Energy

Energy is the capacity of a physical system to do work (units : joule,

ergs).orit is the amount of work that can be done by a force.
In a more general term, energy is the capacity of : (1).Doing work ;
(2).Generate heat; or (3).Emitting light
Work is the amount of energy transferred by a force acting through a
distance. W = F . d ; (units : N.mor Joule)
Heat energy is the ability to change the temperature of an object.
Most commonly, energy is measured in units of calorie or joule.
1 Kalori = the amount of energy or heat required to raise the
temperature of 1kg of water 1 degrees.
1 Joule (J) is the work done by a force of one Newton acting over a
distance of one meter
Power is the time rate at which work is done.
power = energy / time ; (units : J/s , watt)
Thermodynamics
Thermodynamic analysis of power cycle is the study of
the behavior of working substances undergoing a
change of phase such as steam, or the behavior of gas
when used as working substance.
The behavior of the working fluid through the power
cycle is known as process, where process occurs
when matter passes from one state to another
Types of Thermal Processes
Isothermal process : is a process when there is no temperature change,
i.e constant temperature through out the process.
Adiabatic process : is a process when there is no heat transferred to or
from the fluid during such process. Such process can be reversible or
irreversible.
Isentropic process : it is a reversible and adiabatic process at
constant entropy.
Isobaric process :is a constant pressure process, where a change of state
during which the pressure remains constant.
Reversibility: when a fluid undergoes a reversible process, both the
fluid and its surrounding can always be restored to their original state.
This is almost always related to theoretical considerations.
Irreversibility: when a fluid undergoes an irreversible process, both the
fluid and its surrounding cannot be restored to their original state.
This is almost always related to real and practical considerations.
Isothermal process
Isothermal process is a process when there is no
temperature change, i.e constant temperature through out
the process.
ideal gas lawpV = nRT, hence
Then work is done by process :
Isobaric Process
An isobaric process is a thermodynamic
process in which the pressure stays
constant: P = 0.
The heat transferred to the system
does work, but also changes the
internal energy of the system:
Adiabatic process
An adiabatic process is a process that occurs without
the transfer of heat or matter between a system and its
surroundings.
Isentropic Process
Is a process during which the entropy remains
constant.
Working Cycles
In any thermal process, the working fluid undergoes a
series of events ideally continuous & reversible that forms
a repetitive cycle, and therefore such cycle can help
evaluating the process in various aspects.
Thermodynamic cycles are of many types, such as for
example :
1. Carnot cycle
2. Rankine cycle
3. Braytoncycle
4. Otto cycle
5. Diesel cycle
6. Dual cycle
Carnot Cycles
Carnot cycle is the most efficient cycle that can be
executed between a heat source and a heat sink.
it is an ideal cycle which consists of four reversible
processes, i.e. two frictionless isothermal and two
frictionless adiabatic processes.
Carnot cycle is an ideal heat cycle which is free from all
the imperfections of an actual conditions. So, it cannot
be realized in actual practice.
Carnot Cycles
1 to 2: Isentropic expansion
2 to 3: Isothermal heat rejection,
Q
out
3 to 4: Isentropic compression
4 to 1: Isothermal heat supply, Q
in
The supplied heat to the cycle per unit mass flow is
Qin= T1s
The rejected heat from the cycle per unit mass flow is
Qout= T2s
The thermal efficiency of the cycle is:
= W/Q1 = 1 Q2/Q1 = 1 - T2/T1 = 1 TL/TH
Example
A simple steam power cycle receives
100.000 kJ/min as heat transfer to the
working fluid at 800 K, and rejects
energy as heat transfer from the
working fluid at 320 K. If the pump
power required is 1400 kJ/min,
determine :
(a) the thermal efficiency of an
internally-reversible cycle and
(b) the turbine power output in
kilowatts.
Rankine Cycles
A Rankine cycle describes a model of steam-operated
heat enginemost commonly found in power generation
plants.
Common heat sources for power plants using the
Rankine cycle are the combustion of coal, natural gas
and oil, and nuclear fission.
Rankine Cycle
Basic Rankine cycle.
Basic Rankine Cycle
The ideal cycle comprises the processes from state 1:
Process 1-2 isentropic compression: The working fluid is pumped
from low to high pressure.
Process 2-3 isobaric heat supply: The high pressure liquid enters a
boiler where it is heated at constant pressure by an external heat
source to become a dry saturated vapor.
Process 3-4 isentropic expansion: The dry saturated vapor expands
through a turbine, generating power. This decreases the
temperature and pressure of the vapor, and some condensation may
occur.
Process 4-1 isobaric heat rejection: The wet vapor then enters a
condenserwhere it is condensed at a constant pressure to become a
saturated liquid.
Cycles Efficiency
The thermal efficiency of the cycle () is defined as the
work (W
NET
) divided by the heat input to the cycle (q
in
).
Siklus Brayton
The Braytoncycleis a
thermodynamic cyclethat describes
the workings of the gas
turbineengine,
Braytoncycle is made up of the
following four internally reversible
processes:
Isentropic compression (in a
compressor)
Constant pressure heat addition
Isentropic expansion (in a turbine)
Constant pressure heat rejection
Siklus Brayton
Efisiensi siklus brayton
Power Station (Power Plant)
A power station (also referred to as a generating
station, power plant, powerhouse or generating plant)
is an industrial facility for the generation of electric
power.
Most power stations in the world burn fossil fuels such
as coal, oil, and natural gas to generate electricity, and
some use nuclear power, but there is an increasing use
of cleaner renewable sources such as solar, wind, wave
and hydroelectric.
Power Plant Cycles
Rankine Cycle
Brayton Cycle
Otto, diesel, dual Cycles
Steam Power Plant
Gas Turbine Power
Plant
Internal
Combustion
Engines
Power Plant Cycles
POWER PLANTS CLASSIFICATION
Power plants are classified by :
1. Status
2. Fuel type
3. Capacity
4. Operation
5. Prime mover
Status
Fuel type
Fossil Fuel
Nuclear
Geothermal
Renewable Energy
Source of Energy
The energy sources can be of two types:
1. Renewable or non conventional energy resources
2. Non-renewable or conventional energy resources
Renewable energy resources
Solar energy
Wind energy
Tidal energy
Ocean tides and waves energy
Flowing of stream of water
Non-renewable energy resources
Coal, coke, etc
Petroleum
Natural gas
Nuclear power
Capacity
Super Capacity Power
Plant : ( > 1000 MW)
High Capacity Power
Plant : ( 100 - 1000 MW)
Medium Capacity Power
Plant : ( 5 - 100MW)
Small Power Plant :
( < 5 MW)
Operation
Base Load Plant
Intermediate Load
Plant
Peak Load Plant
Prime Mover
Steam turbine
Gas turbine
Hydro turbine
Wind turbine
Heat engine
Other sources such as : wave, sunlight.