1978 Spanish Constitution

Constitucin
Espaola
Junta de Castilla y Len
Spanish
Constitution
Junta de Castilla y Len
CONSTITUCION ingls 19/11/03 10:27 Pgina 1
Aprobada por lasCortesGeneralesel 31 deoctubrede1978.
Ratificada por ReferndumPopular el 6 dediciembrede1978.
Sancionada por su Majestad el ReyDon Juan CarlosI
antelasCortesGeneralesel 27 dediciembrede1978.
(B.O.E., n. 311-1, de 29 de diciembre de 1978).
Reforma del artculo 13, apartado 2,
dela Constitucin Espaola, de27 deagosto de1992.
(B.O.E., n. 207, de 28 de agosto de 1992).
Castellano
Constitucin
Espaola
Approved byParliament on 31 October 1978.
Ratified bypopular referendumon 6 December 1978.
Approved byHisMajestyKingJuan CarlosI beforeParliament
on 27 December 1978 [B.O.E. (Official State Gazette]
N 311-1 of 29 December 1978.
Reformof article13, section 2, of theSpanish Constitution,
of 17 August 1992 [B.O.E. (Official State gazette)
N 207 of 28 August 1992].
English
Spanish
Constitution
PROLOGUE
During 2003, Spain isto commemoratethe25th anniversary of the1978 Constitution.
Thisevent, together with theevidencethat welivein a society that welcomesmoreand
morepeoplefrom other countriesand cultureseach day, hasled theJunta deCastilla y Len
to publish thetranslated text of theSpanish Constitution in 10 languages.
Thus, by overcoming the language barrier, we make it easier for the immigrant
population of Castilla y Len to have access to the Constitution, a fundamental set of
regulationsnecessary for theincorporation and integration of immigrantsinto thepublic
spacecharacteristic of a democratic society.
Education constitutes a significant part of said public space and is one of the most
efficient channelsfor theparticipation in all areasof thesocial fabric of thosewho cometo
livetheir livesamong us.
During Spainslong history, the25 yearsin which theConstitution hasbeen in forceare
a reason for a celebration in which wewould liketo involveall immigrants. Thispublication
isa step further towardsthecoexistenceof usall, based on respect for thedignity of others
and in harmony with theConstitution.
Juan VicenteHerrera Campo
PRESIDENT OF CASTILLA Y LEN
[Spanish Constitution)
PRLOGO
Duranteel ao 2003, Espaa conmemora el 25 aniversario dela Constitucin de1978.
Con motivo deesta efemride, unido a la evidencia dequevivimosen una sociedad que
acogecada da a mspersonasdeotrospasesy culturas, la Junta deCastilla y Len edita el
texto dela Constitucin Espaola traducido a 10 idiomas.
Deesta manera, solventada la barrera del lenguaje, facilitamosa la poblacin inmigran-
tedeCastilla y Len el acceso a la Constitucin Espaola, norma fundamental y denece-
saria presencia en el proceso deincorporacin eintegracin delosinmigrantesal espacio
pblico quecaracteriza a una sociedad democrtica.
La educacin forma parteimportantedeeseespacio pblico y ademsesuno deloscau-
cesmseficacespara conseguir la participacin en todoslosmbitosdel tejido social dequie-
nesvienen a realizar susproyectosvitalesentrenosotros.
En la dilatada historia deEspaa, los25 aosdeexistencia y vigencia dela Constitucin
constituyen un motivo decelebracin del quequeremoshacer partcipesa todaslosinmi-
grantes. Esta publicacin, suponeun paso mspara hacer posiblela convivencia detodos,
fundamentada en el respeto a la dignidad de todas las personas y en sintona con la
Constitucin.
Juan VicenteHerrera Campo
PRESIDENTE DE LA JUNTA DE CASTILLA Y LEN
[Constitucin Espaola)
DON JUAN CARLOSI, KING OF SPAIN, TO ALL THOSE
WHO MAY SEE AND HEAR THISORDER.
LET IT BE KNOWN: THAT THE COURT HASAPPROVED,
AND THE SPANISH PEOPLE HAVE RATIFIED,
THE FOLLOWING CONSTITUTION:
PREAMBLE
The Spanish Nation, desiring to establish justice, liberty, and security, and to pro-
mote the well-being of all itsmembers, in the exercise of itssovereignty proclaimsitswill
to: guarantee democratic coexistence within the Constitution and the lawsin accordan-
ce with a just economic and social order:
Consolidate a state of law which insures the rule of law as the expression of the
popular will.
Protect all Spaniards and peoples of Spain in the exercise of human rights, their
culturesand traditions, languages, and institutions.
Promote the progressof culture and the economy to insure a dignified quality of life
for all.
Establish an advanced democratic society; and collaborate in the strengthening of
peaceful relationsand effective cooperation among all the peoplesof the earth.
Therefore, the Parliament approves, and the Spanish people ratify the following
Constitution:
CONSTITUTION
PRELIMINARY TITLE
Article1
1. Spain constitutesitself into a social and democratic state of law which advocates
liberty, justice, equality, and political pluralism asthe superior valuesof itslegal order.
DON JUAN CARLOSI, REY DE ESPAA, A TODOSLOSQUE
LA PRESENTE VIEREN Y ENTENDIEREN.
SABED: QUE LASCORTESHAN APROBADO Y EL PUEBLO
ESPAOL RATIFICADO LA SIGUIENTE CONSTITUCIN:
PREMBULO
La Nacin espaola, deseando establecer la justicia, la libertad y la seguridad y promo-
ver el bien decuantosla integran, en uso desu soberana, proclama su voluntad de:
Garantizar la convivencia democrtica dentro dela Constitucin y delasleyesconfor-
mea un orden econmico y social justo.
Consolidar un Estado deDerecho queasegureel imperio dela ley como expresin dela
voluntad popular.
Proteger a todoslosespaolesy pueblosdeEspaa en el ejercicio delosderechoshuma-
nos, susculturasy tradiciones, lenguaseinstituciones.
Promover el progreso dela cultura y dela economa para asegurar a todosuna digna cali-
dad devida.
Establecer una sociedad democrtica avanzada, y Colaborar en el fortalecimiento de
unasrelacionespacficasy deeficaz cooperacin entretodoslospueblosdela Tierra.
En consecuencia, lasCortesaprueban y el pueblo espaol ratifica la siguiente
CONSTITUCIN
TTULO PRELIMINAR
Artculo 1
1. Espaa se constituye en un Estado social y democrtico de Derecho, que pro-
pugna como valores superiores de su ordenamiento jurdico la libertad, la justicia, la
igualdad y el pluralismo poltico.
2. National sovereignty belongs to the Spanish people from whom emanate the
powersof the state.
3. The political form of the Spanish State isthe parliamentary Monarchy.
Article2
The Constitution is based on the indissoluble unity of the Spanish nation, the
common and indivisible homeland of all Spaniards, and recognizesand guaranteesthe
right to autonomy of the nationalitiesand regionswhich make it up and the solidarity
among all of them.
Article3
1. Castilian isthe official Spanish language of the state. All Spaniardshave the duty
to know it and the right to use it.
2. The other languagesof Spain will also be official in the respective autonomous
communities, in accordance with their Statutes.
3. The richnessof the linguistic modalitiesof Spain isa cultural patrimony which
will be the object of special respect and protection.
Article4
1. The Spanish flag isformed by three horizontal stripes: red, yellow, and red, with
the yellow stripe being twice aswide aseach of the red stripes.
2. Recognition of flagsand ensignsof the autonomouscommunitiesisadmissible
by law. These will be used beside the flag of Spain on their public buildingsand in their
official acts.
Article5
The capital of the State isthe city of Madrid.
Article6
Political parties express democratic pluralism, assist in the formulation and
manifestation of the popular will, and are a basic instrument for political participation.
Their creation and the exercise of their activity are free within the observance of the
Constitution and the laws. Their internal structure and operation must be democratic.
Article7
Worker unions and associations of employers contribute to the defence and
promotion of their own economic and social interests. Their creation and the exercise of
their activity are free within the observance of the Constitution and the laws. Their
internal structure and operation must be democratic.
Article8
1. The Armed Forces, constituting the Land Army, the Navy and the Air Force,
have astheir mission the guarantee of the sovereignty and independence of Spain, the
defence of itsterritorial integrity and the constitutional order.
2. An organic law will regulate the basesof the military organization in conformity
with the principlesof the present Constitution.
2. La soberana nacional reside en el pueblo espaol, del que emanan lospoderesdel
Estado.
3. La forma poltica del Estado espaol esla Monarqua parlamentaria.
Artculo 2
La Constitucin sefundamenta en la indisolubleunidad dela Nacin espaola, patria
comn eindivisibledetodoslosespaoles, y reconocey garantiza el derecho a la autono-
ma delasnacionalidadesy regionesquela integran y la solidaridad entretodasellas.
Artculo 3
1. El castellano esla lengua espaola oficial del Estado. Todoslosespaolestienen
el deber de conocerla y el derecho a usarla.
2. Las dems lenguas espaolas sern tambin oficiales en las respectivas
ComunidadesAutnomasde acuerdo con susEstatutos.
3. La riqueza de lasdistintasmodalidadeslingsticasde Espaa esun patrimonio
cultural que ser objeto de especial respeto y proteccin.
Artculo 4
1. La bandera de Espaa est formada por tresfranjashorizontales, roja, amarilla y
roja, siendo la amarilla de doble anchura que cada una de lasrojas.
2. LosEstatutospodrn reconocer banderasy enseaspropiasde lasComunidades
Autnomas. Estasse utilizarn junto a la bandera de Espaa en susedificiospblicosy
en susactosoficiales.
Artculo 5
La capital del Estado esla villa de Madrid.
Artculo 6
Lospartidospolticosexpresan el pluralismo poltico, concurren a la formacin y mani-
festacin dela voluntad popular y son instrumento fundamental para la participacin pol-
tica. Su creacin y el ejercicio desu actividad son libresdentro del respeto a la Constitucin
y a la ley. Su estructura interna y funcionamiento debern ser democrticos.
Artculo 7
Lossindicatosde trabajadoresy lasasociacionesempresarialescontribuyen a la defen-
sa y promocin de losintereseseconmicosy socialesque lesson propios. Su creacin y
el ejercicio de su actividad son libresdentro del respeto a la Constitucin y a la ley. Su
estructura interna y funcionamiento debern ser democrticos.
Artculo 8
1. Las Fuerzas Armadas, constituidas por el Ejrcito de Tierra, la Armada y el
Ejrcito del Aire, tienen como misin garantizar la soberana e independencia de Espaa,
defender su integridad territorial y el ordenamiento constitucional.
2. Una ley orgnica regular lasbasesde la organizacin militar conforme a losprin-
cipiosde la presente Constitucin.
Article9
1. Thecitizensand public powersaresubject to theConstitution and thelegal order.
2. It is the responsibility of the public powers to promote conditions so that
liberty and equality of the individual and the groups he joins will be real and effective;
to remove those obstacles which impede or make difficult their full implementation,
and to facilitate participation of all citizens in the political, economic, cultural, and
social life.
3. The Constitution guarantees the principle of legality, the normative order, the
publication of the norms, the non-retroactivity of punitive provisions which are not
favourable to, or which restrict individual rights, legal security, and the interdiction of
arbitrarinessof public powers.
TITLE I
Basic Rights and Duties
Article10
1. The dignity of the person, the inviolable rights which are inherent, the free
development of the personality, respect for the law and the rights of others, are the
foundation of political order and social peace.
2. The norms relative to basic rights and liberties which are recognized by the
Constitution shall be interpreted in conformity with the Universal Declaration of
Human Rights and the international treaties and agreements on those matters ratified
by Spain.
CHAPTER I
Spaniardsand Aliens
Article11
1. Spanish nationality isacquired, preserved, and lost in accordance with provisions
established by law.
2. No one of Spanish birth may be deprived of hisnationality.
3. The State may make dual nationality treatieswith the Ibero-American countries
and with those which may have had, or have, a special bond with Spain. In these
countries, even when they do not grant their own citizensa reciprocal right, Spaniards
may become naturalized without losing their nationality of origin.
Article12
Spaniardsbecome adultsat 18 yearsof age.
Article13
1. Aliensin Spain may enjoy the public freedomsguaranteed by the present Title
under the termswhich treatiesor lawsmay establish.
2. Only Spaniardsshall have the rightsrecognized in Article 23 except that which
in keeping with the criteria of reciprocity may be established by treaty or law for the
right to active and passive suffrage in municipal elections.
Artculo 9
1. Losciudadanosy lospoderespblicosestn sujetosa la Constitucin y al resto
del ordenamiento jurdico.
2. Corresponde a lospoderespblicospromover lascondicionespara que la liber-
tad y la igualdad del individuo y de losgruposen que se integra sean realesy efectivas;
remover losobstculosque impidan o dificulten su plenitud y facilitar la participacin
de todoslosciudadanosen la vida poltica, econmica, cultural y social.
3. La Constitucin garantiza el principio de legalidad, la jerarqua normativa, la
publicidad de lasnormas, la irretroactividad de lasdisposicionessancionadorasno favo-
rableso restrictivasde derechosindividuales, la seguridad jurdica, la responsabilidad y
la interdiccin de la arbitrariedad de lospoderespblicos.
TTULO I
Delos Derechos y Deberes Fundamentales
Artculo 10
1. La dignidad de la persona, losderechosinviolablesque le son inherentes, el libre
desarrollo de la personalidad, el respeto a la ley y a losderechosde losdemsson fun-
damento del orden poltico y de la paz social.
2. Las normas relativas a los derechos fundamentales y a las libertades que la
Constitucin reconoce se interpretarn de conformidad con la Declaracin Universal de
DerechosHumanosy lostratadosy acuerdosinternacionalessobre lasmismasmaterias
ratificadospor Espaa.
CAPTULO PRIMERO
De losespaolesy losextranjeros
Artculo 11
1. La nacionalidad espaola se adquiere, se conserva y se pierde de acuerdo con lo
establecido por la ley.
2. Ningn espaol de origen podr ser privado de su nacionalidad.
3. El Estado podr concertar tratadosdedoblenacionalidad con lospasesiberoameri-
canoso con aquellosquehayan tenido o tengan una particular vinculacin con Espaa. En
estos mismos pases, aun cuando no reconozcan a sus ciudadanos un derecho recproco,
podrn naturalizarselosespaolessin perder su nacionalidad deorigen.
Artculo 12
Losespaolesson mayoresde edad a losdieciocho aos.
Artculo 13
1. Losextranjerosgozarn en Espaa de laslibertadespblicasque garantiza el pre-
sente Ttulo en lostrminosque establezcan lostratadosy la ley.
2. Solamentelosespaolessern titularesdelosderechosreconocidosen el artculo 23,
salvo lo que, atendiendo a criteriosdereciprocidad, pueda establecersepor tratado o ley para
el derecho desufragio activo y pasivo en laseleccionesmunicipales.
3. Extradition will only be granted in compliance with a treaty or the law in
keeping with the principle of reciprocity. Excluded from extradition are political crimes
and actsof terrorism not being considered assuch.
4. The law shall establish the terms under which citizens of other countries and
statelesspersonsmay enjoy the right to asylum in Spain.
CHAPTER II
Rightsand Freedoms
Article14
Spaniardsare equal before the law, without any discrimination for reasonsof birth,
race, sex, religion, opinion, or any other personal or social condition or circumstance.
SECTION 1
BasicRights, PublicLiberties
Article15
Everyone hasthe right to life and physical and moral integrity and in no case may
be subjected to torture or inhuman or degrading punishment or treatment. The death
penalty isabolished except in those caseswhich may be established by military penal law
in timesof war.
Article16
1. Freedom of ideology, religion, and cult of individuals and communities is
guaranteed without any limitation in their demonstrations other than that which is
necessary for the maintenance of public order protected by law.
2. No one may be obliged to make a declaration on hisideology, religion, or beliefs.
3. No religion shall have a state character. The public powersshall take into account
the religious beliefs of Spanish society and maintain the appropriate relations of
cooperation, with the Catholic Church and other denominations.
Article17
1. Every person hasthe right to liberty and security. No one may be deprived of his
liberty without observance of the provisionsof thisarticle and only in the casesand in
the form prescribed by law.
2. Preventive arrest may not last more than the time strictly necessary for the
investigationswhich tend to clarify events, and in every case, within a maximum period
of 72 hours, the person detained must be freed or placed at the disposal of the judicial
authority.
3. Every person arrested must be informed immediately, and in a way that is
understandable to him, about hisrightsand the reasonsfor hisarrest, and he may not
be forced to make a statement. The assistance of an attorney to the arrested isguaranteed
during police and judicial proceedingsunder the termsestablished by law.
4. The law will regulate a processof habeascorpusso that any person who isillegally
arrested may be immediately placed at the disposal of the judiciary. The maximum
period of provisional imprisonment shall also be determined by law.
3. La extradicin slo se conceder en cumplimiento de un tratado o de la ley, aten-
diendo al principio de reciprocidad. Quedan excluidosde la extradicin losdelitospol-
ticos, no considerndose como taleslosactosde terrorismo.
4. La ley establecer lostrminosen que losciudadanosde otrospasesy losaptri-
daspodrn gozar del derecho de asilo en Espaa.
CAPTULO SEGUNDO
Derechosy Libertades
Artculo 14
Losespaolesson igualesante la ley, sin que pueda prevalecer discriminacin alguna
por razn de nacimiento, raza, sexo, religin, opinin o cualquier otra condicin o cir-
cunstancia personal o social.
SECCIN 1
Delosderechosfundamentalesydelaslibertadespblicas
Artculo 15
Todostienen derecho a la vida y a la integridad fsica y moral, sin que, en ningn
caso, puedan ser sometidos a tortura ni a penas o tratos inhumanos o degradantes.
Queda abolida la pena de muerte, salvo lo que puedan disponer lasleyespenalesmilita-
respara tiemposde guerra.
Artculo 16
1. Se garantiza la libertad ideolgica, religiosa y de culto de los individuos y las
comunidadessin mslimitacin, en susmanifestaciones, que la necesaria para el mante-
nimiento del orden pblico protegido por la ley.
2. Nadie podr ser obligado a declarar sobre su ideologa, religin o creencias.
3. Ninguna confesin tendr carcter estatal. Lospoderespblicostendrn en cuen-
ta lascreenciasreligiosasde la sociedad espaola y mantendrn lasconsiguientesrelacio-
nesde cooperacin con la Iglesia Catlica y lasdemsconfesiones.
Artculo 17
1. Toda persona tiene derecho a la libertad y a la seguridad. Nadie puede ser priva-
do de su libertad, sino con la observancia de lo establecido en este artculo y en loscasos
y en la forma previstosen la ley.
2. La detencin preventiva no podr durar msdel tiempo estrictamente necesario
para la realizacin de lasaveriguacionestendentesal esclarecimiento de loshechos, y, en
todo caso, en el plazo mximo de setenta y doshoras, el detenido deber ser puesto en
libertad o a disposicin de la autoridad judicial.
3. Toda persona detenida debe ser informada de forma inmediata, y de modo que
le sea comprensible, de susderechosy de lasrazonesde su detencin, no pudiendo ser
obligada a declarar. Se garantiza la asistencia de abogado al detenido en las diligencias
policialesy judiciales, en lostrminosque la ley establezca.
4. La ley regular un procedimiento de "habeascorpus" para producir la inmediata
puesta a disposicin judicial de toda persona detenida ilegalmente. Asimismo, por ley se
determinar el plazo mximo de duracin de la prisin provisional.
Article18
1. The right of honour, personal, and family privacy and identity isguaranteed.
2. The home isinviolable. No entry or search may be made without legal authority
except with the expressconsent of the ownersor in the case of a flagrant crime.
3. Secrecy of communications, particularly regarding postal, telegraphic, and
telephone communication, isguaranteed, except for infractionsby judicial order.
4. The law shall limit the use of information, to guarantee personal and family
honour, the privacy of citizens, and the full exercise of their rights.
Article19
Spaniards have the right to freely select their residence and to travel in the national
territory.
They also havetheright to enter and leaveSpain freely under theconditionsestablished
by law. That right cannot berestricted becauseof political or ideological motives.
Article20
1. The following rightsare recognized and protected:
a) To expressand disseminate thoughtsfreely through words, writing, or any other
meansof reproduction.
b) Literary, artistic, scientific, and technical production, and creation.
c) Academic freedom.
d) To communicate or receive freely truthful information through any means of
dissemination. The law shall regulate the right to the protection of the clause on
conscience and professional secrecy in the exercise of these freedoms.
2. The exercise of these rights cannot be restricted through any type of prior
censorship.
3. The law shall regulate the organization and parliamentary control of the means
of social communication owned by the State or any public entity and shall guarantee
accessto those meansby significant social and political groups, respecting the pluralism
of society and the variouslanguagesof Spain.
4. These libertiesfind their limitation in the respect for the rightsrecognized in this
Title, in the preceptsof the lawswhich develop it and, especially, in the right to honour,
privacy, personal identity, and protection of youth and childhood.
5. The seizure of publications, recordings, or other meansof information may only
be determined by a judicial resolution.
Article21
1. The right to peaceful, unarmed assembly isrecognized. The exercise of thisright
doesnot require prior authorization.
2. In the cases of meetings in places of public transit and of manifestations prior
notification shall be given to the authorities, which can only forbid them when there are
reasonsbased on disturbancesof public order with danger for personsor property.
Article22
1. The right to association isrecognized.
Artculo 18
1. Se garantiza el derecho al honor, a la intimidad personal y familiar y a la propia
imagen.
2. El domicilio es inviolable. Ninguna entrada o registro podr hacerse en l sin
consentimiento del titular o resolucin judicial, salvo en caso de flagrante delito.
3. Se garantiza el secreto de lascomunicacionesy, en especial, de laspostales, tele-
grficasy telefnicas, salvo resolucin judicial.
4. La ley limitar el uso de la informtica para garantizar el honor y la intimidad
personal y familiar de losciudadanosy el pleno ejercicio de susderechos.
Artculo 19
Losespaolestienen derecho a elegir libremente su residencia y a circular por el terri-
torio nacional.
Asimismo, tienen derecho a entrar y salir libremente de Espaa en lostrminosque
la ley establezca. Este derecho no podr ser limitado por motivospolticoso ideolgicos.
Artculo 20
1. Se reconocen y protegen losderechos:
a) A expresar y difundir libremente lospensamientos, ideasy opinionesmediante la
palabra, el escrito o cualquier otro medio de reproduccin.
b) A la produccin y creacin literaria, artstica, cientfica y tcnica.
c) A la libertad de ctedra.
d) A comunicar o recibir libremente informacin veraz por cualquier medio de difu-
sin. La ley regular el derecho a la clusula de conciencia y al secreto profesional en el
ejercicio de estaslibertades.
2. El ejercicio deestosderechosno puederestringirsemedianteningn tipo decen-
sura previa.
3. La ley regular la organizacin y el control parlamentario delosmediosdecomu-
nicacin social dependientesdel Estado o decualquier entepblico y garantizar el acceso
a dichosmediosdelosgrupossocialesy polticossignificativos, respetando el pluralismo
dela sociedad y delasdiversaslenguasdeEspaa.
4. Estas libertades tienen su lmite en el respeto a los derechos reconocidos en este
Ttulo, en lospreceptosdelasleyesquelo desarrollen y, especialmente, en el derecho al
honor, a la intimidad, a la propia imagen y a la proteccin dela juventud y dela infancia.
5. Slo podr acordarse el secuestro de publicaciones, grabacionesy otrosmediosde
informacin en virtud de resolucin judicial.
Artculo 21
1. Se reconoce el derecho de reunin pacfica y sin armas. El ejercicio de este dere-
cho no necesitar autorizacin previa.
2. En loscasosde reunionesen lugaresde trnsito pblico y manifestacionesse dar
comunicacin previa a la autoridad, que slo podr prohibirlascuando existan razones
fundadasde alteracin del orden pblico, con peligro para personaso bienes.
Artculo 22
1. Se reconoce el derecho de asociacin.
2. Associations which pursue purposes or use methods which are classified as
crimes, are illegal.
3. Associations constituted under the provisions of this article must register for
purposesof public information only.
4. Associations may only be dissolved or their activities suspended by virtue of a
motivated judicial order.
5. Secret and paramilitary associationsare prohibited.
Article23
1. Citizens have the right to participate in public affairs, directly or through
representativesfreely elected in periodic electionsby universal suffrage.
2. They also have the right to accede, under conditions of equality, to public
functionsand positions, in accordance with the requirementsestablished by law.
Article24
1. All personshavetheright to theeffectiveprotection of thejudgesand courtsin the
exerciseof their rightsand legitimateinterests, and in no casemay therebea lack of defence.
2. Likewise, all have the right to the ordinary judge predetermined by law, to
defence and assistance of an attorney, to be informed of the accusation made against
them, to a public trial without delaysand with all the guarantees, to utilize the meansof
proof pertinent to their defence, to refrain from self-incrimination, to refrain from
pleading guilty, and to the presumption of innocence.
The law shall regulate the cases in which for reasons of family relationship or
professional secrecy it shall not be obligatory to make declarationsconcerning allegedly
criminal actions.
Article25
1. No one may be convicted or sentenced for actions or omissions which when
committed did not constitute a crime, misdemeanour, or administrative infringement as
established by legislation in force at that moment.
