Cisco CCNP ROUTE Training

Instructor: Joe Rinehart, CCIE #14256

OSPF Fundamentals
Cisco CCNP ROUTE Training
OSPF Fundamentals
In This Lesson:
OSPF Protocol Mechanics
Tables Used by OSPF
OSPF Metric Calculations
Configuration of Basic OSPF Lab Exercises
Verification of OSPF Process/Operation
Cisco CCNP ROUTE Training
OSPF Fundamentals
OSPF Protocol Mechanics
1. OSPF Neighbor Relationships
2. OSPF Router Types
3. OSPF Packet Types
4. Topology Exchange Process
Cisco CCNP ROUTE Training
OSPF Fundamentals
OSPF Protocol Mechanics
OSPF Neighbor Relationships
OSPF Establishes Formal Neighbor
Relationships
Must be directly connected
Peering must be on primary subnets
Router IDs must be unique
Neighbor configuration settings must
match, including:
Hello and Dead Timers
Authentication strings (if used)
Area settings
IP Maximum Transmission Unit
Stub area flag
10.10.10.2/15 10.42.16.1/24
192.168.68.0/23
Hello to
224.0.0.5
(10 sec)
Hello to
224.0.0.5
(30 sec)
2. U
pdate Sent
3. Flooded to
neighbors
DR/BDR
Messages to
224.0.0.6
Cisco CCNP ROUTE Training
OSPF Fundamentals
OSPF Protocol Mechanics
OSPF Neighbor Relationships
OSPF Uses Hello Messages for Neighbor
Discovery and Maintenance
Multicast to 224.0.0.5
Single peering relationship between
all routers on multi-access networks
Sent at regular intervals on all
configured interfaces
Every 10 seconds (high speed
interfaces, LAN, etc.)
Every 30 seconds (low speed
interfaces, frame-relay, etc)
Dead-interval 4x hello interval
10.10.10.2/15 10.42.16.1/24
192.168.68.0/23
Hello to
224.0.0.5
(10 sec)
Hello to
224.0.0.5
(30 sec)
2. U
pdate Sent
3. Flooded to
neighbors
DR/BDR
Messages to
224.0.0.6
Cisco CCNP ROUTE Training
OSPF Fundamentals
OSPF Protocol Mechanics
OSPF Neighbor Relationships
OSPF Routers Pass through Stages in
Establishing Neighbor Adjacency
Down Neighbors not connected or
aware of one another
Init Link comes up, Hello packets
sent
Two-Way Neighbor sees its own
router ID in the Hello Packet
Exstart Adjacency formed,
Database Description Packets formed
Exchange Database Description
Packets sent to neighbor
R1 R2
Router ID
10.1.1.1
Router ID
10.2.2.2
1. Down
2. Init
3. Two-Way
4. Exstart
5. Exchange
6. Loading
7. Full
Cisco CCNP ROUTE Training
OSPF Fundamentals
OSPF Protocol Mechanics
OSPF Neighbor Relationships
OSPF Routers Pass through Stages in
Establishing Neighbor Adjacency
Loading Slave device sends LSRs
and receives LSAs in response
Full Neighbors ready to forward
traffic
R1 R2
Router ID
10.1.1.1
Router ID
10.2.2.2
1. Down
2. Init
3. Two-Way
4. Exstart
5. Exchange
6. Loading
7. Full
Cisco CCNP ROUTE Training
OSPF Fundamentals
OSPF Protocol Mechanics
OSPF Neighbor Relationships
OSPF DR/BDR Election Process
General principles
Not used on point-to-point links
Default priority is set at 1
Priority of 0 disables election
Election process for DR/BDR
Router sending hello with highest
priority becomes the DR
If priority settings are identical the
router with the highest router ID
becomes the DR
There is no preempt process
Frame Relay
WAN
607
706
R6
R7 R8
608
806
708
807
Priority 100
Elected DR
Priority 1
Elected BDR
Priority 0
Not Part of
Election
Cisco CCNP ROUTE Training
OSPF Fundamentals
OSPF Protocol Mechanics
OSPF Router Types
OSPF Routers Serve in Different Roles
Internal: Router with all interface(s)
in a single (non-backbone) area
Backbone: Router with at least one
interface in Area 0
ABR: Area Border Router, router with
interfaces in one or more areas
ASBR: Autonomous System Boundary
Router, router connected to non-OSPF
routers that exchange/inject external
routes into to OSPF domain
Some routers serve in multiple roles
Frame Relay
WAN
607
706
VLAN 79
VLAN 910
R6
R7 R8
R10 R9
608
806
708
807
OSPF
Area 0
OSPF
Area 79
OSPF
Area 8
(Stub)
OSPF
Area 910
ASBR
ABR &
Backbone
ABR
Backbone
Internal
Cisco CCNP ROUTE Training
OSPF Fundamentals
OSPF Protocol Mechanics
OSPF Packet Types
All packets use IP protocol 89 (does not
use TCP/UDP)
Five Primary OSPF Packet Types:
Hello
Database Description
Link State Request
Link State Update
Link State Acknowledgement
# Name Acronym Function(s)
1 Hello None Neighbor discovery
and maintenance,
DR/BDR Election
2 Database
Description
DBD Election of master or
slave role for
database exchange
process, exchange
LSA headers
3 Link State
Request
LSR Request for specific
LSA seen during DBD
exchange process
4 Link State
Update
LSU Sent to neighbor
that requested
specific LSA through
LSU, also used in
flooding
5 Link State
Acknowledg
ement
LSAck Acknowledges
receipt of LSU
Cisco CCNP ROUTE Training
OSPF Fundamentals
OSPF Protocol Mechanics
Topology Exchange Process
Fully adjacent neighbors exchange
messages in order to have identical
copies of the Link State Database (LSDB)
Link State Advertisements (LSAs) are
the data structures in memory that
contain link information
LSA data is sent in LSUs
Information includes:
Router ID (RID)
Router interfaces, IP
address/mask
Routers reachable on each
interface
Frame Relay
WAN
607
706
VLAN 79
VLAN 910
R6
R7 R8
R10 R9
608
806
708
807
OSPF
Area 0
OSPF
Area 79
OSPF
Area 8
(Stub)
OSPF
Area 910
ASBR
ABR &
Backbone
ABR
Backbone
Router
LSA
Network
LSA
Router
LSA
Network
Summary
LSA
AS
External
LSA
ASBR
Summary
LSA
Cisco CCNP ROUTE Training
OSPF Fundamentals
OSPF Protocol Mechanics
Topology Exchange Process
Link State Advertisement Types:
Type 1: Router LSA
Created by each OSPF router
For each interface with no DR,
lists neighbor RID, interface
subnet/mask and cost
For each interface with a DR, lists
RID of DR
Type 2: Network LSA
Created by the Designated Router
References the type 1 LSAs for
each router in the multi-access
network
Frame Relay
WAN
607
706
VLAN 79
VLAN 910
R6
R7 R8
R10 R9
608
806
708
807
OSPF
Area 0
OSPF
Area 79
OSPF
Area 8
(Stub)
OSPF
Area 910
ASBR
ABR &
Backbone
ABR
Backbone
Router
LSA
Network
LSA
Router
LSA
Network
Summary
LSA
AS
External
LSA
ASBR
Summary
LSA
Cisco CCNP ROUTE Training
OSPF Fundamentals
OSPF Protocol Mechanics
Topology Exchange Process
Link State Advertisement Types:
Type 3: Network Summary LSA
Created by the ABR to summarize
networks in an area
Generated for each subnet
Advertised to other areas
Type 4: ASBR Summary LSA
Specifies path leading to an ASBR
Type 5: AS External LSA
Generated by the ASBR
Contains external route data
Frame Relay
WAN
607
706
VLAN 79
VLAN 910
R6
R7 R8
R10 R9
608
806
708
807
OSPF
Area 0
OSPF
Area 79
OSPF
Area 8
(Stub)
OSPF
Area 910
ASBR
ABR &
Backbone
ABR
Backbone
Router
LSA
Network
LSA
Router
LSA
Network
Summary
LSA
AS
External
LSA
ASBR
Summary
LSA
Cisco CCNP ROUTE Training
OSPF Fundamentals
Tables Used by OSPF
1. Neighbor Table
2. Topology Table
3. IP Routing Table
Cisco CCNP ROUTE Training
OSPF Fundamentals
Tables Used by OSPF
Neighbor Table
List of Active Fully Adjacent Neighbors
(show ip ospf neighbors)
Neighbor ID: Router ID of neighbor
Pri: OSPF neighbor priority (default 1,
0 means router will not be DR/BDR)
State: State of neighbor relationship,
also lists DR status (DR, BDR, or
DROTHER)
Dead Time: Time left before
declaring the neighbor dead
Address: Interface address of
neighboring router
Interface: Interface adjacency is on
Cisco CCNP ROUTE Training
OSPF Fundamentals
Tables Used by OSPF
Topology Table (Link State Database)
List of OSPF Link State Information
(show ip ospf database)
Link ID: Link network/subnet
ADV Router: Router ID of the
advertising router
AGE: Age of the link state
SEQ #: Link state sequence number
Checksum: Checksum of LSA
Link Count: Interfaces detected per
router
