Intro To Power System Stability

EEPM523 POWER SYSTEM DYNAMICS
(aznanea@tnb.com.my)
Aznan Ezraie Ariffin
UNITEN
Semester 1, May Sept 2014
Presentations: 12 June 2014
Topics
Power System Industry Structure
Power System Security and Reliability
Power System Security Assessment
Power System subsystems and associated
controls
2 Copyright 2010 Transmission Division, TNB. All rights reserved.
controls
Introduction to Power System Stability
Power Industry Structure
Electricity industry is a set of entities involved in the
production, delivery and consumption of electricity.
A structure of the electricity industry describes how the
activities and functions of these entities are organised and
their relationships to each other.
From an economic point of view, electricity industry
produces electricity (as the product and service) for the
produces electricity (as the product and service) for the
consumption of the market (customers).
Therefore, more precisely we should be talking about the
electricity market structure which is the descriptions of
behaviour of the buyers and sellers in the electricity market.
Evolution of the Industry Structure
At the beginning
Privately owned companies
1960s - 1970s
Private companies could not cope with demand to develop
infrastructure
Government intervened - Nationalised the industry
1980s
Fiscal burden on Government
Required electricity industry performance to improve
Privatization
1990s
Industry Reforms
2000s
Market Reforms and Consolidation
Power System Structure
Describes the technical organisation of the industry to
ensure that:
Adequate supply of electricity
Reliable & secure supply
Vertically Integrated Structure
REGULATOR
Generation
Transmission
UTILITY
License
Compliance
MARKET - CUSTOMERS
Distribution
Safety
Reliability
Price
Supply
Performance
Standards
Characteristics of the Traditional Industry
Regulated by the state
Vertically integrated - functions of generation,
transmission and distribution under one
organisation.
State-owned or investor-owned
Monopolistic - buyers have only one supplier
G
1
G
5
Model III (Pool Market):
SO TNB T
G
2
G
3
G
4
Pool
D
1
+R
1
D
2
+R
2
D
3
+R
3
D
4
+R
4
D
5
+R
5
D= Distributors R = Retailers
Step-by-Step Industry Reform
Competition
Level
Retail Competition
Separation of Transmission
Owner and Grid Operator
Full Unbundling
Integrated Utility
Multiple Purchasers
Single Buyer
Wholesale Competition
Retail Competition
Owner and Grid Operator
Market Maturity
Topics
controls
controls
Reliability CIGRE
The degree of performance of the elements of the bulk
electric system that results in electricity being delivered
to customers within accepted standards and in the
amount desired. Reliability may be measured by
frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on electric supply. Electric system reliability can be
on electric supply. Electric system reliability can be
addressed by considering two basic functional aspects
of the electric system Adequacy and Operating
Reliability (Security).
Reliability - NECA
The probability of a system, device, plant or
equipment performing its function
adequately for the period of time intended,
under the operating conditions encountered.
Reliability Elements
Adequacy Security
The ability of the electric system to
supply the aggregate electrical
demand and energy requirements
The ability of the electric system to
withstand sudden disturbances such as
electric short circuits or
demand and energy requirements
of the customers at all times, taking
into account scheduled and reasonably
expected unscheduled outages of
system elements.
electric short circuits or
unanticipated loss of system elements.
Availability
A measure of time a generating unit,
transmission line, or other facility is capable
of providing service, whether or it actually is
in service. Typically, this measure is
expressed as a percent available for the
expressed as a percent available for the
period under consideration.
LOLE (Loss of Load Expectation)
The expected number of days in the year when the
daily peak demand exceeds the available generating
capacity.
It is obtained by calculating the probability of the daily
peak demand exceeding the available capacity for each
day and adding these probabilities for all the days in the
day and adding these probabilities for all the days in the
year.
The index is referred to as hourly loss-of-load-
expectation if hourly demands are used in the
calculations instead of daily peak demand. LOLE also is
commonly referred to loss-of-load-probability (LOLP).
Transmission System Reliability - NECA
Total Energy Not Supplied (MWh)
(Total Energy Not Supplied + Total Energy Delivered) (MWh)
Objective of Power System Operation
Main objective: is to make reasonable return and
profits for shareholders.
The principle activities of operation engineers is to
minimize cost. Subjects of economic dispatch, unit
commitments, fuel scheduling etc.. are concerned with
minimizing the generation costs while meeting the
minimizing the generation costs while meeting the
demand of the customers.