2. Prison sentences and security measures shall be oriented towards re-education
and social rehabilitation and may not consist of forced labour. The person sentenced to
prison shall enjoy, during his imprisonment, the fundamental rights contained in this
chapter, with the exception of those which are expressly restricted by the content of the
prison sentence, the purpose of the sentence, and the penitentiary law. In any case, he
shall have the right to remunerated work and the pertinent benefitsof Social Security, as
well asaccessto culture and the integral development of hispersonality.
3. The Civil Administration may not impose sanctionswhich directly or indirectly
imply deprivation of freedom.
Article26
Courtsof Honour are prohibited within the framework of the Civil Administration
or professional organizations.
Article27
1. Everyone hasthe right to education. Freedom of instruction isrecognized.
2. Theobjectiveof education shall bethefull development of thehuman personality
in respect for thedemocratic principlesof coexistenceand thebasic rightsand liberties.
2. Lasasociacionesque persigan fineso utilicen mediostipificadoscomo delito son
ilegales.
3. Lasasociacionesconstituidasal amparo de este artculo debern inscribirse en un
registro a lossolosefectosde publicidad.
4. Lasasociacionesslo podrn ser disueltaso suspendidasen susactividadesen vir-
tud de resolucin judicial motivada.
5. Se prohiben lasasociacionessecretasy lasde carcter paramilitar.
Artculo 23
1. Los ciudadanos tiene el derecho a participar en los asuntos pblicos, directa-
mente o por medio de representantes, libremente elegidosen eleccionesperidicaspor
sufragio universal.
2. Asimismo, tienen derecho a acceder en condicionesde igualdad a lasfuncionesy
cargospblicos, con losrequisitosque sealen lasleyes.
Artculo 24
1. Todaslaspersonastienen derecho a obtener la tutela efectiva de losjuecesy tri-
bunales en el ejercicio de sus derechos e intereses legtimos, sin que, en ningn caso,
pueda producirse indefensin.
2. Asimismo, todostienen derecho al Juez ordinario predeterminado por la ley, a la
defensa y a la asistencia de letrado, a ser informadosde la acusacin formulada contra
ellos, a un proceso pblico sin dilacionesindebidasy con todaslasgarantas, a utilizar
losmediosde prueba pertinentespara su defensa, a no declarar contra s mismos, a no
confesarse culpablesy a la presuncin de inocencia.
La ley regular loscasosen que, por razn de parentesco o de secreto profesional, no
se estar obligado a declarar sobre hechospresuntamente delictivos.
Artculo 25
1. Nadie puede ser condenado o sancionado por acciones u omisiones que en el
momento de producirse no constituyan delito, falta o infraccin administrativa, segn
la legislacin vigente en aquel momento.
2. Laspenasprivativasdelibertad y lasmedidasdeseguridad estarn orientadashacia
la reeducacin y reinsercin social y no podrn consistir en trabajosforzados. El condena-
do a pena de prisin que estuviere cumpliendo la misma gozar de los derechos funda-
mentalesdeesteCaptulo, a excepcin delosquesevean expresamentelimitadospor el
contenido del fallo condenatorio, el sentido dela pena y la ley penitenciaria. En todo caso,
tendr derecho a un trabajo remunerado y a losbeneficioscorrespondientesdela Seguridad
Social, as como al acceso a la cultura y al desarrollo integral desu personalidad.
3. La Administracin civil no podr imponer sancionesque, directa o subsidiaria-
mente, impliquen privacin de libertad.
Artculo 26
Se prohiben losTribunalesde Honor en el mbito de la Administracin civil y de las
organizacionesprofesionales.
Artculo 27
1. Todostienen el derecho a la educacin. Se reconoce la libertad de enseanza.
2. La educacin tendr por objeto el pleno desarrollo de la personalidad humana en
el respeto a losprincipiosdemocrticosde convivencia y a losderechosy libertadesfun-
damentales.
3. The public authoritiesguarantee the right which will assist parentsto have their
children receive the religiousand moral formation which isin keeping with their own
convictions.
4. Basic education isobligatory and free.
5. The public authoritiesguarantee the right of all to education
through a general educational program, with the effective participation of all the
sectorsaffected, and the creation of educational centres.
6. The freedom of physical and legal persons to create educational centres which
respect constitutional principlesisrecognized.
7. Teachers, parents, and in some cases, the students, shall participate in the control
and management of all centres maintained by the Administration with public funds,
under the termsestablished by law.
8. The public authoritiesshall inspect and standardize the educational system so as
to guarantee compliance with the laws.
9. The public authorities shall help the teaching centres which meet the
requirementsestablished by law.
10. The autonomy of universitiesisrecognized under the termsestablished by law.
Article28
1. All havetheright to unitefreely. Thelaw may limit or except from theexerciseof
thisright theArmed Forcesor Military Institutes, or theother Corpssubject to military
discipline and shall regulate the peculiarities of its exercise for political functionaries.
Union liberty includestheright to found unionsand to join theunion of oneschoice, as
well as the right of the unions to form confederations to found international union
organizationsor to join them. No onemay beforced to join a union.
2. The right of workersto strike in defence of their interestsisrecognized. The law
which regulatesthe exercise of thisright shall establish precise guaranteesto insure the
maintenance of essential servicesof the community.
Article29
1. All Spaniardsshall have the right to personal and collective petition, in writing,
in the form and with the effectsthe law shall define.
2. Members of the Armed Forces, Institutes, or the Corps subject to military
discipline, may exercise this right only individually and in accordance with the
provisionsof their specific legislation.
SECTION 2
Rightsand Dutiesof Citizens
Article30
1. Citizenshave the right and the duty to defend Spain.
2. The law shall determine the military obligationsof Spaniardsand shall regulate,
with all due guarantees, conscientious objection as well as other causes for exemption
from compulsory military service, and it may, when appropriate, impose a substitute
social service.
3. A civilian service may be established for the accomplishment of objectives of
general interest.
3. Lospoderespblicosgarantizan el derecho queasistea lospadrespara quesushijos
reciban la formacin religiosa y moral queestdeacuerdo con suspropiasconvicciones.
4. La enseanza bsica esobligatoria y gratuita.
5. Lospoderespblicosgarantizan el derecho de todosa la educacin, mediante una
programacin general de la enseanza, con participacin efectiva de todos los sectores
afectadosy la creacin de centrosdocentes.
6. Se reconoce a las personas fsicas y jurdicas la libertad de creacin de centros
docentes, dentro del respeto a losprincipiosconstitucionales.
7. Losprofesores, lospadresy, en su caso, losalumnosintervendrn en el control y
gestin de todosloscentrossostenidospor la Administracin con fondospblicos, en
lostrminosque la ley establezca.
8. Los poderes pblicos inspeccionarn y homologarn el sistema educativo para
garantizar el cumplimiento de lasleyes.
9. Lospoderespblicosayudarn a loscentrosdocentesque renan losrequisitos
que la ley establezca.
10. Se reconoce la autonoma de las Universidades, en los trminos que la ley esta-
blezca.
Artculo 28
1. Todostienen derecho a sindicarse libremente. La ley podr limitar o exceptuar el
ejercicio de este derecho a lasFuerzaso Institutosarmadoso a losdemsCuerpossome-
tidosa disciplina militar y regular laspeculiaridadesde su ejercicio para losfunciona-
riospblicos. La libertad sindical comprende el derecho a fundar sindicatosy a afiliarse
al de su eleccin, as como el derecho de lossindicatosa formar confederacionesy a for-
mar organizacionessindicalesinternacionaleso a afiliarse a lasmismas. Nadie podr ser
obligado a afiliarse a un sindicato.
2. Se reconoce el derecho a la huelga de lostrabajadorespara la defensa de susinte-
reses. La ley que regule el ejercicio de este derecho establecer lasgarantasprecisaspara
asegurar el mantenimiento de losserviciosesencialesde la comunidad.
Artculo 29
1. Todos los espaoles tendrn el derecho de peticin individual y colectiva, por
escrito, en la forma y con losefectosque determine la ley.
2. Losmiembrosde lasFuerzaso Institutosarmadoso de losCuerpossometidosa
disciplina militar podrn ejercer este derecho slo individualmente y con arreglo a lo dis-
puesto en su legislacin especfica.
SECCIN 2
Delosderechosydeberesdelosciudadanos
Artculo 30
1. Losespaolestienen el derecho y el deber de defender a Espaa.
2. La ley fijar lasobligacionesmilitaresde losespaolesy regular, con lasdebidas
garantas, la objecin de conciencia, as como lasdemscausasde exencin del servicio
militar obligatorio, pudiendo imponer, en su caso, una prestacin social sustitutoria.
3. Podr establecerseun servicio civil para el cumplimiento definesdeintersgeneral.
4. The dutiesof citizensin casesof seriousrisk, catastrophe, or public calamity may
be regulated by law.
Article31
1. Everyone shall contribute to the sustenance of public expendituresaccording to
their economic capacity through a just tax system based on the principlesof equality and
progressive taxation which in no case shall be of a confiscatory scope.
2. Public expenditure shall realize an equitable allocation of public resourcesand its
programming and execution shall be in keeping with criteria for efficiency and economy.
3. Personal or property contributions of a public nature may only be made in
accordance with the law.
Article32
1. Man and woman have the right to contract matrimony with full legal equality.
2. The law shall regulate the forms of matrimony, the age and capacity for
concluding it, the rightsand dutiesof the spouses, causesfor separation and dissolution
and their effects.
Article33
1. The right to private property and inheritance isrecognized.
2. The social function of these rightsshall determine the limitsof their content in
3. No one may be deprived of hisproperty and rightsexcept for justified cause of
public utility or social interest after proper indemnification in accordance with the
provisionsof law.
Article34
1. The right to foundation for purposes of general interest is recognized in
2. The provisionsof Article 22 2. and 4. shall also be applicable to foundations.
Article35
1. All Spaniardshave the duty to work and the right to work, to the free election of
profession or office career, to advancement through work, and to a sufficient
remuneration to satisfy their needsand those of their family, while in no case can there
be discrimination for reasonsof sex.
2. The law shall regulate a statute for workers.
Article36
The law shall regulate the peculiarities of the legal governance of the Professional
Colleges and the exercise of professions requiring academic degrees. The internal
structure and functioning of the Collegesmust be democratic.
Article37
1. The law shall guarantee the right to collective labour negotiationsbetween the
representativesof workersand employers, aswell asthe binding force of agreements.
4. Mediante ley podrn regularse losdeberesde losciudadanosen loscasosde grave
riesgo, catstrofe o calamidad pblica.
Artculo 31
1. Todos contribuirn al sostenimiento de los gastos pblicos de acuerdo con su
capacidad econmica mediante un sistema tributario justo inspirado en losprincipiosde
igualdad y progresividad que, en ningn caso, tendr alcance confiscatorio.
2. El gasto pblico realizar una asignacin equitativa de losrecursospblicos, y su
programacin y ejecucin respondern a loscriteriosde eficiencia y economa.
3. Slo podrn establecerse prestaciones personales o patrimoniales de carcter
pblico con arreglo a la ley.
Artculo 32
1. El hombre y la mujer tienen derecho a contraer matrimonio con plena igualdad
jurdica.
2. La ley regular lasformasde matrimonio, la edad y capacidad para contraerlo, los
derechosy deberesde loscnyuges, lascausasde separacin y disolucin y susefectos.
Artculo 33
1. Se reconoce el derecho a la propiedad privada y a la herencia.
2. La funcin social de estosderechosdelimitar su contenido, de acuerdo con las
leyes.
3. Nadie podr ser privado de susbienesy derechossino por causa justificada de uti-
lidad pblica o interssocial, mediante la correspondiente indemnizacin y de confor-
midad con lo dispuesto por lasleyes.
Artculo 34
1. Se reconoce el derecho de fundacin para fines de inters general, con arreglo
a la ley.
2. Regir tambin para las fundaciones lo dispuesto en los apartados 2 y 4 del
artculo 22.
Artculo 35
1. Todoslosespaolestienen el deber de trabajar y el derecho al trabajo, a la libre
eleccin de profesin u oficio, a la promocin a travsdel trabajo y a una remuneracin
suficiente para satisfacer susnecesidadesy lasde su familia, sin que en ningn caso pueda
hacerse discriminacin por razn de sexo.
2. La ley regular un estatuto de lostrabajadores.
Artculo 36
La ley regular las peculiaridades propias del rgimen jurdico de los Colegios
Profesionalesy el ejercicio de lasprofesionestituladas. La estructura interna y el funcio-
namiento de losColegiosdebern ser democrticos.
Artculo 37
1. La ley garantizar el derecho a la negociacin colectiva laboral entre losrepresen-
tantesde lostrabajadoresy empresarios, as como la fuerza vinculante de losconvenios.
2. The right of the workersand employersto adopt measuresconcerning collective
conflict is recognized. The law which shall regulate the exercise of this right, without
prejudice to the limitationsit may establish, shall include precise guaranteesto insure the
functioning of the essential servicesof the community.
Article38
Free enterprise within the framework of a market economy isrecognized. The public
authorities guarantee and protect its exercise and the defence of productivity in
accordance with the demandsof the general economy, and asthe case may be, in keeping
with planning.
CHAPTER III
Guiding Principlesof Economic and Social Policy
Article39
1. The public authoritiesshall assure the social, economic, and legal protection of
the family.
2. The public authoritiesshall assure the complete protection of children, who are
equal before the law regardlessof their parentage and regardlessof the marital statusof
their mothers. The law shall make it possible to investigate paternity.
3. Parentsmust providetheir children, born in or out of wedlock, with assistanceof
every kind during thetimethey areminorsand in other caseswhereit islegally proper.
4. Children shall enjoy the protection provided in international agreementswhich
safeguard their rights.
Article40
1. The public authorities shall promote favourable conditions for social and
economic progressand for a more equitable distribution of regional and personal income
within the framework of a policy of economic stability. Special emphasiswill be placed
on the realization of a policy aimed at full employment.
2. Likewise, the public authorities shall promote a policy which guarantees
professional training and re-adaptation, insureswork safety and hygiene, and guarantees
necessary rest through limitationson the length of the work day, paid periodic vacations,
and the promotion of suitable centres.
Article41
The public authorities shall maintain a public system of social security for all
citizens which will guarantee social assistance and services which are sufficient in cases
of need, especially in cases of unemployment. Complementary assistance and services
shall be free.
Article42
The state shall especially try to safeguard the economic and social rightsof Spanish
workersabroad and orient itspolicy toward their return.
2. Se reconoce el derecho de los trabajadores y empresarios a adoptar medidas de
conflicto colectivo. La ley que regule el ejercicio de este derecho, sin perjuicio de laslimi-
tacionesque puedan establecer, incluir lasgarantasprecisaspara asegurar el funciona-
miento de losserviciosesencialesde la comunidad.
Artculo 38
Se reconoce la libertad de empresa en el marco de la economa de mercado. Los
poderespblicosgarantizan y protegen su ejercicio y la defensa de la productividad, de
acuerdo con lasexigenciasde la economa general y, en su caso, de la planificacin.
CAPTULO TERCERO
De losPrincipiosRectoresde la Poltica Social y Econmica
Artculo 39
1. Los poderes pblicos aseguran la proteccin social, econmica y jurdica de la
familia.
2. Lospoderespblicosaseguran, asimismo, la proteccin integral de loshijos, igua-
lesstosante la ley con independencia de su filiacin, y de lasmadres, cualquiera que sea
su estado civil. La ley posibilitar la investigacin de la paternidad.
3. Los padres deben prestar asistencia de todo orden a los hijos habidos dentro o
fuera del matrimonio, durante su minora de edad y en los dems casos en que legal-
mente proceda.
4. Losniosgozarn de la proteccin prevista en losacuerdosinternacionalesque
velan por susderechos.
Artculo 40
1. Los poderes pblicos promovern las condiciones favorables para el progreso
social y econmico y para una distribucin de la renta regional y personal msequitati-
va, en el marco de una poltica de estabilidad econmica. De manera especial realizarn
una poltica orientada al pleno empleo.
2. Asimismo, lospoderespblicosfomentarn una poltica que garantice la forma-
cin y readaptacin profesionales; velarn por la seguridad e higiene en el trabajo y
garantizarn el descanso necesario, mediante la limitacin de la jornada laboral, lasvaca-
cionesperidicasretribuidasy la promocin de centrosadecuados.
Artculo 41
Los poderes pblicos mantendrn un rgimen pblico de Seguridad Social para
todoslosciudadanos, que garantice la asistencia y prestacionessocialessuficientesante
situacionesde necesidad, especialmente en caso de desempleo. La asistencia y prestacio-
nescomplementariassern libres.
Artculo 42
El Estado velar especialmente por la salvaguardia de los derechos econmicos y
sociales de los trabajadores espaoles en el extranjero y orientar su poltica hacia su
retorno.
Article43
1. The right to health protection isrecognized.
2. It isincumbent upon the public authoritiesto organize and watch over public
health and hygiene through preventive measures and through necessary care and
services. The law shall establish the rightsand dutiesof all in thisrespect.
3. The public authorities shall foster health education, physical education, and
sports. Likewise, they shall facilitate adequate utilization of leisure.
Article44
1. The public authoritiesshall promote and watch over accessto culture, to which
all have a right.
2. The public authoritiesshall promote science and scientific and technical research
for the benefit of the general interest.
Article45
1. Everyone hasthe right to enjoy an environment suitable for the development of
the person aswell asthe duty to preserve it.
2. The public authorities shall concern themselves with the rational use of all
natural resources for the purpose of protecting and improving the quality of life and
protecting and restoring the environment, supporting themselves on an indispensable
collective solidarity.
3. For those who violate the provisions of the foregoing paragraph, penal or
administrative sanctions, asapplicable, shall be established and they shall be obliged to
repair the damage caused.
Article46
The public authorities shall guarantee the preservation, and promote the
enrichment, of the historical, cultural, and artistic heritage of the peoplesof Spain and
the property that makes them up, regardless of their legal status and their ownership.
The penal law shall punish any offencesagainst thisheritage.
Article47
All Spaniards have the right to enjoy decent and adequate housing. The public
authoritiesshall promote the conditionsnecessary and establish the pertinent normsto
make this right effective, regulating the use of land in accordance with the general
interest to prevent speculation. The community shall share in the increased values
generated by urban activitiesof public bodies.
Article48
The public authorities shall promote the conditions for the free and effective
participation by the young in political, social, economic and cultural development.
Article49
The public authorities shall implement a policy of prevention, treatment,
rehabilitation, and integration of those who are physically, sensorially, or mentally
handicapped, who shall be given the special attention which they require and be afforded
special protection for the enjoyment of the rightswhich thisTitle grantsto all citizens.
Article50
To citizens in old age, the public authorities shall guarantee economic sufficiency
through adequateand periodically updated pensions. Likewise, and independently of the
Artculo 43
1. Se reconoce el derecho a la proteccin de la salud.
2. Compete a los poderes pblicos organizar y tutelar la salud pblica a travs de
medidas preventivas y de las prestaciones y servicios necesarios. La ley establecer los
derechosy deberesde todosal respecto.
3. Lospoderespblicosfomentarn la educacin sanitaria, la educacin fsica y el
deporte. Asimismo facilitarn la adecuada utilizacin del ocio.
Artculo 44
1. Lospoderespblicospromovern y tutelarn el acceso a la cultura, a la que todos
tienen derecho.
2. Lospoderespblicospromovern la ciencia y la investigacin cientfica y tcnica
en beneficio del intersgeneral.
Artculo 45
1. Todostienen el derecho a disfrutar de un medio ambiente adecuado para el desa-
rrollo de la persona, as como el deber de conservarlo.
2. Los poderes pblicos velarn por la utilizacin racional de todos los recursos
naturales, con el fin de proteger y mejorar la calidad de la vida y defender y restaurar el
medio ambiente, apoyndose en la indispensable solidaridad colectiva.
3. Para quienesviolen lo dispuesto en el apartado anterior, en lostrminosque la
ley fije se establecern sancionespenaleso, en su caso, administrativas, as como la obli-
gacin de reparar el dao causado.
Artculo 46
Lospoderespblicosgarantizarn la conservacin y promovern el enriquecimiento
del patrimonio histrico, cultural y artstico de lospueblosde Espaa y de losbienesque
lo integran, cualquiera que sea su rgimen jurdico y su titularidad. La ley penal sancio-
nar losatentadoscontra este patrimonio.
Artculo 47
Todoslosespaolestienen derecho a disfrutar deuna vivienda digna y adecuada. Los
poderes pblicos promovern las condiciones necesarias y establecern las normas perti-
nentespara hacer efectivo estederecho, regulando la utilizacin del suelo deacuerdo con
el intersgeneral para impedir la especulacin. La comunidad participar en lasplusvalas
quegenerela accin urbanstica delosentespblicos.
Artculo 48
Lospoderespblicospromovern lascondicionespara la participacin libre y eficaz
de la juventud en el desarrollo poltico, social, econmico y cultural.
Artculo 49
Lospoderespblicosrealizarn una poltica de previsin, tratamiento, rehabilitacin
e integracin de los disminuidos fsicos, sensoriales y psquicos, a los que prestarn la
atencin especializada que requieran y losampararn especialmente para el disfrute de
losderechosque este Ttulo otorga a todoslosciudadanos.
Artculo 50
Lospoderespblicosgarantizarn, mediante pensionesadecuadasy peridicamente
actualizadas, la suficiencia econmica a los ciudadanos durante la tercera edad.
Asimismo, y con independencia de lasobligacionesfamiliares, promovern su bienestar
family obligations, they shall promotetheir welfarethrough a system of social serviceswhich
shall takecareof their specific problemsof health, housing, culture, and leisure.
Article51
1. The public authoritiesshall guarantee the defence of the consumersand users,
protecting their safety, health, and legitimate economic interests through effective
procedures.
2. The public authorities shall promote the information and education of
consumersand users, foster their organizations, and hear them in those questionswhich
could affect them under the termswhich the law shall establish.
3. Within the framework of the provisions of the foregoing paragraphs, the law
shall regulate domestic commerce and the system of licensing commercial products.
Article52
The law shall regulate the professional organizationswhich contribute to the defence
of their own economic interests. Their internal structure and operation must be
democratic.
CHAPTER IV
Guaranteesof Freedom and Fundamental Rights
Article53
1. The rightsand libertiesrecognized in the second chapter of the present Title are
binding on all public authorities. Only by law, which in every case must respect their
essential content, could the exercise of such rightsand libertiesbe regulated, and they
shall be protected in accordance with the provisionsof Article 161, 1.a).
2. Any citizen may make a claim to the libertiesand rightsrecognized in Article 13
and the first Section of the Second Chapter before the regular courtsthrough a process
based on the principles of preference and speed and through the recourse before the
Constitutional Court. Thislast recourse shall be applicable to objectionsof conscience
recognized in Article 30.
3. Recognition, respect, and protection of the principles recognized in the Third
Chapter shall guide positive legislation, judicial practice and the actions by public
authorities. They may also be argued before ordinary jurisdiction through procedures
established in the lawsaffecting them.
Article54
An organic law shall regulate the institution of the Defender of the People as the
High Commissioner of the Parliament, appointed for the protection of the rights
contained in this Title, for which purpose he may supervise the activity of the
administration, informing the Parliament of it.
CHAPTER V
Suspension of Rightsand Liberties
Article55
1. The rightsrecognized in Articles17, 18 2. and 3., 19, 20 1. a) and d) and 5, 21,
28 2, and Article 37 2. may be suspended when a state of emergency or siege isdeclared
mediante un sistema de servicios sociales que atendern sus problemas especficos de
salud, vivienda, cultura y ocio.
Artculo 51
1. Lospoderespblicosgarantizarn la defensa de losconsumidoresy usuarios, pro-
tegiendo, mediante procedimientoseficaces, la seguridad, la salud y loslegtimosintere-
seseconmicosde losmismos.
2. Lospoderespblicospromovern la informacin y la educacin de losconsumi-
doresy usuarios, fomentarn susorganizacionesy oirn a stasen lascuestionesque pue-
dan afectar a aqullos, en lostrminosque la ley establezca.
3. En el marco de lo dispuesto por losapartadosanteriores, la ley regular el comer-
cio interior y el rgimen de autorizacin de productoscomerciales.
Artculo 52
La ley regular lasorganizacionesprofesionalesque contribuyan a la defensa de los
intereseseconmicosque lessean propios. Su estructura interna y funcionamiento debe-
rn ser democrticos.
CAPTULO CUARTO
De lasGarantasde lasLibertadesy DerechosFundamentales
Artculo 53
1. Losderechosy libertadesreconocidosen el Captulo segundo del presente Ttulo
vinculan a todoslospoderespblicos. Slo por ley, que en todo caso deber respetar su
contenido esencial, podr regularse el ejercicio de talesderechosy libertades, que se tute-
larn de acuerdo con lo previsto en el artculo 161, 1, a).
2. Cualquier ciudadano podr recabar la tutela de laslibertadesy derechosrecono-
cidos en el artculo 14 y la Seccin primera del Captulo segundo ante losTribunales
ordinariospor un procedimiento basado en losprincipiosde preferencia y sumariedad y,
en su caso, a travsdel recurso de amparo ante el Tribunal Constitucional. Este ltimo
recurso ser aplicable a la objecin de conciencia reconocida en el artculo 30.
3. El reconocimiento, el respeto y la proteccin de losprincipiosreconocidosen el
Captulo tercero informarn la legislacin positiva, la prctica judicial y la actuacin de
lospoderespblicos. Slo podrn ser alegadosante la Jurisdiccin ordinaria de acuerdo
con lo que dispongan lasleyesque losdesarrollen.
