Works Cited

Henretta, James A. America's History. New York: Worth, 1993.

Print.
History Topic Outlines. N.p., n.d. Web. 08 Sept. 2014.
Lauter, Paul. The Heath Anthology of American Literature.
Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2002. Print.
Miller, Perry, and Thomas Johnson. "Introduction: The Puri
tans."Introduction: The Puritans. CUNY, 23 Jan. 2005.
Web. 10 Sept. 2014.
"The New England Colonies - AP U.S. History Topic Outlines."
The New England Colonies - AP U.S.
"The New England Colonies." Ushistory.org. Independence
Hall Association, n.d. Web. 09 Sept. 2014.
"Puritanism in New England." Puritanism in New England.
Washington State University, 2010. Web. 10 Sept. 2014.
"The Puritans." Digital History. N.p., 2013. Web. 05 Sept. 2014.

The New England Colonies
John Pieler, Shelby Reagan, Anna Serenius,
Evan Vitkus, and Michael Yang
(Table of Contents: back inside cover)
htp://3.bp.blogspot.com/_HzRiQ5vdPqU/TGyy45_FC-I/AAAAAAAAADs/ycbOIRdQUW4/s1600/Map-NE+Colonies.jpg
Economic Issues
Politics of Mercantilism
Americans were prohibited from:
selling colonial-made textiles(1699)
iron products such as plows, axes, and skillets
(1750)
Navigation Acts
Only British ships can
transport imported and export-
ed goods from the colonies
Only British people can
trade with the colonies
Sugar, tobacco, and cot-
ton wool can only be exported
to British ports.
Economy
originally based on exporting grain and livestock but
the soil was bad so farming was difficult
Colonists in the New England colonies endured
bitterly cold winters and mild summers. Land was flat close
to the coastline but became hilly and mountainous farther
inland. Soil was generally rocky, making farming difficult.
Cold winters reduced the spread of disease
subsistence farming
when just enough food to survive is grown and a little bit
extra for the town
Weather patterns
Soil type
Growing season
Turned to being based on fishing, small manufactur-
ing, and shipbuilding
whaling, trapping, shipbuilding, and logging
Joined the triangular trade
bought slaves from Africa with rum, sold slaves to
the west indies for molasses
htp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/Salem_shipping_colonial_color.jpg
Table of Contents
1. Economic Issues
2. Social Characteristcs and Norms
3. Regional Relatons with Natves
4. The Great Awakening
5. Politcal Structure and Issues
6. Family and Gender Traits and Components
7. Internatonal Infuences
8. What role do the Colonists inital/founding criteria (as
a Royally Chartered Colony or as a Proprietary Colony)
play in establishing Norms and Values?
9. What role does religion play in forming norms and val-
ues?
10. What impact did the impositon of and then revoca-
ton of Salutary Neglect have?
11. How would you describe the colony on the eve of the
Britsh Parliaments impositon of the Townshend Acts?
What positon have they take vis-a-vis the diferent
taxes and fees imposed by Parliament?
12. How did fghtng in and winning the French and Indian
War (1754-1763) afect the colonies?
13. Map
14. Village Structure
15. Ministers Place in the Community
16. King Phillips War
17. Dominion of New England
18. Yankee Traders and West Indian Market
19. Key Figures and Events
20. Overview
21. Photo Sources

Social Characteristics and Norms
Better Education than the other colonies.
The threat of disease has largely dissipated.
The infant mortality rate is better than England
Life Expectancy was longer than England
Women married earlier and had more children
Roger Williams
Arrived in Massachusetts in 1631
Said it was a sin to take land from the Natives
without paying for it
Wanted a government based on the consent of
the people
Wanted separation of church and state
Anne Hutchinson
Challenged Puritan views
Salvation only took faith and Gods saving
grace
This raised questions as to who the elect
was
htp://edci815s12.wikispaces.com/fle/view/old_deluder.jpg/296352992/337x207/old_deluder.jpg
Photos
htp://www.oncoursesystems.com/
school/webpage/14424/752063
htp://www.pbase.com/haibohuang/
image/108627084
htp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
King_Philip's_War
htp://www.fofweb.com/History/
HistRefMain.aspSID=3&NoSearch=1&iPi
n=AMHC0050&DatabaseName=America
n%20History%
20Online&iRecordType=Map+or+Chart&
AmericanDa-
ta=Set&WomenData=&IndianData=&AF
HCData=&WorldData=&AncientData=&
GovernmentData=
htp://www.archaeologyuk.org/ba/
ba94/feat1.shtml
Regional Relations with Natives