Lists LSA types per area, more data
available by adding the detail command
Cisco CCNP ROUTE Training
OSPF Fundamentals
Tables Used by OSPF
IP Routing Table
List of OSPF routes installed and usable
for routing (show ip route OSPF)
O: OSPF intra-area route (AD of 110)
O IA: OSPF intra-area route
O E1/E3: OSPF external route
X.X.X.X/24: Destination prefix/bits
110/XXXX: Administrative distance
of the route/cost of the route
via: Source of the routing
update/next-hop address
Cisco CCNP ROUTE Training
OSPF Fundamentals
OSPF Metric Calculations
1. OSPF Metric Calculation Process
2. OSPF Route Selection Preferences
3. Tuning Metric Settings
Cisco CCNP ROUTE Training
OSPF Fundamentals
OSPF Metric Calculations
OSPF Metric Calculation Process
Values used in metric calculation may
look somewhat random
OSPF metrics are always expressed in
integer format (no decimals, rounded up)
OSPF metric to 10.6.6.6 (R7 Loopback) is
calculated using Serial 0/0 (256K) path
Using an Excel-based calculator, the
metric from R6 to R7 for network
10.6.6.6/32 results in a value of 391
Metric values are displayed in the OSPF
topology and IP routing tables
Remember that cost is cumulative
Frame Relay
WAN
607
706
R6
R7 R8
608
806
708
807
OSPF
Area 0
BW 256K
BW 128K
10.6.6.6/32
Metric to 10.6.6.6/32
391
OSPF METRIC CALCULATOR
INPUTS RESULT
256,000
Interface
Bandwidth
391 METRIC
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OSPF Fundamentals
OSPF Metric Calculations
OSPF Route Selection Preferences
OSPF chooses the lowest cost-route to a
destination network but uses preferences
that trump the lowest-cost metric:
Intra-Area Route (O): Route within
an area preferred above all others
Inter-Area Route (O IA): Route
within an area preferred over external
External Type 1 (E1): External
route including cost to reach ASBR
External Type 1 (E2): External
route without cost to reach ASBR
(default for redistributed routes)
OSPF
Area 0
OSPF
Area 10
Cost 30 Cost 30
Cost 10
Cost 10
C
o
s
t 1
0
Cisco CCNP ROUTE Training
OSPF Fundamentals
OSPF Metric Calculations
Tuning Metric Settings
Changing the cost of a single interface
Using the ip ospf cost interface
subcommand
Command syntax is ip ospf cost <1-
65535>
Changing the cost of all interfaces
Using the auto-cost reference-
bandwidth router subcommand
Default is 100 Mbps
Command syntax is auto-cost
reference-bandwidth <Mbps>
(values range from 1 to 4294967)
Frame Relay
WAN
607
706
R6
R7 R8
608
806
708
807
OSPF
Area 0
BW 256K
BW 128K
10.6.6.6/32
Metric to 10.6.6.6/32
391
Cisco CCNP ROUTE Training
OSPF Fundamentals
Configuration of Basic OSPF Lab Exercises
1. Review of OSPF Configuration Commands
2. Devices Involved in OSPF Domain
3. Configuration of OSPF Routers
Cisco CCNP ROUTE Training
OSPF Fundamentals
Configuration of Basic OSPF Lab Exercises
Review of OSPF Configuration
Commands
Creation of the OSPF Routing Process
router ospf <process-id>
Process id is locally significant only
Specifying the Router-ID (best practice)
router-id <address>
LSDB is seeded from two sources:
Networks/subnets on interfaces using
the network subcommand
Networks learned through the
redistribute subcommand
Frame Relay
WAN
607
706
VLAN 79
VLAN 910
R6
R7 R8
R10 R9
608
806
708
807
OSPF
Area 0
OSPF
Area 79
OSPF
Area 8
(Stub)
OSPF
Area 910
Cisco CCNP ROUTE Training
OSPF Fundamentals
Configuration of Basic OSPF Lab Exercises
Review of OSPF Configuration
Commands
Adjusting Bandwidth Specifications
LAN interfaces automatically calculate
correct bandwidth
Serial interfaces default to 1544 Kbps
Adjusted with bandwidth <kbps>
interface subcommand
Router-ID Selection Process (preference)
router-id command
Highest configured loopback address
Highest physical interface address
Frame Relay
WAN
607
706
VLAN 79
VLAN 910
R6
R7 R8
R10 R9
608
806
708
807
OSPF
Area 0
OSPF
Area 79
OSPF
Area 8
(Stub)
OSPF
Area 910
Cisco CCNP ROUTE Training
OSPF Fundamentals
Configuration of Basic OSPF Lab Exercises
Devices Involved in OSPF Domain
Router 6 (R6)
Multipoint (physical) frame-relay
interface
ASBR and Backbone Router roles
Router 7 (R7)
Multipoint (physical) frame-relay
interface
ABR and Virtual-Link roles
Router 8 (R8): Backbone Router role
Router 9 (R9): ABR and Virtual-Link roles
Router 10 (R10): Internal Router role
Frame Relay
WAN
607
706
VLAN 79
VLAN 910
R6
R7 R8
R10 R9
608
806
708
807
OSPF
Area 0
OSPF
Area 79
OSPF
Area 8
(Stub)
OSPF
Area 910
Cisco CCNP ROUTE Training
OSPF Fundamentals
Configuration of Basic OSPF Lab Exercises
Configuration of OSPF Routers
Using Process-ID 1 on all OSPF Routers
Specifying Loopback 0 as Router-ID
Manually Configuring Serial Interface
Bandwidth
R6: 256 Kbps
R7/R8: 128 Kbps
Not using the broadcast keyword on
frame-relay mappings
Setting priority of 0 on R7 and R8
Manual configuration of neighbor settings
Frame Relay
WAN
607
706
VLAN 79
VLAN 910
R6
R7 R8
R10 R9
608
806
708
807
OSPF
Area 0
OSPF
Area 79
OSPF
Area 8
(Stub)
OSPF
Area 910
Cisco CCNP ROUTE Training
OSPF Fundamentals
Verification of OSPF Process/Operation
1. Verifying Basic OSPF Configuration
2. Verifying Functional Neighbor Relationships
3. Verifying Full Reachability
Cisco CCNP ROUTE Training
OSPF Fundamentals
Verification of OSPF Process/Operation
Verifying Basic OSPF Configuration
Confirming that OSPF is Operational
Examine the output of the show ip
protocols command (see left)
Verify process is running
Verify networks/subnets
Confirming OSPF is on Interfaces
Examine the output of the show ip
ospf interfaces command
Expected interfaces appear
Process-ID is displayed
Neighbors are listed in command
output
Cisco CCNP ROUTE Training
OSPF Fundamentals
Verification of OSPF Process/Operation
Verifying Functional Neighbor
Relationships
Confirming that neighbors are peering
Examine the output of the show ip
OSPF neighbors command (see left)
Correct interface displayed
Correct IP address(es) displayed
State is FULL
Use ping and trace commands to
confirm connectivity is active
Confirm the presence of expected
networks in IP routing table using the
show ip route ospf command
Cisco CCNP ROUTE Training
OSPF Fundamentals
Configuration of Basic OSPF Lab Exercises
Verifying Full Reachability
Step 1: Verify routes are in routing table
All loopback interfaces (10.X.X.X)
All LAN interfaces (192.168.X.X)
All WAN interfaces (172.17.X.X)
Step 2: Verify routes are all reachable
ping X.X.X.X (with reply)
traceroute X.X.X.X
Step 3: Verify that application level
connectivity exists
telnet X.X.X.X
Repeat for each subnet
Frame Relay
WAN
607
706
VLAN 79
VLAN 910
R6
R7 R8
R10 R9
608
806
708
807
OSPF
Area 0
OSPF
Area 79
OSPF
Area 8
(Stub)
OSPF
Area 910
Backbone
Cisco CCNP ROUTE Training
OSPF Fundamentals
Key Terms You Should Know
Cost Metric value in OSPF which reflects the configured
bandwidth on a link or interface
Hello Interval Frequency with which hello messages are sent
out an OSPF interface, 10 seconds on fast interfaces and 30 on
slower ones
Dead Timer Expressed as a multiplier of 4X the hello-interval,
it designates how long to wait before declaring a neighbor dead
ABR Area Border Router, an OSPF router with interfaces in
multiple areas
ASBR Autonomous System Boundary Router, OSPF router
redistributing routes from other protocols
LSA Link State Advertisement, the data structure contained in
the OSPF Link State Database with information on destination
links
Cisco CCNP ROUTE Training
OSPF Fundamentals
What We Covered
OSPF Protocol Mechanics
Tables Used by OSPF
OSPF Metric Calculations
Configuration of Basic OSPF Lab Exercises
Verification of OSPF Process/Operation