Artculo 54
Una ley orgnica regular la institucin del Defensor del Pueblo, como alto comi-
sionado de las Cortes Generales, designado por stas para la defensa de los derechos
comprendidos en este Ttulo, a cuyo efecto podr supervisar la actividad de la
Administracin, dando cuenta a lasCortesGenerales.
CAPTULO QUINTO
De la Suspensin de losDerechosy Libertades
Artculo 55
1. Losderechosreconocidosen losartculos17, 18, apartados2 y 3, artculos19,
20, apartados 1 a) y d), y 5, artculos 21, 28, apartado 2, y artculo 37, apartado 2,
under the termsprovided in the Constitution. Article 17 3. isexempted from that which
wasestablished previously in the event of the declaration of a state of emergency.
2. An organic law may determine the manner and the cases in which, in an
individual manner and with the necessary judicial intervention and adequate
parliamentary control, the rightsrecognized in Article 17 2. and 18 2. and 3.
may be suspended for certain personswith respect to investigationshaving to do with
the activitiesof armed bandsor terrorist elements.
The unwarranted or abusive utilization of the powersrecognized in said organic law
will result in criminal responsibility asa violation of the rightsand libertiesrecognized
by the laws.
TITLE II
TheCrown
Article56
1. The King is the Head of State, the symbol of its unity and permanence. He
arbitratesand moderatesthe regular functioning of the institutions, assumesthe highest
representation of the Spanish State in international relations, especially with the nations
of its historical community, and exercises the functions expressly attributed to him by
the Constitution and the laws.
2. Histitle isthat of King of Spain and he may use the otherswhich belong to
the Crown.
3. The person of the King isinviolable and isnot subject to responsibility. Hisacts
shall always be in the manner established in Article 64 and shall lack validity without
that countersignature, except asprovided for by Article 65 2.
Article57
1. The Crown of Spain is hereditary for the successors of H.M. Don Juan Carlos
I of Borbon, legitimate heir of the historic dynasty. Succession to the throne will
follow the regular order of primogeniture and representation, the first line always
having preference over subsequent lines; within the same line, the closer grade over
the more remote; in the same grade, the male over the female; and in the same sex,
the elder over the younger.
2. The hereditary Prince, from hisbirth or from the time he acquiresthe claim, will
have the title of Prince of Asturias and the other titles traditionally linked to the
successor to the Crown of Spain.
3. If all the linesentitled by law become extinct, the Parliament shall provide for
the succession to the crown in the manner which isbest for the interestsof Spain.
4. Those persons, who having the right to succession to the throne, contract
matrimony against the express prohibition by the King and the Parliament, shall be
excluded, along with their descendants, from succession to the Crown.
5. Abdicationsand renunciationsand any doubt in fact or in law which may occur
in the order of succession to the Crown, shall be resolved by an organic law.
podrn ser suspendidoscuando se acuerde la declaracin del estado de excepcin o de
sitio en los trminos previstos en la Constitucin. Se excepta de lo establecido ante-
riormente el apartado 3 del artculo 17 para el supuesto de declaracin de estado de
excepcin.
2. Una ley orgnica podr determinar la forma y loscasosen losque, de forma indi-
vidual y con la necesaria intervencin judicial y el adecuado control parlamentario, los
derechosreconocidosen losartculos17, apartado 2, y 18, apartados2 y 3, pueden ser
suspendidospara personasdeterminadas, en relacin con lasinvestigacionescorrespon-
dientesa la actuacin de bandasarmadaso elementosterroristas.
La utilizacin injustificada o abusiva de lasfacultadesreconocidasen dicha ley org-
nica producir responsabilidad penal, como violacin de losderechosy libertadesreco-
nocidospor lasleyes.
TITULO II
Dela Corona
Artculo 56
1. El Rey esel Jefe del Estado, smbolo de su unidad y permanencia, arbitra y mode-
ra el funcionamiento regular de las instituciones, asume la ms alta representacin del
Estado espaol en las relaciones internacionales, especialmente con las naciones de su
comunidad histrica, y ejerce las funciones que le atribuyen expresamente la
Constitucin y lasleyes.
2. Su ttulo esel de Rey de Espaa y podr utilizar losdemsque correspondan a la
Corona.
3. La persona del Rey esinviolable y no est sujeta a responsabilidad. Susactosesta-
rn siempre refrendadosen la forma establecida en el artculo 64, careciendo de validez
sin dicho refrendo, salvo lo dispuesto en el artculo 65,2.
Artculo 57
1. La Corona de Espaa eshereditaria en lossucesoresde S. M. Don Juan CarlosI
de Borbn, legtimo heredero de la dinasta histrica. La sucesin en el trono seguir el
orden regular de primogenitura y representacin, siendo preferida siempre la lnea ante-
rior a las posteriores; en la misma lnea, el grado ms prximo al ms remoto; en el
mismo grado, el varn a la mujer, y en el mismo sexo, la persona de msedad a la de
menos.
2. El Prncipe heredero, desde su nacimiento o desde que se produzca el hecho que
origine el llamamiento, tendr la dignidad de Prncipe de Asturias y los dems ttulos
vinculadostradicionalmente al sucesor de la Corona de Espaa.
3. Extinguidastodaslaslneasllamadasen Derecho, lasCortesGeneralesproveern
a la sucesin en la Corona en la forma que msconvenga a losinteresesde Espaa.
4. Aquellas personas que teniendo derecho a la sucesin en el trono contrajeren
matrimonio contra la expresa prohibicin del Rey y de lasCortesGenerales, quedarn
excluidasen la sucesin a la Corona por s y susdescendientes.
5. Lasabdicacionesy renunciasy cualquier duda de hecho o de derecho que ocurra
en el orden de sucesin a la Corona se resolvern por una ley orgnica.
Article58
The Queen consort or the consort of the Queen may not assume constitutional
functionsexcept asprovided for by the Regency.
Article59
1. When the King is a minor, the Kings father or mother, in their absence the
oldest relative closest to succession to the Crown pursuant to the order established by the
Constitution, shall immediately exercise the Regency during the Kingsminority.
2. If the King becomesincapable of exercising hisauthority and thisincapacity is
recognized by the Parliament, the Prince heir to the Crown shall immediately begin to
exercise the Regency if he isof age. If he isnot, the procedure outlined in the previous
paragraph will be adhered to until the Prince heir reachesadulthood.
3. If there isno person who can exercise the Regency, it shall be appointed by the
Parliament and shall be composed of one, three, or five persons.
4. In order to exercise the Regency, it isnecessary to be Spanish and of age.
5. The Regency shall be exercised through constitutional mandate and always in
the name of the King.
Article60
1. The tutor of the King who isa minor shall be the person named in the will by
the deceased King provided that he is an adult and a Spaniard by birth. If he is not
named, the father or the mother shall be the tutor aslong asthey remain widowed. In
their absence, the Parliament shall appoint someone, but the positions of Regent and
tutor may not be held by the same person except in the case of the father, mother, or
direct ascendantsof the King.
2. The exercise of the tutorship isalso incompatible with the exercise of any office
of political representation.
Article61
1. The King, on being proclaimed before the Parliament, will swear to faithfully
carry out hisfunctions, to obey the Constitution and the lawsand ensure that they are
obeyed, and to respect the rightsof citizensand the AutonomousCommunities.
2. The Prince heir, when coming of age, and the Regent or Regents when they
assume their functions, will swear the same oath aswell asthat of loyalty to the King.
Article62
It isincumbent upon the King:
a) To approve and promulgate laws.
b) To convoke and dissolve the Parliament and to call elections under the terms
provided for in the Constitution.
c) To convoke a referendum in the casesprovided for in the Constitution.
d) To propose the candidate for the President of the Government and to appoint
him, or when required, to terminate his functions under the terms provided in the
Constitution.
e) To appoint and dismissthe membersof the Government at the proposal of its
President.
Artculo 58
La Reina consorte o el consorte de la Reina no podrn asumir funciones constitu-
cionales, salvo lo dispuesto para la Regencia.
Artculo 59
1. Cuando el Rey fuere menor de edad, el padre o la madre del Rey y, en su defecto,
el pariente mayor de edad msprximo a suceder en la Corona, segn el orden estable-
cido en la Constitucin, entrar a ejercer inmediatamente la Regencia y la ejercer
durante el tiempo de la minora de edad del Rey.
2. Si el Rey se inhabilitare para el ejercicio de su autoridad y la imposibilidad fuere
reconocida por las Cortes Generales, entrar a ejercer inmediatamente la Regencia el
Prncipe heredero de la Corona, si fuere mayor de edad. Si no lo fuere, se proceder de
la manera prevista en el apartado anterior, hasta que el Prncipe heredero alcance la
mayora de edad.
3. Si no hubiere ninguna persona a quien corresponda la Regencia, sta ser nom-
brada por lasCortesGenerales, y se compondr de una, treso cinco personas.
4. Para ejercer la Regencia espreciso ser espaol y mayor de edad.
5. La Regencia se ejercer por mandato constitucional y siempre en nombre del Rey.
Artculo 60
1. Ser tutor del Rey menor la persona que en su testamento hubiese nombrado el
Rey difunto, siempre que sea mayor de edad y espaol de nacimiento; si no lo hubiese
nombrado, ser tutor el padre o la madre mientraspermanezcan viudos. En su defecto,
lo nombrarn lasCortesGenerales, pero no podrn acumularse loscargosde Regente y
de tutor sino en el padre, madre o ascendientesdirectosdel Rey.
2. El ejercicio de la tutela es tambin incompatible con el de todo cargo o repre-
sentacin poltica.
Artculo 61
1. El Rey, al ser proclamado ante las Cortes Generales, prestar juramento de
desempear fielmente sus funciones, guardar y hacer guardar la Constitucin y las
leyes y respetar los derechos de los ciudadanos y de las Comunidades Autnomas.
2. El Prncipe heredero, al alcanzar la mayora de edad, y el Regente o Regentesal
hacerse cargo de susfunciones, prestarn el mismo juramento, as como el de fidelidad
al Rey.
Artculo 62
Corresponde al Rey:
a) Sancionar y promulgar lasleyes.
b) Convocar y disolver lasCortesGeneralesy convocar eleccionesen lostrminos
previstosen la Constitucin.
c) Convocar a referndum en loscasosprevistosen la Constitucin.
d) Proponer el candidato a Presidente del Gobierno y, en su caso, nombrarlo, as
como poner fin a susfuncionesen lostrminosprevistosen la Constitucin.
e) Nombrar y separar a losmiembrosdel Gobierno, a propuesta de su Presidente.
f) To issue the decrees approved in the Council of Ministers, confer civilian and
military positions, and award honoursand distinctionsin accordance with the law.
g) To be informed of the affairs of state and for this purpose preside over the
sessionsof the Council of Ministerswhen he deemsit appropriate at the request of the
President of the Government.
h) To exercise supreme command of the Armed Forces.
i) To exercise the right of clemency pursuant to a law, which cannot authorize
general pardons.
j) To be the High Patron of the Royal Academies.
Article63
1. The King accredits ambassadors and other diplomatic representatives. Foreign
representativesin Spain are accredited before him.
2. It isincumbent on the King to expressthe consent of the State to obligate itself
internationally through treatiesin conformity with the Constitution and the laws.
3. It isincumbent on the King, after authorization by the Parliament, to declare war
and make peace.
Article64
1. The actions of the King shall be countersigned by the President of the
Government and, when appropriate, by the competent ministers. The nomination and
appointment of the President of the Government and the dissolution provided for in
Article 93 shall be countersigned by the President of the House of Representatives.
2. The personswho countersign the actsof the King shall be responsible for them.
Article65
1. The King receivesan overall amount from the State budget for the maintenance
of hisFamily and Household and disposesit freely.
2. The King freely appoints and relieves the civilian and military members of his
Household.
TITLE III
Parliament
CHAPTER I
Chambers
Article66
1. The Parliament represents the Spanish people and is formed by the House of
Representativesand the Senate.
2. The Parliament exercisesthe legislative power of the State, approvesitsbudgets,
controlsthe action of the Government, and hasthe other competencesassigned by the
Constitution.
3. The Parliament isinviolable.
Article67
1. No one may be a member of the two Chamberssimultaneously nor be a member
of an AutonomousCommunity Assembly and a Deputy to the House of Representatives
at the same time.
f) Expedir losdecretosacordadosen el Consejo de Ministros, conferir losempleos
civilesy militaresy conceder honoresy distincionescon arreglo a lasleyes.
g) Ser informado de los asuntos de Estado y presidir, a estos efectos, las sesiones
del Consejo de Ministros, cuando lo estime oportuno, a peticin del Presidente del
Gobierno.
h) El mando supremo de lasFuerzasArmadas.
i) Ejercer el derecho de gracia con arreglo a la ley, que no podr autorizar indultos
generales.
j) El Alto Patronazgo de lasRealesAcademias.
Artculo 63
1. El Rey acredita a losembajadoresy otrosrepresentantesdiplomticos. Losrepre-
sentantesextranjerosen Espaa estn acreditadosante l.
2. Al Rey corresponde manifestar el consentimiento del Estado para obligarse inter-
nacionalmente por medio de tratados, de conformidad con la Constitucin y lasleyes.
3. Al Rey corresponde, previa autorizacin delasCortesGenerales, declarar la guerra
y hacer la paz.
Artculo 64
1. Losactosdel Rey sern refrendadospor el Presidente del Gobierno y, en su caso,
por los Ministros competentes. La propuesta y el nombramiento del Presidente del
Gobierno, y la disolucin prevista en el artculo 99, sern refrendadospor el Presidente
del Congreso.
2. De losactosdel Rey sern responsableslaspersonasque losrefrenden.
Artculo 65
1. El Rey recibe de losPresupuestosdel Estado una cantidad global para el sosteni-
miento de su Familia y Casa, y distribuye libremente la misma.
2. El Rey nombra y releva libremente a losmiembroscivilesy militaresde su Casa.
TITULO III
Delas Cortes Generales
CAPTULO PRIMERO
De lasCmaras
Artculo 66
1. Las Cortes Generales representan al pueblo espaol y estn formadas por el
Congreso de losDiputadosy el Senado.
2. Las Cortes Generales ejercen la potestad legislativa del Estado, aprueban sus
Presupuestos, controlan la accin del Gobierno y tienen lasdemscompetenciasque les
atribuya la Constitucin.
3. LasCortesGeneralesson inviolables.
Artculo 67
1. Nadie podr ser miembro de lasdosCmarassimultneamente, ni acumular el
acta de una Asamblea de Comunidad Autnoma con la de Diputado al Congreso.
2. The membersof the Parliament are not bound by an imperative mandate.
3. The meetings of parliamentarians, which are held without the regulatory
convocation, shall not be binding on the Chambers and they may not exercise their
functionsnor exercise their privileges.
Article68
1. The House of Representatives is composed of a minimum of 300 and a
maximum of 400 Deputieselected by universal, free, equal, direct, and secret suffrage
under the termsestablished by law.
2. The electoral district is the province. The cities of Ceuta and Melilla shall be
represented by one deputy each. The law shall distribute the total number of deputies,
assigning a minimum initial representation to each district and distributing the
remainder in proportion to the population.
3. The election in each district shall be conducted in keeping with the criteria of
proportional representation.
4. The House of Representativesiselected for four years. The term of deputiesends
four yearsafter their election or on the day of the dissolution of the Chamber.
5. All Spaniardswho have full use of their political rightsare votersand eligible for
office.
The law recognizes, and the State shall facilitate, the exercise of the right to vote of
Spaniardswho are outside the territory of Spain.
6. Electionswill take place between thirty and sixty daysafter the termination of
the mandate. The elected House of Representatives must be convoked within twenty-
five daysafter the holding of elections.
Article69
1. The Senate isthe chamber of territorial representation.
2. In each province, four senatorswill beelected by universal, free, equal, direct, and
secret suffrageby thevotersof each of them under thetermsestablished by an organic law.
3. In the island provinces, each island or grouping of them with a representation or
insular council shall be a voting district for the purposesof the election of senators, three
of them going to each of the major islandsGrand Canary, Majorca, and Tenerife and
one each to the following islands or groupings: Ibiza-Formentera, Minorca,
Fuerteventura, Gomera, Hierro, Lanzarote, and La Palma.
4. The citiesof Ceuta and Melilla shall elect two senatorseach.
5. The Autonomous Communities shall also designate one senator and one
additional senator for each million inhabitants in their respective territories. The
designation shall be made by the legislative assembly, or in its absence, by the higher
collective body of the Autonomous Community pursuant to the provisions of the
Statutes, which in any case, shall insure adequate proportional representation.
6. The Senate iselected for four years. The term of the senatorsshall end four years
after their election or on the day of the dissolution of the Chamber.
Article70
1. The electoral law shall determine the reasonsfor ineligibility and incompatibility
of Deputiesand Senators, which shall include in any case:
2. LosmiembrosdelasCortesGeneralesno estarn ligadospor mandato imperativo.
3. LasreunionesdeParlamentariosquesecelebren sin convocatoria reglamentaria no
vincularn a lasCmaras, y no podrn ejercer susfuncionesni ostentar susprivilegios.
Artculo 68
1. El Congreso se compone de un mnimo de 300 y un mximo de 400 Diputados,
elegidospor sufragio universal, libre, igual, directo y secreto, en lostrminosque esta-
blezca la ley.
2. La circunscripcin electoral esla provincia. Laspoblacionesde Ceuta y Melilla
estarn representadas cada una de ellas por un Diputado. La ley distribuir el nmero
total de Diputados, asignando una representacin mnima inicial a cada circunscripcin
y distribuyendo losdemsen proporcin a la poblacin.
3. La eleccin se verificar en cada circunscripcin atendiendo a criteriosde repre-
sentacin proporcional.
4. El Congreso es elegido por cuatro aos. El mandato de los Diputados termina
cuatro aosdespusde su eleccin o el da de la disolucin de la Cmara.
5. Son electoresy elegiblestodoslosespaolesque estn en pleno uso de susdere-
chospolticos.
La ley reconocer y el Estado facilitar el ejercicio del derecho de sufragio a losespa-
olesque se encuentren fuera del territorio de Espaa.
6. Laseleccionestendrn lugar entre lostreinta dasy sesenta dasdesde la termi-
nacin del mandato. El Congreso electo deber ser convocado dentro de losveinticinco
dassiguientesa la celebracin de laselecciones.
Artculo 69
1. El Senado esla Cmara de representacin territorial.
2. En cada provincia se elegirn cuatro Senadorespor sufragio universal, libre, igual,
directo y secreto por losvotantesde cada una de ellas, en lostrminosque seale una ley
orgnica.
3. En lasprovinciasinsulares, cada isla o agrupacin de ellas, con Cabildo o Consejo
Insular, constituir una circunscripcin a efectos de eleccin de Senadores, correspon-
diendo tresa cada una de lasislasmayoresGran Canaria, Mallorca y Tenerife y uno a
cada una de las siguientes islas o agrupaciones: Ibiza-Formentera, Menorca,
Fuerteventura, Gomera, Hierro, Lanzarote y La Palma.
4. Laspoblacionesde Ceuta y Melilla elegirn cada una de ellasdosSenadores.
5. Las Comunidades Autnomas designarn adems un Senador y otro ms por
cada milln de habitantesde su respectivo territorio. La designacin corresponder a la
Asamblea legislativa o, en su defecto, al rgano colegiado superior de la Comunidad
Autnoma, de acuerdo con lo que establezcan los Estatutos, que asegurarn, en todo
caso, la adecuada representacin proporcional.
6. El Senado eselegido por cuatro aos. El mandato delosSenadorestermina cuatro
aosdespusde su eleccin o el da de la disolucin de la Cmara.
Artculo 70
1. La ley electoral determinar lascausasde inelegibilidad e incompatibilidad de los
Diputadosy Senadores, que comprendern, en todo caso:
a) The membersof the Constitutional Court.
b) The high officers of the State Administration, as determined by law, with the
exception of the membersof the Government.
c) The Defender of the People.
d) The Magistrates, Judges, and Prosecutorson active duty.
e) The professional military and membersof the Armed Forces, Corpsof Security,
and Police on active duty.
f) The membersof the Electoral Commissions.
2. The validity of the recordsand credentialsof the membersof both Chambers
shall be subject to judicial control under the termsto be established by the electoral law.
Article71
1. The Deputiesand Senatorsenjoy indemnity for the opinionsexpressed during
the exercise of their functions.
2. During the period of their mandate, the Deputiesand Senatorsenjoy immunity
and may only be arrested in case of flagrant crime. They may not be indicted or tried
without prior authorization of the respective Chamber.
3. In actionsagainst Deputiesand Senators, the Criminal Section of the Supreme
Court shall be competent.
4. The Deputiesand Senatorsshall receive a remuneration which shall be fixed by
the respective Chamber.
Article72
1. The Chambersestablish their own regulations, autonomously approve their own
budgets, and by common accord regulate the Personnel Statute of the Parliament. The
Regulationsand their reform shall be submitted to a final voting in their entirety which
shall require an absolute majority.
2. The Chamberselect their respective Presidentsand the other membersof their
committees. Joint sessions shall be presided over by the President of the House of
Representativesand shall be governed by a Regulation of the Parliament approved by an
absolute majority of each Chamber.
3. The Presidents of the Chambers will exercise in their name all administrative
powersand police authority in the interior of their respective Chambers.
Article73
1. The Chambersshall meet annually in two ordinary periodsof sessions, the first
from September to December and the second from February to June.
2. The Chambersmay meet in extraordinary periodsof sessionsat the request of
the Government, the Permanent Deputation, or by the absolute majority of the
membersof either of the two Chambers. The extraordinary periodsof sessionsmust be
convoked with a specific agenda and shall be closed once it hasbeen dealt with.
Article74
1. The Chambers shall meet in joint sessions to exercise the non-legislative
competenceswhich Title II expressly authorizesfor the Parliament.
a) A loscomponentesdel Tribunal Constitucional.
b) A losaltoscargosde la Administracin del Estado que determine la ley, con la
excepcin de losmiembrosdel Gobierno.
c) Al Defensor del Pueblo.
d) A losMagistrados, Juecesy Fiscalesen activo.
e) A losmilitaresprofesionalesy miembrosde lasFuerzasy Cuerposde Seguridad
y Polica en activo.
f) A losmiembrosde lasJuntasElectorales.
2. La validez de lasactasy credencialesde losmiembrosde ambasCmarasestar
sometida al control judicial, en lostrminosque establezca la ley electoral.
Artculo 71
1. LosDiputadosy Senadoresgozarn de inviolabilidad por la opinionesmanifes-
tadasen el ejercicio de susfunciones.
2. Durante el perodo de su mandato losDiputadosy Senadoresgozarn asimismo
de inmunidad y slo podrn ser detenidos en caso de flagrante delito. No podrn ser
inculpadosni procesadossin la previa autorizacin de la Cmara respectiva.
3. En lascausascontra Diputadosy Senadoresser competente la Sala de lo Penal
del Tribunal Supremo.
4. LosDiputadosy Senadorespercibirn una asignacin que ser fijada por lasres-
pectivasCmaras.
Artculo 72
1. LasCmarasestablecen suspropiosReglamentos, aprueban autnomamente sus
presupuestos y, de comn acuerdo, regulan el Estatuto del Personal de las Cortes
Generales. LosReglamentosy su reforma sern sometidosa una votacin final sobre su
totalidad, que requerir la mayora absoluta.
2. Las Cmaras eligen sus respectivos Presidentes y los dems miembros de sus
Mesas. Lassesionesconjuntassern presididaspor el Presidente del Congreso y se regi-
rn por un Reglamento de lasCortesGeneralesaprobado por mayora absoluta de cada
Cmara.
3. LosPresidentesde lasCmarasejercen en nombre de lasmismastodoslospode-
resadministrativosy facultadesde polica en el interior de susrespectivassedes.
Artculo 73
1. Las Cmaras se reunirn anualmente en dos perodos ordinarios de sesiones: el
primero, de septiembre a diciembre, y el segundo de febrero a junio.
2. LasCmaraspodrn reunirse en sesionesextraordinariasa peticin del Gobierno,
de la Diputacin Permanente o de la mayora absoluta de losmiembrosde cualquiera de
las Cmaras. Las sesiones extraordinarias debern convocarse sobre un orden del da
determinado y sern clausuradasuna vez que ste haya sido agotado.
Artculo 74
1. Las Cmaras se reunirn en sesin conjunta para ejercer las competencias no
legislativasque el Ttulo II atribuye expresamente a lasCortesGenerales.
2. The decisionsof the Parliament specified in Articles94 1., 145 2., and 158 2.
shall be adopted by the majority of each of the Chambers. In the first case, the procedure
shall be initiated by the House of Representatives, in the other two casesby the Senate.
In both cases, if there isno agreement between Senate and the House of Representatives,
an attempt will be made to obtain it by a mixed Commission composed of an equal
number of Deputiesand Senators. The Commission presentsa text which shall be voted
upon by both Chambers. If it is not approved in the established form, the House of
Representativesshall decide by an absolute majority.
Article75
1. The Chambersshall work in plenary sessionsand in Commissions.
2. The Chambers may delegate to the Permanent Legislative Commissions the
approval of billsor proposalsof law. Theplenary session, however, may at any timerequire
debateand voting on any bill or proposal of law which hasbeen theobject of thisdelegation.
3. Excluded from the provisions of the foregoing paragraph are constitutional
reform, international affairs, organic and basic laws, and the General Budget.
Article76
1. The House of Representativesand the Senate, and if necessary both Chambers
jointly, may appoint investigating Commissionson any subject of public interest. Their
conclusionsshall not be binding on the courtsnor will they affect judicial decisions, but
they may be transmitted to the Public Prosecutor for the exercise of the necessary actions
when required.
2. Appearance before the Chambers on request shall be obligatory. The law shall
regulate the sanctionswhich may be imposed for non-compliance with thisobligation.
Article77
1. The Chambersmay receive individual and collective petitions, alwaysin writing,
while direct presentation by citizensisprohibited.
2. The Chambers may forward to the Government the petitions they receive. The
Government isobliged to explain itself on thecontentswhenever theChambersso request.
Article78
1. In each Chamber, there shall be a Permanent Deputation composed of a
minimum of twenty-on members who shall represent the parliamentary groups in
proportion to their numerical importance.
2. The Permanent Deputations shall be presided over by the President of the
respective Chamber, they shall have those functions listed in Article 73, they shall
assume the authority of the Chambersaccording to Articles86 and 116 in the case that
the Chambershave been dissolved or their term expired, and they shall maintain a watch
over the powersof the Chamberswhen they are not in session.
3. On the expiration of the mandate or in case of dissolution, the Permanent
Deputations shall continue to exercise its functions until the constitution of new
Parliament.
4. When a Chamber meets, itsPermanent Deputation shall give an account of the
mattersdealt with and of itsdecisions.
2. Las decisiones de las Cortes Generales previstas en los artculos 94.1, 145.2 y
158.2, se adoptarn por mayora de cada una de lasCmaras. En el primer caso, el pro-
cedimiento se iniciar por el Congreso, y en los otros dos, por el Senado. En ambos
casos, si no hubiera acuerdo entre Senado y Congreso, se intentar obtener por una
Comisin Mixta compuesta de igual nmero de Diputadosy Senadores. La Comisin
presentar un texto que ser votado por ambasCmaras. Si no se aprueba en la forma
establecida, decidir el Congreso por mayora absoluta.
Artculo 75
1. LasCmarasfuncionarn en Pleno y por Comisiones.
2. LasCmaraspodrn delegar en lasComisionesLegislativasPermanentesla apro-
bacin de proyectoso proposicionesde ley. El Pleno podr, no obstante, recabar en cual-
quier momento el debate y votacin de cualquier proyecto o proposicin de ley que haya
sido objeto de esta delegacin.
3. Quedan exceptuadosde lo dispuesto en el apartado anterior la reforma constitu-
cional, las cuestiones internacionales, las leyes orgnicas y de bases y los Presupuestos
Generalesdel Estado.
Artculo 76
1. El Congreso y el Senado, y, en su caso, ambasCmarasconjuntamente, podrn
nombrar Comisiones de investigacin sobre cualquier asunto de inters pblico. Sus
conclusiones no sern vinculantes para los Tribunales, ni afectarn a las resoluciones
judiciales, sin perjuicio de que el resultado de la investigacin sea comunicado al
Ministerio Fiscal para el ejercicio, cuando proceda, de lasaccionesoportunas.
2. Ser obligatorio comparecer a requerimiento de lasCmaras. La ley regular las
sancionesque puedan imponerse por incumplimiento de esta obligacin.
Artculo 77
1. Las Cmaras pueden recibir peticiones individuales y colectivas, siempre por
escrito, quedando prohibida la presentacin directa por manifestacionesciudadanas.
2. LasCmaraspueden remitir al Gobierno laspeticionesque reciban. El Gobierno
est obligado a explicarse sobre su contenido, siempre que lasCmaraslo exijan.
Artculo 78
1. En cada Cmara habr una Diputacin Permanente compuesta por un mnimo
de veintin miembros, que representarn a losgruposparlamentarios, en proporcin a
su importancia numrica.
2. LasDiputacionesPermanentesestarn presididaspor el Presidente de la Cmara
respectiva y tendrn como funcionesla prevista en el artculo 73, la de asumir lasfacul-
tadesque correspondan a lasCmaras, de acuerdo con losartculos86 y 116, en caso de
que stas hubieren sido disueltas o hubiere expirado su mandato y la de velar por los
poderesde lasCmarascuando stasno estn reunidas.
3. Expirado el mandato o en caso de disolucin, las Diputaciones Permanentes
seguirn ejerciendo susfuncioneshasta la constitucin de lasnuevasCortesGenerales.
4. Reunida la Cmara correspondiente, la Diputacin Permanente dar cuenta de
losasuntostratadosy de susdecisiones.
Article79
1. In order to adopt agreements, the Chambersmust be in a regular session with
the attendance of the majority of their members.
2. In order to be valid, such agreementsmust be approved by the majority of the
memberspresent, without prejudice to the special majoritieswhich may be established
by the Constitution or the organic lawsor the Regulationsestablished by the Chambers
for the election of persons.
3. The vote of the Senatorsand Deputiesispersonal and cannot be delegated.
Article80
The plenary sessions of the Chambers shall be public except when there is an
agreement against it in each Chamber, an agreement which must be arrived at by an
absolute majority or by a change in the Regulations.
CHAPTER II
Preparation of Laws
Article81
1. Organic lawsare those relative to the exercise of fundamental rightsand public
liberties, those approved by the Statutesof Autonomy and the general electoral system,
and the othersprovided for in the Constitution.
2. The approval, modification, or repeal of organic laws shall require an absolute
majority of the House of Representativesin a final vote on the entire bill.
Article82
1. The Parliament may delegate to the Government the power to set normswith
the statuslaw on specific mattersnot included in the previousarticle.
2. Legislative delegation must be granted by meansof a basic law when itsobjective
isthe formation of articled textsor by an ordinary law when it isa matter of arranging
several legal textsinto a single one.
3. Legislative delegation must be granted to the Government in an expressform for
a concrete matter and with the establishment of a period for itsexercise. The delegation
becomes void when the Government has made use of it after the publication of the
corresponding law. Such delegation cannot be understood to be granted implicitly or for
an indefinite period. The sub-delegation to different authorities, even within the
Government itself, isnot permitted.
4. The basic lawsshall precisely limit the object and scope of legislative delegation
and the principlesand criteria which must be followed in itsexercise.
5. Authorization for the consolidation of legal textsshall define the normative scope
to which the content of the delegation referred, specifying whether it shall be limited to
the mere formulation into a unified text or whether it includesregulation, clarification,
and harmonization of the legal textswhich are to be recast.
6. Without prejudice to the proper competence of the Courts, the laws on
delegation may establish additional formulasfor control in each case.
Article83
Basic lawsmay in no case do the following:
Artculo 79
1. Para adoptar acuerdos, las Cmaras deben estar reunidas reglamentariamente y
con asistencia de la mayora de susmiembros.
2. Dichos acuerdos, para ser vlidos, debern ser aprobados por la mayora de los
miembros presentes, sin perjuicio de las mayoras especiales que establezcan la
Constitucin o las leyes orgnicas y las que para eleccin de personas establezcan los
Reglamentosde lasCmaras.
3. El voto de Senadoresy Diputadosespersonal e indelegable.
Artculo 80
Lassesionesplenariasde lasCmarassern pblicas, salvo acuerdo en contrario de
cada Cmara, adoptado por mayora absoluta o con arreglo al Reglamento.
CAPTULO SEGUNDO
De la Elaboracin de lasLeyes
Artculo 81
1. Son leyesorgnicaslasrelativasal desarrollo de losderechosfundamentalesy de
laslibertadespblicas, lasque aprueben losEstatutosde Autonoma y el rgimen electo-
ral general y lasdemsprevistasen la Constitucin.
2. La aprobacin, modificacin o derogacin de lasleyesorgnicasexigir mayora
absoluta del Congreso, en una votacin final sobre el conjunto del proyecto.
Artculo 82
1. LasCortesGeneralespodrn delegar en el Gobierno la potestad de dictar normas
con rango de ley sobre materiasdeterminadasno incluidasen el artculo anterior.
2. La delegacin legislativa deber otorgarse mediante una ley de basescuando su
objeto sea la formacin de textosarticuladoso por una ley ordinaria cuando se trate de
refundir variostextoslegalesen uno solo.
3. La delegacin legislativa habr de otorgarse al Gobierno de forma expresa para
materia concreta y con fijacin del plazo para su ejercicio. La delegacin se agota por el
uso que de ella haga el Gobierno mediante la publicacin de la norma correspondiente.
No podr entenderse concedida de modo implcito o por tiempo indeterminado.
Tampoco podr permitir la subdelegacin a autoridadesdistintasdel propio Gobierno.
4. Lasleyesde basesdelimitarn con precisin el objeto y alcance de la delegacin
legislativa y losprincipiosy criteriosque han de seguirse en su ejercicio.
5. La autorizacin para refundir textos legales determinar el mbito normativo a
que se refiere el contenido de la delegacin, especificando si se circunscribe a la mera for-
mulacin de un texto nico o si se incluye la de regularizar, aclarar y armonizar lostex-
toslegalesque han de ser refundidos.
6. Sin perjuicio de la competencia propia de losTribunales, lasleyesde delegacin
podrn establecer en cada caso frmulasadicionalesde control.
Artculo 83
Lasleyesde basesno podrn en ningn caso:
a) Authorize the modification of the basic laws.
b) Make provision for the enactment of normswith retroactive character.
Article84
When a proposed law or an amendment iscontrary to a valid legislative delegation,
the Government may oppose its processing. In such a case, a law proposal may be
presented for the total or partial abolishment of the law on delegation.
Article85
The dispositionsof the Government containing delegated legislation shall receive the
title of Legislative Decrees.
Article86
1. In the case of extraordinary and urgent necessity, the Government may issue
provisional legislative decisionswhich shall take the form of decree-lawsand which may
not affect the regulation of the basic institution of the State, the rights, duties, and
liberties of the citizens which are regulated in Title I, the systems of Autonomous
Communities, or the general electoral Law.
2. The Decree-lawsmust be immediately submitted for debate and voting by the
entire House of Representatives of Deputies convoked for that purpose, if it is not
already in session, within a period of thirty daysafter their promulgation. The House of
Representatives must expressly declare within that period its approval or repeal, for
which purpose the Regulation shall establish a special and summary procedure.
3. During the period established in the foregoing paragraph, the Parliament may
treat them asdraft lawsby emergency procedure.
Article87
1. Legislative initiative belongsto the Government, the House of Representatives,
and the Senate, according to the Constitution and the regulationsof the Chambers.
2. The Assembliesof the AutonomousCommunitiesmay request the Government
to adopt a bill or send to the Board of the House of Representativesa proposal of law,
delegating a maximum of three membersof their Assembly to that Chamber to defend it.
3. An organic law shall regulate the formsand requirementsfor the exercise of the
popular initiative for the presentation of proposals of law. In any case no fewer than
500,000 valid signatures will be required. This initiative is not applicable to organic
laws, taxation, or international affairs, or to the prerogative of pardon.
Article88
Billsshall be approved in the Council of Ministers, which shall submit them to the
House of Representatives accompanied by an exposition of the motives and the
antecedentswhich are necessary for action.
Article89
1. The processing of proposalsof law shall be regulated by the Regulationsof the
Chamberswithout the priority due to billsimpeding the exercise of legislative initiative
under the termsregulated by Article 87.
a) Autorizar la modificacin de la propia ley de bases.
b) Facultar para dictar normascon carcter retroactivo.
Artculo 84
Cuando una proposicin de ley o una enmienda fuere contraria a una delegacin
legislativa en vigor, el Gobierno est facultado para oponerse a su tramitacin. En tal
supuesto, podr presentarse una proposicin de ley para la derogacin total o parcial de
la ley de delegacin.
Artculo 85
Lasdisposicionesdel Gobierno que contengan legislacin delegada recibirn el ttu-
lo de DecretosLegislativos.
Artculo 86
1. En caso de extraordinaria y urgente necesidad, el Gobierno podr dictar disposi-
cioneslegislativasprovisionalesque tomarn la forma de Decretos-leyesy que no podrn
afectar al ordenamiento de lasinstitucionesbsicasdel Estado, a losderechos, deberesy
libertades de los ciudadanos regulados en el Ttulo I, al rgimen de las Comunidades
Autnomasni al Derecho electoral general.
2. LosDecretos-leyesdebern ser inmediatamente sometidosa debate y votacin de
totalidad al Congreso de losDiputados, convocado al efecto si no estuviere reunido, en
el plazo de lostreinta dassiguientesa su promulgacin. El Congreso habr de pronun-
ciarse expresamente dentro de dicho plazo sobre su convalidacin o derogacin, para lo
cual el reglamento establecer un procedimiento especial y sumario.
3. Duranteel plazo establecido en el apartado anterior, lasCortespodrn tramitarlos
como proyectosde ley por el procedimiento de urgencia.
Artculo 87
1. La iniciativa legislativa corresponde al Gobierno, al Congreso y al Senado, de
acuerdo con la Constitucin y losReglamentosde lasCmaras.
2. LasAsambleasde lasComunidadesAutnomaspodrn solicitar del Gobierno la
adopcin de un proyecto de ley o remitir a la Mesa del Congreso una proposicin de ley,
delegando ante dicha Cmara un mximo de tresmiembrosde la Asamblea encargados
de su defensa.
3. Una ley orgnica regular lasformasde ejercicio y requisitosde la iniciativa popu-
lar para la presentacin de proposiciones de ley. En todo caso se exigirn no menos de
500.000 firmasacreditadas. No proceder dicha iniciativa en materiaspropiasde ley org-
nica, tributariaso de carcter internacional, ni en lo relativo a la prerrogativa de gracia.
Artculo 88
Losproyectosde ley sern aprobadosen Consejo de Ministros, que lossometer al
Congreso, acompaadosde una exposicin de motivosy de losantecedentesnecesarios
para pronunciarse sobre ellos.
Artculo 89
1. La tramitacin de lasproposicionesde ley se regular por losReglamentosde las
Cmaras, sin que la prioridad debida a losproyectosde ley impida el ejercicio de la ini-
ciativa legislativa en lostrminosreguladospor el artculo 87.
2. Proposalsof law, which in accordancewith Article87 aretaken under consideration
by theSenate, shall besent to theHouseof Representativesfor processing assuch.
Article90
1. Once an ordinary or organic bill has been approved by the Deputies of the
House of Representatives, its President shall immediately notify the President of the
Senate, who shall submit it for itsdeliberation.
2. The Senate, within a period of two monthsafter the day of the receipt of the text,
may, through a message explaining the reasons, veto it or introduce amendmentsto it.
The veto must be approved by an absolute majority. The bill cannot be submitted to the
King for approval unlessthe House of Representativesratifiesthe initial text, in the case
of a veto by an absolute majority, or by a simple majority once two monthshave passed
since the presentation of the text, or expressitself on the amendments, stating whether
or not it acceptsthem by a simple majority.
3. The period of two monthswhich the Senate hasto veto or amend the bill shall
be reduced to twenty calendar daysfor those billsdeclared urgent by the Government or
by the House of Representatives.
Article91
The King shall sanction the lawsapproved by the Parliament within the period of
fifteen daysand shall promulgate them and order their immediate publication.
Article92
1. Political decisions of special importance may be submitted for a consultative
referendum of all the citizens.
2. The referendum shall be convoked by the King at the proposal of the President
of the Government after previousauthorization by the House of Representatives.
3. An organic law shall regulate the conditionsand the procedure of the different
kindsof referendumsprovided for in thisConstitution.
CHAPTER III
International Treaties
Article93
By meansof an organic law, authorization may be established for the conclusion of
treaties which attribute to an international organization or institution the exercise of
competencesderived from the Constitution. It isthe responsibility of the Parliament or
the Government, depending on the cases, to guarantee compliance with these treaties
and the resolutionsemanating from the international or supranational organizationsthat
have been entitled by thiscession.
Article94
1. The giving of the consent of the State to obligate itself to something by means
of treaties or agreements shall require prior authorization of the Parliament in the
following cases:
a) Treatiesof a political nature.
b) Treatiesor agreementsof a military nature.
c) Treaties or agreements which affect the territorial integrity of the State or the
fundamental rightsand dutiesestablished in Title I.
2. Lasproposicionesde ley que, de acuerdo con el artculo 87, tome en considera-
cin el Senado, se remitirn al Congreso para su trmite en ste como tal proposicin.
Artculo 90
1. Aprobado un proyecto de ley ordinaria u orgnica por el Congreso de los
Diputados, su Presidente dar inmediata cuenta del mismo al Presidente del Senado, el
cual lo someter a la deliberacin de ste.
2. El Senado en el plazo de dos meses, a partir del da de la recepcin del texto,
puede, mediante mensaje motivado, oponer su veto o introducir enmiendasal mismo. El
veto deber ser aprobado por mayora absoluta. El proyecto no podr ser sometido al Rey
para sancin sin que el Congreso ratifique por mayora absoluta, en caso de veto, el texto
inicial, o por mayora simple, una vez transcurridosdosmesesdesde la interposicin del
mismo, o se pronuncie sobre lasenmiendas, aceptndolaso no por mayora simple.
3. El plazo de dosmesesde que el Senado dispone para vetar o enmendar el pro-
yecto se reducir al de veinte dasnaturalesen losproyectosdeclaradosurgentespor el
Gobierno o por el Congreso de losDiputados.
Artculo 91
El Rey sancionar en el plazo de quince das las leyes aprobadas por las Cortes
Generales, y laspromulgar y ordenar su inmediata publicacin.
Artculo 92
1. Lasdecisionespolticasde especial trascendencia podrn ser sometidasa refern-
dum consultivo de todoslosciudadanos.
2. El referndum ser convocado por el Rey, mediante propuesta del Presidente del
Gobierno, previamente autorizada por el Congreso de losDiputados.
3. Una ley orgnica regular las condiciones y el procedimiento de las distintas
modalidadesde referndum previstasen esta Constitucin.
CAPTULO TERCERO
De losTratadosInternacionales
Artculo 93
Mediante la ley orgnica se podr autorizar la celebracin de tratadospor losque se
atribuya a una organizacin o institucin internacional el ejercicio de competenciasderi-
vadasde la Constitucin. Corresponde a lasCortesGeneraleso al Gobierno, segn los
casos, la garanta del cumplimiento de estostratadosy de lasresolucionesemanadasde
losorganismosinternacionaleso supranacionalestitularesde la cesin.
Artculo 94
1. La prestacin del consentimiento del Estado para obligarse por medio de trata-
doso conveniosrequerir la previa autorizacin de lasCortesGenerales, en lossiguien-
tescasos:
a) Tratadosde carcter poltico.
b) Tratadoso conveniosde carcter militar.
c) Tratados o convenios que afecten a la integridad territorial del Estado o a los
derechosy deberesfundamentalesestablecidosen el Ttulo I.
d) Treatiesor agreementswhich imply important obligationsfor the public treasury.
e) Treaties or agreements which involve modification or repeal of some law or
require legislative measuresfor their execution.
2. The House of Representativesand the Senate shall be immediately informed of
the conclusion of the treatiesor agreements.
Article95
1. The conclusion of an international treaty which containsstipulationscontrary to
the Constitution shall require a prior constitutional revision.
2. The Government or either of the Chambers may request the Constitutional
Court to declare whether or not such a contradiction exists.
Art1icle96
1. Validly concluded international treaties once officially published in Spain shall
constitute part of the internal legal order. Their provisions may only be abolished,
modified, or suspended in the manner provided for in the treaties themselves or in
accordance with general normsof international law.
2. To denounce international treaties and agreements, the same procedure
established for their approval in Article 94 shall be used.
TITLE IV
Government and Administration
Article97
The Government directs domestic and foreign policy, civil and military
Administration, and the defence of the State. It exercises the executive function and
regulatory power in accordance with the Constitution and the laws.
Article98
1. The Government is composed of the President, Vice Presidents, and in some
casesthe ministersand other membersthe law may establish.
2. The President directs the actions of the Government and coordinates the
functionsof the other membersof it without prejudice to their competence and direct
responsibility in their activity.
3. The members of the Government may not exercise representative functions
other than those of the parliamentary mandate itself, or any other public function which
doesnot derive from their office, or any professional or mercantile activity whatsoever.
4. A law shall regulate the Statute and the incompatibilitiesof the membersof the
Government.
Article99
1. After each renewal of theHouseof Representativesand in theother casesprovided
for by the Constitution, the King shall, after consultation with the representatives
designated by thepolitical groupsrepresented in parliament, and through thePresident of
theHouseof Representatives, proposea candidatefor thePresidency of theGovernment.
2. The proposed candidate, in conformity with the provisions of the foregoing
paragraph, shall submit to the House of Representatives the political program of the
Government he intendsto form and shall seek the confidence of the Chamber.
d) Tratados o convenios que impliquen obligaciones financieras para la Hacienda
Pblica.
e) Tratadoso conveniosque supongan modificacin o derogacin de alguna ley o
exijan medidaslegislativaspara su ejecucin.
2. El Congreso y el Senado sern inmediatamente informadosde la conclusin de
losrestantestratadoso convenios.
Artculo 95
1. La celebracin de un tratado internacional que contenga estipulacionescontra-
riasa la Constitucin exigir la previa revisin constitucional.
2. El Gobierno o cualquiera de las Cmaras puede requerir al Tribunal
Constitucional para que declare si existe o no esa contradiccin.
Artculo 96
1. Lostratadosinternacionalesvlidamente celebrados, una vez publicadosoficial-
mente en Espaa, formarn parte del ordenamiento interno. Sus disposiciones slo
podrn ser derogadas, modificadaso suspendidasen la forma prevista en lospropiostra-
tadoso de acuerdo con lasnormasgeneralesdel Derecho internacional.
2. Para la denuncia de lostratadosy conveniosinternacionalesse utilizar el mismo
procedimiento previsto para su aprobacin en el artculo 94.
TITULO IV
Del Gobierno y dela Administracin
Artculo 97
El Gobierno dirige la poltica interior y exterior, la Administracin civil y militar y
la defensa del Estado. Ejerce la funcin ejecutiva y la potestad reglamentaria de acuerdo
con la Constitucin y lasleyes.
Artculo 98
1. El Gobierno se compone del Presidente, de losVicepresidentes, en su caso, de los
Ministrosy de losdemsmiembrosque establezca la ley.
2. El Presidente dirige la accin del Gobierno y coordina lasfuncionesde losdems
miembrosdel mismo, sin perjuicio de la competencia y responsabilidad directa de stos
en su gestin.
3. Los miembros del Gobierno no podrn ejercer otras funciones representativas
que las propias del mandato parlamentario, ni cualquier otra funcin pblica que no
derive de su cargo, ni actividad profesional o mercantil alguna.
4. La ley regular el estatuto e incompatibilidadesde losmiembrosdel Gobierno.
Artculo 99
1. Despus de cada renovacin del Congreso de los Diputados, y en los dems
supuestosconstitucionalesen que as proceda, el Rey, previa consulta con losrepresen-
tantesdesignadospor losgrupospolticoscon representacin parlamentaria, y a travs
del Presidente del Congreso, propondr un candidato a la Presidencia del Gobierno.
2. El candidato propuesto conforme a lo previsto en el apartado anterior expondr
ante el Congreso de losDiputadosel programa poltico del Gobierno que pretenda for-
mar y solicitar la confianza de la Cmara.
3. If theHouseof Representatives, by an absolutemajority of itsmembers, grantsits
confidenceto said candidate, theKing will appoint him President. If said majority isnot
obtained, thesameproposal shall besubmitted to a new vote98 hoursafter theformer, and
confidenceshall beunderstood to havebeen granted if a simplemajority isobtained.
4. If after theaforementioned votesarecast, confidenceisnot granted for investiture,
successiveproposalswill bemadein themanner foreseen in theforegoing paragraphs.
5. If within two monthsfrom thefirst voting for investitureno candidatehasobtained
theconfidenceof theHouseof Representatives, theKing shall dissolveboth Chambersand
call for new electionswith theconcurrenceof thePresident of theHouseof Representatives.
Article100
The other members of the Government shall be appointed and dismissed by the
King at the proposal of itsPresident.
Article101
1. The Government shall resign after the holding of general electionsin the cases
of the lossof confidence by parliament asstipulated in the Constitution, or because of
the resignation or death of itsPresident.
2. But the outgoing Government shall continue in its functions until the new
Government takesoffice.
Article102
1. The Criminal Division of the Supreme Court shall have jurisdiction in the cases
of criminal responsibility of the President and the other membersof the Government.
2. If the charge were treason or any crime against the security of the State in the
exercise of their functions, it could only be brought against them through the initiative
of one-fourth of the membersof the House of Representativesand with the approval of
the absolute majority thereof.
3. The royal prerogative of pardon shall not be applicable to any of the provisions
of the present article.
Article103
1. The Public Administration servesthe general interest with objectivity and it acts
in accordance with the principles of efficacy, hierarchy, decentralization,
deconcentration, and coordination while fully complying with the law and legality.
2. The organs of the Administration of the State are created, governed, and
coordinated in accordance with the law.
3. The law shall regulate the statute of the public officials, the accessto civil service
in accordance with the principles of merit and ability, the system under which they
exercise their right to form unions, the system of incompatibilities, and the safeguards
for political impartiality in the exercise of their functions.
Article104
1. The Security Forcesand Corpswhich are instrumentsof the Government shall
have the mission of protecting the free exercise of rights and liberties and that of
guaranteeing the security of the citizens.
3. Si el Congreso de los Diputados, por el voto de la mayora absoluta de sus
miembros, otorgare su confianza a dicho candidato, el Rey le nombrar Presidente. De
no alcanzarse dicha mayora, se someter la misma propuesta a nueva votacin cuarenta
y ocho horasdespusde la anterior, y la confianza se entender otorgada si obtuviere la
mayora simple.
4. Si efectuadaslascitadasvotacionesno se otorgase la confianza para la investidu-
ra, se tramitarn sucesivaspropuestasen la forma prevista en losapartadosanteriores.
5. Si transcurrido el plazo dedosmeses, a partir dela primera votacin deinvestidu-
ra, ningn candidato hubiere obtenido la confianza del Congreso, el Rey disolver ambas
Cmarasy convocar nuevaseleccionescon el refrendo del Presidente del Congreso.
Artculo 100
Losdemsmiembrosdel Gobierno sern nombradosy separadospor el Rey, a pro-
puesta de su Presidente.
Artculo 101
1. El Gobierno cesa trasla celebracin de eleccionesgenerales, en loscasosde pr-
dida de la confianza parlamentaria previstosen la Constitucin, o por dimisin o falle-
cimiento de su Presidente.
2. El Gobierno cesante continuar en funcioneshasta la toma de posesin del nuevo
Gobierno.
Artculo 102
1. La responsabilidad criminal del Presidente y losdemsmiembrosdel Gobierno
ser exigible, en su caso, ante la Sala de lo Penal del Tribunal Supremo.
2. Si la acusacin fuere por traicin o por cualquier delito contra la seguridad del
Estado en el ejercicio desusfunciones, slo podr ser planteada por iniciativa dela cuarta
parte de los miembros del Congreso, y con la aprobacin de la mayora absoluta del
mismo.
3. La prerrogativa real de gracia no ser aplicable a ninguno de lossupuestosdel pre-
sente artculo.
Artculo 103
1. La Administracin Pblica sirve con objetividad losinteresesgeneralesy acta de
acuerdo con los principios de eficacia, jerarqua, descentralizacin, desconcentracin y
coordinacin, con sometimiento pleno a la ley y al Derecho.
2. Losrganosde la Administracin del Estado son creados, regidosy coordinados
de acuerdo con la ley.
3. La ley regular el estatuto de los funcionarios pblicos, el acceso a la funcin
pblica de acuerdo con losprincipiosde mrito y capacidad, laspeculiaridadesdel ejer-
cicio de su derecho a sindicacin, el sistema de incompatibilidadesy lasgarantaspara la
imparcialidad en el ejercicio de susfunciones.
Artculo 104
1. LasFuerzasy Cuerposde seguridad, bajo la dependencia del Gobierno, tendrn
como misin proteger el libre ejercicio de losderechosy libertadesy garantizar la segu-
ridad ciudadana.
2. An organic law shall determine the functions, basic principlesof action, and the
Statuesof the Security Forcesand Corps.
Article105
The law shall regulate:
a) The hearing of citizens, directly or through the organizations and associations
recognized by the law, in the processof elaborating the administrative decisionswhich
affect them.
b) Accessby the citizensto the administrative archivesand registersexcept where it
affectsthe security and defence of the State, the investigation of crimes, and the privacy
of persons.
c) The procedure for administrative actionsand for guaranteeing when appropriate
the hearing of interested persons.
Article106
1. The Courtscontrol the regulatory power and the legality of administrative acts
aswell asitscompliance with the objectiveswhich justify it.
2. Private individuals, under the termsestablished by the law, shall have the right
to be indemnified for any harm they suffer in any of their property and rights, except in
the cases of forcemajeure, whenever such harm is the result of the functioning of the
public services.
Article107
The Council of State is the supreme consultative body of the Government. An
organic law shall regulate itscomposition and competence.
TITLE V
Government and Parliament
Article108
The Government in itspolitical conduct iscollectively accountable before the House
of Representatives.
Article109
The Chambers and their Commissions may request, through their Presidents, the
information and assistance they need from the Government and its Departments and
from any authority of the State and the AutonomousCommunities.
Article110
1. The Chambersand their Commissionsmay require the presence of the members
of the Government.
2. The membersof the Government are entitled to have accessto the sessionsof the
Chambersand to their Commissionsand are entitled to be heard in them, and they may
request that officialsof their departmentspresent information to them.
Article111
1. The Government and each of its members are subject to interpellations or
questions put to them in the Chambers. The rules shall establish a weekly minimum
time for thistype of debate.
2. Una ley orgnica determinar las funciones, principios bsicos de actuacin y
estatutosde lasFuerzasy Cuerposde seguridad.
Artculo 105
La ley regular:
a) La audiencia de losciudadanos, directamente o a travsde lasorganizacionesy
asociaciones reconocidas por la ley, en el procedimiento de elaboracin de las disposi-
cionesadministrativasque lesafecten.
b) El acceso de losciudadanosa losarchivosy registrosadministrativos, salvo en lo
que afecte a la seguridad y defensa del Estado, la averiguacin de losdelitosy la intimi-
dad de laspersonas.
c) El procedimiento a travs del cual deben producirse los actos administrativos,
garantizando, cuando proceda, la audiencia del interesado.
Artculo 106
1. LosTribunalescontrolan la potestad reglamentaria y la legalidad de la actuacin
administrativa, as como el sometimiento de sta a losfinesque la justifican.
2. Los particulares, en los trminos establecidos por la ley, tendrn derecho a ser
indemnizadospor toda lesin que sufran en cualquiera de susbienesy derechos, salvo
en loscasosde fuerza mayor, siempre que la lesin sea consecuencia del funcionamien-
to de losserviciospblicos.
Artculo 107
El Consejo de Estado esel supremo rgano consultivo del Gobierno. Una ley org-
nica regular su composicin y competencia.
TITULO V
Delas Relaciones entreel Gobierno y las Cortes Generales
Artculo 108
El Gobierno responde solidariamente en su gestin poltica ante el Congreso de los
Diputados.
Artculo 109
LasCmarasy susComisionespodrn recabar, a travsdelosPresidentesdeaqullas,
la informacin y ayuda queprecisen del Gobierno y desusDepartamentosy decuales-
quiera autoridadesdel Estado y delasComunidadesAutnomas.
Artculo 110
1. LasCmarasy susComisionespueden reclamar la presencia de losmiembrosdel
Gobierno.
2. Losmiembrosdel Gobierno tienen acceso a lassesionesde lasCmarasy a sus
Comisionesy la facultad de hacerse or en ellas, y podrn solicitar que informen ante las
mismasfuncionariosde susDepartamentos.
Artculo 111
1. El Gobierno y cada uno de susmiembrosestn sometidosa lasinterpelacionesy
preguntasque se le formulen en lasCmaras. Para esta clase de debate losReglamentos
establecern un tiempo mnimo semanal.
2. Any interpellation may lead to a motion in which the Chamber can expressits
position.
Article112
The President of the Government, after deliberation by the Council of Ministers,
may pose before the House of Representativesthe question of confidence on hisprogram
or on a declaration of general policy. Confidence shall be taken as granted when the
absolute majority of the deputiesvote for it.
Article113
1. The House of Representatives may require political responsibility from the
Government by meansof the adoption by an absolute majority of a motion of censure.
2. The motion of censure must be proposed by at least one-tenth of the Deputies
and must include a candidate to the office of the Presidency of the Government.
3. The motion of censure cannot be voted on until five daysafter itspresentation.
During the first two daysof thisperiod, alternative motionsmay be presented.
4. If the motion of censure is not approved by the House of Representatives, its
signerscannot present another during the same period of sessions.
Article114
1. If the House of Representativesdeniesitsconfidence to the Government, it must
present its resignation to the King, the President of the Government then to be
designated pursuant to the provisionsof Article 99.
2. If theHouseof Representativesadoptsa motion of censure, theGovernment shall
present itsresignation to theKing and thecandidateincluded in it shall beunderstood to
havetheconfidenceof theChamber for thepurposesspecified in Article92. TheKing shall
appoint him President of theGovernment.
Article115
1. The President of the Government, after deliberation of the Council of Ministers,
and on his exclusive responsibility, may propose the dissolution of the House of
Representatives, the Senate, and the Parliament, which shall be decreed by the King. The
dissolution decree shall establish the date of the elections.
2. The proposal for dissolution may not be presented when a motion of censure is
in process.
3. No new dissolution may take place before a year haspassed since the previous
one, except asprovided for in Article 99 5.
Article116
1. An organic law shall regulate the statesof alarm, emergency, and siege and the
corresponding competencesand limitations.
2. Thestateof alarm shall bedeclared by theGovernment, by meansof a decreeagreed
upon by the Council of Ministers, for a maximum period of fifteen days informing the
Houseof Representatives, which hasconvened immediately for that purposeand without
whose authorization the period cannot be extended. The decree shall determine the
territorial area to which theeffectsof thedeclaration shall beexcluded.
2. Toda interpelacin podr dar lugar a una mocin en la que la Cmara manifies-
te su posicin.
Artculo 112
El Presidente del Gobierno, previa deliberacin del Consejo de Ministros, puede
plantear ante el Congreso de losDiputadosla cuestin de confianza sobre su programa
o sobre una declaracin de poltica general. La confianza se entender otorgada cuando
vote a favor de la misma la mayora simple de losDiputados.
Artculo 113
1. El Congreso de los Diputados puede exigir la responsabilidad poltica del
Gobierno mediante la adopcin por mayora absoluta de la mocin de censura.
2. La mocin de censura deber ser propuesta al menospor la dcima parte de los
Diputados, y habr de incluir un candidato a la Presidencia del Gobierno.
3. La mocin de censura no podr ser votada hasta que transcurran cinco dasdesde
su presentacin. En losdosprimerosdasde dicho plazo podrn presentarse mociones
alternativas.
4. Si la mocin de censura no fuere aprobada por el Congreso, sus signatarios no
podrn presentar otra durante el mismo perodo de sesiones.
Artculo 114
1. Si el Congreso niega su confianza al Gobierno, ste presentar su dimisin al Rey,
procedindose a continuacin a la designacin de Presidente del Gobierno, segn lo dis-
puesto en el artculo 99.
2. Si el Congreso adopta una mocin de censura, el Gobierno presentar su dimi-
sin al Rey y el candidato incluido en aqulla se entender investido de la confianza de
la Cmara a los efectos previstos en el artculo 99. El Rey le nombrar Presidente del
Gobierno.
Artculo 115
1. El Presidente del Gobierno, previa deliberacin del Consejo de Ministros, y bajo
su exclusiva responsabilidad, podr proponer la disolucin del Congreso, del Senado o
de lasCortesGenerales, que ser decretada por el Rey. El decreto de disolucin fijar la
fecha de laselecciones.
2. La propuesta de disolucin no podr presentarse cuando est en trmite una
mocin de censura.
3. No proceder nueva disolucin antesde que transcurra un ao desde la anterior,
salvo lo dispuesto en el artculo 99, apartado 5.
Artculo 116
1. Una ley orgnica regular los estados de alarma, de excepcin y de sitio, y las
competenciasy limitacionescorrespondientes.
2. El estado de alarma ser declarado por el Gobierno mediante decreto acordado
en Consejo de Ministrospor un plazo mximo de quince das, dando cuenta al Congreso
de losDiputados, reunido inmediatamente al efecto y sin cuya autorizacin no podr ser
prorrogado dicho plazo. El decreto determinar el mbito territorial a que se extienden
losefectosde la declaracin.
3. The state of emergency shall be declared by the Government by means of a
Decree agreed upon in the Council of Ministers after authorization by the House of
Representatives. The authorization and proclamation of a state of emergency must
expressly determine its purposes, the territorial area to which it is extended and its
duration, which cannot exceed thirty daysbut which may be extended for a like period
with the same requirements.
4. The state of siege shall be declared by the absolute majority of the House of
Representatives at the exclusive proposal by the Government. The House of
Representativesshall determine itsterritorial scope, duration, and conditions.
5. The House of Representatives may not be dissolved while any of the states
contained in thepresent articlearein effect, theChambersbeing automatically convoked if
they arenot in a period of sessions. Their functioning, likethat of theother constitutional
powersof theState, may not beinterrupted during theeffectivenessof thesestates.
In the event that the House of Representativeshasbeen dissolved or itsmandate has
expired if one of the situationsexistswhich leadsto one of the aforementioned states,
the competences of the House of Representatives shall be assumed by its Permanent
Deputation.
6. The declaration of the statesof alarm, emergency, and siege shall not modify the
principle of the responsibility of the Government or its agents as recognized in the
Constitution and in the laws.
TITLE VI
Judicial Power
Article117
1. Justice emanatesfrom the people and isadministered in the name of the King by
Judges and Magistrates who are members of the judicial power and are independent,
irremovable, responsible, and subject only to the rule of the law.
2. The Judges and Magistrates cannot be separated, suspended, transferred, or
retired except for causesand with the guaranteesprovided for in the law.
3. The exercise of jurisdictional power in any type of processespassing judgments
and having judgments executed belongs exclusively to the Courts and Tribunals as
determined by the laws, according to the norms on the competence and procedure
which they establish.
4. The Courtsand Tribunalsshall not exercise any functionsother than those set
forth in the previous paragraph and those expressly attributed to them by law to
guarantee any right.
5. The principle of jurisdictional unity is the basis of the organization and
operation of the Tribunals. The law shall regulate the exercise of the military jurisdiction
within a strictly military framework and in the event of a state of siege, in accordance
with the principlesof the Constitution.
6. Exceptional Tribunalsare prohibited.
Article118
It isobligatory to comply with the firm sentencesand other resolutionsof the Judges
and the Tribunals, aswell asto provide the collaboration required by them during the
course of the processand in the execution of the judgment.
3. El estado de excepcin ser declarado por el Gobierno mediante decreto acorda-
do en Consejo de Ministros, previa autorizacin del Congreso de los Diputados. La
autorizacin y proclamacin del estado de excepcin deber determinar expresamente
losefectosdel mismo, el mbito territorial a que se extiende y su duracin, que no podr
exceder de treinta das, prorrogablespor otro plazo igual, con losmismosrequisitos.
4. El estado de sitio ser declarado por la mayora absoluta del Congreso de los
Diputados, a propuesta exclusiva del Gobierno. El Congreso determinar su mbito
territorial, duracin y condiciones.
5. No podr procederse a la disolucin del Congreso mientras estn declarados
algunos de los estados comprendidos en el presente artculo, quedando automtica-
mente convocadas las Cmaras si no estuvieren en perodo de sesiones. Su funciona-
miento, as como el de losdemspoderesconstitucionalesdel Estado, no podrn inte-
rrumpirse durante la vigencia de estosestados.
Disuelto el Congreso o expirado su mandato, si se produjere alguna de lassituacio-
nesque dan lugar a cualquiera de dichosestados, lascompetenciasdel Congreso sern
asumidaspor su Diputacin Permanente.
6. La declaracin de losestadosde alarma, de excepcin y de sitio no modificarn
el principio de responsabilidad del Gobierno y de sus agentes reconocidos en la
Constitucin y en lasleyes.
TITULO VI
Del Poder Judicial
Artculo 117
1. La justicia emana del pueblo y se administra en nombre del Rey por Jueces y
Magistradosintegrantesdel poder judicial, independientes, inamovibles, responsablesy
sometidosnicamente al imperio de la ley.
2. Los Jueces y Magistrados no podrn ser separados, suspendidos, trasladados ni
jubilados, sino por alguna de lascausasy con lasgarantasprevistasen la ley.
3. El ejercicio de la potestad jurisdiccional en todo tipo de procesos, juzgando y
haciendo ejecutar lo juzgado, corresponde exclusivamente a los Juzgados y Tribunales
determinados por las leyes, segn las normas de competencia y procedimiento que las
mismasestablezcan.
4. Los Juzgados y Tribunales no ejercern ms funciones que las sealadas en el
apartado anterior y lasque expresamente lessean atribuidaspor ley en garanta de cual-
quier derecho.
5. El principio de unidad jurisdiccional es la base de la organizacin y funciona-
miento delosTribunales. La ley regular el ejercicio dela jurisdiccin militar en el mbito
estrictamentecastrensey en lossupuestosdeestado desitio, deacuerdo con losprincipios
dela Constitucin.
6. Se prohiben losTribunalesde excepcin.
Artculo 118
Es obligado cumplir las sentencias y dems resoluciones firmes de los Jueces y
Tribunales, as como prestar la colaboracin requerida por stosen el curso del proceso
y en la ejecucin de lo resuelto.
Article119
Justice shall be free of charge when the law so providesand in any case for those who
have insufficient meansto litigate.
Article120
1. Judicial proceedingsshall be public, with the exceptionsprovided for by the laws
on procedure.
2. The procedure shall be predominantly oral, particularly in criminal matters.
3. The sentences shall always be motivated and shall be pronounced in public
audience.
Article121
Damages caused by judicial error and those which may result from the abnormal
operation of the Administration of Justice shall provide the right to an indemnification
by the State, in accordance with the law.
Article122
1. The organic law on judicial power shall determine the structure, operation, and
administration of the Courts and Tribunals, as well as the legal status of Judges and
Magistrates, who form a single body, and of the personnel at the service of the
Administration of Justice.
2. The General Council of the Judicial Power isthe governing organ of the latter.
The organic law shall establish its statute and the system of incompatibilities for its
members and their functions, particularly in matters of appointments, promotions,
inspections, and disciplinary regime.
3. The General Council of the Judicial Power shall consist of the President of the
Supreme Court, who shall preside, and twenty members appointed by the King for a
period of five years. Of these, twelve shall be Judgesand Magistratesof all the judicial
categories under the terms the organic law establishes; four will be proposed by the
House of Representatives; and four by the Senate, elected in both casesby three-fifths
majority of their members, from among lawyers and jurists of recognized competence
with more than fifteen yearsin the exercise of their profession.
Article123
1. The Supreme Court, with jurisdiction all over Spain, isthe highest jurisdictional
organ in all orders, except in mattersconcerning constitutional guarantees.
2. The President of the Supreme Court shall be appointed by the King at the
proposal of the General Council of the judicial branch in the manner determined by law.
Article124
1. The Office of the Public Prosecutor, without prejudice to the functionsentrusted
to other organs, hasthe mission of promoting the action of justice in defence of legality,
the rightsof citizensand the public interest guarded by the law, ex officioor on petition
by interested parties, as well as watch over the independence of the Courts and to
procure before them the satisfaction of social interest.
2. The Public Prosecutor exercises its functions by means of its own organs in
conformity with the principlesof unity of action and hierarchical dependency, subject
in all casesto the principlesof legality and impartiality.
Artculo 119
La justicia ser gratuita cuando as lo disponga la ley y, en todo caso, respecto de
quienesacrediten insuficiencia de recursospara litigar.
Artculo 120
1. Las actuaciones judiciales sern pblicas, con las excepciones que prevean las
leyesde procedimiento.
2. El procedimiento ser predominantemente oral, sobre todo en materia criminal.
3. Lassentenciassern siempre motivadasy se pronunciarn en audiencia pblica.
Artculo 121
Losdaoscausadospor error judicial, as como losque sean consecuencia del fun-
cionamiento anormal de la Administracin de Justicia, darn derecho a una indemniza-
cin a cargo del Estado, conforme a la ley.
Artculo 122
1. La ley orgnica del poder judicial determinar la constitucin, funcionamiento y
gobierno de los Juzgados y Tribunales, as como el estatuto jurdico de los Jueces y
Magistradosde carrera, que formarn un Cuerpo nico, y del personal al servicio de la
Administracin de Justicia.
2. El Consejo General del Poder Judicial esel rgano de gobierno del mismo. La ley
orgnica establecer su estatuto y el rgimen de incompatibilidadesde susmiembrosy
susfunciones, en particular en materia de nombramientos, ascensos, inspeccin y rgi-
men disciplinario.
3. El Consejo General del Poder Judicial estar integrado por el Presidente del
Tribunal Supremo, que lo presidir, y por veinte miembrosnombradospor el Rey por
un periodo de cinco aos. De estos, doce entre Juecesy Magistradosde todaslascate-
gorasjudiciales, en lostrminosque establezca la ley orgnica; cuatro a propuesta del
Congreso de losDiputados, y cuatro a propuesta del Senado, elegidosen amboscasos
por mayora de tresquintosde susmiembros, entre abogadosy otrosjuristas, todosellos
de reconocida competencia y con msde quince aosde ejercicio en su profesin.
Artculo 123
1. El Tribunal Supremo, con jurisdiccin en toda Espaa, esel rgano jurisdiccional
superior en todoslosrdenes, salvo lo dispuesto en materia degarantasconstitucionales.
2. El Presidente del Tribunal Supremo ser nombrado por el Rey, a propuesta del
Consejo General del Poder Judicial, en la forma que determine la ley.
Artculo 124
1. El Ministerio Fiscal, sin perjuicio de lasfuncionesencomendadasa otrosrganos,
tiene por misin promover la accin de la justicia en defensa de la legalidad, de losdere-
chosde losciudadanosy del interspblico tutelado por la ley, de oficio o a peticin de
los interesados, as como velar por la independencia de losTribunales y procurar ante
stosla satisfaccin del interssocial.
2. El Ministerio Fiscal ejerce susfuncionespor medio de rganospropiosconforme
a losprincipiosde unidad de actuacin y dependencia jerrquica y con sujecin, en todo
caso, a losde legalidad e imparcialidad.
3. The law shall regulate the organic statute of the Public Prosecutor.
4. The Public Prosecutor of the State shall be appointed by the King at the proposal
of the Government after consultation with the General Council of the Judicial Power.
Article125
Citizensmay exercise popular action and participate in the Administration of Justice
through the institution of the Jury in the manner that the law may determine for certain
criminal trials, aswell asin the customary and traditional Courts.
Article126
The judicial police come under the Judges, the Courts, and the Public Prosecutor in
their functions of investigating crimes and finding and seizing the criminal under the
termsthe law may establish.
Article127
1. The Judgesand Magistrates, aswell asthe prosecutors, while on active service,
may not hold other public positions or belong to political parties or unions. The law
shall establish the system and modalities of professional association of Judges,
Magistrates, and Prosecutors.
2. The law shall establish the system of incompatibilities of the members of the
judicial power which must insure their total independence.
TITLE VII
Economy and Finance
Article128
1. All the wealth of the country in itsdistinct formsregardlessof itsownership is
subordinated to the general interest.
2. Public initiative in economic activity isrecognized. By law, essential resourcesor
services, particularly in the case of monopoly, can be reserved for the public sector and
it may also declare the intervention in companieswhen the general interest so requires.
Article129
1. The law shall establish the forms of participation of those interested in Social
Security and in the activitiesof the public agencieswhose function directly affectsthe
quality of life or general welfare.
2. The public authorities shall effectively promote the various forms of
participation in enterprise and facilitate cooperative enterprisesby meansof appropriate
legislation.
They shall also establish the means that will facilitate access by the workers to
ownership of the meansof production.
Article130
1. The public authoritiesshall attend to the modernization and development of all
economic sectors, particularly of agriculture, cattle, fishing, and handicrafts, in order to
equalize the standard of living of all Spaniards.
3. La ley regular el estatuto orgnico del Ministerio Fiscal.
4. El Fiscal General del Estado ser nombrado por el Rey, a propuesta del Gobierno,
odo el Consejo General del Poder Judicial.
Artculo 125
Losciudadanospodrn ejercer la accin popular y participar en la Administracin de
Justicia mediante la institucin del Jurado, en la forma y con respecto a aquellosproce-
sos penales que la ley determine, as como en losTribunales consuetudinarios y tradi-
cionales.
Artculo 126
La polica judicial depende de losJueces, de losTribunalesy del Ministerio Fiscal en
sus funciones de averiguacin del delito y descubrimiento y aseguramiento del delin-
cuente, en lostrminosque la ley establezca.
Artculo 127
1. LosJuecesy Magistradosas como losFiscales, mientrasse hallen en activo, no
podrn desempear otroscargospblicos, ni pertenecer a partidospolticoso sindicatos.
La ley establecer el sistema y modalidades de asociacin profesional de los Jueces,
Magistradosy Fiscales.
2. La ley establecer el rgimen de incompatibilidades de los miembros del poder
judicial, que deber asegurar la total independencia de losmismos.
TTULO VII
Economa y Hacienda
Artculo 128
1. Toda la riqueza del pasen susdistintasformasy sea cual fuere su titularidad est
subordinada al intersgeneral.
2. Sereconocela iniciativa pblica en la actividad econmica. Medianteley sepodr
reservar al sector pblico recursoso serviciosesenciales, especialmenteen caso demonopo-
lio y asimismo acordar la intervencin de empresas cuando as lo exigiere el inters
general.
Artculo 129
1. La ley establecer lasformasde participacin de losinteresadosen la Seguridad
Social y en la actividad de losorganismospblicoscuya funcin afecte directamente a la
calidad de la vida o al bienestar general.
2. Los poderes pblicos promovern eficazmente las diversas formas de partici-
pacin en la empresa y fomentarn, mediante una legislacin adecuada, las sociedades
cooperativas.
Tambin establecern losmediosque faciliten el acceso de lostrabajadoresa la pro-
piedad de losmediosde produccin.
Artculo 130
1. Lospoderespblicosatendern a la modernizacin y desarrollo de todoslossec-
toreseconmicosy, en particular, de la agricultura, de la ganadera, de la pesca y de la
artesana, a fin de equiparar el nivel de vida de todoslosespaoles.
2. For the same purpose, special treatment shall be provided to the mountain areas.
Article131
1. The State, by meansof law, may plan the general economic activity to attend to
collective needs, balance and harmonize regional and sector development, and stimulate
the growth of income and wealth and their more equitable distribution.
2. The Government shall develop planning projects in accordance with the
forecasts provided to it by the Autonomous Communities and the advice and
collaboration by the unions and other professional, business, and economic
organizations. A Council shall be created for this purpose, whose composition and
operation shall be developed by law.
