Rad Net Rad
A T T
q q


= =
+


MECH-346 Heat Transfer: Summary Sheets Complete Version
56
56

( )
4 4
1, 2,
1
3, 3,
1 2 3, 3,
1 1
1 1
abs abs
Net Rad
L R
L R
A T T
q


=
( | | | |
| | | |
+ + +
( | |
| |
| |
\ . \ . (
\ . \ .


Example 2: Two long concentric cylindrical shells, with a thin-
walled cylindrical radiation shield in between them

With shield,
( )
4 4
1 1, 2,
1 2
3, 3,
1 2 1
1 3, 3, 3 2 2
1 1
1 1
1
abs abs
Net Rad
i o
i o
A T T
q
r r
r r


=
( | |
| | | | | || |
+ + + +
( |
| | | |
|
\ . \ .\ . \ . (
\ .





1 1 2 2 3 3
1 2 1 3 3 2
2 ; 2 ; 2
1 ; 1 ; 1
A r L A r L A r L
F F F


= = =
= = =



With no shield:
( )
4 4
1 1, 2,
1 2
2 1
1 2 2
1 1
abs abs
Net Rad
A T T
q
r
r


=
(
| | | || |
+
( | | |
\ . \ .\ .




MECH-346 Heat Transfer: Summary Sheets Complete Version
57
57

Example 3: Two large parallel flat plates with multiple thin-
walled flat parallel-plate shields in between them


Two plates, 1 and 2; N shields (thin, large, flat parallel plates)
All surface radiation resistances =(1 )/
All space or geometrical radiation resistances =1/( ) 1/
i i j
A F A

=
There are (2N +2) surface radiation resistances
There are (N +1) space radiation resistances
Therefore,
( ) ( )
4 4 4 4
1, 2, 1, 2,
1 2
1 1 2
(2 2) ( 1) ( 1) 1
abs abs abs abs
Net Rad
with N shields
T T A T T
q
N N N
A


= =

| | | | | |
+ + + +
| | |
\ . \ . \ .

and
( )
4 4
1, 2,
1 2
2
1
abs abs
Net Rad
withnoshields
A T T
q


=
| |

|
\ .

Thus,
1 2 1 2
1
1
Net Rad Net Rad
with N shields withnoshields
q q
N

(
| |
=
|
(
+
\ .


Assumptions:
1)
1 2
........ A A A = = =
2) All shape factors are equal
to one ( 1
i j
F

= )
3) All surfaces have the same
emissivity:
MECH-346 Heat Transfer: Summary Sheets Complete Version
58
58



May you live long and prosper

And wherever you go

May excellent health and happiness go with you

B. Rabi Baliga
Alejandro Perez Alvarado

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen