IOPF Conference

10/20/2010
RP1111 4
th
Edi i RP1111 4
th
Edition
Summary of Main Revisions to Document
Presented by: Mike Coyne
Page 1
RP1111 4
th
Edition
Revision Committee Revision Committee
Mike Coyne Shell
Frans Kopp Shell Frans Kopp Shell
Richard Swanson - Shell
Gary Harrison BP y
Leith McDonald BP
Khalil Hobeche Exxon Mobil
Andre Nogueira Intec
Mike Stark Enterprise
Dave Garrett Stress Engineering
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Revision Summary
Added references for API RP 2RD, DNV RP F-105, OTC papers and
Upheaval Buckling - Section 2 Normative References and Bibliography
after Appendix D after Appendix D
Riser Definition clarity - Section 3.1.5
For purposes of internal pressure design, the pipeline riser design
factor shall apply to the riser pipe within an appropriate horizontal
distance from the surface facility, and the pipeline design factor
applies beyond that point.
a) A minimum horizontal offset distance of 300 ft for use of the
pipeline riser design factor is recommended for deepwater suspended
risers (e.g. SCRs). Offset begins at the hang-off point of the riser.
b) For shallow-water fixed platforms, the entire riser attached to the
facility should employ the pipeline riser design factor. Pipeline on
the seabed connecting to a shallow-water fixed platform riser should
employ the pipeline riser design factor for a horizontal offset distance of
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employ the pipeline riser design factor for a horizontal offset distance of
300 ft.
Revision Summary (cont.)
Revised definition of Effective Tension - Section 4.3.1.1
The physical meaning of the term effective tension relates to the
interaction between the pipe and other structures (sleds, anchor points, lay interaction between the pipe and other structures (sleds, anchor points, lay
barge hangoff, etc.). The applied force at a boundary condition is always
the effective tension. For the on-bottom portion of a pipeline, the effective
tension will vary as loading conditions change. Typically, when a pipeline is
j t i t ll d th b d th ff ti t i i l t th id l just installed on the seabed, the effective tension is equal to the residual
horizontal lay tension. For a single pipeline under fully restrained condition
(i.e. far from the end), the effective tension Teff is given by:
T ff Tl (1 2 )PiAi AE T Teff = Tlay (1 2v)PiAi AET
Additional thermal influences for Pipe-in Pipe applications - Section
4.3.1.3
Combined with the axial stress arising from high operating temperatures,
the axial stress may exceed the yield strength of the pipe and an inner pipe
weak section may accumulate excessive strains (strain localization)
l di t f il b i l ll /b t h i ll t i d
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leading to failure by axial collapse/burst when pipe wall strains exceed
material capacity. For further details, refer to OTC 18063 [7].
Revision Summary (cont.)
Section added on Axial Collapse/Burst due to Axial Compressive Load and
Internal Pressure Section 4.3.1.3
Axial compressive load can combine with internal pressure loading to p p g
result in material stresses exceeding the yield strength of the pipe, with
potential for axial collapse/burst failure due to overload and strain
localization. This combination is a particular risk for deepwater PIP
construction by the J lay or S lay methods (see 4 4 1) where the internal construction by the J-lay or S-lay methods (see 4.4.1) where the internal
and external pipes are not continuously structurally linked.
Collapse due to External Pressure added sentence on partial recovery of
compressive YS by Heat Treatment Section 4 3 2 1 compressive YS by Heat Treatment - Section 4.3.2.1
Under some circumstances in cold expanded pipe, credit can be taken for
partial recovery of compressive yield strength by heat treatment to at least
233 C (450 F) for several minutes Such heat treatment may be provided 233 C (450 F) for several minutes. Such heat treatment may be provided
during the fusion bond epoxy coating process of the pipe, provided
temperature and duration of heating is carefully controlled. In such cases,
the collapse factor of 0.6 may be raised to no more than 0.7. The proposed
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y
increase in design factor should be validated through a testing program.