Article132
1. The law shall regulate the legal regime of the property in the public domain and
community property, based on the principle of inalienability, non-applicability, non-
seizure, and non-encumbrance.
2. Property in the public state domain, asdetermined by law are, in any case, the
offshore zone, the beaches, the territorial sea, the natural resourcesof the economic zone,
and the continental shelf.
3. The Patrimony of the State and National Patrimony, their administration
protection and preservation shall be regulated by law.
Article133
1. The original power to establish taxes by means of law belongs exclusively to
the State.
2. The Autonomous Communities and the local Corporations may establish and
levy taxesin accordance with the Constitution and the laws.
3. All fiscal profitswhich affect State taxesmust be established by virtue of law.
4. The public administrations may only contract financial obligations and incur
expendituresin accordance with the law.
Article134
1. It is incumbent upon the Government to prepare the General Budgets of the
State and upon the Parliament to examine, amend, and approve them.
2. The General Budgets of the State shall be of an annual character and shall
include the totality of expenditures and revenues of the public sector of the State,
containing the amount of the fiscal benefitswhich affect the taxesof the State.
3. The Government must present to the House of Representatives the General
Budgetsof theStateat least threemonthsbeforetheexpiration of thoseof thepreviousyear.
4. If the Budget Law isnot approved before the first day of the corresponding fiscal
year, the Budgets of the previous fiscal year will automatically be considered extended
until the approval of the new ones.
5. Once the General Budgets of the State have been approved, the Government
may present billswhich imply increasesin public expenditure or a decrease in revenues
corresponding to the same budget year.
6. Every proposition or amendment which involvesan increasein creditsor a decrease
in budget revenuesshall requiretheagreement of theGovernment beforeitstransmission.
2. Con el mismo fin, se dispensar un tratamiento especial a laszonasde montaa.
Artculo 131
1. El Estado, mediante ley, podr planificar la actividad econmica general para
atender a lasnecesidadescolectivas, equilibrar y armonizar el desarrollo regional y secto-
rial y estimular el crecimiento de la renta y de la riqueza y su msjusta distribucin.
2. El Gobierno elaborar losproyectosde planificacin, de acuerdo con lasprevi-
sionesque le sean suministradaspor lasComunidadesAutnomasy el asesoramiento y
colaboracin de lossindicatosy otrasorganizacionesprofesionales, empresarialesy eco-
nmicas. A tal fin se constituir un Consejo, cuya composicin y funcionesse desarro-
llarn por ley.
Artculo 132
1. La ley regular el rgimen jurdico de los bienes de dominio pblico y de los
comunales, inspirndose en losprincipiosde inalienabilidad, imprescriptibilidad e inem-
bargabilidad, as como su desafectacin.
2. Son bienesde dominio pblico estatal losque determine la ley y, en todo caso, la
zona martimo-terrestre, lasplayas, el mar territorial y losrecursosnaturalesde la zona
econmica y la plataforma continental.
3. Por ley se regularn el Patrimonio del Estado y el Patrimonio Nacional, su admi-
nistracin, defensa y conservacin.
Artculo 133
1. La potestad originaria para establecer lostributoscorresponde exclusivamente al
Estado, mediante ley.
2. Las Comunidades Autnomas y las Corporaciones locales podrn establecer y
exigir tributos, de acuerdo con la Constitucin y lasleyes.
3. Todo beneficio fiscal que afecte a lostributosdel Estado deber establecerse en
virtud de ley.
4. Las administraciones pblicas slo podrn contraer obligaciones financieras y
realizar gastosde acuerdo con lasleyes.
Artculo 134
1. Corresponde al Gobierno la elaboracin de losPresupuestosGeneralesdel Estado
y a lasCortesGenerales, su examen, enmienda y aprobacin.
2. LosPresupuestosGeneralesdel Estado tendrn carcter anual, incluirn la tota-
lidad de losgastose ingresosdel sector pblico estatal y en ellosse consignar el importe
de losbeneficiosfiscalesque afecten a lostributosdel Estado.
3. El Gobierno deber presentar ante el Congreso de losDiputadoslosPresupuestos
Generalesdel Estado al menostresmesesantesde la expiracin de losdel ao anterior.
4. Si la Ley de Presupuestosno se aprobara antesdel primer da del ejercicio eco-
nmico correspondiente, se considerarn automticamente prorrogadoslosPresupuestos
del ejercicio anterior hasta la aprobacin de losnuevos.
5. Aprobados los Presupuestos Generales del Estado, el Gobierno podr presentar
proyectosde ley que impliquen aumento del gasto pblico o disminucin de losingre-
soscorrespondientesal mismo ejercicio presupuestario.
6. Toda proposicin o enmienda quesuponga aumento deloscrditoso disminucin
delosingresospresupuestariosrequerir la conformidad del Gobierno para su tramitacin.
7. The Law on Budgetscannot create taxes. It can modify them when a substantive
tax law so provides.
Article135
1. The Government must be authorized by law to contract a Public Debt or obtain
loans.
2. Loansfor satisfying the payment of interestsand principal of the Public Debt of
the State shall alwaysbe understood to be included in the state of expendituresof the
budgetsand may not be the object of amendment or modification aslong asthey are in
keeping with the law of issue.
Article136
1. The Court of Accounts is the highest organ for checking the accounts and
economic management of the State and the public sector.
It shall bedirectly dependent of theParliament and shall exerciseitsfunctionsthrough
delegation by them in theexamination and verification of theGeneral Accountsof theState.
2. The accounts of the State and the state public sector shall be rendered to the
Court of Accountsand shall be examined by it.
The Court of Accounts, without prejudice to its own jurisdiction, shall send an
annual report to the Parliament which, when applicable, lists the violations or
responsibilities, which in itsopinion have occurred.
3. The membersof the Court of Accountsshall enjoy the same independence and
non-removability and shall be subject to the same incompatibilitiesasthe Judges.
4. An organic law shall regulate the composition, organization, and operation of
the Court of Accounts.
TITLE VIII
Territorial Organization
CHAPTER I
General Principles
Article137
The State is organized territorially into municipalities, provinces, and the
AutonomousCommunitieswhich may be constituted. All these entitiesenjoy autonomy
for the management of their respective interests.
Article138
1. The State guaranteesthe effective realization of the principle of solidarity vested
in Article 2, insuring the establishment of a proper and just economic balance among
the variouspartsof Spanish territory, with particular attention to the statusof the island
possessions.
2. The differencesbetween the Statutesof the variousAutonomousCommunities
may in no case imply economic or social privileges.
Article139
1. All Spaniardshave the same rightsand obligationsin any part of the territory of
the State.
7. La Ley de Presupuestosno puede crear tributos. Podr modificarloscuando una
ley tributaria sustantiva as lo prevea.
Artculo 135
1. El Gobierno habr de estar autorizado por ley para emitir Deuda Pblica o con-
traer crdito.
2. Loscrditospara satisfacer el pago de interesesy capital de la Deuda Pblica del
Estado se entendern siempre incluidosen el estado de gastosde lospresupuestosy no
podrn ser objeto de enmienda o modificacin, mientrasse ajusten a lascondicionesde
la ley de emisin.
Artculo 136
1. El Tribunal de Cuentasesel supremo rgano fiscalizador de lascuentasy de la
gestin econmica de Estado, as como del sector pblico.
Depender directamente de lasCortesGeneralesy ejercer susfuncionespor delega-
cin de ellasen el examen y comprobacin de la Cuenta General del Estado.
2. Las cuentas del Estado y del sector pblico estatal se rendirn al Tribunal de
Cuentasy sern censuradaspor ste.
El Tribunal de Cuentas, sin perjuicio de su propia jurisdiccin, remitir a lasCortes
Generales un informe anual en el que, cuando proceda, comunicar las infracciones o
responsabilidadesen que, a su juicio, se hubiere incurrido.
3. Losmiembrosdel Tribunal de Cuentasgozarn de la misma independencia e ina-
movilidad y estarn sometidosa lasmismasincompatibilidadesque losJueces.
4. Una ley orgnica regular la composicin, organizacin y funcionesdel Tribunal
de Cuentas.
TTULO VIII
Dela Organizacin Territorial del Estado
CAPTULO PRIMERO
PrincipiosGenerales
Artculo 137
El Estado se organiza territorialmente en municipios, en provincias y en las
ComunidadesAutnomasque se constituyan. Todasestasentidadesgozan de autonoma
para la gestin de susrespectivosintereses.
Artculo 138
1. El Estado garantiza la realizacin efectiva del principio de solidaridad consagra-
do en el artculo 2 de la Constitucin, velando por el establecimiento de un equilibrio
econmico, adecuado y justo entrelasdiversaspartesdel territorio espaol, y atendiendo
en particular a lascircunstanciasdel hecho insular.
2. Lasdiferenciasentre losEstatutosde lasdistintasComunidadesAutnomasno
podrn implicar, en ningn caso, privilegioseconmicoso sociales.
Artculo 139
1. Todoslosespaolestienen losmismosderechosy obligacionesen cualquier parte
del territorio del Estado.
2. No authority may adopt measures which directly or indirectly hinder the
freedom of movement and establishment of persons and the free movement of goods
throughout Spanish territory.
CHAPTER II
Local Administration
Article140
The Constitution guarantees the autonomy of the municipalities. These enjoy full
legal personality. Their government and administration isthe responsibility of their own
city governmentswhich are made up of the mayorsand councilmen. The councilmen
shall be elected by the residentsof the municipality via universal equal, free, direct, and
secret suffrage in the manner established by law. The mayors shall be elected by the
councilmen or by the residents. The law shall regulate the conditionsunder which the
system of an open council may proceed.
Article141
1. The province isa local entity with itsown legal personality determined by the
collection of municipalitiesand territorial division for the fulfilment of the activitiesof
the State. Any alteration in the provincial limitsmust be approved by the Parliament by
meansof an organic law.
2. The government and Autonomous Administration of the provinces shall be
trusted to Deputationsor Corporationsof a representative nature.
3. Groupingsof different municipalitiesof the province may be created.
4. In the archipelagos, each island shall also have their own administration in the
form of Chaptersor councils.
Article142
The local treasuries must have the means necessary for carrying out the functions
which the law attributes to the respective corporations and they shall be supported
basically by their own taxes and by sharing those of the State and the Autonomous
Communities.
CHAPTER III
AutonomousCommunities
Article143
1. In the exercise of the right to autonomy recognized in Article 2, bordering
provinces with common historical, cultural, and economic characteristics, the island
territories, and the provinces with a historical regional unity may accede to self-
government and constitute themselves into autonomous communities in accordance
with the provisionsof that Title and the respective statutes.
2. The initiative for the autonomous process belongs to all the interested
deputationsor to the pertinent inter-island body and to two-thirdsof the municipalities
whose population representsat least the majority of the electorate of each province or
island.
2. Ninguna autoridad podr adoptar medidasque directa o indirectamente obsta-
culicen la libertad de circulacin y establecimiento de laspersonasy la libre circulacin
de bienesen todo el territorio espaol.
CAPTULO SEGUNDO
De la Administracin Local
Artculo 140
La Constitucin garantiza la autonoma de losmunicipios. Estosgozarn de perso-
nalidad jurdica plena. Su gobierno y administracin corresponde a sus respectivos
Ayuntamientos, integradospor losAlcaldesy losConcejales. LosConcejalessern elegi-
dos por los vecinos del municipio mediante sufragio universal, igual, libre, directo y
secreto, en la forma establecida por la ley. LosAlcaldessern elegidospor losConcejales
o por losvecinos. La ley regular lascondicionesen lasque proceda el rgimen del con-
cejo abierto.
Artculo 141
1. La provincia esuna entidad local con personalidad jurdica propia, determinada
por la agrupacin de municipiosy divisin territorial para el cumplimiento de lasacti-
vidadesdel Estado. Cualquier alteracin de loslmitesprovincialeshabr de ser aproba-
da por lasCortesGeneralesmediante ley orgnica.
2. El Gobierno y la administracin autnoma de lasprovinciasestarn encomenda-
dosa Diputacionesu otrasCorporacionesde carcter representativo.
3. Se podrn crear agrupacionesde municipiosdiferentesde la provincia.
4. En losarchipilagos, lasislastendrn ademssu administracin propia en forma
de Cabildoso Consejos.
Artculo 142
La Haciendaslocalesdebern disponer de losmediossuficientespara el desempeo
de lasfuncionesque la ley atribuye a lasCorporacionesrespectivasy se nutrirn funda-
mentalmente de tributos propios y de participacin en los del Estado y de las
ComunidadesAutnomas.
CAPTULO TERCERO
De lasComunidadesAutnomas
Artculo 143
1. En el ejercicio del derecho a la autonoma reconocido en el artculo 2 de la
Constitucin, lasprovinciaslimtrofescon caractersticashistricas, culturalesy econ-
micas comunes, los territorios insulares y las provincias con entidad regional histrica
podrn acceder a su autogobierno y constituirse en ComunidadesAutnomascon arre-
glo a lo previsto en este Ttulo y en losrespectivosEstatutos.
2. La iniciativa del proceso autonmico correspondea todaslasDiputacionesinteresa-
daso al rgano interinsular correspondientey a lasdosterceraspartesdelosmunicipioscuya
poblacin represente, al menos, la mayora del censo electoral decada provincia o isla.
These requirements must be fulfilled within a period of six months from the first
agreement adopted on the subject by one of the interested local corporations.
3. The initiative, in case it doesnot prosper, can only be repeated after the passage
of five years.
Article144
The Parliament, by meansof an organic law, may for reasonsof national interest:
a) Authorize the establishment of an AutonomousCommunity when itsterritorial
area does not exceed that of a province and does not have the conditions set forth in
Article 143.
b) Authorize or accord, depending on the case, a statute of autonomy for territories
which are not integrated into the provincial organization.
c) Substitute the initiative of the local corporationsto which Article 143 2. refers.
Article145
1. In no case shall the federation of AutonomousCommunitiesbe allowed.
2. The statutesmay specify the conditions, requirements, and termsunder which
the Autonomous Communities may establish agreements among themselves for the
administration and rendering of servicespertaining to them, aswell asthe nature and
purposesof the corresponding communication of them to the Parliament. Under other
conditions, cooperation agreements between Autonomous Communities shall require
the authorization of the Parliament.
Article146
The draft of the statute shall be prepared by an assembly consisting of members of
the Deputation or inter-insular organ of the affected provinces and by the Deputies
and Senators elected in them and shall be forwarded to the Parliament for its
enactment into law.
Article147
1. Within the terms of the present Constitution, the statutes shall be the basic
institutional norm of each AutonomousCommunity and the State shall recognize them
and protect them asan integral part of itsjuridical order.
2. The Statutesof autonomy must contain:
a) The name of the Community which best correspondsto itshistorical identity.
b) The delimitation of itsterritory.
c) The name, organization, and seat of itsown autonomousinstitutions.
d) The competences assumed within the framework of the Constitution and the
basesfor the transfer of the corresponding servicesto them.
3. Thereform of statutesshall bein accordancewith theprocedureestablished in them
and shall in any caserequiretheapproval of theParliament by meansof an organic law.
Article148
1. The AutonomousCommunitiesmay assume competencesin the following:
Estos requisitos debern ser cumplidos en el plazo de seis meses desde el primer
acuerdo adoptado al respecto por alguna de lasCorporacioneslocalesinteresadas.
3. La iniciativa, en caso deno prosperar, solamentepodr reiterarsepasadoscinco aos.
Artculo 144
Las Cortes Generales, mediante ley orgnica, podrn, por motivos de inters
nacional:
a) Autorizar la constitucin de una comunidad autnoma cuando su mbito terri-
torial no supere el de una provincia y no rena lascondicionesdel apartado 1 del artcu-
lo 143.
b) Autorizar o acordar, en su caso, un Estatuto de autonoma para territoriosque no
estn integradosen la organizacin provincial.
c) Sustituir la iniciativa de lasCorporacioneslocalesa que se refiere el apartado 2
del artculo 143.
Artculo 145
1. En ningn caso se admitir la federacin de ComunidadesAutnomas.
2. Los Estatutos podrn prever los supuestos, requisitos y trminos en que las
ComunidadesAutnomaspodrn celebrar conveniosentres para la gestin y prestacin de
serviciospropiosdelasmismas, as como el carcter y efectosdela correspondientecomu-
nicacin a lasCortesGenerales. En losdemssupuestos, losacuerdosdecooperacin entre
lasComunidadesAutnomasnecesitarn la autorizacin delasCortesGenerales.
Artculo 146
El proyecto de Estatuto ser elaborado por una asamblea compuesta por losmiem-
bros de la Diputacin u rgano interinsular de las provincias afectadas y por los
Diputadosy Senadoreselegidosen ellasy ser elevado a lasCortesGeneralespara su tra-
mitacin como ley.
Artculo 147
1. Dentro de lostrminosde la presente Constitucin, losEstatutossern la norma
institucional bsica de cada Comunidad Autnoma y el Estado losreconocer y ampa-
rar como parte integrante de su ordenamiento jurdico.
2. LosEstatutosde autonoma debern contener:
a) Ladenominacin delaComunidad quemejor correspondaasu identidad histrica.
b) La delimitacin de su territorio.
c) La denominacin, organizacin y sede de lasinstitucionesautnomaspropias.
d) Lascompetenciasasumidasdentro del marco establecido en la Constitucin y las
basespara el traspaso de losservicioscorrespondientesa lasmismas.
3. La reforma delosEstatutosseajustar al procedimiento establecido en losmismos
y requerir, en todo caso, la aprobacin por lasCortesGenerales, medianteley orgnica.
Artculo 148
1. Las Comunidades Autnomas podrn asumir competencias en las siguientes
materias:
1. Organization of their institutionsof self-government.
2. Alterations of the municipal boundaries contained within its area, and in
general the functions which belong to the State Administration concerning local
corporationsand whose transfer isauthorized by the legislation on Local Governments.
3. Regulation of the territory, urbanism, and housing.
4. Public worksof interest to the AutonomousCommunity in itsown territory.
5. Railwaysand highwayswhose itinerary runscompletely in the territory of the
Autonomous Community and within the same boundaries and transportation carried
out by these meansor by cable.
6. Portsof refuge, recreational ports, airports, and generally those which do not
carry out commercial activities.
7. Agriculture and livestock raising in accord with the general regulations.
8. Woodlandsand forestry.
9. Activitiesin mattersof environmental protection.
10. Water projects, canals, and irrigation systems of interest to the Autonomous
Community and mineral and thermal waters.
11. Fishing in inland waters, hunting, and river fishing.
12. Interior fairs.
13. Promotion of the economic development of the Autonomous Community
within the objectivesmarked by the national economic polity.
14. Handicrafts.
15. Museums, libraries, and conservatories of interest to the Autonomous
Community.
16. Monumentsof interest to the AutonomousCommunity.
17. Promotion of culture, research, and, when applicable, the teaching of the
language of the AutonomousCommunity.
18. Promotion and regulation of tourism within itsterritorial area.
19. Promotion of sportsand adequate utilization of leisure.
20. Social assistance.
21. Health and hygiene.
22. The custody and protection of itsbuildingsand installations, the coordination
and other functionswith respect to local police forcesunder the termsan organic law
shall establish.
2. After five years have elapsed and through the reform of its statutes, the
AutonomousCommunitiesmay then expand their competenceswithin the framework
established in Article 149.
Article149
1. The State holdsexclusive competence over the following matters:
1. The regulation of the basic conditions which guarantee the equality of all
Spaniardsin the exercise of their rightsand fulfilment of their constitutional duties.
2. Nationality, immigration, emigration, alienage, and the right of asylum.
1. Organizacin de susinstitucionesde autogobierno.
2. Lasalteracionesde lostrminosmunicipalescomprendidosen su territorio y,
en general, las funciones que correspondan a la Administracin del Estado sobre las
Corporacioneslocalesy cuya transferencia autorice la legislacin sobre Rgimen Local.
3. Ordenacin del territorio, urbanismo y vivienda.
4. Lasobraspblicasdeintersdela Comunidad Autnoma en su propio territorio.
5. Los ferrocarriles y carreteras cuyo itinerario se desarrolle ntegramente en el
territorio de la Comunidad Autnoma y, en losmismostrminos, el transporte desarro-
llado por estosmedioso por cable.
6. Lospuertosde refugio, lospuertosy aeropuertosdeportivosy, en general, los
que no desarrollen actividadescomerciales.
7. La agricultura y ganadera, deacuerdo con la ordenacin general dela economa.
8. Losmontesy aprovechamientosforestales.
9. La gestin en materia de proteccin del medio ambiente.
10. Losproyectos, construccin y explotacin delosaprovechamientoshidrulicos,
canalesy regadosdeintersdela Comunidad Autnoma; lasaguasmineralesy termales.
11. La pesca en aguasinteriores, el marisqueo y la acuicultura, la caza y la pesca
fluvial.
12. Feriasinteriores.
13. El fomento del desarrollo econmico de la Comunidad Autnoma dentro de
losobjetivosmarcadospor la poltica econmica nacional.
14. La artesana.
15. Museos, bibliotecasy conservatoriosde msica de interspara la Comunidad
Autnoma.
16. Patrimonio monumental de intersde la Comunidad Autnoma.
17. El fomento de la cultura, de la investigacin y, en su caso, de la enseanza de
la lengua de la Comunidad Autnoma.
18. Promocin y ordenacin del turismo en su mbito territorial.
19. Promocin del deporte y de la adecuada utilizacin del ocio.
20. Asistencia social.
21. Sanidad e higiene.
22. La vigilancia y proteccin de sus edificios e instalaciones. La coordinacin y
demsfacultadesen relacin con laspolicaslocalesen lostrminosque establezca una
ley orgnica.
2. Transcurridos cinco aos, y mediante la reforma de sus Estatutos, las
Comunidades Autnomas podrn ampliar sucesivamente sus competencias dentro del
marco establecido en el artculo 149.
Artculo 149
1. El Estado tiene competencia exclusiva sobre lassiguientesmaterias:
1. La regulacin de lascondicionesbsicasque garanticen la igualdad de todoslos
espaolesen el ejercicio de losderechosy en el cumplimiento de losdeberesconstitu-
cionales.
2. Nacionalidad, inmigracin, emigracin, extranjera y derecho de asilo.
3. International relations.
4. Defence and the Armed Forces.
5. Administration of Justice.
6. Mercantile, penal, and prison legislation, procedural legislation, without
prejudice to the necessary specialties which in this order may derive from the
particularitiesof the substantive law of the AutonomousCommunities.
7. Labour legislation, without prejudice to its execution by the organs of the
AutonomousCommunities.
8. Civil legislation, without prejudice to the preservation, modification, and
development by the Autonomous Communities of civil fora, or special nights, where
they may exist; in any case, the rulesrelative to the application and effectivenessof legal
norms, civil-legal relations having to do with the form of matrimony, regulation of
registers and public instruments, the bases for contractual obligations, norms for
resolving the conflictsof laws, and the determination of the sourcesof the law, in this
last case, with respect to the normsof the fora and special law.
9. Legislation concerning intellectual and industrial property.
10. System of customs, tariffs, and foreign trade.
11. Monetary system, foreign credits, exchange and convertibility; the general
basesfor the regulation of credit, banking, and insurance.
12. Legislation on weightsand measures, determination of the official time.
13. Basesand coordination of general planning and economic activity.
14. General finance and debt of the state.
15. Promotion and general coordination of scientific and technical research.
16. External health; bases and general coordination of health. legislation
concerning pharmaceutical products.
17. Basic legislation and economic system of social security, without prejudice to
the execution of itsservicesby the AutonomousCommunities.
18. The basesof the legal system of the public administrationsand the statutory
system for its officials which shall in every case guarantee that the administered will
receive a common treatment by them; a common administrative procedure, without
prejudice to the specialtiesderiving from the particular organization of the Autonomous
Communities; legislation on forcible expropriation; basic legislation on contracts and
administrative concessions, and the system of responsibility of all public administration;
19. Maritime fishing, without prejudice to the competences attributed to the
AutonomousCommunitiesin the regulation of the sector.
20. Merchant marine and the ownership of ships; lighting of coastsand maritime
signals; ports of general interest, airports of general interest, control of the air space,
transit and transport, meteorological service and registration of aircraft.
21. Railroadsand land transport which crossesthrough the territory of more than
one AutonomousCommunity; general communicationssystem, traffic, and movement
of motor vehicles; mail and telecommunications; aerial cables, submarine cables, and
radio communication.
22. The legislation, regulation, and concession of water resources and projects
when the waters run through more than one Autonomous Community and the
3. Relacionesinternacionales.
4. Defensa y FuerzasArmadas.
5. Administracin de Justicia.
6. Legislacin mercantil, penal y penitenciaria; legislacin procesal, sin perjuicio
de lasnecesariasespecialidadesque en este orden se deriven de lasparticularidadesdel
derecho sustantivo de lasComunidadesAutnomas.
7. Legislacin laboral; sin perjuicio de su ejecucin por los rganos de las
8. Legislacin civil, sin perjuicio dela conservacin, modificacin y desarrollo por las
ComunidadesAutnomasdelosderechosciviles, foraleso especiales, all dondeexistan.
En todo caso, lasreglasrelativasa la aplicacin y eficacia de lasnormasjurdicas, rela-
cionesjurdico-civilesrelativasa lasformasde matrimonio, ordenacin de losregistrose
instrumentospblicos, basesde lasobligacionescontractuales, normaspara resolver los
conflictosde leyesy determinacin de lasfuentesdel derecho, con respeto, en este lti-
mo caso, a lasnormasde derecho foral o especial.