Good
First Thanksgiving
Bad
Pilgrims forcefully controlled local tribes
Diseases killed the natives
Wasnt as bad as the south though be-
cause of the cold climate
Made one tribe go from 3,000 to 500
people
Pequot War (1637)
Also known as King Philips War
Pequot Indian murdered a settler and
thus started a war
20,000 people died
The Indians attack 52 Puritan towns and
destroyed 12 of them completely.
Colonists attempted to convert natives to Christi-
anity
There were always conflicts between the groups
but mostly just skirmishes

htp://media1.shmoop.com/media/images/large/frst-thanksgiving-2.jpg
Overview

What New England saw as the role and the scope of the government in their lives:
plymouth colony: accidentally settles in New England instead of Virginia outside the jurisdiction of Virginia and w/
o a charter; created covenant of government called the Mayflower Compact:
combine ourselves together into a civill body politik
wanted religious autonomy for each group; recognized this as the Kings land, but ruled themselves with a
system of agreed-upon laws
later made 10 towns with similar self-governing
est. a legal code that set up a system of representative government and guaranteed rights of government
Pilgrims also limited the power of the state over religion; political leaders could not control religious bodies;
basically beginning of church and state
Massachusetts Bay Colony (non separatists): fled from archbishop Laud (man chosen by Charles I to lead
Church of England in 1633, hated Puritans and removed hundreds of Puritan ministers and forced Anglican rituals
on Puritans)
government was also representative to an extent; church and state were linked and the only people who could
vote and take office were members of the Puritan congregation
government banned other religions from meeting and recognized Puritanism as the official state religion
Bible was the legal guide
also banished those who had contrasting views, for example:
Roger Williams: minister of Puritan Church in Salem; wanted separation of church and state and
questioned the seizing of land from Native
Americans
Anne Hutchinson: Held church meetings in her house, argued that salvation could not be brought on
by good deeds and instead was brought on by the covenant of grace
also argued the importance of a direct connection with God; this would reduce the need for ministers
Rhode Island: est. by Roger Williams after he was exiled; received English Charter; no legally established church
and everyone could worship as they pleased
all towns controlled local affairs, which was much more power than European villages
levied and collected taxes; created ordinances that regulated things such as lot size, fencing, road building,
and grazing rules
crowd actions (i.e .mobs) were more common during the late 17th century and onward; colonists often resorted
to mobs to enforce rules (i.e. a mob in New York that shut down a prostitution house; mobs in Salem, Massachu-
setts exiled people with disease; Boston mobs prevented grain from being exported during a grain shortage)
What shifts in behavior and attitude reflect the most significant change in the
mindset for New England?
James II believed in divine right of monarchs; forcibly merged corporate charters of Connecticut and Rhode
Island with the Massachusetts bay and Plymouth colonies to
create the Dominion of New England
Dominion of New England was authoritarian; James II appointed Sir Edmund Andros to the position of gover-
nor
abolished legislative institutions and ruled by decree
advocated public worship of Church of England and banned town
took away previous land titles and only agreed to restore new ones if meetings, which riled many
citizens people agreed to pay an annual quitrent
during glorious revolution in 1668; Whigs, a political faction in England, advocated a constitutional monarchy and
forced William and Mary to accept a Declaration of Rights, which strengthened the House of Commons
after surviving through James II, the American assemblies wanted to lower the power of the crown and the
royal governors
copied Whigs by creating the same committees as those of the House of Commons and refused to follow the
Crowns orders, esp. with taxes and budgets
How the colonists in New England would describe themselves-would they say that they were subjects of King
George III? Would they say that they were equals with any Britain living on the island not in the colonies? Would a
landowner in the colonies say that he was less British than a landowner on the island? Would a northern colonists
believe he had more in common with someone in England orsomeone in England or someone in Virginia? Vice-
versa? Why?
both original pilgrims of Plymouth and settlers of Massachusetts Bay colony left England to make a purified
Christian Society
portion of Puritans saw themselves as a chosen people to preserve the true faith in America
John Winthrop, a educated and respected country squire/lawyer thought that England was ethically crooked and
overpopulated
wanted to remain on Gods good side
Puritans were thirsting for wealth and had quickly established infrastructure and government
ministers in the Massachusetts bay colony preached that salvation could be reached through good acts; later
devised the Halfway Covenant in 1662
Halfway Covenant: children of all baptized Puritans could be presented for baptism and thus become
halfway members; this meant that salvation could be achieved through blood
early on, they wanted to avoid issues that plagued Europe (i.e. large social divisions); land distribution was equal
did not have headright system that benefited wealthy planters like that of VA
did not give away large portions of land to people with important political figures
even poor people had some possessions (i.e. a man named Nathaniel Fish who
James II believed in divine right of monarchs; forcibly merged corporate charters of Connecticut and Rhode
Island with the Massachusetts bay and Plymouth colonies to create the Dominion of New England
Dominion of New England was authoritarian; James II appointed Sir Edmund was very poor, yet owned a two-
room cottage, 8 acres, an ox and a cow) Andros to the position of governor
abolished legislative institutions and ruled by decree
advocated public worship of Church of England and banned town meetings, which riled many citi-
zens
took away previous land titles and only agreed to restore new ones if people agreed to pay an annu-
al quitrent
assemblies were more and more annoyed at the Crown and its royal governors
Impact of the Great Awakening

Bigger stress on personal salvation through good deeds rather than
from church dogma and doctrine
Started in England but moved to the American Colonies
George Whitefield was an important person
British missioner
known as the Great Itinerant
preached 18,000 times to about 10 million people
Old lights
The old ways of the Church
traditional theocratic thinking
New lights
about emotion, experience, God
Spiritual renewal that swept through the American colonies
Also known as the Revivalism
People expressed their feelings more overtly so they could feel a
stronger intimacy with God
Cause of the Great Awakening
Glorious Revolution of 1688
This established the Church of England as the dominant
church of the country
This made Catholicism, Judaism, and Puritanism feel
suppressed
Politically
everyone being the same religion led to stability and
was a good thing
Spiritually
led to complacency and spiritual dryness
People went through the motions and it was more of
a pastime
Effects of the Great Awakening
taught the colonists to be bold and that they could confront reli-
gious authority if they werent living up to the believers expectations
made colonists realize they had the power and not the Church of
England
Led to the revolution
colonists realized that they had the power and not the Eng-
lish
monarch
Led to the decision of self-governance
Not all colonists had the same religious ideas but many
wanted freedom from Britain
Key Figures


John Hancock
http://www.wikitree.com/photo.php/7/7a/JohnHancockSmall.jpeg
1. John Hancock
2. Samuel Adams
3. John Adams

Key Events Prior to 1776 Revolution

Boston Massacre, 1770
http://www.ushistory.org/declaration/related/images/massacre.jpg
1. 1691- Plymouth colony joins Massacusetts Bay colony
2. 1691- Salem Witch Trials in Salem Massachusetts
3. 1764- Sugar Act
4. 1765- Stamp Act
5. 1765- Sons of Liberty formed
6. 1767- Townshend Acts
7. 1770- Boston Massacre
8. December 16, 1774- Boston Tea Party


Politcal Structure
Politcal structure major contributon by the Puritans
autonomous congregatons of churchgoers over a natonal,
centralized church
This structure coupled with a nearly equal gender raton led
to populaton growth and prosperity
Puritan way of setlement distnguished New Englanders
from other American colonists
Ministers in colonial Massachusets could not hold ofce so
there would be separaton of church and state, however,
church and state were closely aligned.
Body of Liberty: issued by the General Court in 1641 , legal
code established in New England
Yankee Traders and the West Indian Market
By the 1700s, New England was providing most of the sustenance for the
West Indies.
o In exchange, they were receiving sugar as well as bills of exchange
that planters used to reimburse the famers and merchants who were
involved in the buying of slaves. The bills of exchange were then traded
for Britsh manufactures such as textles and iron goods.
o This trade between the colonies and the West Indies created the
ideal environment for merchants in New England, and soon a class of
wealthy traders had emerged, especially in port cites like Boston, Phila-
delphia, and New York.
o These merchants, much like the English upper class, built huge man-
sions and flled them with other signs of wealth such as paintngs and
regal furniture.
o The trade also produced a need for manufacturing in New England,
as all the raw sugar became much more valuable afer being processed
into molasses.
o While the thriving trade brought opportunites to many, it also creat-
ed economic uncertainty due to the dependence on trade with places
outside colonial control.
o Economic success was also viewed as a distracton from Church and
the word of God.
htp://blogs.loc.gov/law/fles/2011/06/Crimes.jpg
Family and Gender Traits and Components
Women woke up at four in the morning and made break-
fast for their families by fve or fve-thirty
Women woke the children, fed the livestock, churned
buter, prepared lunch, tended the garden, cleaned the
house, herded and milked the cows, hoed the cabbage,
prepared dinner, and got the children ready for bed.
Some women also worked outside of the home.
Women became the center of the family.
Self-expression was encouraged in children.
The Europeans adopted parentng styles of Natve Ameri-
cans.
White male patriarchy did not disappear.
Men remained in control of family fnances.
Punishment for children varied from family to family.
The nuclear family became more widespread.

Dominion of New England
When King James II took to the English throne in 1685, he immediately brought
about widespread colonial reform.
o The king revoked the corporate charters of Connectcut, Rhode Island,
New York, and New Jersey and merged these colonies with Massachusets Bay
and Plymouth Colonies.
o He created the Dominion of New England; a massive royal province con-
trolled in entrely by Sir Edmund Andros, the governor with the power to abol-
ish legislatve assemblies and rule by decree.
o This harsh system, similar to the one used in Ireland, imposed on the colo-
nists strong beliefs about self-rule, while also challenging the land rights of all
who lived in the area.
o Colonists lives were being turned upside down, serving as just one more
thing the crown had done to them in the build up to the revoluton.
htp://www.leavits.org/home-woman_cooking_at_freplace.jpg
King Phillips War
o Relatons with the Indians leading up to 1675 were tense at best.
o When Metacom (called King Phillip by the English) took over the
Wampanoag Indians, he realized the only way to slow down the Puritan
advance into Indian Territory was forming alliances with the other tribes.
o Afer several other tribes, including the Narraganset and Nipmuck
Indians, joined forces with Metacom, he proceeded to atack several New
England villages, startng a war that lasted 18 months and would prove
devastatng to the American Indians as well as being the bloodiest tme in
New England prior to the Revolutonary War.
o The Indians would burn down twenty percent of the English towns in
Massachusets and Rhode Island, killing fve percent of the adult white
populaton in the area.
o The English cleverly used their own alliance with the Mohawk Indians
to full efect, sending in a group who would kill Metacom and efectvely
end the war.
o Many of the Indians were sold of into slavery to ensure that another
confict of this scale would not happen again.
Internatonal Infuences
New Spain:
Spanish tried to convert Natves to Catholicism
Chesapeake used to be part of Florida

New France:
Introduced new diseases to Natve Americans
in the North and around the Great Lakes
Diseases caused epidemics killing 25-90% of
Natves
Caused wars between Natves in New York

New Dutch:
James II imposed strict authoritarian rule, but
the Dutch setlers were not expelled, and
most remained in New England
Dutch renewed commitment of England to
Protestantsm
What role do the Colonists inital/founding cri-
teria (as a Royally Chartered Colony or as a Pro-
prietary Colony) play in establishing Norms and
Values?
New England was founded primarily on the values of
the Puritan and the Pilgrims.
Puritan values of hard work created success and
prosperity
Many of the moral values of Calvinism were carried
over
Centralized church ass part of the town structure
Men held at a higher level than women
Educaton highly valued
Educaton led to prominent philosophers and great
minds of that tme
Much of the great works read today come from the
New England colonies, primarily Boston
Ministers Place in the Community
Ministers were essentally the keystones of New England society, deciding
who qualifed as members of the elect while also ofen having an actve role
in government
o Puritan Ministers help people connect with and interpret the bible, and
if people disagreed with the ministers and then shared their ideas with oth-
ers, they were ofen punished (Anne Hutchinson- exiled).
o Pilgrim Ministers, on the other hand, all operated independently but
were stll leaders in their respectve towns. They too helped people interpret
the bible but had no power to punish those who disagreed.
o Ministers were role models to look up at in both societes and since
many New England towns were theocentric in nature, the ministers were
critcally important in making sure that the town was behaving and functon-
ing properly.
What role does religion play in forming
norms and values?
region originally settled by Puritans on a charter with the crown
hence, all the original settlers were devout Puritans
thus, people of power had to be involved with the Church
in order to vote, one had to be a member of the Church
laws were made based off of religious ideals
Puritans believed that Church of England was corrupt; sought to
make a better society and to remain on Gods side in the New
World
actions that were viewed as sins in the bible were typically ac-
tions looked down upon by society
preached that the way to get into heaven would be to commit
good deeds
as such, they closely followed the bible both socially and as a legal
code
gave churches and ministers even more infuence in daily life