However, an overriding factor in the operation of a
power system is the desire to maintain security.
Maintaining system security involves practices
designed to keep the network operating when
components fail.
Power System Security - U.G. Knight (2001)
Its robustness in terms of its ability to
withstand faults and other losses of
equipment.
Usually quantified in terms of security
standards, i.e., the relationship between
standards, i.e., the relationship between
outages of generation and transmission
plant and the level of any acceptable loss of
demand.
Definitions
Secure free from or not expose to danger.
Security freedom from danger, risk, etc;
safety. Freedom from care, apprehension,
or doubt; confidence. Overconfidence.
Power System Security IEEE (1992)
An instantaneous time-varying condition
reflecting the robustness of the system
relative to imminent disturbances; the
complement of risk of disruption on
unimpaired system performance.
unimpaired system performance.
Practical Security Definition From the Perspective
of How it is measured
Ability of a system to withstand without
serious consequences any one of pre-
selected list of credible disturbances
(contingencies).
(contingencies).
Security From Control Perspective
The objective of power system operation is to
keep the electrical flows and bus voltage
magnitudes and angles within acceptable
limits (in a viable region of the state space),
despite changes in load or available
resources.
resources.
Security may be defined as the probability of
the systems operating point remaining in a
viable state space, given the probabilities of
changes in the system (contingencies) and its
environment (weather, demand, etc.).
Random nature of failures
Failure of component is unpredictable,
therefore the system must be operated such
that it will not be in a dangerous condition
should any component fails.
This implies that it is necessary for operation
engineers to:
engineers to:
Firstly, evaluate the consequences of
component failures.
Secondly, to take necessary actions
beforehand if the component failure would
threaten system security.
Power System Reliability - NERC
System security is a subset of power system reliability
which comprises of two components:
Adequacy - the ability of the power system to supply
the aggregate electric power and energy
requirements of the customers within component
ratings & voltage limits, taking into account planned
and unplanned component outages.
and unplanned component outages.
Security - is the ability of the system to withstand
specific sudden disturbance such as unanticipated
loss of system components.
The two components of power system reliability are
related to the time-frame of power system dynamics.
Power System is Dynamic
Power system is dynamic; its states are continuously
changing. At any instance of time, loads may be
switched on and off, or the system configuration may
change as distribution lines or transformers are
disconnected or reconnected. Generally, the system is
continuously experiencing such small disturbances.
Occasionally, the network may also experience large
Occasionally, the network may also experience large
disturbances. These instances are characterized by
large changes in the systems power flow pattern, thus
affecting the operations of many equipment and the
customers.
Time frame of the basic power system dynamic
phenomena
Dynamic Time-Frame Electromagnetic Transients
On operation of switchgears or lightning strikes, a very fast
transient occurs. This transient phenomena is termed as
electromagnetic transients which covers a period from 1
nanosecond to 1 second.
Electromagnetic transient analysis deals with very short
phenomena following anychanges in the circuit configuration.
The transients following circuit breaker closing and opening
will quickly settle down within a few cycles.
will quickly settle down within a few cycles.
These transients are extremely important because during this
short period of times, the circuit components are subjected to
the greatest stresses from excessive currents or voltages.
Electromagnetic transients are the main consideration for
studying switching phenomena in a transmission network.
Electromagnetic transient analysis are being widely used to
study capacitor switching, resonant conditions as well as in
forensic analysis
Dynamic Time-Frame Electromechanical
Transients
Large customer's motor would deviate from its normal
operation in terms of speed and torque when subjected to
disturbances such as voltage sag.
Because the rotor is a rotating mass that possesses slower
mechanical time constants in relation to the electric circuits
on the stator that couples the rotor through a magnetic circuit,
the deviation may last for several seconds.
This phenomena is termed as electromechanical transients.
The speed and power output of a generating unit connected
to the system also exhibit electromechanical transients when
subjected to disturbances.
The first category of electromechanical transient termed as
transient stability covering a period of half cycle to 15
seconds.
Dynamic Time-Frame Extended-term Transients
There exist in the systems dynamic equipment that respond
much slower to system disturbances. For examples:
voltage magnitude in the system will progressively decline
as load increases.
On-load transformer tap-changers response to correct the
voltage to the desired level in a relatively slower manner.
For example, the signal to tap-changing motor will only be
For example, the signal to tap-changing motor will only be
sent when the voltage remains outside the range for 30
seconds. It may take about 10 seconds for the motor to
affect the tap-changing.
This slow responding transients is termed as medium or
extended terms transients. The transient covers a period that
ranges from 20 seconds to several minutes.
Transient to Steady-State
All the transients will usually settled to some
steady-state values.
This condition is characterized by constancy in
voltage and frequency and ready to response to
next disturbances
Steady-state analysis is an important subject in
system planning (including operation planning)
and design.
Power System Analysis
Relating reliability components of adequacy and
security to the time-frame of power system
dynamics, we identify that:
adequacy is evaluated using steady-state
analysis.
security is evaluated using dynamic analysis -
generally transient stability analysis.
% Frequency of Applications of Various Simulation
Models
No Simulation
Model
% Use in
Grid System Activities
Planning and
functional
design
Protection
Design
& setting
Operational
Planning
Realtime
Control
Operation
1 Load flow and
short circuit
60% 70% 70% 85%
2 Electromechanical
Transients
30% 20% 30% 15%
3 Electromagnetic
Transients
10% 10% - -
Topics
controls
controls
Power System Linear Analysis
Power system is highly non-linear in nature -
examples, tap-changer operating on limits, new types
of loads such as converters etc.,
In dealing with small disturbances it is possible to
perform analysis by linearising power system states
and controls about an operating point.
and controls about an operating point.
This category of analysis in termed as linear analysis
and mathematical techniques in linear algebra are
employed.
What is Security Assessments?
Analysis performed to determine whether, and to
what extent, a power system is reasonably safe
from serious interference to its operation.
Security assessment involves the evaluation of
available data to estimate the relative robustness
(security level) of the system in its present state or
(security level) of the system in its present state or
some near-term future state.
Approaches to Security Assessment
Direct Approach:
Estimate the likelihood of the system operating
point entering emergency state.
Indirect Approach:
Track a variety of reserve margins relative to
Track a variety of reserve margins relative to
predetermined levels deemed adequate to
maintain system robustness vis--vis
preselected potential disturbances.
Contingency Analysis
Software application to give an indication of
what might happen to the power system in
the event of unplanned (or unscheduled)
equipment outage.
Contingency analysis application allows the
Contingency analysis application allows the
operator to ask what if questions.
Why Contingency Analysis?
When forewarned the operator can take
some action before or after the event that
will help the system avoid problems should
an outage occur.
Contingency Analysis In practice
Contingency analysis is the subject about evaluating
adequacy and security.
In system operation, the results of contingency
analysis are used to operate the system defensively.
Load flow program is used extensively for evaluating
adequacy.
In steady-state contingency analysis using eliminated.
load flows, outages of network components are
simulated and adequacy of the network following the
outages in terms of meeting overloads and voltage
criteria are evaluated.
In cases where operating criteria are violated, the
operation engineer will then adjust the network
operation so that the violations are
Steady-State Security Analysis
Determine state of the following
disturbance when transients have settled.
Use of load flow calculations.
Dynamic Security Analysis
Disturbances such as line outages or loss of
generation usually begin with transient changes in
line flows and voltages before some steady-state
condition are reached.
Contingency analysis for evaluating the network
during transient is normally termed as security
during transient is normally termed as security
assessment or more popularly known as 'dynamic
security assessments'.
Many definitions Dynamic Security Assessments
Tomas Dy Liacco (1967) - in terms of satisfying
inequality constraints of the subset of the possible
disturbances called the next contingency sets.
NERC - prevention of cascading outages when bulk
power supply system is subjected to severe
disturbances.
disturbances.
CIGRE - is the ability of the system to cope with
incidents without the operator being compelled to
suffer uncontrolled loss of load.
Marceu (1993) - the art and science of ensuring the
survival of the power systems
Classification of power system operating states
(based on CIGRE Report No. 325).
Two Components of Contingency Analysis
1. Steady state security analysis - load flow
based
2. Dynamics security analysis - transient
stability based
stability based
Transient Stability Calculations
44
Power System is always Dynamic
Dynamic security analysis requires the operator to evaluate the
state of the system following a network disturbance - transient
stability analysis is widely used in operation environment.
Any power system is dynamic; its states are continuously
changing:
At any instance of time, loads may be switched on and off,
system configuration may change as distribution lines or
system configuration may change as distribution lines or
transformers are disconnected or reconnected.
Generally, the power system is continuously experiencing such
small disturbances.
Occasionally, the power system may also experience large
disturbances. These instances are characterized by large
changes in the systems power flow pattern, thus affecting the
operations of many generators as well as other dynamic devices.