9. Legislacin sobre propiedad intelectual e industrial.
10. Rgimen aduanero y arancelario; comercio exterior.
11. Sistema monetario: divisas, cambio y convertibilidad; basesde la ordenacin de
crdito, banca y seguros.
12. Legislacin sobre pesasy medidas, determinacin de la hora oficial.
13. Basesy coordinacin de la planificacin general de la actividad econmica.
14. Hacienda general y Deuda del Estado.
15. Fomento y coordinacin general de la investigacin cientfica y tcnica.
16. Sanidad exterior. Basesy coordinacin general de la sanidad. Legislacin sobre
productosfarmacuticos.
17. Legislacin bsica y rgimen econmico de la Seguridad Social, sin perjuicio de
la ejecucin de susserviciospor lasComunidadesAutnomas.
18. Lasbasesdel rgimen jurdico de lasAdministracionespblicasy del rgimen
estatutario de sus funcionarios que, en todo caso, garantizarn a los administrados un
tratamiento comn ante ellas; el procedimiento administrativo comn, sin perjuicio de
lasespecialidadesderivadasde la organizacin propia de lasComunidadesAutnomas;
legislacin sobre expropiacin forzosa; legislacin bsica sobre contratos y concesiones
administrativasy el sistema de responsabilidad de todaslasAdministracionespblicas.
19. Pesca martima, sin perjuicio delascompetenciasqueen la ordenacin del sector
se atribuyan a lasComunidadesAutnomas.
20. Marina mercantey abanderamiento debuques; iluminacin decostasy seales
martimas; puertos de inters general; aeropuertos de inters general; control del espacio
areo, trnsito y transporteareo, servicio meteorolgico y matriculacin deaeronaves.
21. Ferrocarrilesy transportesterrestresque transcurran por el territorio de msde
una Comunidad Autnoma; rgimen general de comunicaciones; trfico y circulacin
de vehculosa motor; correosy telecomunicaciones; cablesareos, submarinosy radio-
comunicacin.
22. La legislacin, ordenacin y concesin de recursosy aprovechamientoshidru-
licoscuando lasaguasdiscurran por msde una Comunidad Autnoma, y la autoriza-
authorization of electrical installations when their use affects another community or
when the transport of energy goesbeyond itsterritorial area.
23. Basic legislation on environmental protection without prejudice to the faculties
of the AutonomousCommunitiesto establish additional standardsof protection; basic
legislation on woodlands, forestry projects, and livestock trails.
24. Public works of general interest or whose realization affects more than one
AutonomousCommunity.
25. Basesof the mining and energy system.
26. System of production, sale, possession, and use of armsand explosives.
27. Basic normsof the system of press, radio, and television and, in general, of the
other meansof social communication, without prejudice to the facultieswhich in their
development and execution belong to the AutonomousCommunities.
28. Protection of the cultural, artistic, and monument patrimony of Spain against
exportation and exploitation; museums, libraries, and archives belonging to the State
without prejudice to their management by the AutonomousCommunities.
29. Public security, without prejudice to the possibility of the creation of police by
the Autonomous Communities in the manner which may be established in the
respective statuteswithin the framework of the provisionsof the organic law.
30. Regulationsof theconditionsfor obtaining, issuing, approving, and standardizing
academic and professional degreesand basic normsfor carrying out Article27 in order to
guaranteecompliancewith theobligationsof thepublic powersin thismatter.
31.Statisticsfor State purposes.
32.Authorization for the convocation of popular consultationsvia referendum.
2. Without prejudice to the competences which the Autonomous Communities
may assume, the state shall consider the service of culture a duty and essential attribute
and shall facilitate cultural communication among the Autonomous Communities in
agreement with them.
3. The mattersnot attributed expressly to the state by thisConstitution belong to
the Autonomous Communities by virtue of their respective statutes. Authority over
mattersnot assumed by the Statutesof Autonomy shall belong to the state, whose norms
shall prevail in case of conflict over those of the Autonomous Communities in
everything which isnot attributed to their exclusive competence. The law of the State
shall in every case be supplementary to the law of the AutonomousCommunities.
Article150
1. The Parliament, in matterswithin the competence of the State, may grant to all
or one of the Autonomous Communities the authority to dictate for itself legislative
normswithin the framework of the principles, bases, and directivesestablished by a state
law. Without prejudice to the competence of the Courts, within the framework of every
law shall be established the method of control by the Parliament over these legislative
normsof the AutonomousCommunities.
2. The State may transfer or delegate to the Autonomous Communities by an
organic law those facultieson matterswithin the competence of the State, which because
of their own nature are susceptible to transference or delegation. The law shall in each
cin de lasinstalacioneselctricascuando su aprovechamiento afecte a otra Comunidad
o el transporte de energa salga de su mbito territorial.
23. Legislacin bsica sobre proteccin del medio ambiente, sin perjuicio de las
facultadesde lasComunidadesAutnomasde establecer normasadicionalesde protec-
cin. La legislacin bsica sobre montes, aprovechamientosforestalesy vaspecuarias.
24. Obras pblicas de inters general o cuya realizacin afecte a ms de una
Comunidad Autnoma.
25. Basesde rgimen minero y energtico.
26. Rgimen de produccin, comercio, tenencia y uso de armasy explosivos.
27. Normasbsicasdel rgimen de prensa, radio y televisin y, en general, de todos
losmediosde comunicacin social, sin perjuicio de lasfacultadesque en su desarrollo y
ejecucin correspondan a lasComunidadesAutnomas.
28. Defensa del patrimonio cultural, artstico y monumental espaol contra la
exportacin y la expoliacin; museos, bibliotecasy archivosde titularidad estatal, sin per-
juicio de su gestin por parte de lasComunidadesAutnomas.
29. Seguridad pblica, sin perjuicio de la posibilidad de creacin de policaspor las
ComunidadesAutnomasen la forma que se establezca en losrespectivosEstatutosen
el marco de lo que disponga una ley orgnica.
30. Regulacin de las condiciones de obtencin, expedicin y homologacin de
ttulosacadmicosy profesionalesy normasbsicaspara el desarrollo del artculo 27 de
la Constitucin, a fin de garantizar el cumplimiento de lasobligacionesde lospoderes
pblicosen esta materia.
31. Estadstica para finesestatales.
32. Autorizacin para la convocatoria deconsultaspopularespor va dereferndum.
2. Sin perjuicio de las competencias que podrn asumir las Comunidades
Autnomas, el Estado considerar el servicio de la cultura como deber y atribucin esen-
cial y facilitar la comunicacin cultural entre lasComunidadesAutnomas, de acuerdo
con ellas.
3. La materiasno atribuidasexpresamente al Estado por esta Constitucin podrn
corresponder a lasComunidadesAutnomas, en virtud de susrespectivosEstatutos. La
competencia sobre lasmateriasque no se hayan asumido por losEstatutosde Autonoma
corresponder al Estado, cuyasnormasprevalecern, en caso de conflicto, sobre lasde las
ComunidadesAutnomasen todo lo que no est atribuido a la exclusiva competencia
de stas. El derecho estatal ser, en todo caso, supletorio del derecho de lasComunidades
Autnomas.
Artculo 150
1. LasCortesGenerales, en materiasde competencia estatal, podrn atribuir a todas
o a alguna de lasComunidadesAutnomasla facultad de dictar, para s mismas, normas
legislativasen el marco de losprincipios, basesy directricesfijadospor una ley estatal.
Sin perjuicio de la competencia de losTribunales, en cada ley marco se establecer la
modalidad del control de las Cortes Generales sobre estas normas legislativas de las
2. El Estado podr transferir o delegar en lasComunidadesAutnomas, mediante
ley orgnica, facultadescorrespondientesa materia de titularidad estatal que por su pro-
case contain the pertinent transfer of financial meansaswell asthe formsof control the
State reservesfor itself.
3. The State may dictate lawswhich establish the principlesnecessary to harmonize
the normative, provisionsof the AutonomousCommunitieseven in the case of matters
attributed to their competence when the general interest so demands. It is up to the
Parliament, by the absolute majority in each Chamber, to evaluate thisnecessity.
Article151
1. It shall not benecessary to wait for thefive-year period referred to in Article148 2.
to elapsewhen theinitiativefor theautonomousprocessisagreed upon within thetime
limit specified in Article143 2., not only by thecorresponding Provincial Deputationsor
inter-island bodies, but also by three-quarters of the Municipalities of each province
concerned, representing at least themajority of theelectorateof each one, and said initiative
isratified by meansof a referendum by theaffirmativevoteof theabsolutemajority of the
electorsin each province, under thetermsto beestablished by an organic law.
2. In the case provided for in the foregoing paragraph, the procedure for drafting
the statute shall be asfollows:
1. The Government shall summon all the Deputies and Senators elected in the
electoral districts within the territorial area seeking self-government in order to
constitute themselves into an Assembly for the sole purpose of drawing up the
corresponding draft statute for self-government, to be adopted by the absolute majority
of itsmembers.
2. Once the draft statute hasbeen passed by the assembly, it shall be remitted to
the Constitutional Commission of the House of Representativeswhich shall examine it
within the time of two monthswith the concurrence and assistance of a delegation from
the Assembly which hasproposed it, in order to decide in common agreement upon its
definitive formulation.
3. If such an agreement is reached, the resulting text shall be submitted in a
referendum of the electoral corps of the provinces within the territorial area to be
covered by the proposed statute.
4. If the draft statute isapproved in each province by the majority of validly cast
votes, it shall be referred to the Parliament. Both Chambers, in plenary assembly, shall
decide upon the text by means of a vote of ratification. Once the statute has been
approved, the King shall sanction it and shall promulgate it aslaw.
5. If the agreement referred to in Subparagraph 2. isnot reached, the draft statute
shall be treated like a draft law in the Parliament. The text approved by them shall be
submitted in a referendum of the electoral corpsof the provinceswithin the territorial
area to be covered by the draft statute. In the event that it ispassed by the majority of
the validly cast votesin each province, it shall be promulgated under the termsoutlined
in the foregoing subparagraph
3. In the casesdescribed in Subparagraphs4) and 5) of the foregoing paragraph,
failure to passthe draft statute by one or several of the provincesshall not impede the
constitution of the remaining provincesinto an AutonomousCommunity in the form
asshall be established by the organic law envisaged in Paragraph 1.
pia naturaleza sean susceptiblesde transferencia o delegacin. La ley prever en cada caso
la correspondiente transferencia de mediosfinancieros, as como lasformasde control
que se reserve el Estado.
3. El Estado podr dictar leyesque establezcan losprincipiosnecesariospara armo-
nizar las disposiciones normativas de las Comunidades Autnomas, aun en el caso de
materias atribuidas a la competencia de stas, cuando as lo exija el inters general.
Corresponde a las Cortes Generales, por mayora absoluta de cada Cmara, la apre-
ciacin de esta necesidad.
Artculo 151
1. No ser preciso dejar transcurrir el plazo de cinco aos, a que se refiere el apar-
tado 2 del artculo 148, cuando la iniciativa del proceso autonmico sea acordada den-
tro del plazo del artculo 143.2, ademsde por lasDiputacioneso losrganosinterin-
sularescorrespondientes, por lastrescuartaspartesde losmunicipiosde cada una de las
provincias afectadas que representen, al menos, la mayora del censo electoral de cada
una de ellasy dicha iniciativa sea ratificada mediante referndum por el voto afirmativo
de la mayora absoluta de loselectoresde cada provincia en lostrminosque establezca
una ley orgnica.
2. En el supuesto previsto en el apartado anterior, el procedimiento para la elabora-
cin del Estatuto ser el siguiente:
1. El Gobierno convocar a todoslosDiputadosy Senadoreselegidosen lascir-
cunscripciones comprendidas en el mbito territorial que pretenda acceder al autogo-
bierno, para que se constituyan en Asamblea, a los solos efectos de elaborar el corres-
pondiente proyecto de Estatuto de autonoma, mediante el acuerdo de la mayora
absoluta de susmiembros.
2. Aprobado el proyecto de Estatuto por la Asamblea de Parlamentarios, se remi-
tir a la Comisin Constitucional del Congreso, la cual, dentro del plazo de dosmeses,
lo examinar con el concurso y asistencia de una delegacin de la Asamblea proponente
para determinar de comn acuerdo su formulacin definitiva.
3. Si se alcanzare dicho acuerdo, el texto resultante ser sometido a referndum
del cuerpo electoral de lasprovinciascomprendidasen el mbito territorial del proyec-
tado Estatuto.
4. Si el proyecto de Estatuto esaprobado en cada provincia por la mayora de los
votos vlidamente emitidos, ser elevado a las Cortes Generales. Los plenos de ambas
Cmaras decidirn sobre el texto mediante un voto de ratificacin. Aprobado el
Estatuto, el Rey lo sancionar y lo promulgar como ley.
5. De no alcanzarse el acuerdo a que se refiere el apartado 2 de este nmero, el
proyecto de Estatuto ser tramitado como proyecto de ley ante lasCortesGenerales. El
texto aprobado por stasser sometido a referndum del cuerpo electoral de lasprovin-
ciascomprendidasen el mbito territorial del proyectado Estatuto. En caso de ser apro-
bado por la mayora de losvotosvlidamente emitidosen cada provincia, procedersu
promulgacin en lostrminosdel prrafo anterior.
3. En loscasosde losprrafos4. y 5. del apartado anterior, la no aprobacin del
proyecto de Estatuto por una o variasprovinciasno impedir la constitucin entre las
restantes de la Comunidad Autnoma proyectada, en la forma que establezca la ley
orgnica prevista en el apartado 1 de este artculo.
Article152
1. In the Statutes passed by means of the procedure referred to in the foregoing
article, the institutional autonomousorganization shall be based on a legislative assembly
elected by universal suffrage in accordance with a system of proportional representation
which assures, moreover, the representation of the various areas of the territory; a
Governing Council with executive and administrative functions, and a president elected
by the Assembly from among itsmembersand appointed by the King, to whom shall be
responsible for directing the Governing Council, which constitutes the supreme
representation of the respective Community aswell asthe Statesordinary representation
in the latter. The president and the members of the Governing Council shall be
politically responsible before the Assembly.
A High Court of Justice, without prejudiceto thejurisdiction exercised by theSupreme
Court, shall beat thehead of theJudiciary within theterritorial area of theAutonomous
Community. The statutes of the Autonomous Communities shall establish the
circumstancesand manner in which they will participatein theorganization of thejudicial
demarcationsof theterritory. All of thismust bein conformity with theprovisionsof the
organic law on judicial power and compatiblewith itsunity and independence.
Without prejudice to the provisions of Article 123, successive appeals shall, where
applicable, belodged with judicial bodieslocated in thesameterritory of theAutonomous
Community asthat in which thecompetent court of thefirst instanceislocated.
2. Once the respective statutes have been sanctioned and promulgated, they may
only be amended by means of the procedures established therein and through a
referendum of the electorsregistered in the corresponding electoral rolls.
3. By means of grouping the bordering municipalities together, the Statutes may
establish their own territorial electoral districts, which will enjoy full legal personality.
Article153
Control over the activity of the organs of the Autonomous Communities shall be
exercised by:
a) The Constitutional Court, in matters relative to the constitutionality of its
normative provisionshaving the force of law.
b) The Government, after the handing down by the Council of State of itsopinion,
regarding the exercise of the delegated functionsreferred to in Article 150 2.
c) The jurisdiction in administrative litigation, with regard to autonomous
administration and itsregulatory norms.
d) The Court of Accounts, with regard to economic and budgetary matters.
Article154
A delegate appointed by the Government shall direct the administration of the State
in the territorial area of each Autonomous Community and shall coordinate it, when
necessary, with the Communitysown administration.
Article155
1. If an AutonomousCommunity doesnot fulfil the obligationsimposed upon it
by the Constitution or other laws, or should act in a manner seriously prejudicing the
general interest of Spain, the Government, after lodging a complaint with the President
of the Autonomous Community and failing to receive satisfaction thereby, may,
following approval granted by an absolute majority of the Senate, adopt the means
necessary in order to oblige the latter forcibly to meet said obligations, or in order to
protect the above-mentioned general interest.
Artculo 152
1. En losEstatutosaprobadospor el procedimiento a que se refiere el artculo ante-
rior, la organizacin institucional autonmica se basar en una Asamblea Legislativa, ele-
gida por sufragio universal, con arreglo a un sistema de representacin proporcional que
asegure, adems, la representacin de las diversas zonas del territorio; un Consejo de
Gobierno con funciones ejecutivas y administrativas y un Presidente, elegido por la
Asamblea, de entre susmiembros, y nombrado por el Rey, al que corresponde la direc-
cin del Consejo de Gobierno, la suprema representacin de la respectiva Comunidad y
la ordinaria del Estado en aqulla. El Presidente y los miembros del Consejo de
Gobierno sern polticamente responsablesante la Asamblea.
Un Tribunal Superior de Justicia, sin perjuicio de la jurisdiccin que corresponde al
Tribunal Supremo, culminar la organizacin judicial en el mbito territorial de la
Comunidad Autnoma. En losEstatutosde lasComunidadesAutnomaspodrn esta-
blecerse lossupuestosy lasformasde participacin de aqullasen la organizacin de las
demarcacionesjudicialesdel territorio. Todo ello de conformidad con lo previsto en la
ley orgnica del poder judicial y dentro de la unidad e independencia de ste.
Sin perjuicio de lo dispuesto en el artculo 123, lassucesivasinstanciasprocesales, en
su caso, se agotarn ante rganos judiciales radicados en el mismo territorio de la
Comunidad Autnoma en que est el rgano competente en primera instancia.
2. Una vez sancionadosy promulgadoslosrespectivosEstatutos, solamente podrn
ser modificados mediante los procedimientos en ellos establecidos y con referndum
entre loselectoresinscritosen loscensoscorrespondientes.
3. Mediante la agrupacin de municipioslimtrofes, losEstatutospodrn establecer
circunscripcionesterritorialespropias, que gozarn de plena personalidad jurdica.
Artculo 153
El control dela actividad delosrganosdelasComunidadesAutnomasseejercer:
a) Por el Tribunal Constitucional, el relativo a la constitucionalidad de susdisposi-
cionesnormativascon fuerza de ley.
b) Por el Gobierno, previo dictamen del Consejo de Estado, el del ejercicio de fun-
cionesdelegadasa que se refiere el apartado 2 del artculo 150.
c) Por la jurisdiccin contencioso-administrativa, el de la administracin autnoma
y susnormasreglamentarias.
d) Por el Tribunal de Cuentas, el econmico y presupuestario.
Artculo 154
Un Delegado nombrado por el Gobierno dirigir la Administracin del Estado en el
territorio de la Comunidad Autnoma y la coordinar, cuando proceda, con la admi-
nistracin propia de la Comunidad.
Artculo 155
1. Si una Comunidad Autnoma no cumpliere lasobligacionesque la Constitucin
u otrasleyesle impongan, o actuare de forma que atente gravemente al intersgeneral
de Espaa, el Gobierno, previo requerimiento al Presidente de la Comunidad Autnoma
y, en el caso de no ser atendido, con la aprobacin por mayora absoluta del Senado,
podr adoptar lasmedidasnecesariaspara obligar a aqulla al cumplimiento forzoso de
dichasobligacioneso para la proteccin del mencionado intersgeneral.
2. With a view to implementing the measures provided for in the foregoing
paragraph, the Government may give instructions to all the authorities of the
AutonomousCommunities.
Article156
1. The Autonomous Communities shall enjoy financial autonomy for the
development and exercise of their competencies, in conformity with the principles of
coordination with the State Treasury and solidarity among all Spaniards.
2. The AutonomousCommunitiesmay act asdelegatesor collaboratorsof the State
for the collection, management, and settlement of the latters tax resources, in
conformity with the law and the statutes.
Article157
1. The resourcesof the AutonomousCommunitiesshall consist of:
a) Taxeswholly or partially assigned to them by statute, chargeson State taxes, and
other sharesin State taxes.
b) Their own taxes, rates, and special levies.
c) Transfers from an inter-territorial clearing fund and other allocations to be
charged to the General State Budgets.
d) Revenuesaccruing from their property and private law income.
e) The yield from credit operations.
2. The AutonomousCommunitiesmay under no circumstancesadopt measuresto
raise taxes on property located outside their territory or likely to hinder the free
movement of goodsor services.
3. By means of an organic law, the exercise of the financial competences
enumerated in Paragraph 1.may be regulated, the normsfor settling the conflictswhich
may arise, and the possible forms of financial collaboration between the Autonomous
Communitiesand the State.
Article158
1. In the General State Budgets, an allocation may be made to the Autonomous
Communitiesin proportion to the volume of State servicesand State activitiesfor which
they have assumed responsibility and to their guarantee to provide a minimum level of
basic public servicesthroughout Spanish territory.
2. With the object of correcting inter-territorial economic imbalances and
implementing the principle of solidarity, a clearing fund shall be established for
investment expenditure, whose resourcesshall be distributed by the Parliament among
the AutonomousCommunitiesand the provinces, asthe case may be.
TITLE IX
Constitutional Court
Article159
1. TheConstitutional Court iscomposed of twelvemembersappointed by theKing.
Of these, four shall benominated by theHouseof Representativesby a majority of three-
fifthsof itsmembers, four shall benominated by theSenatewith thesamemajority; two
shall benominated by theGovernment, and two by theGeneral Council of theJudiciary.
2. The members of the Constitutional Court shall be appointed from among
Magistrates and Prosecutors, University professors, public officials, and lawyers, all of
2. Para la ejecucin de las medidas previstas en el apartado anterior, el Gobierno
podr dar instruccionesa todaslasautoridadesde lasComunidadesAutnomas.
Artculo 156
1. LasComunidadesAutnomasgozarn de autonoma financiera para el desarro-
llo y ejecucin de suscompetenciascon arreglo a losprincipiosde coordinacin con la
Hacienda estatal y de solidaridad entre todoslosespaoles.
2. LasComunidadesAutnomaspodrn actuar como delegadoso colaboradoresdel
Estado para la recaudacin, la gestin y la liquidacin de los recursos tributarios de
aqul, de acuerdo con lasleyesy losEstatutos.
Artculo 157
1. Losrecursosde lasComunidadesAutnomasestarn constituidospor:
a) Impuestoscedidostotal o parcialmente por el Estado; recargossobre impuestos
estatalesy otrasparticipacionesen losingresosdel Estado.
b) Suspropiosimpuestos, tasasy contribucionesespeciales.
c) Transferenciasde un Fondo de Compensacin interterritorial y otrasasignacio-
nescon cargo a losPresupuestosGeneralesdel Estado.
d) Rendimientosprocedentesde su patrimonio e ingresosde derecho privado.
e) El producto de lasoperacionesde crdito.
2. Las Comunidades Autnomas no podrn en ningn caso adoptar medidas tri-
butarias sobre bienes situados fuera de su territorio o que supongan obstculo para la
libre circulacin de mercancaso servicios.
3. Mediante ley orgnica podr regularse el ejercicio de lascompetenciasfinancieras
enumeradas en el precedente apartado 1, las normas para resolver los conflictos que
pudieran surgir y lasposiblesformasde colaboracin financiera entre lasComunidades
Autnomasy el Estado.
Artculo 158
1. En losPresupuestosGeneralesdel Estado podr establecerse una asignacin a las
ComunidadesAutnomasen funcin del volumen de losserviciosy actividadesestatales
que hayan asumido y de la garanta de un nivel mnimo en la prestacin de losservicios
pblicosfundamentalesen todo el territorio espaol.
2. Con el fin de corregir desequilibrioseconmicosinterterritorialesy hacer efectivo
el principio de solidaridad, se constituir un Fondo de Compensacin con destino a gas-
tos de inversin, cuyos recursos sern distribuidos por las Cortes Generales entre las
ComunidadesAutnomasy provincias, en su caso.
TITULO IX
Del Tribunal Constitucional
Artculo 159
1. El Tribunal Constitucional se compone de 12 miembrosnombradospor el Rey;
de ellos, cuatro a propuesta del Congreso por mayora de tresquintosde susmiembros;
cuatro a propuesta del Senado, con idntica mayora; dosa propuesta del Gobierno, y
dosa propuesta del Consejo General del Poder Judicial.
2. Los miembros del Tribunal Constitucional debern ser nombrados entre
Magistrados y Fiscales, Profesores de Universidad, funcionarios pblicos y Abogados,
whom must be jurists of acknowledged competence with at least fifteen years of
professional experience.
3. The membersof the Constitutional Court shall be appointed for a period of nine
yearsand shall be renewed by thirdsevery three years.
4. The office of member of the Constitutional Court is incompatible with any
representative function, with a management role in a political party or trade union, or
any employment in their service, with a career as Judge or Prosecutor, and with any
professional or commercial activity whatsoever.
In other cases, the incompatibilities relative to the judicial power shall also be
applicable to the membersof the Constitutional Court.
5. The membersof the Constitutional Court shall be independent and irremovable
during their term of office.
Article160
The President of the Constitutional Court shall be appointed by the King from
among its members, on the recommendation of the Plenum of the Court itself, for a
period of three years.
Article161
1. The Constitutional Court has jurisdiction over the whole of Spanish territory
and iscompetent to hear:
a) Appeals on the grounds of unconstitutionality against laws and regulations
having the force of law; a declaration of unconstitutionality of a legal rule with the status
of law, interpreted by jurisprudence, shall also affect the latter, although an overturned
sentence or sentencesshall not lose the validity of a judgment.
b) Appealsagainst violation of the rightsand libertiesreferred to in Article 53 2.,
in the casesand formsto be established by law.
c) Conflictsof competence between the State and the AutonomousCommunities
or between the AutonomousCommunitiesthemselves.
d) Other mattersassigned to it by the Constitution or by organic laws.
