Quantum teleportation

Quantum Teleportation is all about how someone might transfer the quantum state of a
particle perfectly to somebody else whether the state of the particle is to be studied or used in some
other manner. It does not allow, like in science fiction the instantaneous transfer of objects or
information, which would violate special relativity.
In a classical world, a system (person, atom, light) could be transferred to another person
and replicated by simply telling them all there is to know about the system. A classical system does
not have to deal with the Heisenberg uncertainty principle.
In a quantum, system to transfer the state of a system the momentum, position and other
properties of the particle cannot simply be determined and told to somebody else. If we could
perfectly identify all the properties of a quantum to send to someone else so they could create a
copy, the measurements would violate the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. This process of
quantum teleportation could circumvent having to literally send the quantum system or if it would
take too long to send the information to the other person.
However if we could transfer the EXACT state of the system to another system without
measuring the system itself the other person the other person will obtain a copy of our original
system with no need for us to make measurement and no violation of the Heisenberg Uncertainty
principle.
This transfer of quantum systems without measuring the system is a goal, which has at least
partially been achieved using a process known as Quantum Entanglement.

Quantum Entanglement
Quantum teleportation as it is currently understood requires quantum entanglement.
Quantum entanglement is a process where one cannot define the quantum states of particles by
themselves but as a group of particles as a whole.
Particularly of note in the research of Quantum teleportation is the existence of Bell states which are
useful because they represent the most simply quantum entangled pairs.
Bell State
A Bell state represents a simple example of entanglement.
Bell states are as the name suggests a quantum state, in this poster of two qubits.
A qubit is a unit of information that is the equivalent of bit in computers. A qubit can represent the
spin of an electron (up or down) or the polarization of a photon (vertical or horizontal) as an
example. Unlike a normal bit, however the qubit can be a superposition of both true and false.

Bell State Measurement
A Bell measurement is the combined measurement of two quantum systems states that determines
which of the four Bell states the particles are in. If one of the particles was not in a Bell state, it gets
projected onto a Bell state as , and as a Bell state is a simple example of entanglement, a Bell
measurement is a process which can entangle the particles states.
The Bell operator basis
|
12
+ -
> =

(|
1
>|
2
> + - |
1
>|
2
>)
|


How Quantum Teleportation process
Quantum teleportation works by use of two particles quantum entangled.
Prior to the information (a quantum system) being needed to be sent the sender and receiver need
to have a pair of Quantum entangled particles shared between them. These particles will be the
main instrument of the Quantum Teleportation.
To make the states of the particles easy to reference:
the state that needs to be transferred will be called |
1
>, also particle 1
the quantum entangled particle with the sender will be called |
2
>, also particle 2
the quantum entangled particle with the receiver will be called |
3
>, also particle 3
The entangled pair of particles 2 and 3 will be made to be in the state
|>
23
=

(|>
2
|>
3
-|>
2
|>
3
) (the subscripts label the states and the particles are spin-1/2)
We can note from this two things, one that the likelihood of the particles
being in the up or down spin are the same, and two that whatever spin one
particle has the other has the opposite.
To begin the transfer from the sender to the receiver and couple particle 1
with the quantum-entangled pair the sender performs a measurement of the system,
this leads to particle 3 taking on one of four different states of equal probability,
that relate to the original state of particle 3 |
1
>.
The measurement that was obtained by the sender must then be given to
the receiver. This is the reason that quantum teleportation does not allow for
instantaneous transportation. The information about the system must be sent to the
receiver, which means this information must go through other channels so the
teleportation can only be as fast as the classical method with which this
information is sent.
Once the sender has given the receiver the information obtained from the
measurement, the receiver can use the information to determine whether anything
must be done to reobtain the state of particle 1 as particle 3 the particle he has.
The possible states are all rotations of the original state with one of them being
the same except for a phase factor which is irrelevant for wave functions, each
rotation is 180 degrees around an axis (x,y,z).