Test i ng of

Geosynt het i c s Geosynt het i c s

Prof K Rajagopal Prof K. Rajagopal
Department of Civil Engineering
IIT Madras, Chennai
e-mail: gopalkr@iitm.ac.in
Need f or Test i ng
I dent i f i c at i on of pr oduc t
Sel ec t i on of sui t abl e mat er i al s as per t he Sel ec t i on of sui t abl e mat er i al s as per t he
desi gn spec i f i c at i ons or r egul at i ons
Qual i t y c ont r ol dur i ng pr oduc t i on st age Qual i t y c ont r ol dur i ng pr oduc t i on st age
Qual i t y Assur anc e dur i ng t he
c onst r uc t i on st age c onst r uc t i on st age
Test i ng of Geosynt het i c s-1 2/34
Col l ec t i on of Test Sampl es
ASTM D4354 St andar d Pr ac t i c e f or Sampl i ng of
Geosynt het i c s f or Test i ng
I SO 554 St andar d At mospher es f or c ondi t i oni ng I SO 554 St andar d At mospher es f or c ondi t i oni ng
and/or t est i ng spec i f i c at i ons
I SO 9862 Geot ex t i l e Sampl i ng and Pr epar at i on
of Test Spec i men of Test Spec i men
I S 14706 Geot ex t i l e Sampl i ng and Pr epar at i on
of Test Spec i men
Dur i ng pr oduc t i on st age t est sampl es ar e Dur i ng pr oduc t i on st age, t est sampl es ar e
c ol l ec t ed at uni f or m i nt er val s f or qual i t y c ont r ol
pur poses.
Dur i ng t he c onst r uc t i on al so t est sampl es ar e Dur i ng t he c onst r uc t i on al so, t est sampl es ar e
c ol l ec t ed at spec i f i ed i nt er val s
Number of spec i mens t o be t est ed i s gi ven i n
r espec t i ve st andar ds r espec t i ve st andar ds.
Test i ng of Geosynt het i c s-1 3/34
Identification of the test samples Identificationofthetestsamples
Brand/producer/supplier a d/p oduce /supp e
Descriptionofthetype(grade,etc.)
Roll number Rollnumber
Dateofsampling
The sample shall be kept in a dry dark place Thesampleshallbekeptinadry,darkplace
protectedagainstchemicalandphysicaldamageat
ambienttemperature.
Samplesshouldbepackedproperlyduringshipping
tothetestinglaboratories.
Test i ng of Geosynt het i c s-1 4/34
Types of Geosynthetic Products TypesofGeosyntheticProducts
Geot ex t i l es
Geogr i ds
Geonet s
Geomembr anes
Pr e-f abr i c at ed ver t i c al dr ai ns (PVD)
Geosynt het i c Cl ay Li ner (GCL)
Geoc el l s (3-d c onf i nement )
G b /G t b Geobags/Geot ubes
Geoc omposi t es & Geo-ot her s
Test i ng of Geosynt het i c s-1 5/34
Geot ex t i l e Pr oper t i es p
Physical Properties PhysicalProperties
MechanicalProperties
HydraulicProperties
EnduranceProperties
Degradation Properties DegradationProperties
Test i ng of Geosynt het i c s-1 6/34
Geot ex t i l es Physi c al Pr oper t i es
Spec i f i c Gr avi t y Spec i f i c Gr avi t y
Mass per Uni t Ar ea
Thi ck ness Thi ck ness
St i f f ness
Test i ng of Geosynt het i c s-1 7/34
Spec i f i c Gr avi t y ASTM D792
I t i s t he r at i o of t he subst anc es uni t vol ume I t i s t he r at i o of t he subst anc e s uni t vol ume
wei ght t o t hat of di st i l l ed, de-ai r ed wat er at 27C
t emper at ur e.
Det er mi ned b P c nomet er met hod or densi t Det er mi ned by Pyc nomet er met hod or densi t y
bot t l e met hod
Si nker s used f or t est i ng mat er i al s t hat f l oat i n
wat er
Typi c al val ues
St eel 7.87
Soi l 2.7
Rock 2.4
PVC 1.69
Pol yest er 1 22 t o 1 38 Pol yest er 1.22 t o 1.38
Nyl on 1.05 t o 1.14
Pol y et hyl ene 0.90 t o 0.96
Pol ypr opyl ene 0.91
Test i ng of Geosynt het i c s-1 8/34
Mass per uni t ar ea (ASTM D5261)
Cut f i ve t o t en spec i mens, each of an
ar ea not l ess t han 10,000 mm
2
.
Combi ned t ot al ar ea of not l ess t han Combi ned t ot al ar ea of not l ess t han
100,000 mm
2
Di mensi ons ar e measur ed w i t hout
appl yi ng any t ensi on
Measur e t he mass of t he sampl es
t t 0 01 ac c ur at e t o 0.01 g
Mass per uni t ar ea = t ot al mass/t ot al ar ea
Repor t i n g/m
2
t o t he near est 0 1 g/m
2
Repor t i n g/m
2
t o t he near est 0.1 g/m
2
Test i ng of Geosynt het i c s-1 9/34
Thi c k ness (ASTM D5199)
Di st anc e bet ween t he upper
and l ower sur f ac es of a f abr i c
at a pr essur e of 2 k Pa
Ex pr essed i n mm
W t t i l 0 25 t 1 Woven geot ex t i l es 0.25 t o 1
mm
Nonwoven geot ex t i l es 1 mm Nonwoven geot ex t i l es 1 mm
t o mor e t han 10 mm
Compr essi bi l i t y i s c hange i n Compr essi bi l i t y i s c hange i n
t hi c k ness w i t h pr essur e
Test i ng of Geosynt het i c s-1 10/34
St i f f ness
Stiffnessisameasureoftheinteractionbetweenthe
geotextileweightanditsbendingstiffness
Slidea25mmwidestripofgeotextileonaninclined
planeatanangleof41.5 andmeasurethelengthof
h h (L) h h i b d d i theoverhang(L)whenthetipbendsunderitsown
weight
Stiffness (L/2)
3
mass per unit area (mg cm) Stiffness=(L/2)
3
massperunitarea(mgcm)
Subgrade CBRStiffnessrequirements(mgcm)
< 0 5 15000 25000 <0.515000 25000
125000 10000
2 1000 >21000
Test i ng of Geosynt het i c s-1 11/34
Mec hani c al Pr oper t i es
Compr essi bi l i t y p y
Tensi l e St r engt h
Seam St r engt h
F t i St t h Fat i gue St r engt h
Bur st St r engt h
Tear Test s Tear Test s
I mpac t Test s
Punc t ur e Test s
Fr i c t i on Behavi or
Pul l out Test s
Test i ng of Geosynt het i c s-1 12/34
Compr essi bi l i t y
Compressibilityisthevariationofthethicknessof
geotextile at different normal pressures geotextileatdifferentnormalpressures
Thicknessofwovengeotextiles isnearlyconstantat
all normal press res allnormalpressures
Thicknonwoven(especiallyneedlepunched)exhibit
markedreductioninthicknessathigherpressures
Permeabilitypropertiesaredependentonthe
normalpressures
Test i ng of Geosynt het i c s-1 13/34
Koer ner (1986)
Test i ng of Geosynt het i c s-1 14/34
Koer ner (1986)
Trapezoidal Tear Tests ASTM D4533 TrapezoidalTearTestsASTMD4533
One of the tests to ascertain construction Oneoftheteststoascertainconstruction
survivability
Initially a small cut is given in the sample and Initiallyasmallcutisgiveninthesampleand
theforcerequiredtotearthesampleis
measured measured
Forceisappliedonthesampleinsuchaway
h h i i i l i d thattheinitialtearisopenedup.
Resultisreportedinforceunits.
Test i ng of Geosynt het i c s-1 15/34
200
100
76
15 mm c ut
25
gr i p al ong t hese
edges
Wi dt h of gr i ps 76
Rat e of t est : 300 mm/mi nut e
I ni t i al gap bet ween gr i ps: 25
g
I ni t i al gap bet ween gr i ps: 25
Tr apezoi dal Tear Test Sampl e (al l di mensi ons i n mm)
Test i ng of Geosynt het i c s-1 16/34
Tr apezoi dal Tear Test Sampl e (al l di mensi ons i n mm)
Test i ng of Geosynt het i c s-1 17/34
Wedge t ype gr i ps used f or t r apezoi dal t ear t est i n pr ogr ess
Gr ab Tensi l e St r engt h (ASTM D4632)
Const r uc t i on sur vi vabi l i t y
t est
Espec i al l y f or separ at or
100
p y p
appl i c at i ons i n pavement s
25mm w i de Nar r ow gr i ps
used t o per f or m t he t est
Test r esul t i s f or c e i n
25
Test r esul t i s f or c e i n
New t ons and r upt ur e
st r ai n
Loadi ng at 300 mm per
200
75mm
Initial clearance
g p
mi nut e
Initialclearance
25mmwide
grips
Test i ng of Geosynt het i c s-1 18/34
Phot os of Gr ab t ensi on
t est
Test i ng of Geosynt het i c s-1
19/34
Tensi l e St r engt h Test s on Geot ex t i l es
(ASTM D 4595) (ASTM D 4595)
Di f f er ent Types of Test s
Wi de w i dt h t est s 200 mm w i de and 100 mm l engt h
Nar r ow st r i p t est s 50 mm w i de st r i ps used f or t est s
S l l l i d i l l i Sampl es usual l y gr i pped i n r ol l er gr i ps
Load appl i ed at 10-20% st r ai n per mi nut e
Resul t i s r epor t ed i n uni t s of f or c e/uni t w i dt h and t he st r ai n
at peak l oad p
Test i ng of Geosynt het i c s-1 20/34
Test i ng of Geosynt het i c s-1 21/34
Wi de w i dt h t ensi l e st r engt h t est on geot ex t i l es
Test i ng of Geosynt het i c s-1 22/34
30
15
20
25
/
m
5
10
15
F
o
r
c
e

k
N
/
Series2
Series3
Series4
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
strain % strain %
For c e-st r ai n behavi our of a t ypi c al nonwoven geot ex t i l e
Test i ng of Geosynt het i c s 23/34
Geot ex t i l e t ubul ar st r uc t ur es under go
l ar ge st r ai ns due t o def or mat i ons and l ar ge st r ai ns due t o def or mat i ons and
gr ound movement s
For c e devel oped i n f abr i c i s ver y l ow as
t hey ar e not f i l l ed c ompl et el y
f
Appl i c at i on of geot ex t i l e bags and t ubes f or shor e l i ne pr ot ec t i on
For c es depend on t he f i l l r at i o
Test i ng of Geosynt het i c s 24/34
Appl i c at i on of geot ex t i l e bags and t ubes f or shor e l i ne pr ot ec t i on
Punc hi ng St r engt h ASTM D4833
8 mm di amet er pr obe punc hed i nt o a st r et c hed
geot ex t i l e geot ex t i l e
Cont ai ner di amet er i s 45 mm
Peak l oad devel oped i s r epor t ed i n New t ons
Test i ng of Geosynt het i c s-1 25/34
CBR Punc t ur e Test
ASTM D6241 usi ng t he same devi c e ASTM D6241 usi ng t he same devi c e
Pr obe i s 50 mm di amet er
C t i i 150 di t Cont ai ner i s 150 mm di amet er
10 spec i mens ac r oss r ol l w i dt h
St t h d d f t i i t d St r engt h and def or mat i on moni t or ed
Aver age val ue i s r epor t ed
Test i ng of Geosynt het i c s-1 26/34
Tensi l e st r engt h f r om CBR Test dat a
r
F
T
p
f
2
strength, tensile width wide
T
f
= f or c e i n k N/m
F
p
= punchi ng f or c e, k N
r = r adi us of CBR pl unger
St r ai n at f ai l ur e,
f
a
x
100 *
a
) a x (
f

x
x = di agonal di st anc e at f ai l ur e x = di agonal di st anc e at f ai l ur e
a = hor i zont al di st anc e bet ween
out er edge of pl unger and i nner
edge of moul d
Test i ng of Geosynt het i c s 27/34
St one f i l l ed St one f i l l ed
r ope net gabi ons
Test i ng of Geosynt het i c s 28/34
Punchi ng st r engt h t est on r ope net gabi ons
40000
45000
30000
35000
20000
25000
L
o
a
d

N
100mmopening2.5mm
150mmopeningrope10mm
150mmopening2.5mm
100mmopeningrope5mm
5000
10000
15000
p g p
150mmopeningrope5mm
100mmopening10mmrope
0
5000
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Strain % Strain %
Load-st r ai n dat a f r om punc hi ng t est s on r ope net s
Test i ng of Geosynt het i c s 29/34
Dynamic Puncture Strength DynamicPunctureStrength
1 kg pointed cone of standard dimensions is 1kgpointedconeofstandarddimensionsis
droppedfromaheightof1montoastretched
geotextile specimen geotextilespecimen
Diameteroftheholemadebytheconeis
measured by a graduated cone measuredbyagraduatedcone
Thelargertheholediameter,largeristhe
i i d d d constructioninduceddamage
Test i ng of Geosynt het i c s-1 30/34
SeamStrengthTests
Normalsizeofrollwidthis3to5mandlength100m.
Largersizeareascoveredbyseaminggeotextiles g y g g
Preferablythethreadforseamingshouldbesametypeas
thegeotextile polyester,polypropylene,etc.
Singlestitch,doublestitch,Jseam,Butterflyseam,etc.
Seamstrengthisimportantasitmaycontrolthedesigns
T il t th t t f d th Tensilestrengthtestsperformedontheseams
Procedureissameasthatfornormaltensilestrengthtests
on virgin samples onvirginsamples
Efficiency=strengthofseam/strengthofvirginmaterial
Test i ng of Geosynt het i c s-1 31/34
Bur st St r engt h (ASTM D3786)
Mul l en bur st st r engt h st one punc t ur i ng
i nt o a separ at i on l ayer
I nf l at abl e r ubber membr ane used t o
di st or t t he geot ex t i l e i nt o a hemi spher e
f 30 di t of 30 mm di amet er.
When geot ex t i l e c annot def or m any
f ur t her i t w i l l bur st f ur t her, i t w i l l bur st .
Test i ng of Geosynt het i c s-1 32/34
Fat i gue st r engt h
Tensi l e st r engt h of c oi r geot ex t i l e af t er r epeat ed l oadi ng
Test i ng of Geosynt het i c s-1 33/34
Summary Summary
In this lecture we have studied the testing for Inthislecture,wehavestudiedthetestingfor
twotypesofthepropertiesofgeotextiles.
Physical properties Physicalproperties
Mechanicalproperties
Test i ng of Geosynt het i c s 34/34