2. TheGovernment may contest beforetheConstitutional Court theprovisionsand
resolutions adopted by the organs of the Autonomous Communities. The challenge shall
producethesuspension of thecontested provisionsor resolution, but theCourt must either
ratify or lift thesuspension, asthecasemay be, within aperiod of not morethan fivemonths.
Article162
1. The following are eligible to:
a) Lodge an appeal of unconstitutionality: the President of the Government, the
Defender of the People, fifty Deputies, fifty Senators, the executive corporate bodiesof
the Self-Governing Communitiesand, when applicable, their Assemblies.
b) Lodge an appeal: any natural or legal person invoking a legitimate interest, as
well asthe Defender of the People and the Office of the Public Prosecutor.
2. In all other cases, the organic law shall determine which personsand organsare
eligible.
Article163
If a judicial organ considers, in some action, that a regulation with the statusof law
which isapplicable thereto and upon the validity of which the judgment depends, may
be contrary to the Constitution, it may bring the matter before the Constitutional Court
in the cases, manner, and with the consequenceswhich the law establishes, which in no
case shall be suspensory.
todosellosjuristasde reconocida competencia con msde quince aosde ejercicio pro-
fesional.
3. Losmiembrosdel Tribunal Constitucional sern designadospor un perodo de
nueve aosy se renovarn por terceraspartescada tres.
4. La condicin de miembro del Tribunal Constitucional esincompatible: con todo
mandato representativo; con loscargospolticoso administrativos; con el desempeo de
funcionesdirectivasen un partido poltico o en un sindicato y con el empleo al servicio
de losmismos; con el ejercicio de lascarrerasjudicial y fiscal, y con cualquier actividad
profesional o mercantil.
En lo demslosmiembrosdel Tribunal Constitucional tendrn lasincompatibilidades
propiasde losmiembrosdel poder judicial.
5. Los miembros del Tribunal Constitucional sern independientes e inamovibles
en el ejercicio de su mandato.
Artculo 160
El Presidente del Tribunal Constitucional ser nombrado entre susmiembrospor el
Rey, a propuesta del mismo Tribunal en pleno y por un perodo de tresaos.
Artculo 161
1. El Tribunal Constitucional tiene jurisdiccin en todo el territorio espaol y es
competente para conocer:
a) Del recurso de inconstitucionalidad contra leyesy disposicionesnormativascon
fuerza de ley. La declaracin de inconstitucionalidad de una norma jurdica con rango
de ley, interpretada por la jurisprudencia, afectar a sta, si bien la sentencia o sentencias
recadasno perdern el valor de cosa juzgada.
b) Del recurso de amparo por violacin de losderechosy libertadesreferidosen el
artculo 53, 2, de esta Constitucin, en loscasosy formasque la ley establezca.
c) De losconflictosde competencia entre el Estado y lasComunidadesAutnomas
o de losde stasentre s.
d) De lasdemsmateriasque le atribuyan la Constitucin o lasleyesorgnicas.
2. El Gobierno podr impugnar ante el Tribunal Constitucional lasdisposicionesy
resolucionesadoptadaspor losrganosde lasComunidadesAutnomas. La impugna-
cin producir la suspensin de la disposicin o resolucin recurrida, pero el Tribunal,
en su caso, deber ratificarla o levantarla en un plazo no superior a cinco meses.
Artculo 162
1. Estn legitimados:
a) Para interponer el recurso de inconstitucionalidad, el Presidente del Gobierno, el
Defensor del Pueblo, 50 Diputados, 50 Senadores, losrganoscolegiadosejecutivosde
lasComunidadesAutnomasy, en su caso, lasAsambleasde lasmismas.
b) Para interponer el recurso de amparo, toda persona natural o jurdica que invo-
que un interslegtimo, as como el Defensor del Pueblo y el Ministerio Fiscal.
2. En losdemscasos, la ley orgnica determinar laspersonasy rganoslegitimados.
Artculo 163
Cuando un rgano judicial considere, en algn proceso, que una norma con rango
de ley, aplicable al caso, de cuya validez dependa el fallo, pueda ser contraria a la
Constitucin, plantear la cuestin ante el Tribunal Constitucional en lossupuestos, en
la forma y con losefectosque establezca la ley, que en ningn caso sern suspensivos.
Article164
1. The verdictsof the Constitutional Court shall be published in the Official State
Gazette with the dissenting votes, if any. They have the validity of a judgment asfrom
the day following their publication, and no appeal may be brought against them. Those
which declare the unconstitutionality of a law or of a norm with the force of law, and all
those which are not limited to the subjective evaluation of a right, shall be fully binding
on everybody.
2. Unless the verdict rules otherwise, that part of the law not affected by
unconstitutionality shall remain in force.
Article165
An organic law shall regulate the functioning of the Constitutional Court, the
statutes of its members, the procedure to be followed before it, and the conditions
governing actionsbrought before it.
TITLE X
Constitutional Amendment
Article166
The right to propose a Constitutional amendment shall be exercised under the terms
contained in Article 87 1. and 2.
Article167
1. Bills on Constitutional amendment must be approved by a majority of three-
fifthsof the membersof each Chamber. If there isno agreement between the Chambers,
an effort to reach it shall be made by setting up a Joint Commission of Deputies and
Senatorswhich shall submit a text to be voted on by the House of Representativesand
the Senate.
2. If adoption isnot obtained by meansof the procedure outlined in the foregoing
paragraph, and provided that the text has obtained a favourable vote by an absolute
majority of the Senate, the House of Representativesmay approve the amendment by a
two-thirdsvote.
3. Once the amendment hasbeen passed by the Parliament, it shall be submitted
to a referendum for itsratification, if so requested by one tenth of the membersof either
Chamber within fifteen daysafter itspassage.
Article168
1. When a total revision of the Constitution is proposed, or a partial revision
thereof, affecting the Preliminary Title, Chapter II, Section 1 of Title I, or Title II, the
principle shall be approved by a two-thirdsmajority of the membersof each Chamber,
and the Parliament shall immediately be dissolved.
2. The Chamberselected must ratify the decision and proceed to examine the new
Constitutional text, which must be approved by a two-thirdsmajority of the members
of both Chambers.
3. Once the amendment hasbeen passed by the Parliament, it shall be submitted
to ratification by referendum.
Article169
A Constitutional amendment may not be initiated in time of war or when any of the
statesoutlined in Article 116 are in operation.
Artculo 164
1. Lassentenciasdel Tribunal Constitucional se publicarn en el boletn oficial del
Estado con losvotosparticulares, si loshubiere. Tienen el valor de cosa juzgada a partir
del da siguiente de su publicacin y no cabe recurso alguno contra ellas. Lasque decla-
ren la inconstitucionalidad de una ley o de una norma con fuerza de ley y todaslasque
no se limiten a la estimacin subjetiva de un derecho, tienen plenos efectos frente a
todos.
2. Salvo que en el fallo se disponga otra cosa, subsistir la vigencia de la ley en la
parte no afectada por la inconstitucionalidad.
Artculo 165
Una ley orgnica regular el funcionamiento del Tribunal Constitucional, el estatu-
to de susmiembros, el procedimiento ante el mismo y lascondicionespara el ejercicio
de lasacciones.
TITULO X
Dela Reforma Constitucional
Artculo 166
La iniciativa de reforma constitucional se ejercer en los trminos previstos en los
apartados1 y 2 del artculo 87.
Artculo 167
1. Losproyectosde reforma constitucional debern ser aprobadospor una mayora
de tresquintosde cada una de lasCmaras. Si no hubiera acuerdo entre ambas, se inten-
tar obtenerlo mediante la creacin de una Comisin de composicin paritaria de
Diputados y Senadores, que presentar un texto que ser votado por el Congreso y el
Senado.
2. De no lograrse la aprobacin mediante el procedimiento del apartado anterior, y
siempre que el texto hubiere obtenido el voto favorable de la mayora absoluta del
Senado, el Congreso, por mayora de dostercios, podr aprobar la reforma.
3. Aprobada la reforma por lasCortesGenerales, ser sometida a referndum para
su ratificacin cuando as lo soliciten, dentro de losquince dassiguientesa su aproba-
cin, una dcima parte de losmiembrosde cualquiera de lasCmaras.
Artculo 168
1. Cuando se propusiere la revisin total de la Constitucin o una parcial que afec-
te al Titulo preliminar, al Captulo segundo, Seccin primera del Ttulo I, o al Ttulo II,
se proceder a la aprobacin del principio por mayora de dosterciosde cada Cmara, y
a la disolucin inmediata de lasCortes.
2. LasCmaraselegidasdebern ratificar la decisin y proceder al estudio del nuevo
texto constitucional, que deber ser aprobado por mayora de dos tercios de ambas
Cmaras.
3. Aprobada la reforma por lasCortesGenerales, ser sometida a referndum para
su ratificacin.
Artculo 169
No podr iniciarse la reforma constitucional en tiempo de guerra o de vigencia de
alguno de losestadosprevistosen el artculo 116.
ADDITIONAL PROVISIONS
One
The Constitution protectsand respectsthe historic rightsof the territorieswith fora.
The general updating of the fora system shall be carried out, when appropriate,
within the framework of the Constitution and of the Statutesof Autonomy.
Two
The declaration regarding coming of age contained in Article 12 shall not be
prejudicial to the casesto which the jurisdiction rightsare applicable within the sphere
of Private Law.
Three
Any modification of the financial and tax system of the Archipelago of the Canary
Islandsshall require a previousreport from the AutonomousCommunity or, asthe case
may be, from the provisional autonomousorgan.
Four
In those AutonomousCommunitieswhere more than one Territorial Court hasits
offices, the Statutes of Autonomy may maintain the existing Courts, distributing
jurisdiction among them, provided thisisdone alwaysin accordance with the provisions
of the Organic Law on Judicial Power and in conformity with its unity and
independence.
TRANSITIONAL PROVISIONS
One
In the territories with a provisional regime of Autonomy, their higher collegiate
organs may, by means of an agreement adopted by an absolute majority of their
members, substitute for the initiative which, in Article 143 2. is attributed to the
Provincial Councilsor corresponding inter-island organs.
Two
The territories which in the past have, by plebiscite, approved draft Statutes of
Autonomy, and which, at the time of the promulgation of this Constitution, have
provisional regimesof autonomy, may proceed immediately in the manner provided in
Article 148 2., when agreement thereon isreached by an absolute majority of their pre-
autonomoushigher collegiate organs, and the Government isduly informed. The draft
statutesshall be drawn up in accordance with the provisionsof Article 151 2.
when so requested by the pre-autonomouscollegiate organ.
Three
Theinitiativeof theprocesstowardsautonomy conferred on thelocal corporationsor
their members, which iscontained in Article43 2., shall bepostponed for all purposesuntil
thefirst local electionshavetaken place, oncetheConstitution hascomeinto effect.
DISPOSICIONESADICIONALES
Primera.
La Constitucin ampara y respeta losderechoshistricosde losterritoriosforales.
La actualizacin general de dicho rgimen foral se llevar a cabo, en su caso, en el
marco de la Constitucin y de losEstatutosde Autonoma.
Segunda.
La declaracin de mayora de edad contenida en el artculo 12 de esta Constitucin
no perjudica lassituacionesamparadaspor losderechosforalesen el mbito del Derecho
privado.
Tercera.
La modificacin del rgimen econmico y fiscal del archipilago canario requerir
informe previo de la Comunidad Autnoma o, en su caso, del rgano provisional auto-
nmico.
Cuarta.
En las Comunidades Autnomas donde tengan su sede ms de una Audiencia
Territorial, losEstatutosde Autonoma respectivospodrn mantener lasexistentes, dis-
tribuyendo lascompetenciasentre ellas, siempre de conformidad con lo previsto en la ley
orgnica del poder judicial y dentro de la unidad e independencia de ste.
DISPOSICIONESTRANSITORIAS
Primera.
En losterritoriosdotadosde un rgimen provisional de autonoma, susrganoscole-
giadossuperiores, mediante acuerdo adoptado por la mayora absoluta de susmiembros,
podrn sustituir la iniciativa que en el apartado 2 del artculo 143 atribuye a las
DiputacionesProvincialeso a losrganosinterinsularescorrespondientes.
Segunda.
Losterritoriosque en el pasado hubiesen plebiscitado afirmativamente proyectosde
Estatuto de autonoma y cuenten, al tiempo de promulgarse esta Constitucin, con reg-
menesprovisionalesde autonoma podrn proceder inmediatamente en la forma que se
prev en el apartado 2 del artculo 148, cuando as lo acordaren, por mayora absoluta,
susrganospreautonmicoscolegiadossuperiores, comunicndolo al Gobierno. El pro-
yecto de Estatuto ser elaborado de acuerdo con lo establecido en el artculo 151, nme-
ro 2, a convocatoria del rgano colegiado preautonmico.
Tercera.
La iniciativa del proceso autonmico por parte de lasCorporacioneslocaleso de sus
miembros, prevista en el apartado 2 del artculo 143, se entiende diferida, con todossus
efectos, hasta la celebracin de las primeras elecciones locales una vez vigente la
Constitucin.
Four
1. In the case of Navarra, and for the purposesof itsincorporation into the General
Basque Council or the Basque autonomousregime replacing it, instead of the provisions
established by Article 143, the initiative shall lie with the competent Foral organ, which
shall adopt itsdecision by a majority of the memberscomprising it. In order for thisini-
tiative to be valid, the decision of the competent Foral organ must also be ratified by a
referendum expressly held for thispurpose and passed by a majority of the valid votes
cast.
2. If the initiative doesnot succeed, it may only be repeated during a different term
of office of the competent Foral organ and, in any case, only when the minimum period
set forth in Article 143 haselapsed.
Five
The cities of Ceuta and Melilla may constitute themselves as Autonomous
Communities if their respective Municipal Councils should so decide by means of an
absolute majority of their membersand if the Parliament thusauthorizes, by meansof
an organic law, under the termsprovided in Article 144.
Six
When various draft statutes are referred to the Constitutional Commission of the
House of Representatives, decisionsregarding them shall be taken according to the order
in which they are received. The two months period referred to in Article 151 shall be
counted from the moment that the Commission terminates its study of the draft or
draftsthat it hassuccessively examined.
Seven
The provisional autonomous organisms shall be considered dissolved in the
following cases:
a) Once the organs established by the Statutes of Autonomy approved in
conformity with the Constitution have been established.
b) In the event that the initiative of the autonomous process should not be
successful on account of non-compliance with the requirementsprovided in Article 143.
c) If the organism has not exercised the right recognized in the first transitory
provision within a period of three years.
Eight
1. Once the present Constitution has become effective, the Chambers which
adopted it shall assume the functions and powers indicated therein for the House of
Representatives and the Senate respectively, while under no circumstances shall their
term of office continue beyond 15 June 1981.
2. With regard to the provisionsestablished in Article 99, the promulgation of the
Constitution shall be considered ascreating the Constitutional basisfor itssubsequent
application. To this end, there shall be a thirty-day period, as from the date of the
promulgation, for implementing the provisionslaid down in said article.
During thisperiod, the current President of the Government, who shall assume the
functionsand competenciesestablished by the Constitution for thisoffice, may opt to
utilize the authority conferred on him by Article 115 or, by meansof resignation, leave
Cuarta.
1. En el caso de Navarra, y a efectosde su incorporacin al Consejo General Vasco
o al rgimen autonmico vasco que le sustituya, en lugar de lo que establece el artculo
143 de la Constitucin, la iniciativa corresponde al rgano Foral competente, el cual
adoptar su decisin por mayora de losmiembrosque lo componen. Para la validez de
dicha iniciativa ser preciso, adems, que la decisin del rgano Foral competente sea
ratificada por referndum expresamente convocado al efecto, y aprobado por mayora de
losvotosvlidosemitidos.
2. Si la iniciativa no prosperase, solamente se podr reproducir la misma en distin-
to perodo del mandato del Organo Foral competente, y en todo caso, cuando haya
transcurrido el plazo mnimo que establece el artculo 143.
Quinta.
Lasciudadesde Ceuta y Melilla podrn constituirse en ComunidadesAutnomassi
as lo deciden susrespectivosAyuntamientos, mediante acuerdo adoptado por la mayo-
ra absoluta de susmiembrosy as lo autorizan lasCortesGenerales, mediante una ley
orgnica, en lostrminosprevistosen el artculo 144.
Sexta.
Cuando se remitieran a la Comisin Constitucional del Congreso varios proyectos
de Estatuto, se dictaminarn por el orden de entrada en aqulla, y el plazo de dosmeses
a que se refiere el artculo 151 empezar a contar desde que la Comisin termine el estu-
dio del proyecto o proyectosde que sucesivamente haya conocido.
Sptima.
Losorganismosprovisionalesautonmicosse considerarn disueltosen lossiguien-
tescasos:
a) Una vez constituidos los rganos que establezcan los Estatutos de Autonoma
aprobadosconforme a esta Constitucin.
b) En el supuesto de que la iniciativa del proceso autonmico no llegara a prospe-
rar por no cumplir losrequisitosprevistosen el artculo 143.
c) Si el organismo no hubiera ejercido el derecho que le reconoce la disposicin
transitoria primera en el plazo de tresaos.
Octava.
1. LasCmarasque han aprobado la presente Constitucin asumirn, trasla entra-
da en vigor de la misma, lasfuncionesy competenciasque en ella se sealan, respectiva-
mente, para el Congreso y el Senado, sin que en ningn caso su mandato se extienda ms
all del 15 de junio de 1981.
2. A los efectos de lo establecido en el artculo 99, la promulgacin de la
Constitucin se considerar como supuesto constitucional en el que procede su aplica-
cin. A tal efecto, a partir de la citada promulgacin se abrir un perodo de treinta das
para la aplicacin de lo dispuesto en dicho artculo.
Durante este perodo, el actual Presidente del Gobierno, que asumir lasfuncionesy
competenciasque para dicho cargo establece la Constitucin, podr optar por utilizar la
facultad que le reconoce el artculo 115 o dar paso, mediante la dimisin, a la aplicacin
the way open for application of the provisionsestablished in Article 99. In the latter case,
the situation relative to the President shall be that provided in Article 101 2.
3. In the case of dissolution, in accordance with the provisionsof Article 115, and
if the provisions contained in Articles 68 and 69 have not been enacted into law, the
rulespreviously in force shall be applicable in the elections, with the sole exception of
those provisions which refer to ineligibilities and incompatibilities, to which the
provisionsof Article 70 1. b) shall be directly applicable, as well as its provisions
concerning the voting age and those contained in Article 69 3.
Nine
Three yearsafter the election for the first time of the membersof the Constitutional
Court, lotsshall be drawn for the designation of a group of four membersof the same
background as those who must retire and be replaced. For this purpose, the two
membersdesignated by the General Council of the Judicial Power shall be considered as
coming from the same background. In the same manner, after three yearshave elapsed,
the same procedure shall be carried out with regard to the two groupsnot affected by
the previousdrawing of lots. Thereafter, the provisionsestablished in Article 159 3.
shall be applied.
REPEAL PROVISION
1. Law 1/1977, of 4 Jan, for political reform, is hereby repealed, as well as the
following laws, in so far asthey were not already repealed by the abovementioned law,
the Law of the Fundamental Principles of the Movement of 17 May 1958, the
Jurisdiction of the Spanish People of 17 July 1945, the Jurisdiction of Labour of 9 March
1938, the Constitutive Law of the Parliament of 17 July 1942, the Law of Succession for
the Headship of State of 26 July 1947, all of which asamended by the Organic Law of
State of 10 Jan 1967, and under the same terms, last mentioned, the law of the National
Referendum of 22 Oct 1945.
2. To the extent that it may still retain some validity, the Royal Decree of 25 Oct
1839 shall be definitively repealed in so far as it affects the provinces of Alava,
Guipuzcoa, and Vizcaya.
Under the same terms, the Law of 21 July 1876 shall be considered definitively
repealed.
3. Likewise, any provisionscontrary to those contained in the Constitution shall be
repealed.
de lo establecido en el artculo 99, quedando en este ltimo caso en la situacin previs-
ta en el apartado 2 del artculo 101.
3. En caso de disolucin, de acuerdo con lo previsto en el artculo 115, y si no se
hubiera desarrollado legalmente lo previsto en losartculos68 y 69, sern de aplicacin
en laseleccioneslasnormasvigentescon anterioridad, con lassolasexcepcionesde que
en lo referente a inelegibilidadese incompatibilidadesse aplicar directamente lo previs-
to en el inciso segundo de la letra b) del apartado 1 del artculo 70 de la Constitucin,
as como lo dispuesto en la misma respecto a la edad para el voto y lo establecido en el
artculo 69,3.
Novena.
A los tres aos de la eleccin por vez primera de los miembros del Tribunal
Constitucional se proceder por sorteo para la designacin de un grupo de cuatro miem-
brosde la misma procedencia electiva que haya de cesar y renovarse. A estossolosefec-
tosse entendern agrupadoscomo miembrosde la misma procedencia a losdosdesig-
nadosa propuesta del Gobierno y a losdosque proceden de la formulada por el Consejo
General del Poder Judicial. Del mismo modo se proceder transcurridosotrostresaos
entre losdosgruposno afectadospor el sorteo anterior. A partir de entoncesse estar a
lo establecido en el nmero 3 del artculo 159.
DISPOSICIN DEROGATORIA
1. Queda derogada la Ley 1/1977, de 4 de enero, para la Reforma Poltica, as
como, en tanto en cuanto no estuvieran ya derogadaspor la anteriormente mencionada
Ley, la de Principiosdel Movimiento Nacional, de 17 de mayo de 1958; el Fuero de los
Espaoles, de 17 de julio de 1945; el del Trabajo, de 9 de marzo de 1938; la Ley
Constitutiva de lasCortes, de 17 de julio de 1942; la Ley de Sucesin en la Jefatura del
Estado, de 26 de julio de 1947, todasellasmodificadaspor la Ley Orgnica del Estado,
de 10 de enero de 1967, y en los mismos trminos esta ltima y la de Referndum
Nacional de 22 de octubre de 1945.
2. En tanto en cuanto pudiera conservar alguna vigencia, se considera definitiva-
mente derogada la Ley de 25 de octubre de 1839 en lo que pudiera afectar a lasprovin-
ciasde Alava, Guipzcoa y Vizcaya.
En losmismostrminosse considera definitivamente derogada la Ley de 21 de julio
de 1876.
3. Asimismo quedan derogadascuantasdisposicionesse opongan a lo establecido en
esta Constitucin.
FINAL PROVISION
This Constitution shall enter into force on the day of the publication of the
official text in the Official State Gazette. It shall also be published in the other
languages of Spain.
THEREFORE,
I ORDER ALL SPANIARDS, INDIVIDUALSAND AUTHORITIESTO KEEPTHIS
CONSTITUTION ASA FUNDAMENTAL NORM OF THE STATE.
THE PARLIAMENT, TWENTY-SEVENTH OF DECEMBER OF NINETEEN SEVENTY-
EIGHT.
THE PRESIDENT OF THE PARLIAMENT
AntonioHernndez Gil
THE PRESIDENT OF
THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Fernandolvarez deMiranda yTorres
THE PRESIDENT OF THE SENATE
AntonioFontn Prez
LET IT BE INSERTED
THE OFFICIAL TEXT OF THE CONSTITUTION IN THE BOLETN OFICIAL DEL ESTADO
(OFFICIAL STATE GAZETTE), FOR IT TO COME INTO FORCE IN ACCORD WITH LAW, AND LET
IT ALSO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OTHER LANGUAGESOF SPAIN.
MADRID, LA MONCLOA PALACE, TWENTY-EIGHTH OF DECEMBER OF NINETEEN SEVENTY-
EIGHT:
THE PRESIDENT OF THE GOVERNMENT
AdolfoSurez Gonzlez
DISPOSICIN FINAL
Esta Constitucin entrar en vigor el mismo da de la publicacin de su texto oficial
en el boletn oficial del Estado. Se publicar tambin en lasdemslenguasde Espaa.
POR TANTO,
MANDO A TODOSLOSESPAOLES, PARTICULARESY AUTORIDADES, QUE GUARDEN Y
HAGAN GUARDAR ESTA CONSTITUCIN COMO NORMA FUNDAMENTAL DEL ESTADO.
PALACIO DE LASCORTES, A VEINTISIETE DE DICIEMBRE DE MIL NOVECIENTOS
SETENTA Y OCHO.
EL PRESIDENTE DE LASCORTES
AntonioHernndez Gil
EL PRESIDENTE DEL
CONGRESO DE LOSDIPUTADOS
Fernandolvarez deMiranda yTorres
EL PRESIDENTE DEL SENADO
AntonioFontn Prez
INSRTESE
EL TEXTO OFICIAL DE LA CONSTITUCIN EN EL "BOLETN OFICIAL DEL ESTADO", PARA
SU ENTRADA EN VIGOR CONFORME A DERECHO, Y PUBLQUESE ASIMISMO EN LAS DEMS
LENGUAS DE ESPAA.
MADRID, PALACIO DE LA MONCLOA, A VEINTIOCHO DE DICIEMBRE DE MIL NOVECIENTOS
SETENTA Y OCHO:
EL PRESIDENTE DEL GOBIERNO
AdolfoSurez Gonzlez

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