Buckling Column Spot Weld

1.2.
3 Buckling of a column with spot welds

Products: Abaqus/Standard Abaqus/Explicit Abaqus/CAE
This example illustrates both a static and dynamic collapse of a steel column
constructed by spot welding two channel sections. It is intended to illustrate the
modeling of spot welds. Mesh-independent fasteners, Section 33.3.4 of the
Abaqus Analysis User's Manual, discusses the mesh-independent spot weld
modeling capabilities provided in Abaqus; while Breakable bonds, Section
35.1.9 of the Abaqus Analysis User's Manual, discusses the use of the *BOND
option to model breakable spot welds in Abaqus/Explicit.
Problem description
The pillar is composed of two columns of different cross-sections, one
box-shaped and the other W-shaped, welded together with spot welds (Figure
1.2.31). The top end of the pillar is connected to a rigid body, which makes the
deformation of the pillar easy to control by manipulating the rigid body reference
node. The box-shaped column is welded to the W-shaped column with five spot
welds on either side of the box-shaped column.
The columns are both composed of aluminum-killed steel, which is assumed to
satisfy the Ramberg-Osgood relation between true stress and logarithmic strain,
where Young's modulus (E) is 206.8 GPa, the reference stress value (K)
is 0.510 GPa, and the work-hardening exponent (n) is 4.76. In the present Abaqus
analyses the Ramberg-Osgood relation is approximated using the *ELASTIC and
*PLASTIC options. The material is assumed to be linear elastic up to a yield
stress of 170.0 MPa, and the stress-strain curve beyond the yield stress is
defined in piecewise linear segments using the *PLASTIC option. Poisson's ratio
is 0.3.
The spot welds are modeled in both Abaqus/Standard and Abaqus/Explicit using
the mesh-independent fastener capability. Connector elements with CARTESIAN
and CARDAN sections are used to define deformable fasteners. Alternatively, a
BUSHING connection type could have been used. The element set containing the
connector elements is referenced using the ELSET parameter on the *FASTENER
option. The spot welds at nodes 5203, 15203, 25203, 35203, and 45203 are all
located on the positive z-side of the box-shaped column, with node 5203 at the
bottom end of the column and node 45203 at the top end of the column (see
1.2.3 Buckling of a column with spot welds http://abaqus.me.chalmers.se/v6.11/books/exa/ch01...
1 of 10 Tuesday, 26- Aug- 2014 10:23 PM acer
Figure 1.2.32). Spot welds at nodes 5211, 15211, 25211, 35211, and 45211 are
all located on the negative z-side of the box-shaped column, with node 5211 at
the bottom end of the column and node 45211 at the top end of the column. The
surfaces of the box-shaped column and the W-shaped column are listed under the
*FASTENER option. The spot welds are defined with a diameter of .002 m. The
deformable behavior in the fastener is modeled using connector elasticity, with
an elastic spring stiffness of 2 10
11
N/m in translational as well as rotational
components. For the Abaqus/Explicit analysis spot weld damage and failure are
modeled using connector damage behavior. A force-based coupled damage
initiation criterion that uses a connector potential with both connector force and
connector moment ingredients is used. (For further description of the connector
potential used, see the spot weld example in Connector functions for coupled
behavior, Section 30.2.4 of the Abaqus Analysis User's Manual.) Damage
initiates when the value of the potential exceeds 2 10
5
N. A post-damage-
initiation equivalent displacement of 1 10
7
m is allowed. Once the
post-damage-initiation equivalent displacement in a spot weld reaches this
value, the spot weld ceases to carry any load. Both the continuum and structural
coupling capabilities are used to define the fasteners.
To study spot weld failure and the post-yield behavior of the spot welds in detail,
the problem is also solved using the *BOND option available in Abaqus/Explicit.
The column with the box-shaped cross-section is defined to be the slave surface
in contact with the column with the W-shaped cross-section. The spot welds on
the two sides of the box-shaped column are modeled with different yield forces
and post-yield behavior to illustrate the two failure models. For the spot-welded
nodes 5203, 15203, 25203, 35203, and 45203, the force to cause failure for the
spot welds is 3000 N in pure tension and 1800 N in pure shear. Once the spot
welds start to fail, the maximum force that they can bear is assumed to decay
linearly with time over the course of 2.0 msec, which illustrates the modeling of
complete loss of strength over a given time period. For the spot-welded nodes
5211, 15211, 25211, 35211, and 45211, the force to cause failure for these spot
welds is 4000 N in pure tension and 2300 N in pure shear. These spot welds fail
according to the damaged failure model, which assumes that the maximum
forces that the spot welds can carry decay linearly with relative displacement
between the welded node and the master surface. The welds are defined to fail
completely once their total relative displacement reaches 0.3mm, which
illustrates the modeling of loss of strength in the spot welds based on energy
absorption.
A Python script is included that reproduces the model using the Scripting
Interface in Abaqus/CAE. The script creates and assembles Abaqus/CAE parts
and uses discrete fasteners to model the spot welds. The script creates an
Abaqus/Standard model that is ready to be submitted for analysis from the Job
module. The discrete fasteners created by the script result in the following
differences compared with the mesh-independent, or point-based, fasteners used
by the example input files:
When you submit the Abaqus/CAE job for analysis, the discrete fasteners
created by the Python script generate *COUPLING and *DISTRIBUTING
keywords in the input file, together with connector elements. The example
input files use the *FASTENER keyword to model point-based fasteners
using connector elements.
You must define the radius of influence when you create a discrete fastener
using Abaqus/CAE. In contrast, the example input files allow Abaqus to
compute a default value of the radius of influence based on the geometric