Revision Summary (cont.)
Buckling due to combined bending and external pressure provided
additional details and guidance concerning reeled applications
references OTC paper 13013 - Section 4.3.2.2
The nominal bending strain in the pipe on the reel or aligner is given by:
= d i / d i + d l nom = dpipe / dpipe + dreel
The maximum installation bending strain is then given by:
1 = SAF nom where SAF is the strain amplification factor ( 1.0) p ( )
For example, if the field joint coating stiffness for an insulated reeled
flowline is less than the pipe insulation stiffness, the bending strain at the
field joint will be larger than nom. Similarly, mismatch of wall thickness field joint will be larger than nom. Similarly, mismatch of wall thickness
and yield strength of adjacent pipe joints causes significant strain
amplification at the field joint. Typically, more detailed analysis needs to be
conducted to determine an appropriate value for the SAF. Abrupt changes
in all thickness of a reeled pipe sho ld be a oided
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in wall thickness of a reeled pipe should be avoided.
Revision Summary (cont.)
The collapse factor fc in equation 13 was added to reflect possibly The collapse factor fc in equation 13 was added to reflect possibly
insufficient conservatism in the same equation in the 3
rd
Edition of API RP
1111 in the region of high external pressure in combination with high
bending strain -Section 4.3.2.2
/b + (Po Pi) / fcPc g()
This is explained in OTC Paper 13013, in particular Figure 2 of this Paper. It should
be noted that DNV OS F101 uses a similar equation although the factors may be be noted that DNV OS F101 uses a similar equation, although the factors may be
different (Equation 5.31).
The practical implication of these changes are that at the discretion of the owner
company, when fc is raised to 1.0 for installation, design of a deep water oil export
pipeline will under most conditions be no different under the 4
th
Edition of API RP
1111 than under the 3
rd
Edition, or may actually for DSAW pipe result in slightly
lower wall thickness if the conditions are satisfied to meet a collapse design factor fo
= 0.7.
For deepwater gas export pipelines, made of DSAW pipe, there may be a slight
increase in wall thickness if a collapse factor fo = 0.6 is maintained, but introduction
of the collapse factor fc, that may cause a raise in wall thickness, may be offset by
increase in factor fo that would lower the wall thickness
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increase in factor fo that would lower the wall thickness.
Revision Summary (cont.)
The net result is closer alignment with DNV OS F101 if one would
associate installation with a lower safety class condition and operation
with a normal safety class, equivalent to using a factor fc = 1 for y , q g
installation and fc = 0.6 or 0.7 for operation, as well as incorporation of
evidence that moderate heat treatment of DSAW pipe such as experienced
during FBE coating, under controlled conditions, will restore compressive
yield strength of the pipe in the hoop direction yield strength of the pipe in the hoop direction.
Recent design experience has shown that the mathematics in equation
(13) when fc < 1 results in lower allowable external pressure at zero
bending than the ero bending eq ation (9) hich as nintended One bending than the zero bending equation (9), which was unintended. One
way the committee may propose a guidance note, is to change fc to
fo/g(). The committee is interested in suggestions from the engineering
community. y
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Revision Summary (cont.)
Provided additional guidance for span analysis, stricter weld acceptance
criteria in spanned areas and VIV mitigation methods - Section 4.4.3
D t il d d f t i d d ib ti (VIV) b d th f thi Detailed procedures for vortex-induced vibration (VIV) are beyond the scope of this
RP; detailed guidance on VIV analysis is available in DNV-RP-F105.
Included section on Thermal Expansion Design with references to
SAFEBUCK and HOTPIPE Section 4 10 SAFEBUCK and HOTPIPE - Section 4.10
Deep water pipelines are installed to a seabed environment with temperatures of 3
C to 5 C (37 F to 40 F) and the pipeline will cool to that temperature before first
production operations Upon introduction of oil or gas production the pipeline production operations. Upon introduction of oil or gas production, the pipeline
system will warm to operating temperatures ranging from 50 C to 150 C (120 F to
300 F). The increased temperature of the steel pipeline causes significant thermal
expansion effects on the pipeline. The unrestrained ends of the pipeline may move
significantly and the restrained portions of the pipeline may elastically (Euler) buckle significantly and the restrained portions of the pipeline may elastically (Euler) buckle
at unplanned locations without specific design intervention to manage expansion.
Buckling may take the form of upheaval buckling in a buried pipeline or lateral
buckling of an unburied pipeline.
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Revision Summary (cont.)
Included paragraph on riser hangoff equipment with reference to API RP
2RD - Section 5.1.5
Riser hang-off support devices such tapered stress joints riser tensioning systems Riser hang off support devices such tapered stress joints, riser tensioning systems,
flexible hang-off elements shall be designed to withstand the design environment
conditions, platform movements required for the production program, snag loads,
pressure and temperature extreme conditions and the expected in-service
pressure/temperature fluctuations associated with the production profile API 2RD pressure/temperature fluctuations associated with the production profile. API 2RD
should be consulted for additional information with regard to riser design parameters
for design of risers from floating production systems and tension leg platforms
(TLPs).
Reference to 3
rd
party verification agents may be required in certain
applications - Section 8.1.1.2
In certain situations, the governing permitting agency may require additional
independent third-party inspection to review the riser design, fabrication and
installation associated with deepwater risers. A certified verification agent(CVA) may
be required to review the operating companys riser design, fabrication and
installation program and signoff on the three phases of the work.
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p g g p
Revision Summary (cont.)
Testing of 49 CFR Part192 Gas Line SCRs tested to 150% of MOP from
FJ upward tested to 125% of MOP for balance of SCR as it is considered
part of the pipeline - Section 8.2.4.1
Gas lines regulated under 49 Code of Federal Regulations Part 192 require riser
sections physically connected to a platform to be tested to 150 % of MOP.
Regulatory agencies have indicated that SCRs connected to floating production
systems can be considered an extension of the connecting pipeline and thus for systems can be considered an extension of the connecting pipeline, and thus for
gas lines regulated under 49 Code of Federal Regulations Part 192, the SCR up to
its hangoff point only needs to be tested to 125 % of MOP.
Reference to inspecting depth of cover in shallow water depths, where p g p p ,
required and inspecting FJ on periodic basis Section 9.1.2
c) procedures for inspecting pipelines in water depths less than 15 fsw, where
required, to ensure they are not a hazard to navigation; q , y g ;
d) floating structure riser and support hang-off (flexible hang-off joint/stress joint)
inspection procedures to ensure riser components are in working order and not
experiencing deterioration that could lead to premature failure;
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Revision Summary (cont.)
Pipeline Clamp repairs recommendation to fill annulus between clamp
and pipe with hardenable material where practical to reduce fatigue -
Section 9.2.9.4.2
Consideration should be given to filling the annulus between the clamp and pipe
with a hardenable material that will serve to limit movement in the dented area due
to pressure fluctuations in the line pipe. By reinforcing the area and limiting its
movement, the fatigue life of the defect can be dramatically improved.
Caution on using cold wrap coatings and heat shrink sleeves where
significant soil shearing could act on protective coatings disbondment significant soil shearing could act on protective coatings disbondment
issues. Section 10.2.1.2
In conditions where there are significant shear loadings on the pipeline, cold wrap
coatings and heat shrink sleeves should be avoided due to potential disbondment coatings and heat-shrink sleeves should be avoided due to potential disbondment
issues. A corrosion cell can form under the disbonded area and the cathodic
protection system will be ineffective in protecting the pipe.
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Revision Summary (cont.)
Revised Appendix D Example calculations
General update for all references General update for all references
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Issues deemed outside scope of 4
th
Edition
Update Update
Strain Based Design / advanced in a PRCI program
HIPPS / working in API 1O subcommittee - also being worked by DnV
JIP
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