[LAB REPORT]

by
[M.SULEMAN ARSHAD]
[Roll No 10-CH-46]
[Submitted TO: Sir Ayemen]


1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
EXPERIMENT NO 1 #
SECTION 1.1 #
SECTION 1.2 #
SECTION 1.3 #
EXPERIMENT NO 2 #
SECTION 2.1 #
SECTION 2.2 #
SECTION 2.3 #
EXPERIMENT NO 3 #
SECTION 3.1 #
SECTION 3.2 #
SECTION 3.3 #

EXPERIMENT NO 4 #
SECTION 4.1 #
SECTION 4.2 #
SECTION 4.3 #


EXPERIMENT NO 5 #
SECTION 5.1 #
SECTION 5.2 #
SECTION 5.3 #

EXPERIMENT NO 6 #
SECTION 6.1 #
SECTION 6.2 #
SECTION 6.3 #



2
EXPERIMENT NO 7 #
SECTION 7.1 #
SECTION 7.2 #
SECTION 7.3 #

EXPERIMENT NO 8 #
SECTION 8.1 #
SECTION 8.2 #
SECTION 8.3 #



3


INTRODUCING ASPEN PLUS
Aspen Plus makes it easy to build and run a process simulation model by providing you
with a comprehensive system of online prompts, hypertext help, and expert system
guidance at every step. In many cases, you will be able to develop an Aspen plus process
simulation model without referring to printed manuals.
The seven hands-on sessions show you, step-by-step, how to use the full power and scope
of Aspen Plus. Each session requires 30 50 minutes.
WHY USE PROCESS SIMULATION?
Process simulation allows you to predict the behavior of a process by using basic
engineering relationships, such as mass and energy balances, and phase and chemical
equilibrium. Given reliable thermodynamic data, realistic operating conditions, and
rigorous equipment models, you can simulate actual plant behavior.
Process simulation enables you to run many cases, conduct "what if" analyses, and
perform sensitivity studies and optimization runs. With simulation, you can design better
plants and increase profitability in existing plants.
Process simulation is useful throughout the entire lifecycle
of a process, from research and development through
process design to production.

A process consists of chemical components being mixed, separated, heated, cooled, and
converted by unit operations. These components are transferred from unit to unit through
process streams.


Idea
Process
Simulation


4

WHAT IS AN ASPEN PLUS PROCESS SIMULATION MODEL?
You can translate a process into an Aspen Plus process simulation model by performing
the following steps:
1 Define the process flowsheet: o Define the unit operations in the process. o Define the
process streams that flow to and from the unit operations. o Select models from the
Aspen Plus Model Library to describe each unit operation and place them on the process
flowsheet. o Place labeled streams on the process flowsheet and connect them to the unit
operation models.
2 Specify the chemical components in the process. You can take these components from
the Aspen Plus databanks, or you can define them.
3 Specify thermodynamic models to represent the physical properties of the components
and mixtures in the process. These models are built into Aspen Plus.
4 Specify the component flow rates and the thermodynamic conditions (for example,
temperature and pressure) of feed streams.
5 Specify the operating conditions for the unit operation models.
















5
EXPERIMENT # 1
OBJECTIVE
INTRODUCTION TO THE GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE OF
THE SIMULATION SOFTWARE. (ASPEN PLUS 2006.5)

GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE:
A graphical user interface (GUI) is a human-computer interface i.e., a way for humans to
interact with computers. It refers to the graphical interface of a computer that allows
users to click and drag objects with a mouse instead of entering text at a command line.
GUI allows users to interact with electronic
devices through graphical icons and visual
indicators. GUIs stand in sharp contrast
to command line interfaces (CLIs). The most
familiar example of a CLI to many people is MS-
DOS.
A major advantage of GUIs is that they make
computer operation more intuitive, and thus easier
to learn and use.
TOOL BAR
Just below the menu bar, Tool bar is located. This
bar allows user quick access to a specific command
using shortcut icons. Every icon materialized with
the purpose to trigger a unique operation e.g. to set
Physical property or to get into Setup menu
directly by clicking just once.
STATUS BAR
Status bar is located at most bottom of the flow
sheet window. This shows the info about the work
advancement through simulation. At most right
corner, flowsheet completion or incompletion
status is cited while adjacent to it, the left side,
sheet location is referred. At most left side, help
command F1 is marked to seek help during
simulation work.