properties of the fastener, the characteristic length of connected facets,
and the type of weighting function selected.
The input files share nodes between the pillar and the rigid body. To achieve
similar behavior, the Python script creates tie constraints between the pillar
and the rigid body.
For a description of the differences between discrete fasteners and point-based
fasteners in Abaqus/CAE, see About fasteners, Section 29.1 of the Abaqus/CAE
User's Manual.
Loading
The bottom of the pillar is fully fixed. In the Abaqus/Standard analysis the
reference node for the rigid body at the top of the pillar moves 0.25 m in the
y-direction, thus loading it in compression, together with a displacement of .02 m
in the z-direction that shears it slightly. At the same time the end of the pillar is
rotated about the negative z-axis by 0.785 rad and rotated about the negative
x-axis by 0.07 rad.
In the Abaqus/Explicit analyses the reference node for the rigid body at the top of
the pillar moves at a constant velocity of 25 m/sec in the y-direction, thus loading
it in compression, together with a velocity of 2 m/sec in the z-direction that
shears it slightly. At the same time the end of the pillar is rotated about the
negative z-axis at 78.5 rad/sec and rotated about the negative x-axis at 7 rad/sec.
This loading is applied by prescribing the velocities of the rigid body reference
node that is attached to the top end of the compound pillar.
The analysis is carried out over 10 milliseconds.
Results and discussion
The mesh-independent spot weld capability and the contact-based spot weld
capability predict very similar deformation patterns and deformed shapes for the
pillar. Figure 1.2.33 shows the deformed shape of the pillar after 5.0 msec in
the Abaqus/Explicit analysis. Figure 1.2.34 shows the deformed shape of the
pillar after 10.0 msec. The spot welds in the mesh-independent Abaqus/Explicit
analysis undergo damage and fail. For the current choice of parameters for the
connector damage model, it is found that damage initiates in the spot welds at
nodes 15203 through 45203 on the positive side of the box-shaped column and at
nodes 15211 through 45211 on the negative side of the box-shaped column.
However, the post-damage-initiation displacement is sufficient to cause ultimate
failure of the spot welds at nodes 15203, 25203, 15211, and 25211 only. Figure
1.2.39 illustrates the undamaged connector force CTF3 in the spot welds
associated with reference nodes 25203 and 25211 as computed in the
Abaqus/Standard analyses. Figure 1.2.310 illustrates the damaged connector
force CTF3 in the spot welds associated with reference nodes 25203 and 25211
as computed in the Abaqus/Explicit analyses. Forces in both spot welds drop to
zero when ultimate failure occurs in the Abaqus/Explicit analyses.
The failure and post-yield behaviors of the pillar are also studied using the
contact-based spot weld capability. Figure 1.2.35 and Figure 1.2.36 show the
status of the spot welds on the positive z-side of the column and the negative
z-side of the column, respectively. In these figures a status of 1.0 means that the
weld is fully intact, and a status of 0.0 means that the weld has failed
completely. Figure 1.2.37 shows the load on spot weld node 25203 relative to
the failure load. This relative value is called the bond load and is defined to be
1.0 when the spot weld starts to fail and 0.0 when the spot weld is broken.
Figures showing the bond status and bond load may not match the analysis
results on a particular platform. This is due to the fact that contact forces in this
analysis show significant noise, which can vary across platforms. When the
time-to-failure model is used, spot weld behavior is very sensitive to any spike in
the bond force that reaches the bond strength. Spot weld behavior is less
sensitive to individual spikes in the bond force when the damaged failure model
is used. Figure 1.2.38 shows the time history of the total kinetic energy, the
total work done on the model, the total energy dissipated by friction, the total
internal energy, and the total energy balance.
Input files
pillar_fastener_xpl.inp
Input data for the Abaqus/Explicit mesh-independent spot weld analysis.
pillar_fastener_structcoup_xpl.inp
Input data for the Abaqus/Explicit mesh-independent spot weld analysis using
structural coupling in the fastener definitions.
pillar_fastener_std.inp
Input data for the Abaqus/Standard mesh-independent spot weld analysis.
pillar_fastener_structcoup_std.inp
Input data for the Abaqus/Standard mesh-independent spot weld analysis
using structural coupling in the fastener definitions.
pillar_fastener_smslide_std.inp
Input data for the Abaqus/Standard mesh-independent spot weld analysis
using small-sliding contact with shell thickness taken into account.
pillar.inp
Input data for the contact-pair-based spot weld analysis.
pillar_gcont.inp
Input data for the general-contact-based spot weld analysis.
pillar_rest.inp
Input data used to test the restart capability with spot welds.
pillar_ds.inp
Analysis using the double-sided surface capability.
Python script
pillar_fastener_std.py
Script that creates a model with discrete fasteners using Abaqus/CAE.
Figures
Figure 1.2.3 1 Initial configuration of the compound pillar.
Figure 1.2.3 2 Initial configuration of the box-shaped column showing spot
welds.
Figure 1.2.3 3 Deformed shape at 5.0 msec.
Figure 1.2.3 4 Deformed shape at 10.0 msec.
Figure 1.2.3 5 Time histories of the status of all spot welds on positive z-side of
column.
Figure 1.2.3 6 Time histories of the status of all spot welds on negative z-side of
column.
Figure 1.2.3 7 Time histories of the load on spot weld node 25203 relative to the
failure load.
Figure 1.2.3 8 Time histories of the total kinetic energy, energy dissipated by
friction, work done on the model, internal energy, and total energy.
Figure 1.2.3 9 Connector force CTF3 in spot welds at reference nodes 25203
and 25211 for Abaqus/Standard.
Figure 1.2.3 10 Connector force CTF3 in spot welds at reference nodes 25203
and 25211 for Abaqus/Explicit.

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1.2.

3 Buckling of a column with spot welds

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