Topics
controls
controls
Power System Controls
Speed
System Generation Control
Load frequency control with
economic allocation
Frequency Tie
Flows
Generator
Power
Supplementary Control
SYSTEM
CONTROL
Generator
Excitation System &
Controls
Field
Current
Voltage
Speed/power
Prime
Mover &
Control
Shaft
Power
GENERATING
UNIT
CONTROL
Transmission Control
Reactive power, voltage,
HVDC, FACTS.
Electrical
Power
Other Generating
Units & Associated
Controls
Basic Structures of Electric Power Systems
Generator Controls
P
ref
Fluid in
Step-up Tx
Unit Tx
Auxiliary
Equipment
Stator/Armature
Exciter
+ -
Automatic
Voltage
Regulator
Measurement
Devices
Rotor
V
t
I
t
V
ref
I
fd
Governor
P
e
f
P
ref
Turbine
Valves
Fluid out
Unit Tx
Topics
controls
controls
1. Basic Concepts, Definitions and Classification of Power
System Stability
2. Conceptual Relationship between Power System Stability,
Security and Reliability
3. Challenges to Stable and Secure Operation of Power
Systems in the New Industry Environment
4. Comprehensive Study Procedures and Tools for stability
Analysis
Basic Concepts and Definitions
Power System Stability denotes the ability of an electric power
system, for a given initial operating condition, to regain a state of
operating equilibrium after being subjected to a physical
disturbance, with all system variables bounded so that the system
integrity is preserved
Integrity of the system is preserved when practically the entire
power system remains intact with no tripping of generators or
loads, except for those disconnected by isolation of the faulted
loads, except for those disconnected by isolation of the faulted
elements or intentionally tripped to preserve the continuity of
operation of the rest of the system
Stability is a condition of equilibrium between opposing forces:
instability results when a disturbance leads to a sustained
imbalance between the opposing forces
instability is a run-away or run-down situation
Basic Concepts (contd)
The power system is a highly nonlinear system which
operates in a constantly changing environment:
loads, generator outputs, topology and key operating
parameters change continually
When subjected to a disturbance, the system stability
depends on:
the nature of the disturbance, as well as
the nature of the disturbance, as well as
the initial operating condition
The disturbances may be small or large:
small disturbances in the form of load changes occur
continually
large disturbances of a severe nature, such as a short-
circuit on a transmission line or loss of a large generator
Basic Concepts (contd)
Following a transient disturbance, if the power system is
stable it will reach a new equilibrium state with practically the
entire system intact:
faulted element and any connected load disconnected
actions of automatic controls and possibly operator action
will eventually restore system to normal state
On the other hand, if the system is unstable, it will result in a
On the other hand, if the system is unstable, it will result in a
run-away or run-down situation; for example,
a progressive increase in angular separation of generator
rotors, or
a progressive decrease in bus voltages
An unstable system condition could lead to cascading
outages, and a shut-down of a major portion of the power
system
Need for Classification of Stability
Power system dynamic performance is influenced by a wide
array of devices with different response rates and
characteristics
Instability may be manifested in many different ways
depending on system configuration and operating conditions
mode of instability depends on which set of balancing
forces experience a sustained imbalance
forces experience a sustained imbalance
Due to the high dimensionality and complexity of the system,
it is essential to make simplifying assumptions and to
analyze specific problems using the right degree of detail
Not very effective to study power system stability as a single
problem
Classification of Power System Stability
Classification of stability into various categories greatly facilitates:
analysis of stability problems
identification of essential factors which contribute to instability
devising methods of improving stable operation
Classification is based on the following considerations:
physical nature of the resulting instability
size of the disturbance considered
most appropriate method of analysis
devices, processes, and the time span involved
We should always keep in mind the overall stability
solutions to problems of one category should not be at the
expense of another
Classification of Power System Stability (contd)
Power System Stability
Angle
Stability
Voltage
Stability
Consideration
for
Classification
Physical Nature/
Main System
Parameter
Frequency
Stability
ability to remain in operating equilibrium
equilibrium between opposing forces
ability to maintain synchronism
torque balance of synchronous
ability to maintain frequency
within nominal range
ability to maintain steady
voltages
Short
Term
Small
Signal
Stability
Transient
Stability
Large
Disturbance
Voltage
Stability
Small
Disturbance
Voltage
Stability
Long
Term
Short
Term
Long
Term
Size of
Disturbance
Time Span
torque balance of synchronous
machines
Short
Term
within nominal range
generation/load balance
voltages
reactive power balance
equilibrium of voltage control
Power System Stability: Historical
Perspective
Recognized as an important problem for secure system
operation since the 1920s
Major concern since the infamous November 9, 1965
blackout of Northeast U.S.A. and Ontario, Canada
criteria and analytical tools used worldwide until now
criteria and analytical tools used worldwide until now
largely based on the developments that followed this
blackout
Presents many new challenges for today's power systems
Traditional Approach to Power System
Stability
Focus on "transient (rotor angle) stability"
System designed and operated to withstand
loss of any single element preceded by single-, double-,
or three-phase fault
referred to as "N-1" criterion
Analysis by time-domain simulations of selected operating
Analysis by time-domain simulations of selected operating
conditions
scenarios based on judgment/experience
Operating limits based on off-line studies
system operated conservatively within pre-established
limits
Challenges to Secure Operation of Today's
Power Systems
Power systems are more complex
national/continental/regional grids
many processes whose operations need to be
coordinated; thousands of devices requiring a
harmonious interplay
complex modes of instability
complex modes of instability
"Deregulated" market environment
many entities with diverse business interests
system expansion and operation driven by economic
drivers
lack of coordinated planning!