6


MODEL LIBRARY
Model library appears to be happening just above the status bar. This facilitates us to
work in a specific equipment design worksheet that includes the entire commands and
data library for simulation of concerned equipment.

THE WORKSPACE:
The area in the middle of the screen is known as the workspace. This is the main focus
of the Aspen window, the place where youll build and edit flow sheets, view graphs and
run program. When you first launch Aspen, the workspace is white. When you start to
build a flow sheet or open an existing simulation, the flow sheet displays in the
workspace.


7
MAIN MENU:
The main menu is located just under the title bar at the top of the program window.
Some items on the main menu are common to nearly all Windows programs namely File
Edit, Format, and Help. Other items are library, run, data.
STATUS AREA:
When flow sheet is completed, the status message changes from Flow sheet Not
Complete to Required Input Complete. After providing all input data using input
forms, the status bar shows Required Input Complete and then only simulation results
are obtained.
STREAM BALANCE
Used to apply different type of balances across the equipment that includes
Material Balance, Energy Balance and Work Balance.




8
EXPERIMENT NO. 2
OBJECTIVE: -
TO SELECT THE COMPONENTS, MAKE A LIST AND PLOT 3
DIFFERENT PROPERTIES USING APEN(2006.5)
PROCEDURE: -
1. First of all I opened (Aspen 2006.5) explorer to open simulation bar from Aspen
Explorer and click on the component option then select the component and press
2. After that I clicked on the component list and select the components (described).
3. After selecting the component I clicked on the plot option then a window (plot
property option) appear. I chose library liquid density, library liquid viscosity, library
vapor pressure, library liquid heat capacity, library liquid thermal conductivity,
library heat of vaporization to plot graph and study their behavior.
USING NRTL: -
PROPERTIES: -
I am able to find vapor specific heat capacity of ammonia at constant pressure by this plot
at any temperature above graph shows the C
p
of ammonia in System international.
CP vs Temperature
Temperature K
C
P

J
/
k
m
o
l
-
K
250. 0 300. 0 350. 0 400. 0 450. 0 500. 0 550. 0 600. 0 650. 0 700. 0 750. 0 800. 0
2
.
e
+
0
0
8
4
.
e
+
0
0
8
6
.
e
+
0
0
8
8
.
e
+
0
0
8
1
.
e
+
0
0
9
1
.
2
e
+
0
0
9
1
.
4
e
+
0
0
9
1
.
6
e
+
0
0
9
1
.
8
e
+
0
0
9
2
.
e
+
0
0
9
VAPOR AMMONIA





9
Temperature Pressure Cp
K Atm j/kmol-k
273 200 34897.67
283.2041 200 35151.97
293.4082 200 35423.07
303.6122 200 35709.16
313.8163 200 36008.36
324.0204 200 36318.81
334.2245 200 36638.72
344.4286 200 36966.39
354.6327 200 37300.24
364.8367 200 37638.83
375.0408 200 37980.87
385.2449 200 38325.22
395.449 200 38670.89
405.6531 200 1643450000
415.8571 200 148272
426.0612 200 169084
436.2653 200 181907
446.4694 200 169314
456.6735 200 142083
466.8776 200 118978
477.0816 200 102997
487.2857 200 92101.55
497.4898 200 84449.25
507.6939 200 78882.31
517.898 200 74703.56
528.102 200 71483.93
538.3061 200 68949.9
548.5102 200 66920.72
558.7143 200 65272.91
568.9184 200 63919.63
579.1224 200 62798.17
589.3265 200 61862.23
599.5306 200 61076.93
609.7347 200 60415.52
619.9388 200 59857.18
630.1429 200 59385.45
640.3469 200 58987.17
650.551 200 58651.69
660.7551 200 58370.29
670.9592 200 58135.8
681.1633 200 57942.23
691.3673 200 57784.56
701.5714 200 57658.54
711.7755 200 57560.55
721.9796 200 57487.49
732.1837 200 57436.7
742.3878 200 57405.84
752.5918 200 57392.91
762.7959 200 57396.12
773 200 57413.93



10
PROPERTIES: -
I am able to find vapor specific heat capacity of ammonia at constant pressure by this plot
at any temperature above graph shows the H of ammonia in System international.
H vs Temperature
Temperature K
H

J
/
k
m
o
l
250. 0 300. 0 350. 0 400. 0 450. 0 500. 0 550. 0 600. 0 650. 0 700. 0 750. 0 800. 0
-
5
.
5
e
+
0
0
7
-
5
.
e
+
0
0
7
-
4
.
5
e
+
0
0
7
-
4
.
e
+
0
0
7
-
3
.
5
e
+
0
0
7
-
3
.
e
+
0
0
7
-
2
.
5
e
+
0
0
7
VAPOR AMMONIA


Temperature Pressure Enthalpy(H)
K Atm j/kmol
273 200 -51612000
283.2041 200 -51513000
293.4082 200 -51424000
303.6122 200 -51345000
313.8163 200 -51278000
324.0204 200 -51227000
334.2245 200 -51193000
344.4286 200 -51183000
354.6327 200 -51203000
364.8367 200 -51157000
375.0408 200 -50899000
385.2449 200 -50711000
395.449 200 -50664000
405.6531 200 -51489000
415.8571 200 -55236000
426.0612 200 -53617000
436.2653 200 -51810000
446.4694 200 -49996000
456.6735 200 -48405000
466.8776 200 -47080000
477.0816 200 -45952000
487.2857 200 -44961000
497.4898 200 -44062000
507.6939 200 -43230000
517.898 200 -42447000
528.102 200 -41702000
538.3061 200 -40986000


11
548.5102 200 -40293000
558.7143 200 -39619000
568.9184 200 -38960000
579.1224 200 -38314000
589.3265 200 -37678000
599.5306 200 -37051000
609.7347 200 -36431000
619.9388 200 -35818000
630.1429 200 -35209000
640.3469 200 -34605000
650.551 200 -34005000
660.7551 200 -33408000
670.9592 200 -32814000
681.1633 200 -32222000
691.3673 200 -31631000
701.5714 200 -31042000
711.7755 200 -30454000
721.9796 200 -29867000
732.1837 200 -29281000
742.3878 200 -28695000
752.5918 200 -28110000
762.7959 200 -27524000
773 200 -26938000


PROPERTIES: -
I am able to find vapor specific heat capacity of ammonia at constant pressure by this plot
at any temperature above graph shows the G of ammonia in System international.

G vs Temperature
Temperature K
G

J
/
k
m
o
l
250.0 300.0 350.0 400.0 450.0 500.0 550.0 600.0 650.0 700.0 750.0 800.0
-
1
.
e
+
0
0
7
0
.
0
1
.
e
+
0
0
7
2
.
e
+
0
0
7
3
.
e
+
0
0
7
4
.
e
+
0
0
7
5
.
e
+
0
0
7
6
.
e
+
0
0
7
VAPOR AMMONIA

temperature Pressure Free energy
K Atm j/kmol
273 200 -12384000


12
283.2041 200 -10847000
293.4082 200 -9308000
303.6122 200 -7767000
313.8163 200 -6222900
324.0204 200 -4674700
334.2245 200 -3121400
344.4286 200 -1561600
354.6327 200 6211.312
364.8367 200 1595410
375.0408 200 3215360
385.2449 200 4837710
395.449 200 6467820
405.6531 200 8120470
415.8571 200 10295900
426.0612 200 11884600
436.2653 200 13432200
446.4694 200 14936900
456.6735 200 16402300
466.8776 200 17835300
477.0816 200 19241500
487.2857 200 20625200
497.4898 200 21989100
507.6939 200 23335300
517.898 200 24665400
528.102 200 25980300
538.3061 200 27281200
548.5102 200 28568700
558.7143 200 29843500
568.9184 200 31106100
579.1224 200 32357000
589.3265 200 33596700
599.5306 200 34825400
609.7347 200 36043500
619.9388 200 37251200
630.1429 200 38448900
640.3469 200 39636800
650.551 200 40815200
660.7551 200 41984100
670.9592 200 43143800
681.1633 200 44294500
691.3673 200 45436300
701.5714 200 46569500
711.7755 200 47694000
721.9796 200 48810200
732.1837 200 49918100
742.3878 200 51017800
752.5918 200 52109400
762.7959 200 53193100
773 200 54269000

PROPERTIES: - I am able to find vapor specific heat capacity of ammonia at
constant pressure by this plot at any temperature above graph shows the S of ammonia in
System international.


13
S vs Temperature
Temperature K
S

J
/
k
m
o
l
-
K
250.0 275.0 300.0 325.0 350.0 375.0 400.0 425.0 450.0 475.0 500.0 525.0 550.0 575.0 600.0 625.0 650.0 675.0 700.0 725.0 750.0 775.0 800.0
-
1
5
0
0
0
0
.
0
-
1
4
0
0
0
0
.
0
-
1
3
0
0
0
0
.
0
-
1
2
0
0
0
0
.
0
-
1
1
0
0
0
0
.
0
VAPOR AMMONIA

Temperature Pressure Entropy(S)
K Atm l/kmol-K
273 200 -143690
283.2041 200 -143590
293.4082 200 -143540
303.6122 200 -143530
313.8163 200 -143570
324.0204 200 -143670
334.2245 200 -143830
344.4286 200 -144070
354.6327 200 -144400
364.8367 200 -144590
375.0408 200 -144290
385.2449 200 -144190
395.449 200 -144470
405.6531 200 -146950
415.8571 200 -157580
426.0612 200 -153740
436.2653 200 -149550
446.4694 200 -145440
456.6735 200 -141910
466.8776 200 -139040
477.0816 200 -136650
487.2857 200 -134590
497.4898 200 -132770
507.6939 200 -131110
517.898 200 -129590
528.102 200 -128160
538.3061 200 -126820
548.5102 200 -125540
558.7143 200 -124330
568.9184 200 -123160


14
579.1224 200 -122030
589.3265 200 -120940
599.5306 200 -119890
609.7347 200 -118860
619.9388 200 -117860
630.1429 200 -116890
640.3469 200 -115940
650.551 200 -115010
660.7551 200 -114100
670.9592 200 -113210
681.1633 200 -112330
691.3673 200 -111470
701.5714 200 -110630
711.7755 200 -109790
721.9796 200 -108970
732.1837 200 -108170
742.3878 200 -107370
752.5918 200 -106590
762.7959 200 -105820
773 200 -105050





USING PENG ROBINSON: -

CP vs Temperature
Temperature K
C
P

B
t
u
/
l
b
m
o
l
-
R
200.0 300.0 400.0 500.0 600.0 700.0 800.0
5
0
.
0
VAPOR AMMONIA









15
Temperature Pressure Cp
K Atm J/kmol-k
273 200 10367.1695
283.2041 200 9638.22249
293.4082 200 8793.62355
303.6122 200 7797.14008
313.8163 200 6598.84867
324.0204 200 5127.50255
334.2245 200 3276.67578
344.4286 200 878.353755
354.6327 200 37300.233
364.8367 200 37638.8278
375.0408 200 23836.3054
385.2449 200 14923.0692
395.449 200 38670.8865
405.6531 200 133146.43
415.8571 200 148873.641
426.0612 200 166624.5
436.2653 200 175903.495
446.4694 200 162496.609
456.6735 200 137104.84
466.8776 200 115609.182
477.0816 200 100545.662
487.2857 200 90151.89
497.4898 200 82783.3317
507.6939 200 77384.5371
517.898 200 73309.776
528.102 200 70157.032
538.3061 200 67667.8539
548.5102 200 65670.1643
558.7143 200 64045.7697
568.9184 200 62711.1016
579.1224 200 61605.4934
589.3265 200 60684.1044
599.5306 200 59912.854
609.7347 200 59265.6585
619.9388 200 58722.0863
630.1429 200 58265.8507
640.3469 200 57883.9727
650.551 200 57565.8596
660.7551 200 57302.9286
670.9592 200 57087.8946
681.1633 200 56914.8123
691.3673 200 56778.6157
701.5714 200 56674.9924
711.7755 200 56600.258
721.9796 200 56551.3143
732.1837 200 56525.3561
742.3878 200 56520.0389
752.5918 200 56533.2692
762.7959 200 56563.2048
773 200 56608.2129



16
CV vs Temperature
Temperature K
C
V

J
/
k
m
o
l
-
K
200.0 300.0 400.0 500.0 600.0 700.0 800.0
0
.
0
1
.
e
+
0
0
7
VAPOR AMMONIA

temperature Pressure CV
K Atm j/kmol-k
273 200 -3404300
283.2041 200 -2883800
293.4082 200 -2459500
303.6122 200 -2112200
313.8163 200 -1827700
324.0204 200 -1594900
334.2245 200 -1405900
344.4286 200 -1255400
354.6327 200 -1101500
364.8367 200 -1020900
375.0408 200 -204540
385.2449 200 -416710
395.449 200 -1215500
405.6531 200 41824.81
415.8571 200 41128.15
426.0612 200 40280.77
436.2653 200 39384.2
446.4694 200 38706.11
456.6735 200 38287.71
466.8776 200 38040.44
477.0816 200 37915.67
487.2857 200 37878.78
497.4898 200 37904.68
507.6939 200 37976.21
517.898 200 38081.77


17
528.102 200 38213.36
538.3061 200 38365.26
548.5102 200 38533.39
558.7143 200 38714.7
568.9184 200 38906.85
579.1224 200 39108.07
589.3265 200 39316.94
599.5306 200 39532.34
609.7347 200 39753.36
619.9388 200 39979.27
630.1429 200 40209.44
640.3469 200 40443.35
650.551 200 40680.57
660.7551 200 40920.7
670.9592 200 41163.43
681.1633 200 41408.45
691.3673 200 41655.49
701.5714 200 41904.31
711.7755 200 42154.71
721.9796 200 42406.47
732.1837 200 42659.41
742.3878 200 42913.36
752.5918 200 43168.17
762.7959 200 43423.65
773 200 43679.67


CONCLUSIONS: -
By using the NRTL and Peng Robinson we concluded that
There is a peak either upward or downward on the graphs drawn among any
thermodynamic property and temperature from 400-450
o
C.



















18


EXPERIMENT NO : 3
OBJECTIVE:

TO STUDY AND SELECT DIFFERENT THERMODYNAMIC
MODELS/ FLUID PACKAGES FOR THE GIVEN
COMPONENTS/SPECIES IN THE SYSTEM.

THERMODYNAMICS MODELS:

Activity coefiicient models
UNIFAC (LLE, VLE)
UNIFAC (polymers)
UNIQUAC,
NRTL
WILSON
Equations ofstate
Peng-Robinson
Grayson streed
PROCEDURE:
1) first of all I opened Aspen to open data browser option in the main menu and
click on the component option then select the components.
























19
2) After choosing the components I opened properties specifications and select the
required options e.g in base method option I select peng- robinson.

































3) After closing the properties specifications, I opened tools option and then click on
analysis and further on binary, then component analysis properties option opened. Chose
the component from previously chosen components. I select Txy analysis type and Pxy
analysis type, vapor- liquid phase and select base component then I press GO. In this
panel we can select overall range, pressure units also.

















20

























GRAPH:





























21






















PROPERTIES:
I am able to plaot graph and after closed the graph screen, I also get a result of binary
analysis.






























22




















To found and checked whether I choose correct or wrong base method I draw the
equilibrium curve for acetone-water mixture, so I got to PLOT WIZARD option, and
click on equilibrium curve option and click on FINISHED.
FOR PXY:































23
FOR TXY:




















NTRL:
Again I opened properties specifications and select the required options this time I select
NTRL. Model is also changed from component analysis properties from where we select
analysis type

























I get a graph. to found and checked this time I choose or wrong base method I draw the
equilibrium curve for Acetone-water mixture, so, I got to PLOT WIZARD option, and
click on equilibrium curve option and click on FINISHED


24




















CONCLUSIONS:
1) I get the equilibrium curve for water- acetone mixture but this
curve is not justify or matched with literature equilibrium.
2) I concluded that I select a wrong base method, so I go for another base method from
ideal system and checked it.
3) By selecting NTRL and WILSON, I found the same and correct results because it
matched with literature curve which is obtained by experimental data.
4) NTRL gave correct results because it is for the REAL systems. For the calculation of
activity coefficients in multi component systems different models (e.g. Wilson, NRTL)
are available.
5) NRTL and Wilson are applicable for Binary Systems, Multi component systems,
Azeotropic Systems.























25
EXPERIMENT # 4

OBJECTIVE:
TO DRAW A FLOWSHEET OF A CHEMICAL PROCESS PLANT
ON THE WORKSHEET OF ASPEN PLUS 2006.5

THEORY:
FLOW SHEET
A flowchart is a type of diagram that represents an algorithm or process, showing the
steps as boxes of various kinds, and their order by connecting them with arrows. This
diagrammatic representation illustrates a solution to a given problem. Process operations
are represented in these boxes, and arrows; rather, they are implied by the sequencing of
operations. Flowcharts are used in analyzing, designing, documenting or managing a
process or program in various fields

PROCEDURE:

First of all we open the aspen plus software.
Then for THF feed I use stream line 1 at condition of 25
0
C and 1 atm, then I use
pump B2 to pressurized liquid to make its conversion easy.
Then stream 2 from pump come in heat exchanger B3 which converts high
pressurized liquid in vapor at temperature 872c and at 1 atm.
I select the second equipment that was a mixer B4, THF after passing through
heat exchanger sent to the mixer stream line 3 and another stream is come inside
the mixer as a feed that is H
2
S stream line 16 at 25c and 1 atm .
Stream line 4 from mixer B4 come in pump then high pressurized liquid stream
line 5 comes in reactor B5.
In reactor there is alumina act as a catalyst, the temperature of the product from
reactor is very high so I pass it through the cooler B1 that results decrease in
temperature.
Then stream line 6 enter in flash vessel B6.I use flash vessel because I have to
separate vapor liquid mixture ,flash vessel will decrease the pressure and liquid
will separate from vapor.
The flue gases stream line 54 are sent to the furnace B8 where it burns.
Then I sent crude thiophane in a storage tankB9 by stream line 43, storage tank
required before every batch process to maintain flow rate.
After that I set the valve B10 to control flow rate.
Then I use washing tank B15 in which NaOH solution stream line 33 as washing
medium and crude THF stream line 13 are sent.
Then I again sent washed solution to the storage tank B 17 by stream line 7.
After that I sent that solution to the batch column B13. I use batch column
because I want to achieve maximum concentration of thiophane.
And there is also a recycle stream, stream line 23 from the batch column to the
mixerB4 as I treated again the non reacted solution in the reactor B5.
At last I store thiophane in a storage tank B14.


26
To run this simulation on software one must have to provide required parameters
of feed and other equipments.

Purpose of using flash vessel:
The flashmean changing a liquid into vapour at low pressure. The flash vessel is used
where we have to separate liquid and vapour from stream carrying the both phases.
















27

EXPERIMENT # 5

OBJECTIVE:
PERFORMANCE OF FLASH CALCULATION FOR FOLLOWING
STREAM.













OPERATING CONDITIONS:
Pressure=15 bar
Temperature=25c
Flowrate=100kmol/hr

PROCEDURE:
First of all I open aspen plus 2006.5
Then I draw a flow sheet as following

Component Composition (%)
Ethane 40
Propane 40
n-butane 20


28




Then I gave title to my flow sheet







Then I select the component,their compositions, base method for calculations,
and at the last I selected temperature pressure as following
Component selection


29


Selection of base method


Temperatue unit selection



Temperature,pressure&composition selection


30






Then I enter stream data of stream 1 as



Then I enter data of stream 2 as



31



All my inputs are completed and then I go for simulation to run





32












I also took other values like entropy,enthaply,material and energy balance




33



































34
EXPERIMENT # 06

OBJECTIVE:
To design the distillation column for the separation of iso-
butane and normal butane from the mixture of given
components

component Wt.fraction
n-butane 0.0978
Propane 0.0085
Iso-pentane 0.0104
Iso-butane 0.584
n-heptane 0.299
Also plot the equilibrium curve for isobutene &n
butane. The temperature profile for distillation
column
The composition of each stage of distillation column
Relative volalities of component &k-value chart
Feed condition:
Temperature:10 F
Pressure: 101.325kpa

THEORY:



35
DISTILLATION

A process in which a liquid or vapour mixture of two or more substances
is separated into its component fractions of desired purity, by the
application and removal of heat.Distillation is based on the fact that the
vapour of a boiling mixture will be richer in the components that have
lower boiling points.Therefore, when this vapour is cooled and condensed,
the condensate will contain more volatile components. At the same time,
the original mixture will contain more of the less volatile material.

FRACTIONAL DISTILLATIONS
Mixtures of liquids whose boiling points are similar (separated by less
than 70C) cannot be separated by a single simple distillation. In these
situations, a fractional distillation is used.

VACUUM DISTILLATIONS
Vacuum distillation is distillation at a reduced pressure. Since the boiling
point of a compound is lower at a lower external pressure, the compound
will not have to be heated to as high a temperature in order for it to boil.
Vacuum distillation is used to distill compounds that have a high boiling
point or any compound which might undergo decomposition on heating at
atmospheric pressure. The vacuum is provided either by a water aspirator
or by a mechanical pump.
DISTILLATION AT TOTAL REFLUX
The total reflux condition represents operation with no product removal.
All the overhead vapor is condensed and returned as reflux. Consequently,
the reflux ratio (L/D) is infinite. This, in turn, makes the operating lines
the 45 degree line .With the operating lines on the diagonal, they are as far
as they can get from the equilibrium curve, so if the number of plates are
stepped off using the diagonal and the equilibrium curve, the number of
theoretical stages will be a minimum.Often, columns are operated at total
reflux during their initial startup, and product is not withdrawn until a
separation close to that desired is achieved.


36

PROCEDURE:
1. First of all I open aspen plus 2006.5
2. Then I select the components from the component list.
3. After selection of the components, I enter the minimum and maximum
temperatures of the process.
4. Then, I draw the flow sheet.
5. I enter the stream data of stream 1.
6. I assigned the name of stream 1 as feed.
7. Then entre the stream temp and pressure 10 F &101.325 KPa
respectively.
8. Then I open the distillation column and select the condenser type as
total.
9. Then I add the no. of stages.
10. Then add feed stage stream

Flow sheet



37


Component selection

Specification of stream 1
Feed stage selection



38
Specification of block 1


Simulation runs:


39


Result of stream 1


Relative volatility graph


40



k-value profile


41


Vapour composition profile




42
Temperature profile

CONCLUSION :
We are able to find the temperature and composition of the mixture at each stage
with the help of graph
We could easily find out the feed stage at which maximum separation occur
Its give accurate results and save our time.
At total reflux.
All condensate is returned to the column
It requires the least number of stages.
Practically no overhead product and no bottom product can be
made and no feed is introduced.
It is possible to operate experimentally a fractionating column at
total reflux when the system inventory is large and only very small
samples of distillate and bottoms are removed




43
EXPERIMENT # 07
OBJECTIVE:
Simulation of heat exchanger by using
software aspen plus(2006.5)
THEORY:
HEAT EXCHANGER:
A heat exchanger is a piece of equipment built for efficient heat transfer
from one medium to another (hot and cold fluid).
COMMON EXAMPLE
The classic example of a heat exchanger is found in an internal
combustion engine in which a circulating fluid known as engine coolant
flows through radiator coils and air flows past the coils, which cools the
coolant and heats the incoming air.
THE TWO MAIN TYPES OF HEAT EXCHANGERS:
1. Parallel Flow Heat Exchanger
2. Counter Flow Heat Exchanger

PARALLEL FLOW HEAT EXCHANGER
In parallel flow heat exchangers, the two mediums enter the exchanger at
the same end, and travel in parallel to one another to the other side.







44

Temperature profile for parallel heat exchanger:


Counter Flow Heat Exchanger
In counter flow heat exchangers the fluids enter the exchanger from
opposite ends. The counter flow design is most efficient, in that it can
transfer the most heat from the heat transfer medium.
Temperature profile for counter flow heat exchanger:



45


PROCEDURE:
First of all I open Aspen plus and select shell and tube heat exchanger and draw
flowsheet as follow

Then I select the symbols of feeds & products that show the ethylene glycol
is inside the shell
and freon is in tubes.
After this we chose our required components E- Glycol & Freon and base method NRTL
then we specify the inlet streams
Specifications of stream 1:


46


Specifications of stream 2:

Then we open HeatX specifications panel and mention the required specifications. In
specification panel we chose the detailed option and selected hot fluid in shell side.


47


After clicking on next method HEATX Geometry opens. we select shell type F- two pass
shell
And gives the inside shell diameter.

Then opens a tubes panel and select option bare tube and also gives the value of no. of
tubes, length, pitch and chose our required pattern and material. In tube size we select


48
actual option and gives the inner and outer diameter of tubes.

Next option is baffle. We chose rod type baffle, gives the no. of baffles, inner and outer
diameter of ring and total length of support rods per baffle.

Then comes the nozzles option we give the shell side and tube side diameter value.


49

After giving all the specifications we run our simulation successfully. Then open our
results summary for checking our results. Heat duty is calculated by the software.

Results are balanced mass and mole flow of inlet and outlet streams are equal.


50







Other variables are calculated by the software of input and output streams.

Pressure drop and velocities of our system is


51





Overall stream results:




52
CONCLUSION:
We are able to design heat exchanger
Its give accurate results
LMTD value comes out to be 114.06 F


















































53
EXPERIMENT # 08
OBJECTIVE:
To design RCSTR on Aspen plus(2006.5)
GIVEN DATA:
Inside reactor:
Pressure= 15 atm temperature=430k vol. of reactor=100m
3

Liquid phase reaction K=15280000kmols
-1
m
3

Benzene=0.4kmol/s ethylene=0.2kmol/s
Reactions:
E + B= EB
EB +E =DEB
DEB + B=EB
Reaction kinetics:
k
1
=C
E
C
B
(1.528*10
6
)e
(-71.13*10^6/RT)

k
2
=C
E
C
EB
(2.778*10
4
)e
(88.68*10^6/RT)

k
3
=C
DEB
C
B
(0.4167)e
(-62.76*10^6)

THEORY
CONTINUOUS-FLOW STIRRED-TANK REACTOR (CSTR)

In a continuous-flow stirred-tank reactor (CSTR), reactants and products
are continuously added and withdrawn. In practice, mechanical or
hydraulic agitation is required to achieve uniform composition and
temperature, a choice strongly influenced by process considerations. The
CSTR is the idealized opposite of the well-stirred batch and tubular plug-
flow reactors. Analysis of selected combinations of these reactor types can


54
be useful in quantitatively evaluating more complex gas-, liquid-, and
solid-flow behaviors.


Continuous stirred tank reactors, (a) With agitator and internal heat
transfer surface, (b) With pump around mixing and external heat transfer
surface
Because the compositions of mixtures leaving a CSTR are those within the
reactor, the reaction driving forces, usually the reactant concentrations, are
necessarily low. Therefore, except for reaction orders zero- and negative, a
CSTR requires the largest volume of the reactor types to obtain desired
conversions. However, the low driving force makes possible better control
of rapid exothermic and endothermic reactions. When high conversions of
reactants are needed, several CSTRs in series can be used. Equally good
results can be obtained by dividing a single vessel into compartments
while minimizing back-mixing and short-circuiting. The larger the number
of CSTR stages, the closer the performance approaches that of a tubular
plug-flow reactor.
Continuous-flow stirred-tank reactors in series are simpler and easier to
design for isothermal operation than are tubular reactors. Reactions with
narrow operating temperature ranges or those requiring close control of
reactant concentrations for optimum selectivity benefit from series
arrangements. If severe heat-transfer requirements are imposed, heating or
cooling zones can be incorporated within or external to the CSTR. For
example, impellers or centrally mounted draft tubes circulate liquid


55
upward, then downward through vertical heat-exchanger tubes. In a
similar fashion, reactor contents can be recycled through external heat
exchangers.
The CSTR configuration is widely used in industrial applications and in
wastewater treatment units (i.e. activated sludge reactors).


PROCEDURE
First of all I run the Aspen plus(2005.5) software and select
component.
Then I choose the symbols of FEED, CSTR and PRODUCT.
Then I specify the temperature, pressure, flow rate and necessary
conditions i.e.conversion, frequency factor and activation energy
and intial feed temperature
After that I made a reaction between benzene and ethylene
Flow sheet:






56

Component selection:


Base method selection :






57


Specification of stream 1:



Specification of stream 2:



58



Specification of block 1:


Reactions :


59





Kinetics:


60


Inputs of R-1



61






62
Required input complete:







Stream custom results summary:


63









Reactor results:


64




CONCLUSIONS:
In case of CSRTR aspen plus can help us in number of way like
Use when reaction kinetics are known and when the
reactor content have same properties as outlet stream.
Allow for any number of feed, which are mixed
internally


65
Up to three products stream are
allowed,vapour,liquid1,liquid 2,or vapour,liquid,free
water
Will calculate duty at given temperature temperature at
given duty
Can model equilibrium reaction simultaneously with rate
basedreaction








BIBLIOGRAPHY

First reference.
Class Notes and Lectures
Additional references.