Village Structure
In colonial New England, the village was a powerful government entty.
o All towns were self-governed by those in the community, with puritan
representaton being limited to the elect, while pilgrim representaton en-
compassed most property owners.
o Each Puritan village used the Bible interchangeably as the word of God
and the book of laws that all must follow.
o Separatst villages however, established a quasi separaton of church and
state, where the town council created laws based on what was necessary and
right and had no control over religion.
o The village government was the way intellectuals expressed their desires
and is large part of why so many people in New England were literate and
even learned.
o When this practced traditon was revoked upon the formaton of the
Dominion of New England, the colonists were furious about the loss of their
right to self govern, demonstratng their deep atachment to local govern-
ment.
o There were also distnct social classes in New England, with wealthy mer-
chants and successful planters, as well as artsans, farmers, and even slaves
having roles to play in village life.
htp://us.123rf.com/450wm/americanspirit/americanspirit1306/americanspirit130602336/20476750-new-england-village.jpg
What impact did the impositon of and then revo-
caton of Salutary Neglect have?
Salutary Neglect: The British policy in effect in the
colonies from the 1690s to the 170s that allowed
to colonists to disregard trade policies.
Reasons for salutary neglect:
British were afraid of rebellion in the colonies;
thought the policy of Salutary Neglect would regain
the colonists loyalty
Very expensive to enforce trade polices, also
there were no enforcement agencies in the colo-
nies
Effects:
Boosted trade for the colonies and the colo-
nies trade with Britain
Effects of revocation of Salutary Neglect (Britain
reversed it in order to pay for the debt created from
The Seven Years War):
Reversal of the policy greatly upset New Eng-
land, as well as the other regions
Led to creation of Sons Of Liberty by Samuel
Adams and John Hancock
htp://www.emersonkent.com/images/new_england_colonies_1607.jpg
How would you describe the colony on the eve
of the Britsh Parliaments impositon of the
Townshend Acts? What positon have they take
vis-a-vis the diferent taxes and fees imposed
by Parliament?
Townshend Acts: Measures initiated by Charles
Townshend of the British Parliament in 1767 that put
taxes on paper, glass, lead, paints, and tea that was
imported to the colonies. Revenue generated from the
taxes went to pay for British soldiers and officials in
America.
*New England was most likely very angry on the
eve of the imposition of the Townshend Acts
Effects:
Colonists believed that the British had no right to
tax them without representation
Liberty Affair- 1768- British officers in Boston,
Masschusetts seized a boat named the Liberty, owned
by John Hancock, because he had not paid the wine
taxes. In reiteration, Boston colonists captured a Brit-
ish warships boat.
February 1768- Massachusetts House of Repre-
sentatives writes a letter that vehemently protests the
Townsend Acts and sends it to all the other colonies.
British administers order the sending of the letter to
stop, but its already too late so the British close the
general assembly of Massachusetts. This angers the
colonists even more.
How did fghtng in and winning the French
and Indian War (1754-1763) afect the colo-
nies?
French and Indian War Batle


htp://www3.getysburg.edu/~tshannon/
hist106web/site5/bushy_run.jpg





Fightng in the war proved to the colonists that they were not just
transplanted Englishmen, they were signifcantly diferent from the
English, with diferent fghtng tactcs and views on how to handle
situatons, such as situatons with Natves
The war created a large debt for Britain, which they tried to setle
by forcing taxes on the colonies
Britain imposed harsh authoritarian rule on the former French
ruled Canada, such as no trial by jury, and the colonies were afraid
that the same might happen to them