power systems pushed "harder"; more frequent changes
in power flow patterns
Comprehensive Study Procedures
and Tools
All categories of system stability should be considered
Stability depends on the harmonious interplay of all elements
of the power system:
proper selection and coordination of controls and
protective equipment are of paramount importance
Analytical tools and system models should be validated
against measured response
Analytical tools should:
not only determine if system stable or unstable
but also provide insight into factors influencing stability
Rotor Angle Stability
Ability of interconnected synchronous machine to remain in
synchronismunder normal conditions and after being subjected to
a disturbance
Depends on the ability to maintain/restore equilibrium between
electromagnetic torque and mechanical torque of each
synchronous machine in the system
If the generators become unstable when perturbed, it is as a result
of
of
a run-away situation due to torque imbalance
A fundamental factor is the manner in which power outputs of
synchronous machines vary as their rotor angles swing
Instability that may result occurs in the form of increasing angular
swings of some generators leading to loss of synchronism with
other generators
Rotor Angle Stability (contd)
Under steady-state conditions, there is equilibrium between
electromagnetic and mechanical torques
If the system is perturbed, this equilibrium is upset, causing
acceleration or deceleration of the rotor
synchronism is maintained through development of restoring
forces
Change in electrical torque can be resolved into two components:
Change in electrical torque can be resolved into two components:
T
S
is the synchronizing torque coefficient
T
D
is the damping torque coefficient
Lack of synchronizing torque results in aperiodic instability
Lack of damping torque results in oscillatory instability
( ) ( ) + =
D S e
T T T
Transient Stability
Term used traditionally to denote large-disturbance angle stability
Ability of a power system to maintain synchronism when subjected
to a severe transient disturbance:
resulting system response involves large excursions of
generator rotor angles and is influenced by the nonlinear
power-angle relationship
stability depends on the initial operating condition, severity of
stability depends on the initial operating condition, severity of
the disturbance, and strength of post-fault transmission network
A wide variety of disturbances can occur on the system:
varying degree of severity and probability of occurrence
the system is, however, designed and operated so as to be
stable for a selected set of contingencies
usually, transmission faults: L-G, L-L-G, three phase
Rotor angle response to a transient
disturbance
Steady-state, transient and oscillatory -
stability and instability
Small-Signal (Angle) Stability
Small-Signal (or Small Disturbance) Stability is the ability of
a power system to maintain synchronism under small
disturbances:
such disturbances occur continually on the system due to
small variations in loads and generation
disturbance considered sufficiently small if linearization of
system equations is permissible for analysis
system equations is permissible for analysis
instability that may result can be of two forms:
aperiodic increase in rotor angle due to lack of sufficient
synchronizing torque
rotor oscillations of increasing amplitude due to lack of
sufficient damping torque
Corresponds to Liapunovs first method of stability analysis
Liapunovs 1
st
Method of Stability
Voltage Stability
Ability of power system to maintain steady voltages at all buses in
the system after being subjected to a disturbance from a given
initial operating condition
A system experiences voltage instability when a disturbance,
increase in load demand, or change in system condition causes:
a progressive and uncontrollable fall or rise in voltage of some
buses
Main factor causing voltage instability is the inability of power
system to maintain a proper balance of reactive power and voltage
control actions
The driving force for voltage instability is usually the loads.
