001 Grounding PF

Chris Engelbrecht, Fabio Bologna, Michael Warren
Eskom Tech Transfer

J uly 14-17, 2014
Transmission Line Grounding
Power Frequency

2 2014 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Grounding on
Transmission Lines
The grounding system consists of:
Overhead groundwire
Shieldwire
Staticwire
Grounding leads
Connections
Grounding electrode
Vertical rod
Horizontal trench (counterpoise)
Foundations
Double OHGW
Overhead Ground Wires
Shield phase conductors from direct lightning
Carry fault current
Single OHGW Double OHGW
Basic types of Ground electrode
To establish low impedance path to Earth (terra firma)
Butt wrap Rod Foundation
Counterpoise Horizontal Radial Ring Electrode
Ground leads and connections
Bond together different parts of the grounding system

Bolted with lugs Bolted with clamp Bolted with clamp

Crimped Exothermal weld Soldered

Reasons for Grounding
Conduction of fault current

Limit voltage gradients

Limit electromagnetic
interference to other
infrastructure

Lightning protection
Conduction of Fault Current (1)
No overhead groundwires
No parallel paths
High fault impedance
Lower fault current
May be difficult to detect
No current sharing
Higher GPR
One tower affected

Conduction of Fault Current (2)
Overhead groundwires
Towers in parallel
Low fault impedance
Higher fault current
Easy to detect
Current sharing
Lower GPR
More towers affected

Distribution of Fault Current
L is approx 1H/m at 50 Hz = 0,1 ohm
(Mutual coupling reduces this value)
R range between 1-500 ohm
Substation
Transmission Line
Current Division in Structure
Overhead ground wire
I
PH_L
I
PH_R
I
fault
I
GW_L
I
GW_R
I
TW_F
I
TW_U
I
TW_F
I
PH_L
I
PH_R
I
fault
I
GW_L
I
GW_R
I
TW_F
I
TW_U
I
TW_F
Series Current in Ground Wire
Phase to ground fault

0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
0 2 4 6 8
1
0
1
2
1
4
1
6
1
8
2
0
2
2
2
4
2
6
2
8
3
0
3
2
3
4
3
6
3
8
4
0
Span number
C
u
r
r
e
n
t

i
n

t
h
e

o
v
e
r
h
e
a
d

g
r
o
u
n
d

w
i
r
e

(
k
V
)
Faulted tower
Tower Voltage and Shunt current in Towers
Phase to ground fault

0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40
Transmission line structure number
T
o
w
e
r

C
u
r
r
e
n
t

(
k
A
)

0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40
Transmission line structure number
V
o
l
t
a
g
e

w
i
t
h

R
e
s
p
e
c
t

t
o

F
a
r

E
a
r
t
h

(
k
V
)
Current Voltage
R
tower
Test Case
275 kV Line
Single Wolf Phase conductor
3/8 HS Ground wire
100 spans
30 ohm footing resistance (all Structures)
300 m span length

TLW Gen 2
Consider a single fault at Structure #40
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
C
o
n
d
u
c
t
o
r

V
o
l
t
a
g
e

[
V
]
Span #
Phase A
Phase B
Phase C
Shieldwire #1
Shieldwire #2
Fault at Structure #40: Voltages
Faulted phase
Ground wires
Other phases
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
C
o
n
d
u
c
t
o
r

C
u
r
r
e
n
t

[
A
]
Span #
Phase A
Phase B
Phase C
Shieldwire #1
Shieldwire #2
Fault at Structure #40: Current in Conductors
Faulted phase
Ground wires
Other phases
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
45000
0 20 40 60 80 100
S
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e

C
u
r
r
e
n
t

[
A
]
S
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e

V
o
l
t
a
g
e

[
V
]
Span #
Structure Voltage
Structure Current
Fault at Structure #40: Structure Current and
Voltages
Structure Voltage
Structure Current
Current in
substation
earthmat
Maximum Values for a fault at any Structure
Fault current along the line
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
048
1
2
1
6
2
0
2
4
2
8
3
2
3
6
4
0
4
4
4
8
5
2
5
6
6
0
6
4
6
8
7
2
7
6
8
0
8
4
8
8
9
2
9
6
1
0
0
F
a
u
l
t

C
u
r
r
e
n
t

[
A
]
Span #
Maximum
Maximum
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
C
o
n
d
u
c
t
o
r

V
o
l
t
a
g
e

[
V
]
Span #
Phase A
Phase B
Phase C
Shieldwire #1
Shieldwire #2
Fault at Any Structure: Maximum Voltages
Faulted phase
Ground wires
Other phases
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
C
o
n
d
u
c
t
o
r

C
u
r
r
e
n
t

[
A
]
Span #
Phase A
Phase B
Phase C
Shieldwire #1
Shieldwire #2
Fault at Any Structure: Max Current in Cond.
Faulted phase
Ground wires
Other phases
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
0 20 40 60 80 100
S
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e

C
u
r
r
e
n
t

[
A
]
S
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e

V
o
l
t
a
g
e

[
V
]
Span #
Structure Voltage
Structure Current
Fault at Any Structure:
Max Structure Currents and Voltages
Structure Voltage
Structure Current
Current in
substation
earthmat
Vary structure Resistance
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
S
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e

F
o
o
t
i
n
g

R
e
s
i
s
t
a
n
c
e

[
o
h
m
]
Structure number
0 5 10 15 20 25
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
Number of structures
S
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e

F
o
o
t
i
n
g

R
e
s
i
s
t
a
n
c
e

[
o
h
m
]
Consider a single fault at Structure #40
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
C
o
n
d
u
c
t
o
r

V
o
l
t
a
g
e

[
V
]
Span #
Phase A
Phase B
Phase C
Shieldwire #1
Shieldwire #2
Fault at Structure #40: Voltages
Faulted phase
Ground wires
Other phases
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
C
o
n
d
u
c
t
o
r

C
u
r
r
e
n
t

[
A
]
Span #
Phase A
Phase B
Phase C
Shieldwire #1
Shieldwire #2
Fault at Structure #40: Current in Conductors
Faulted phase
Ground wires
Other phases
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
45000
0 20 40 60 80 100
S
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e

C
u
r
r
e
n
t

[
A
]
S
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e

V
o
l
t
a
g
e

[
V
]
Span #
Structure Voltage
Structure Current
Fault at Structure #40: Structure Current and
Voltages
Structure Voltage
Structure Current
Current in
substation
earthmat
Maximum Values for a fault at any Structure
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
048
1
2
1
6
2
0
2
4
2
8
3
2
3
6
4
0
4
4
4
8
5
2
5
6
6
0
6
4
6
8
7
2
7
6
8
0
8
4
8
8
9
2
9
6
1
0
0
F
a
u
l
t

C
u
r
r
e
n
t

[
A
]
Span #
Maximum
Maximum
Fault current along the line
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
C
o
n
d
u
c
t
o
r

V
o
l
t
a
g
e

[
V
]
Span #
Phase A
Phase B
Phase C
Shieldwire #1
Shieldwire #2
Fault at Any Structure: Maximum Voltages
Faulted phase
Ground wires
Other phases
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
C
o
n
d
u
c
t
o
r

C
u
r
r
e
n
t

[
A
]
Span #
Phase A
Phase B
Phase C
Shieldwire #1
Shieldwire #2
Fault at Any Structure: Max Current in Cond.
Faulted phase
Ground wires
Other phases
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
0 20 40 60 80 100
S
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e

C
u
r
r
e
n
t

[
A
]
S
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e

V
o
l
t
a
g
e

[
V
]
Span #
Structure Voltage
Structure Current
Fault at Any Structure:
Max Structure Currents and Voltages
Structure Voltage
Structure Current
Current in
substation
earthmat
Potential Profiles Around
Transmission Line Structures
Ground potential rise (tower voltage)
Parallel connection of all towers
Low resistance High current
High resistance Low current
Not affected as much by tower footing resistance

Introduction
EPRI Lightning & Grounding
Reference Book:

EPRI Grounding Guide Software
(EGGS)
11 Applets Tutorial and Design
Calculations
Grounding guide applets
GG -1 Maps of ground flash density and earth resistivity
GG -2 Estimate of soil parameters
GG -3 Ground electrode dimensions to from a target resistance
GG -4 Calculation of ground electrode resistance
GG -5 Voltage on ancillary circuits during ground faults
GG -6 Potential and step potential near a ground electrode
GG -7 Influence of ground electrode on lightning performance
GG -8 Propagation model for structure and ground plane
GG -9 Ionization model for rod electrodes
GG -10 Ionization and propagation model for counterpoise
GG -11 Estimate of footing resistance with a three-terminal setup
Voltage Gradients
Ground Potential Rise (GPR)
Total voltage rise of the
ground electrode

Step Voltage (A)
Voltage between feet

Touch Voltage (B)
Voltage between
hand and feet

Rod electrode
Surface potential
with rod electrode
Touch voltage (V
T
)
Step voltage (V
s
)
B A
Ground potential rise V
E

I
F
Potential Profiles Around
Transmission Line Structures
Surface potential
with mesh electrode
With rod electrode With mesh electrode
Surface potential
with rod electrode
V
T
V
T
V
T
V
T
V
s
D B C E A
Ground Potential Rise V
E
Surface potential
with mesh electrode
With rod electrode With mesh electrode
Surface potential
with rod electrode
V
T
V
T
V
T
V
T
V
s
D B C E A
Ground Potential Rise V
E
Limits determined by company policy and/or standards
Applet GG-6
Load Demo
Select potential
Automatic contour line
Voltage at 1 m distance 90% of GPR
Touch voltage 10% of GPR
GPR =24 kV
Touch voltage 2.4 kV
Fault Current Mitigation
Lower fault impedance
More current paths
Continuous counterpoise
Additional overhead ground wires
Lower average tower footing resistance

Grade potential around tower bases
Ring electrodes

Normal Day to Day Operation (1)
Capacitive coupling
C
GW-ph
Phase conductors
at high voltage
C
S-ph
I
C
C
GW-ph
Phase conductors
at high voltage
C
S-ph
I
C
Range = Micro- to Milli-ampere
Normal Day to Day Operation (2)
Inductive Coupling
Phase conductors
carry current
Induced current circulate
In the grounding system
Unequal current in loops
result in net structure current
I
M
Phase conductors
carry current
Phase conductors
carry current
I
M
Range = mA to Ampere
Insulation or Segmentation of Ground Wires
Segmented
Reduction of line losses

Insulated
Avoid stray current
Bonded Insulated End of segment Insulators Bonded Insulated End of segment Insulators
Insulated
End of insulated section
Insulated
End of insulated section
Electromagnetic Interference
Coupling of voltage and current
into nearby conducting structures

Inductive coupling
Current in Line
Capacitive coupling
Voltage of phase conductors
Conduction current
Stray currents in soil
TogetherShaping the Future of Electricity

001 Grounding PF

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001 Grounding PF

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Chris Engelbrecht, Fabio Bologna, Michael Warren

Eskom Tech Transfer

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