Following a condition of reduced transmission system voltages,
power consumed by the loads tend to be restored by the action
if distribution voltage regulators, tap changing transformers, and
thermostats
Voltage Stability (contd)
The possible outcome of voltage instability:
loss of load in the area where voltages reach unacceptably low
levels, or
loss of integrity of the power system
Progressive but rapid drop in bus voltage can also be associated
with rotor angles going out of step:
voltages at points close to the electrical center reach very low
values
a much faster phenomenon
not a voltage instability phenomenon
In contrast, sustained fall of voltage related to voltage instability
occurs where rotor angle stability is not an issue or the cause:
usually a slower phenomenon
Voltage Stability (contd): out-of-step
Tokyo voltage instability event
Frequency Stability
Ability to maintain steady frequency within a nominal range following a
disturbance resulting in a significant imbalance between generation
and load:
instability that may result occurs in the form of sustained frequency
swings leading to tripping of generating units and/or loads
In a small island system, frequency stability could be of concern for
any disturbance causing a significant loss of load or generation
In a large interconnected system, frequency stability could be of
In a large interconnected system, frequency stability could be of
concern only following a severe system upset resulting in the system
splitting into one or more islands
Depends on the ability to restore balance between generation and
load of island systems with minimum loss of load and generation
Generally, frequency stability problems are associated with
inadequacies in equipment responses, poor coordination of control
and protection systems
Frequency response after a disturbance
Relationship Between the Concepts of Reliability,
Security and Stability of a Power System
Stability: refers to the continuance of intact operation following a
disturbance
depends on the operating condition and the nature of the
physical disturbance
Security: the degree of risk in the ability to survive imminent
disturbances (contingencies) without interruption of customer
service.
service.
depends on the system operating condition as well as the
contingent probability of disturbances.
Reliability: probability of satisfactory operation over the long run
denotes the ability to supply adequate electric service on a
nearly continuous basis, with few interruptions over an
extended time period
Essential Differences Among the Three Aspects of
Power System Performance
Reliability is the overall objective in power system design
and operation
To be reliable the power system must be secure most of
the time.
To be secure the system must be stable but must also be
secure against other contingencies that would not be
secure against other contingencies that would not be
classified as stability problems, e.g. damage to equipment
such as an explosive failure of a cable, fall of transmission
towers due to ice loading or sabotage.
As well, a system may be stable following a contingency, yet
insecure due to post-fault system conditions resulting in
equipment overloads or voltage violations
Essential Differences (contd)
System security may be further distinguished from stability in
terms of the resulting consequences.
For example, two systems may both be stable with equal
stability margins, but one may be relatively more secure
because the consequences of instability are less severe
Security and stability are time-varying attributes which can
Security and stability are time-varying attributes which can
be judged by studying the performance of the power system
under a particular set of conditions.
Reliability, on the other hand, is a function of the time-
average performance of the power system; it can only be
judged by consideration of the system's behaviour over an
appreciable period of time.
Design and Operating Criteria for Power
System Security
For reliable service, a power system must remain intact and be
capable of withstanding a wide variety of disturbances
Impractical to achieve stable operation for all possible disturbances
or contingencies
The general practice is to design and operate the power system so
that the more probable contingencies can be sustained without loss
of system integrity
"Normal Design Contingencies"
"Normal Design Contingencies"
loss of any single element, either spontaneously or proceeded
by a fault
This is referred to as the "N-1 criterion" because it examines the
behaviour of an N-component grid following the loss of any one
major components
Events that exceed the severity of normal design contingencies
can in fact occur:
"Extreme Contingencies"
measures should be taken to minimize their occurrence and
impact
References
1) Computer Modeling of Electrical Power Systems
Second Edition, J. Arrilaga and N.R. Watson, John
Wiley & Sons Ltd., 2001
2) Brian Stott, Power System Dynamic Response
Calculations, Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 67, No.
2, February 1979
2, February 1979
3) IEEE/CIGRE Joint Task Force on Stability Terms and
Definitions, Definition and Classification of Power
System Stability, Prabha Kundur et.al., Elektra No.
208 June 2003
aznanea@tnb.com.my
Presentations: 5 May 2012
THE END

Intro To Power System Stability

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originalbeschreibung:

Originaltitel

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Intro To Power System Stability

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

EEPM523 POWER SYSTEM DYNAMICS

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen