1338 IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 4, No.

2, April 1989
THE EFFECT OF HVAC - HVDC LINE SEPARATION I N A HY BRI D CORRI DOR
B.A. Clairmont G.B. J ohnson L.E. Zaffanel l a S. Zelingher
Member, I EEE Fellow, I EEE Member, I EEE Member, I EEE
General El ectri c Company
EPRI-High Voltage Transmission Research Center
Lenox, Massachusetts
New York Power Authori ty
10 Columbus Ci rcl e
New York Ci ty, New York
Keywords: Transmission Line, Hybrid, Corona, AC, DC, Fi el ds, I ons
- I ncreasi ng di f f i cul ti es i n obtai ni ng
new ri ghts-of-way (BOW) f or transporti ng el ectr i c
power Over long di stances cal l f or the development of
addi ti onal transmi ssi on opti ons to maximize the power
transf er capabi l i ty of a corri dor. One such opti on i s
the shari ng of the same corri dor by HVAC and HVDC
transmissioir l i nes (hybri d corri dors). The proxi mi ty
between HVAC and HVDC conductors causes i nteracti ons
between the two l i ne types. These i nteracti ons can
produce changes i n the el ectri cal and environmental
performance of a hybrid corri dor from what would be
expected i f the two l i nes were acti ng independently.
This paper presents the resul ts of a sensi ti vi ty
anal ysi s rel ati ng the corona and f i el d ef f ects to the
vari ati on of the physi cal parameters of hybri d cor-
ri dors. wi th the primary focus bei ng on the separati on
of the two l i ne types.
The proximity between conductors of high vol tage
transmi ssi on l i nes energi zed wi th di f f erent types of
vol tages (HVAC and HVDC) shari ng a common corri dor
(hybri d corri dor) causes changes i n the conductor sur-
f ace gradi ents and the el ectri cal environment i n the
vi ci ni ty of the l i nes. Corona and the AC and DC
el ectri c f i el d ef f ects may be affected. If the i nter-
acti on between l i nes i s suf f i ci entl y strong to cause
si gni f i cant qual i tati ve or quanti tati ve changes i n
l i ne performance, new experi mental data and studi es
may be needed t o devel op new desi gn rul es to assure
that the corri dor i s operati ng wi thi n acceptabl e
l i mi ts.
This paper presents the resul ts of a sensi ti vi ty
anal ysi s rel ati ng the corona and f i el d ef f ects to the
vari ati on of the physi cal parameters of hybri d cor-
riders. wi th the primary focus bei ng on the ef f ect of
the separati on of the two l i ne types. The method of
anal ysi s was based on cal cul ati on methods developed at
the EPRI-High Vol tage Transmi ssi on Research Center
(HVTRC) and supported empi ri cal l y by the r esul ts of
f ul l and reduced-scal e l i ne tests CJ. 2. 3. 43.
A study made by Charti er et.al . C51 previ ousl y
i nvesti gated the audi bl e noi se and radi o noi se from
PVDC and HVAC l i nes i n cl ose proximity. Anal yti cal ex-
pressi ons developed at BPA were used to cal cul ate the
audi bl e noi se and radi o noi se generated by a 500 kVAC
ductor surf ace gradi ents were properl y cal cul ated
(i.e. accounti ng f or the DC bi as on the AC surf ace
gr adi ent and t he AC r i ppl e on t he DC sur f ace
gradi ent).
This paper presents the methods and r esul ts of
cal cul ati ons made f or corona and f i el d ef f ects f or a
wide range of hybrid corri dor confi gurati ons. A method
f or cal cul ati ng human sensati on l evel s i s also
descri bed and the r esul ts of sensati on l evel as a
functi on of AC/DC l i ne separati on are shown. A number
of graphs ar e presented whi ch descr i be sur f ace
gradi ents and audi bl e and radi o noi se as a functi on of
AC/DC separati on. I n addi ti on, the concept of AC/DC
i nteracti on i.r; di scussed and a cr i ter i on f or the
def i ni ti on of
I n general . when an AC and a DC l i ne are placed
i n cl ose proximity to one another, they can i nteract
to produce l evel s of corona and el ectri c f i el d ef f ects
that depart f r a a simple l i near superposi ti on of the
ef f ects from the two l i nes acti ng separatel y. This i s
i l l ustrated conceptual l y i n Fi gure 1. Curve "A" repre-
sents the magni tude of some corona or f i el d ef f ect
parameter. such as audi bl e noi se or radi o i nter-
ference. at ground l evel when the AC and DC l i nes are
i n cl ose proximity and both are energized. Curve "B"
represents the l i near superposi ti on of the magnitude.
at ground l evel , of the corona or f i el d ef f ect
parameter produced by j ust the AC l i ne wi th the DC
l i ne de-energized (curve "C") and by 4.ust the DC l i ne
wi th the AC l i ne de-energized (curve 0"). The devi a-
ti on f rm l i neari ty (the di fference between curves "A"
and "B") can be considered as the "i nteracti on" be-
tween the two l i ne types.
si gni f i cant i nteracti on.' i s suggested.
I/
- AC LINE - / \ - DC LINE -
l i ne and a bi pol ar 500 kVDC l i ne shari ng the same
tower. The study concluded that the audi bl e and radi o
noi se produced by the AC and DC conductors coul d be LATERAL POSI TI ON
cal cul ated usi ng anal yti cal expressi ons devel oped
separatel y f or AC and DC l i nes provided that the con- Fi gure 1. Conceptual i l l ustrati on of AC/DC i nteracti on
i n a hybrid corri dor.
-
d3 SY 555-4 h paper recom,nended and approved
by the I EEE Transmission and 3i stri hti tj on CommiLtec
of the 17:ZF. Power Engi neeri ng Soci ety or presentat-
i on at the IKEK/VES 1938 Sumnwr 'l eeti ng, Portl and,
Oregon, J ul y 24 - 29, 1988. Manuscript subqi tted
September 1, 1987; avai l abl e f or pri nti ng
Nay 13, 1983.
The surface gradi ents of all the conductors i n a
hybri d corri dor ar e cal cul ated vi s the method of
images j ust as they have been tradi ti onal l y cal cul ated
f or non-hybrid corri dors C31. This method i s only ap-
proximate i n cal cul ati ng DC surface gradi ents because
i t negl ects the af f ect of the l ocal space charge which
0885-8977/89/O400-1338$01 .OO 0 1989 IEEE
1339
resul ts from DC corona acti vi ty. However. the use of
conductor surface gradi ent negl ecti ng space charge ef-
f ects i s commonly used wi th good resul ts C4.5.6.7.81.
I n a hybri d si tuati on. however. it must be real -
i zed that the AC conductors w i l l have a DC bi as i m-
posed on thei r al ternati ng surface gradi ents, and the
DC conductors wi l l have an AC ri ppl e imposed on thei r
otherwi se constant surf ace gradi ents C51. as il-
l ustrated i n Fi gures 2 and 3. The magnitude of the
hybri d phenomenon of the DC bi as on the AC l i ne i s
quanti f i ed as the f racti on D/ C. as i l l ustr ated i n
Fi gure 2. where C i s the magnitude of the DC bi as and
D i s the magnitude of the peak AC gradi ent above the
DC bi as. The hybri d phenomenon of the AC ri ppl e on the
DC l i ne i s quanti f i ed as the f racti on A/ B. as il-
l ustrated i n Fi gure 3. where B i s the magnitude of the
DC surface gradi ent and A i s the magnitude of the peak
AC ri ppl e referenced to the DC gradi ent.
DC BI AS ON AC SURFACE GRADI ENTS
t
t
Fi gure 2. Surface gradi ent on an AC conductor wi th a
DC bi as i n a hybri d corri dor. The hybri d i nteracti on
of the DC bi as ( D) to the peak AC surface gradi ent ( C)
i s denoted as the rati o D/C.
E 1 AC RI PPL E ON DC SURFACE GRADIENT
f?
I TIME
Fi gure 3. Surface gradi ent on a DC conductor wi th an
AC ri ppl e i n a hybri d corri dor. The hybri d i nterac-
ti on of the AC ri ppl e ( A) to the DC surface gradi ent
( 8) i s denoted as the rati o A/B.
The AC component of the ground l evel el ectr i c
f i el d i s due sol el y to the AC charges resi di ng on the
conductors. I t i s independent of the energi zati on of
nearby DC l i nes and i s cal cul ated by the method of
images which i s commonly used f or AC l i nes C3.91.
Ion Current
The DC component of the ground l evel el ectr i c
f i el d i s due to DC charges resi di ng on the conductors
and to a space charge di stri buti on which i s a result
of DC corona acti vi ty. Maruvada and Drogi E91 have
anal yti cal l y shown that the space charge di stri buti on
i s not si gni f i cantl y affected by the energi zati on of
nearby AC l i nes. This concl usi on has been experimen-
tal l y supported by reduced scal e l i ne tests at HVTRC.
The cal cul ati on method used i n thi s study was
+sed upon a techni que which uti l i zes the concepts of
corona satur ati on" and the "degree of corona
saturati on Cl . 2. 41.
The level of corona acti vi ty on a DC conductor,
and the resul ti ng space charge densi ty. tends to rise
as the corona source densi ty on the conductor i n-
creases. Hbwever. corona acti vi ty i s a sel f -l i mi ti ng
process and w i l l approach a f i ni te l i mi t i f the number
of corona sources i ncreased i ndefi ni tel y. This state
of maximum corona acti vi ty i s cal l ed the "corona
sat ura t ed " s tat e.
The corona saturated state (maximum corona) of a
conductor i s the opposi te extreme of the el ectrostati c
state (no corona). Whereas i n the el ectrostati c state
al l charge i s confined to the conductor and there i s
no l ocal space charge. i n the saturated state al l
charge i s rel eased i nto s??ce through corona acti vi ty
due t o the extreme, or saturated". abundance of
corona sources on the conductor surface. No charge
can resi de on the conductor and there i s a hi gh degree
of l ocal space charge.
I n an actual transmi ssi on l i ne si tuati on the
corona l evel wi l l l i e somewhere between the el ectros-
tati c and saturated l evel s. and i s characteri zed by
the '.degree of saturati on.' ( D S ) . The degree of
saturati on i s a f uncti on of surf ace gradi ent and
weather condi ti on C41 and i s given by:
DS = 1 - e-a(G-Go)
where: G = surface gradi ent
a. Go = weather dependent constants (Go can be
thought of as a corona onset gradi ent)
The ground
densi ty are
E
J
where: Eo =
E,
J, =
l evel DC el ectr i c f i el d and i on current
then given by
el ectrostati c el ectri c f i el d
corona saturated el ectri c f i el d
corona saturated i on current densi ty
The el ectrostati c el ectri c f i el d i s cal cul ated by
the method of images j ust as the AC el ectri c f i el d i s
cal cul ated. The corona saturated val ues of el ectri c
f i el d and current densi ty are cal cul ated si mul -
taneousl y by maki ng The assumpti on that the f i el d
l i nes do not change thei r shape f r m the el ectrostati c
case. This assumpti on i s of ten ref erred to as the
Deutsch assumption [12]. Charge rel eased by corona on
the conductor mwes out and awdy from the conductor
and f l ows t o ground al ong the f i el d l i nes. Concep-
tual l y. the charge fl owi ng from a poi nt on the conduc-
tor to ground can be thought of as forming a tube of
f l ux. The f l ux tube reaches a saturated condi ti pa
when the potenti al al ong the l ength of the f l ux tube
from ground to the conductor. due only t o the charge
wi thi n the f l ux tube. i s equal to the vol tage on the
conductor ( al l the charge i s i n space; none i s on the
conductor).
The ground l evel AC el ectri c f i el d i n a hybri d
corri dor can be cal cul ated. regardl ess of the ener-
gi zati on l evel of the DC conductors. by exi sti ng tech-
ni ques f or pure AC corri dors [SI. For purposes of the
AC f i el d cal cul ati ons the DC conductors are treated as
grounded. Si mi l arl y. the ground l evel DC el ectr i c
f i el d and i on l evel s can be cal cul ated by techni ques
developed f or pure DC transmi ssi on C41. treati ng the
AC conductors as ground wi res. There i s no i nterac-
ti on between the AC and DC l i nes as f ar as the
el ect r i c f i el ds and i ons are concerned based on
reduced scal e and f ul l scal e l i ne tests at HVTRC. A
si mi l ar concl usi on was reached by Maruvada and Drogi
C91 based on there cal cul ati on techniques.
However, the el ectri c f i el ds and i ons i nteract to
cause human sensati ons when under or very near the
l i nes. For i nstance, i f an AC f i el d and a DC f i el d
acti ng separatel y each cause a sensati on which i s j ust
1340
percepti bl e. thei r simultaneous presence may cause a
sensati on l evel which i s very annoying.
To provi de a data base f or the eval uati on of per-
cepti on l evel s as a functi on of the l ocal el ectri cal
environment. observati ons were made under a hybri d
test l i ne at WTRC by a number of uti l i ty and GE en-
gi neers. Because sensati on meters do not exi st
"measurements" were made based on the judgments of the
parti ci pati ng i ndi vi dual s.
Each person rated vari ous sensati ons at measure-
ment l ocati ons al ong the l ateral prof i l e of a hybri d
test l i ne whi l e the DC f i el d. AC f i el d. and i on cur-
rent densi ty were si mul taneousl y monitored at each of
the l ocati ons. The sensati ons were rated on a scal e of
0 to 5 as fol l ows:
0 - not percepti bl e
1 - j ust percepti bl e
2 - def i ni tel y percepti bl e. but not annoying
3 - sl i ghtl y annoying
4 - very annoying
5 - i ntol erabl e
Si mi l ar percepti on scal es and sensati on "measurement"
techni ques have been previ ousl y used to ewaluate the
sensati ons produced under RVDC transmi ssi on l i nes cl01
and WAC transmi ssi on l i nes 131.
Three types of human sensati on were consi dered;
head hai r sensati on. spark di scharge of a grounded
person to an i nsul ated obj ect (umbrel l a). and spark
di scharge of an i nsul ated person to a groimded obj ect
(ground rdd).
Head hai r sensati on i s the percepti on experienced
by el ectri cal sti mul ati on of the hai r on the head and
back of the neck. I t al so i ncl udes f aci al hair such
as eyebrows. mustache. beard. and sideburns.
The spark di scharge to an umbrel l a sehsati on is
experienced by standi ng on the ground whi l e hol di ng an
open umbrella. The umbrella is hel d by i ts i nsul ated
hand gri p wi th four f i ngers whi l e the thumb i s slowly
moved toward the metal shaft. Under proper el ectri cal
condi ti ons a spark w i l l jump between the thumb and the
umbrel l a's shaft6
The spark di scharge to a grounded obj ect sensa-
ti on i s very si mi l ar to the spark to umbrella sensa-
ti on. I n thi s case, an observer stands on an i nsu-
l ated pad whi l e slowly moving an i ndex'fi nger toward a
three f oot hi gh metal rod whi ch extends i nto the
ground.
Anal ysi s of the data i ndi cates that the head hai r
sensati on level i s best characteri zed as a functi on of
both the AC and DC el ectri c f i el ds. and that the spark
di scharge type sensati ons are best descri bed as a
functi on of AC el ectri c f i el d and DC i on current den-
si ty. The resul ts of the sensati on "measurements" made
i n f ai r weather are summarized i n Fi gures 4. 5. and 6.
Fi gure 4 shows the head hai r sensati on l evel as a
f uncti on of DC el ectr i c f i el d f or f i ve di f f erent
val ues of AC el ectri c f i el d. Fi gures 5 and 6 show the
spark sensati on l evel s, f or an i nsul ated umbrella to a
grounded person and f or an i nsul ated person to a
grounded rod, as a fuhcti on of DC i on current densi ty
f or f i ve di f f erent val ues of AC el ectr i c f i el d. I f
the AC f i el d. De f i el d. and i on current densi ty are
known at a parti cul ar pl ace near a hyl yi d l i ne. then
the expected sensati on l evel s can be cal cul ated'. by
ref erri ng to the graphs of Fi gures 4. 5. and 6. and
properl y i nterpol ati ng.
The audi bl e noi se i n f ai r and f oul weather i s
cal cul ated usi ng equati ons devel oped as a r esul t of
HVAC C31 and BVDC C21 research programs at HVTRC.
-
The audi bl e noi se of the AC l i nes ill a hybrid
HEAD HAIR SENSATION
CC Cl ect r r Field ' k" ' I1)
AC Electric Field (kV/m)
0 0 9 2 e 5' A'. l, o. x 15
Fi gure 4. Averaged head hai r sensati on l evel s as a
functi on of DC el ectri c f i el d f or AC el ectri c f i el ds
of 0. 2. 5. 10. and 15 kV/M. as i ndi cated.
SPARK TO UMBRELLA
0
Ion Current Density (6 MZ)
AC Electric Field (kV/l )
0 0 C 2 O S A d X 1 0
Fi gure 5. Averaged spark di scharge of grounded person
to i nsul ated umbrella sensati on as a f uncti on of DC
i on current densi ty f or AC el ectri c f i el ds of 01 2. 5.
8. and 10 kV/M.
SPARK TO GROUND ROD
Ion Curnnt (&/U2
AC Electric Field (kVl m)
0 0 + 2 o s A l l x 1 0
Fi gure 6. Averaged spark di scharge from i nsul ated per-
son t o ground rod sensati on as a functi on of DC i on
current densi ty f or AC el ectri c f i el ds of 0. 2. 5. 8.
and 10 kV/M.
1341
corri dor i s a f uncti on of the posi ti ve peak of the
conductor surface gradi ent. This peak gradi ent i s the
resul t of both AC and DC vol tages and i s cal cul ated
wi thout accounti ng f or space charge. The space charge
has two ef f ects: the DC space charge tends to i ncrease
the DC component of the surf ace gradi ent on the AC
conductors. whi l e the AC space charge tends to reduce
the ef f ect of the DC bi as on the AC conductors' sur-
face gradi ent. Si nce-these two ef f ects w i l l tend to
cancel each other and are di f f i cul t to take i nto ac-
count. they are negl ected. The ef f ect of space charge
on the conductor sur f ace gr adi ent i s typi cal l y
negl ected i n the cal cul ati ons of audi bl e noi se and
radi o noi se f or both AC and DC l i nes C5.6.71. Excep-
t i ons ar e the papers by Sunaga et. al . C81 and
Fukushima et. al . c l 1 1 where they cal cul ate the con-
ductor surface gradi ent i ncl udi ng the contri buti on due
t o space charge. Sunaga reports on the radi o i nter-
f erence performance and Fukushima reports on the
audi bl e noi se performance of DC conductor confi gura-
ti ons. However. these papers r epor t studi es at
gradi ents hi gher than typi cal DC l i ne gradi enta. A t
the hi gher gradi ents the contri buti on of space charge
to the gradi ent would be more noti ceabl e and should
not be negl ected.
The el ectrostati c (space charge not consi dered)
conductor surf ace gradi ent is used here i n the cal -
cul ati ons of audi bl e noise. The f ol l owi ng equati ons
are used:
For n < 3 the fol l owi ng empi ri cal equati on i s used:
AHR = -39.1 +44 l og d +20 l og n +Kn
where
AHR
E i s the maximumposi ti ve peak surface el ectri c
d i s the subconductor di ameter (cm)
n i s the number of subconductors i n a bundle
Kn = 2.6 f or n = 2
Kn = 7.5 f pr n = 1
is the generated acousti c power i n
heavyrai n (dB above lUW/m)
f i el d (kV/cm)
For n > 2 the fol l owi ng empi ri cal equati on i s used:
AHR = 46.4 + 44 l og d +20 l og n
where D i s the bundle diamete: i n centi meters.
The acousti c power i s al so cal cul ated f or the
maximumnegati ve peak surface gradi ent. E(-). on each
conductor usi ng the same equati ons as above. but wi th
the absol ute val ue of E(-) i nstead of E(+) and sub-
tracti ng 4 dB from the equati on due t o the l ower
amount of audi bl e noi se produced by negati ve pol ari ty
corona.
The val ue of A R ~ used f or each conductor when
cal cul ati ng the total audi bl e noi se produced by the
l i ne i s the maximum among the two val ues obtai ned
usi ng E(+) and E(-).
-
The audi bl e noi se l evel f or wet conductor condi-
ti ons i s determined by cal cul ati ng a correcti on f actor
(CF) to apply to the resul ts obtai ned f or heavy rai n
condi ti ons. The techni ques used f or cal cul ati ng the
heavy r ai n t o wet conductor correcti o?. f actor are
those used f or AC audi bl e noi se i n the Transmission
Li ne Reference Book - 345 kV and Above" C31.
The "cri ti cal gradient'.. E,, at which the audi bl e
noi se i n wet condi ti on i s 6 dB lower than the audi bl e
noi se i n heavy r ai n depends on the subconductor
diameter d. and i s cal cul ated wi th the fol l owi ng em-
pi ri cal equati on:
= 24.4/d0.24
d i n cm. E, i n kV/cm
The correcti on f actor CF is:
f or n < 4
CF = 8.2 -14.2 E,/E
and f or n > 3
CF = 10.4 -14.26 Ec/E *(n-l )*d
D
where
E i s the maximumposi ti ve (or negati ve) peak
surf ace el ectri c f i el d
n i s the number of subconductors i n a bundle
d i s the subconductor di ameter
D i s the bundle diameter
The generated acousti c power f or a wet conductor is:
&wc= AHR +CF
where %R i s the generated acousti c power determined
f or heavy rai n
The audi bl e noi se l evel i n summer f ai r weather
condi ti ons i s determined i n the same way as that used
f or wet conductor condi ti ons. A correcti on f actor to
appl y t o the r esul ts obtai ned f or heavy rai n condi-
ti ons i s cal cul ated. The focus of the audi bl e noi se
cal cul ati ons i s on heavy rai n condi ti ons because the
hi ghest l evel s of audi bl e noi se f or AC corri dors and
hybri d corri dors w i l l usual l y occur i n heavy rai n con-
di t ions.
ECF is cal cul ated wi th the f ol l owi ng empi ri cal
equati on:
The "cri ti cal gradi ent" f or sumer f ai r weather
ECF = E, + 10
ECF. E, i n kV/cm; E, i s cal cul ated as shown
above
The correcti on f actor CF i s cal cul ated. f or any
number of subconductors i n a bundle, wi th the fol l ow-
i ng empi ri cal equati on:
CF = 8.2 -14.2fi EcF/E
The generated acousti c power i n summer f ai r
weather is:
AFW = &R + CF
Few experi mental data are avai l abl e f or hybrid
si tuati ons. I t i s assumed that the AC ri ppl e on the
DC surface gradi ent has l i t t l e ef f ect on the noi se. at
l east i f thi s ri ppl e i s small. The generated acousti c
power i s pri mari l y a f uncti on of the posi ti ve DC
gradi ent only. Negative pol ari ty corona produces much
l ess noi se then posi ti ve pol ar i ty corona and i s
negl ected .
The fol l owi ng empi ri cal equati on i s used f or the
1342
summer f ai r weather acousti c power generated by the
posi ti ve pol ari ty DC conductors:
AFW = -57.4 + 124 l ogo +25 l og 4
25 4.45
+ 18 10- +Kn
2
where :
AFW is the generated acousti c power i n f ai r
g i s the posi ti ve DC conductor surface
d i s the subconductor di ameter (cm)
n i s the number of subconductors
Kn = o f or n z 3
Kn = 2.6 f or n = 2
Kn = 7.5 f or n 1
weather (dB above 1aW/m)
gradi ent (kV/crc)
and Wet Conductor
The fol l owi ng equati on i s used f or the acousti c
power of the posi ti ve pol ari ty DC conductor i n wet
condi ti ons (Aw,-) O r heavy rai n condi ti ons (ABR).
AHR = Awc = AFW -6 dB
a1 D r o u of a a l ~ no&.The l ateral
prof i l e of audi bl e noi se f or each weather condi ti on
( f ai r weather. wet conductor. heavy rai n) is cal cu-
l ated from the generated acousti c power of each con-
ductor usi ng the fol l owi ng equati on:
P A + 114.3 - 10 l og R - 0.02R
where :
A i s the generated acousti c power (dB above
P i s the audi bl e noi se pressure (dB-A)
R i s the di stance between conductor and
1 w/m)
measuring poi nt (m)
The term "10 l og R" accounts f or di spersi on of
the acousti c power wi th di stance. The term "0.02R" ac-
counts f or atmospheri c absorpti on of the acousti c
power wi th di stance.
The total audi bl e noi se i s cal cul ated combining
the audi bl e noi se of al l the AC and DC conductors.
The total audi bl e noi se pressure i s equal to the
square root of the sum of the squares of the audi bl e
noi se produced caused by each conductor.
- . The radi o noi se
generati on functi on i s defi ned i n Reference C31. It
i s a quanti ty that characteri zes the abi l i ty of corona
at the conductor surface to generate radi o noi se. The
radi o noi se measured at a di stance from the l i ne
depends on the propagati on of the noi se radi ati on away
from the conductors.
The radi o noi se generati on of AC l i nes i s a func-
ti on of the peak posi ti ve surface gradi ent. The same
equati ons used i n Reference C3l can be used f or hybri d
l i nes. except that i nstead of the rms val ue of the
surface gradi ent, the peak posi ti ve val ue di vi ded by
2 must be used. The reason f or thi s i s that the radi o
noi se. si mi l arl y to the audi bl e noise. depends on the
val ue of the posi ti ve peak of the surface gradi ent.
The radi o noi se generati on functi on of DC l i nes
i s expressed by the f ol l owi ng equati on devel oped
duri ng the r esear ch work on DC transmi ssi on i n
progress at HVTRC on behalf of EPRI C21.
For posi ti ve conductors; i n f ai r weather.
where:
R I i s the radi o noi se generati on functi on i n dB
E i s the DC surface gradi ent (kV/cm)
D i s the subconductor di ameter (cm)
n i s the number of subconductors
(above 1 uW/m at 1 MHz)
For negati ve pol ari ty conductors. the radi o noi se
i s negl i gi bl e. The radi o noi se generati on i n f oul
weather i s cal cul ated by subtracti ng 6 dB from the
f ai r weather val ue.
- . The radi o noi se prof i l e
f or each weather condi ti on is cal cul ated usi ng the
method i l l ustrated i n Reference [31 (Appendi ces 5.2
and 5.3). The model transf ormati on matri x and the
model attenuati on constants are cal cul ated taki ng i nto
account al l the conductors of the hybri d corri dors
(AC. DC. and ground wi res). The l ateral prof i l e i s
f i r st cal cul ated f or each conductor assuming that it
i s the only conductor i n corona. usi ng i ts radi o noi se
generati on functi on. The contri buti ons of each con-
ductor are then combined to gi ve an overal l profi l e.
The combination of the radi o noi se from the three
AC phases i s made accordi ng to the EPRI Reference Book
method (Reference C31. (Appendix 5.3). where the radi o
noi se l evel from the phase contri buti ng the most noi se
i s used. If the radi o noi se from two or more of the
phases i s wi thi n 3 dB of each other. then 1.5 dB is
added to the radi o noi se l evel from the phase con-
tri buti ng the most radi o noise. The combination of
the AC generated noi se wi th the DC generated noi se i s
made assumi ng that the two noi ses are uncorrel ated
(addi ti on of two random noi ses) and are added as the
square root of the sum of the squares.
Cal cul ati ons were made f or a number of f easi bl e
hybri d corri dor vol tages. geometries. weather condi -
ti ons. and modes of operati on. Most of the hybrid con-
f i gurati ons studi ed consi sted of one WAC l i ne, i n-
cl udi ng some double ci rcui t AC cases. paral l el to one
HVDC l i ne wi th a coi nci dent midspan.
I n addi ti on hybri d confi gurati ons consi sti ng of
two paral l el AC l i nes paral l el to a DC l i ne wi th a
coi nci dent midspan were al so i nvesti gated. The resul ts
of these conf i gurati ons are not presented here.
however. the basi c concl usi ons drawn f or the two-line
hybri d corri dor were al so found to be appl i cabl e to
hybrid corri dors which contai n two separate AC l i nes
paral l el to one DC l i ne.
Cal cul ati ons were made at midspan i n order to
arri ve at a worst case scenari o f or the ground l evel
el ectr i cal quanti ti es. The resul ts of these cal cul a-
ti ons consti tute a data base from which qual i tati ve
and quanti tati ve i nf ormati on about hybrid corri dor
el ectri cal and envi ronmental performance can be ex-
tract ed.
As a means of veri fyi ng the cal cul ati on methods
used. f i el d measurements were made at an exi sti ng
hybri d corri dor which consi sted of a 230 kVAC l i ne and
a bi pol ar 500 kVDC l i ne. The cal cul ated and measured
resul ts were i n good agreement.
A total of 614 hybri d conf i gur ati ons were
studi ed. The AC and DC vol tages and geometries of the
two-line study cases are gi ven i n Table I and are il-
l ustrated i n Fi gures 7a and 7b. Five val ues of l i ne
separati on were consi dered: 40 f t (12.2 m). 60 f t
(18.3 m). 90 f t (27.4 m). 135 f t (41.1 m). and i n-
f i ni ty (AC l i ne completely removed). Separati on here
i s def i ned as the hori zontal di stance between the
nearest AC phase and DC pol e (see Fi gure 7).
1343
HGAC
muLI
DIMENSIONS OF THE LI NES STUDIED
DC LINE
-
l - y- 4.
I
PY
I- 'I
-!
I
PR
H B p : I ?
SEPARATION ( S)
I
I
1
////// \\\\\ f ////\ 1 ' \ \ \ \ / , , , , \ \ \ 1. \ \/ ////\ \
AC Lines
V (kV) Confi gurati on
800 Fl at
362 Fl at
230 Fl at
115 Fl at
362 Double Ci rcui t
230 Double Ci rcui t
TOP
Middle
Bottom
Middle
Bottom
TOP
DC Lines
V (kV)
500
400
300
200
AC LINE
Height
to
Midspan
HAC
( f t)
50
32
32
27
HB =87
HY =60
HR = 32
HB = 72
HY = 52
HR = 32
H
(f t)
45
40
35
25
Phase-to-Phase Ground Wires
Di stance Height Separati on
PAC HGAC PG
( f t) ( f t) ( f t)
50 100 75
35 56 45
20 52 24
13 37 14
PB =48
PY a 7 1 108 36
PR = 6 1
PB = 60
PY = 72 102 18
PR = 60
DC LINE
-
P HGDC
( f t) ( f t)
45 80
40 70
35 60
25 45
HGDC
HAC HGAC
SEPARATION (S)
Phase Conductors
Number Diameter
-_ _ _ _
(i n)
4 1. 385
2 1. 108
2 1. 108
1 1.108
3 1. 108
1 1. 108
3 2. 0
2 2 . 0
1 2. 0
1 2 . 0
Ground Idires
Diamcter
( i n)
0. 385
0. 385
0 . 5
0. 5
0. 385
0. 5
0. 385
0. 385
0. 385
0. 385
The ef f ect of proxi mi ty between HVAC and HVDC
l i nes was determined by anal yzi ng the resul ts of the
cal cul ati ons di scussed above f or the 614 di f f erent
hybrid corri dor confi gurati ons. wi th speci al emphasis
bei ng pl aced on the 800 kVAC and 230 kVAC vol tages and
a bi pol ar HVDC vol tage of 400 kV. which were chosen as
the "base cases" f or the study. The fol l owi ng resul ts
are f or hybrid corri dors consi sti ng of one HVAC l i ne
and one HVDC l i ne.
The proximity between AC and DC l i nes af f ects
the maximum conductor surface gradi ents of both l i nes
which. i n turn. af f ects the audi bl e and radi o noi se
l evel s. The AC l i ne induces an AC ri ppl e on the sur-
f ace gradi ent of the DC l i ne and the DC l i ne i nduces a
DC bi as on the surface gradi ent of the AC l i ne. Both
'AC ri ppl e' and ' DC bi as' are a f uncti on of the
separati on between the two l i nes as shown i n Fi gures
8 through 12. These f i gures show that the l argest ef-
f ect on the gradi ents occurs when the DC l i ne i s ener-
gi zed monopolar wi th the energi zed pol e bei ng the one
cl oser to the AC l i ne. The ef f ect on the surf ace
gradi ents al so depends on the hei ght of the DC l i ne
above ground. wi th the l argest hei ght producing the
l argest ef f ect. Fi gure 8 shows the ef f ect of separa-
ti on between an 800 kVAC and a bi pol ar 400 kVDC l i ne.
The 800 kVAC l i ne i nduces a l arge ri ppl e on the
gradi ent of the DC tpndu:tor cl osest to the AC l i ne.
The symbol s +/- and "-/+" are used to i ndi -
cate. respecti vel y, the bi pol ar DC mode wi th the posi -
Li ve pol e or negati ve pol e cl oser to the AC l i ne.
Si mi l arl y. monopol ar modes are i ndi cated by " +/O" .
" o/+" . " -/O" . and " O/-" .
1344
20
-
"
x
g 15
2
0.
U
a 0
e
-
- 10
VI
4
U
5
0
uc 1K
MONOPOLAR
UF
DC LINI
40'
BIPOLAR
- , _--
-- - - - 60'
i SEPARATSON (FEET)
Fi gure 8. Effect of separati on on XI hybri d surf ace
gradi ent f or two DC l i ne hei ghts. DC bi pol ar (ei ther
+/- or -/+I and DC monopolar (ei ther +/0 or - / O) .
20 J
DC DC
nonoPouR
OF
DC LINE
40'
BIPOLAR
- ---
20 40 60 80 loo 120
SEPARATION (FEET)
Fi gure 9. Effect of separati on on surface gradi ent f or
two DC l i ne hei ghts. DC bi pol ar ( ei ther +/- or -/+I
and DC monopolar (ei ther +/0 or - / O) .
Fi gure 9 shows the ef f ect of separati on between
a 230 kVAC and a 400 kVDC l i ne. The AC ri ppl e on the
DC l i ne i s negl i gi bl e. Also, si nce 230 kVAC l i nes have
l i t t l e corona, having conductor si zes designed to meet
more restri cti ve requi rements (such as current carry-
i ng capaci ty). the DC bi as on the AC surface gradi ent
i s not l i kel y to make the corona performance of the AC
l i ne unacceptable.
Fi gure 10 shows the ef f ect of separati on on %
hybrid gradi ent between an 800 kVAC l i ne and an HVDC
l i ne wi th vari ous vol tages. For 200 k V and 300 kV the
DC bi as on the AC l i ne i s small.
Fi gure 11 shows the ef f ect of separati on on %
hybri d gradi ent between a 230 kVAC l i ne and an HVDC
l i ne f or vari ous DC vol tages. The AC ri ppl e on the DC
l i ne i s smal l f or al l the DC vol tages. Despi te the
l arge DC bi as on the AC l i ne, the audi bl e and radi o
noi se of the 230 kVAC l i nes may sti l l remai n at ac-
ceptabl e l evel s.
40 60 80 100 120
SEPARATION (FEET)
Fi gure 10. Ef f ect of separati on on surface gradi ent
f or DC l i nes of vari ous vol tages as i ndi cated ( s ee
Tabl e I f or geometri es). DC bi pol ar (ei ther +/- or
-/+I and DC monopolar (ei ther +/0 or - / O) .
2s
20
x
-
Y 1s
B
1
U
a 0
N
-
- 10
2
m
U P
5
200 LV.
300 kl c
400 k J k
500 k u l
0
I' \ SUO kV
20 40 60 80 100 120
SEPARATION (FEET)
Fi gure 11. Effect of separati on on surf ace gradi ent
f or DC l i nes of vari ous vol tages as i ndi cated (see
Table I f or geometri es). DC bi pol ar ( ei ther +/- or
-/+I and DC monopolar (ei ther +/0 or - / O) .
Fi gure 12 shows the ef f ect of separati on on %
hybrid gradi ent between a 400 kVDC l i ne and AC l i nes
of vari ous vol tages. The AC ri ppl e i s smal l f or 115
kVAC, 230 kVAC (both si ngl e and double ci rcui t), and
345 kVAC (both si ngl e and double ci rcui t). I t should
be noted that lower vol tage AC l i nes have lower l evel s
of corona and, theref ore, can tol erate a l arger DC
bi as.
1345
118 kV
IIC HIAS A(' KIPPI.1.
--_
Y ,800 kV
230 kV
DOUBLE CIRCUIT
40 60 80 100 120
SEPARATION (FEET)
Fi gure 12. Ef f ect of separati on on surface gradi ent
f or AC l i nes of vari ous vol tages as i ndi cated (see
Table I f or geometri es). DC monopolar (ei ther +/0 or
- / O) .
The AC el ectri c f i el d at ground l evel i s not af-
fected by the energi zati on of the DC l i ne. There i s no
i nteracti ve phenomenon. The presence of the DC l i ne
(energi zed or not). however. has the same ef f ect as
that of grounded shi el d wi res. i.e. it acts to reduce
the AC f i el d at ground l evel on the si de of the DC
1 i ne .
The DC el ectr i c f i el d and the i on densi ty at
ground l evel are not affected by the energi zati on of
the AC l i ne. i f there i s no AC corona. This f act was
veri f i ed by smal l scal e model l i ne tests. I n the
presence of AC corona, DC el ectri c f i el ds and i on cur-
rent densi ty wi l l be sl i ghtl y reduced. I n the cal cul a-
ti ons performed. however. the conservati ve assumption
of no i nteracti ve ef f ect has been used.
The presence of the AC l i ne (energi zed or not).
however. has the same ef f ect on the DC el ectri c f i el d
as that of grounded shi el d wi res. i .e. i t tends t o
reduce the DC el ectri c f i el d and the i on current den-
si ty at ground on the si de of the AC l i ne.
Sensati on l evel s i n a hybri d transmi ssi on cor-
ri dor depend on the val ues of AC el ectri c f i el d. DC
el ectri c f i el d. and DC i on densi ty. For a given set of
val ues f or these parameters. which are cal cul ated by
the methods di scussed above. the expected sensati on
l evel s are determined by ref erri ng t o the curves of
Fi gures 4. 5. and 6 .
Three types of sensati ons were considered: sensati on
due to head hai r sti mul ati on. sensati on due to sparks
when a grounded person touches an i nsul ated obj ect
l i ke an umbrella. and sensati ons due to sparks when an
i nsul ated person touches a grounded obj ect l i ke a rod
staked i nto the ground.
The spark di scharge sensati ons are of greater
i nterest near the edges of the right-of-way (ROW) then
wi thi n the corri dor because that i s where it i s more
l i kel y that peopl e w i l l be coming i nto contact wi th
conducti ve obj ects, The head hai r sensati on i s of i n-
terest throughout the corri dor because i t i s the sen-
sati on type most l i kel y to be experi enced through
casual use of the corri dor. The head hai r sensati on
i s al so the sensati on type most sensi ti ve to the com-
bi ned presence of AC and DC f i el ds and ions. There-
fore. the head hai r sensati on i s consi dered the most
important of the sensati on types to be determined when
eval uati ng the af f ect on human percepti on by a hybrid
environment .
The maximum head hai r sensati on l evel expected
as one traverses the corri dor duri ng summer f ai r
weather i s consi dered the most r el evant. and i s
pl otted as a functi on of WAC-HVDC l i ne separati on f or
the study cases i n Fi gures 13 through 18. The sensa-
ti ons duri ng summer f ai r weather are consi dered the
most i mportant because thi s i s when the most people
are parti ci pati ng i n outdoor acti vi ti es whi ch may
bri ng them i nto contact wi th a transmi ssi on corri dor.
A l s o . duri ng col d or f oul weather people are l i kel y to
gai n some shi el di ng benefi t from thei r atti re. such as
hatS. gloves. or heavi er cl othi ng.
PIAX HAIR SENSATION
20 40 60 80 100 120
SEPARATION (FEET)
Fi gure 13. Maximum hai r sensati on l evel versus separa-
ti on f or vari ous DC energi zati on modes.
SEPARATION (FEET)
Fi gure 14. Maximum hai r sensati on l evel versus separa-
ti on f or vari ous DC energi zati on modes.
1 4 . , I I . I 3 , . ,
240 160 200 40 80 120
SEPARATION (FEET)
Fi gure 15. Maximum hai r sensati on l evel versus separa-
ti on f or vari ous DC energi zati on modes.
1346
1 4 . . , , , ~. . . ,
20 60 100 140 180 220
Fi gure 16. Maximum hai r sensati on l evel versus separa-
ti on f or three hei ghts of the DC l i ne (monopolar +/ole
SEPARATION (FEET)
40 60 80 100 120
SEPARATION (FCET)
Fi gure 19. Effect of separati on on audi bl e noi se at
the edge of ROW on the si de of the DC l i ne (bi pol ar
modes 1.
FOUL WEATHER
-I+ n,n
I d , , , , ; , ,
*""
40 80 120 160 200
SEPARATION (FEET)
Fi gure 17. Maximum hai r sensati on l evel versus separa-
ti on f or vari ous DC vol tages (bi pol ar +/- I i n the
proximity of an 800 kVAC l i ne.
5
f_ 500 kV
4
* 400 kV
t 300 kV
f 200 kV
120 160 200
40 80
SEPARATION (FEET)
Fi gure 18. Maximum hai r sensati on l evel versus separa-
ti on f or vari ous DC vol tages (bi pol ar +/-I i n the
proximity of a 230 kVAC l i ne.
The audi bl e noi se generated by an AC l i ne i s af -
fected by the proxi mi ty of an energi zed DC l i ne. For
many AC l i nes. f oul weather audi bl e noi se i s a desi gn
constrai nt. Therefore. thi s phenomenon has an i mpact
on hybri d corri dor design.
The audi bl e noi se generated by an AC l i ne i n-
creases i f the cl osest DC conductor has a negati ve
vol tage and the noi se decreases i f the cl osest DC con-
ductor has a posi ti ve vol tage due to the DC bi as on
the AC surface gradi ent. The audi bl e noi se of a DC
l i ne may al so be affected by the AC ri ppl e on i ts sur-
f ace gradi ent. howeser. there i s no experi mental
evidence of thi s eefect. For the l i ne confi gurati ons
tested to date.
The ef f ect of separati on between an 800 kVAC and
a bi pol ar 400 kVDC l i ne on the radi o and audi bl e noi se
at the edge of the ROW on the si de of the DC l i ne i s
shown i n Fi gures 19 and 20. No noti ceabl e change oc-
curs at the si de of the AC l i ne. Also no change occurs
f or the case of other lower vol tage AC l i nes i n com-
bi nati on wi th bi pol ar 400 kVDC or bi pol ar 500 kVDC
l i nes. I n some cases there may be an i ncrease i n the
noi se of the AC l i ne. however. the total noi se i s
sti l l rel ati vel y smal l and the i ncrease does not have
an impact on overal l l i ne desi gn and performance.
0 BO 120
40
SEPARATION (FEET)
Fi gure 20. Effect of separati on on radi o noi se at edge
of ROW on the si de of the DC l i ne (bi pol ar and de-
energi zed modes).
DIS(XISS1OA OF RESILTS
Based on reduced scal e and some f ul l scal e l i ne
tests there i s no measurable i nteracti ve af f ect be-
tween AC energi zati on and DC energi zati on on the
el ectri c f i el d and i on l evel s. Therefore. the AC con-
ductors af f ect the DC f i el ds and i ons as though they
were simply ground wires. Si mi l arl y. the DC conductors
can be trested as ground wires as f ar as AC el ectri c
f i el d behavi or i s concerned. The resul t i s a smal l
reducti on i n AC and DC f i el ds and i on l evel s due to
the mutual shi el di ng. A si mi l ar concl usi on was reached
by Maruvada and Drogi C91 on a theoreti cal basi s.
The audi bl e and radi o noi se generated by the AC
conductors i s affected by the energi zati on of nearby
DC l i nes because of the DC bi as imposed on thei r sur-
face gradi ents. Since the l evel of noi se generati on i s
governed by the peak posi ti ve surf ace gradi ent the
noi se l evel i ncreases i f the DC bi as i s posi ti ve (due
to an adj acent negati ve DC conductor) and decreases i f
the DC bi as i s negati ve (due to an adj acent posi ti ve
DC conductor). Therefore. i n a hybrid si tuati on i t i s
preferabl e to pl ace the posi ti ve DC pol e nearer to the
AC l i ne. This can be seen i n the curves of Fi gures 19
and 20.
A t thi s time there is no experi mental evidence
i ndi cati ng that the noi se producti on of an HVDC l i ne
i s af f ected by the presence of a nearby AC l i ne.
However. i t would be premature t o state' thi s as a
f i nal concl usi on wi thout f urther tests.
While there i s no i nteracti on between AC and DC
energi zati on on the el ectri c f i el d and i on l evel s. and
the i nteracti on on noi se l evel s i s smal l and can be
improved by pl aci ng the posi ti ve pol e next' to the AC
l i ne. the same cannot be sai d about sensati on l evel s
wi thi n the hybri d corri dor. AC el ectri c f i el ds com-
bined wi th DC el ectri c f i el ds and Cons caq cause rel a-
ti vel y l arge i ncreases i n sensati on l evel s from what
would be expected i f the AC and DC l i nes were acti ng
independently.
For i l l ustrati on purposes consi der as an example
a case where an i ndi vi dual i s standi ng i n a hybri d
corri dor at a l ocati on where the AC el ectri c f i el d i s
15 kV/ m and the DC el ectri c f i el d i s 15 kV/ m when both
l i nes are energized. Suppose that the DC l i ne i 6 de-
energi zed and. theref ore. the DC el ectr i c f i el d
vani shes. According to the curves of Fi gure 4 a person
i n an AC el ectri c f i el d of 15 kV/m and a DC el ectri c
f i el d of zero experi ences a hai r sensati on l evel of
approximately 2.0 (def i ni tel y percepti bl e, but l ess
than sl i ghtl y annoying).
Suppose that the AC l i ne i s de-energized and the
DC l i ne i s now energi zed. According to Fi gure 4 a per-
son standi ng i n an AC el ectri c f i el d of zero and a DC
el ectr i c f i el d of 15 kV/m experi ences a sensati on
l evel of approxi matel y 0.2 ( thi s i s i nterpreted to
mean that i f a l arge number of people were to rate the
sensati on l evel at thi s l ocati on. 80% would rate the
sensati on l evel as zero. not percepti bl e". and 20%
would rate i t as one "j ust percepti bl e").
Now suppose that both l i nes ar e energi zed. I t
may be suspected that the sensati on level would be. i n
some sense. a superposi ti on of the 0.2 sensati on l evel
and the 2.0 sensati on l evel . But accordi ng to Fi gure 4
the sensati on l evel woul d be at a l evel of 5
(i ntol erabl e). The combination of AC and DC phenomena
acti ng together causes a rel ati vel y l arge i ncrease i n
sensati on l evel s from what would be expected i f the
phenomena were acti ng independently. This synergi sti c
ef f ect of a phenomenon due to, the presence of both
types of el ectri cal energi zati ons i s a true i nterac-
ti ve hybri d ef f ect and i s an important characteri sti c
of hybrid corri dor 6.
Si nce sens,ati on l evel s are more sensi ti ve to
AC/DC i nteracti on than the el ectr i c f i el d. i on. and
noi se l evel s. and are general l y i ncreased by the i n-
teracti on whi l e the l atter are decreased. sensati on
l evel i s a good conservati ve cri teri on to judge the
extent to which i nteracti on i s taki ng pl ace. To quan-
L i f y the ext_ent of i nter acti on a def i ni ti on of
i nt er act i on must f i r s t be establ i shed. The
"i nteracti on" between a$ WAC l i ne and an HVDC l i ne
can be defi ned here as the di fference. A , i n the mag-
ni tude of the maximum head hai r sensati on across the
corri dor expected i f both the AC and DC were energi zed
and the magnitude when j ust the AC l i ne or just<the
DC l i ne was energi zed. whi chever gi ves the greater
sensati on.
The questi on ari ses at what separati on of HVAC
and HVDC transmi ssi on l i nes do they st ar t to si g-
ni cantl y i nteract. This i s an i mportant questi on t o
answer si nce new desi gn gui del i nes may be requi red f or
corri dors contai ni ng EVAC and WDC transmi ssi on l i nes
i n cl ose proximity. If the two l i nes are separated by
a great di stance then cal cul ati on techni ques and rul es
that have been developed previ ousl y f or AC transmi s-
si on desi gn may be appl i ed to the HVAC l i ne and cal -
cul ati on techni ques and rul es previ ousl y developed f or
DC transmi ssi on may be appl i ed t o the HVDC l i ne
wi thout consi derati on of the other l i ne type i n the
corri dor. However. as the di stance between l i nes
di mi ni shes a "cri ti cal separati on'. would be reached
below whi ch thi s would no l onger be true and new
hybri d gui del i nes" may need to be developed.
It is suggested that thi s cri ti cal separati on be
defi ned as the separati on at which the AC/DC i nterac-
ti on. as defi ned above. becomes measurable wi thi n the
margin of error of the measuring scheme. It i s f urther
suggested that thi s would correspond to b = 2 of the
head hai r sensati on. as def i ned above. A A of 2 i s
chosen f or the sensati on l evel si nce it was found that
i n a given si tuati on where sensati on averaged. say. a
I alu: of 2 some people may rate the sensati on l evel as
one and others may rate i t as three". but vi rtual l y
no one would gi ve i t a rati ng of zero or "four".
That is. the sensati on measurement scheme was found to
have a resol uti on of about +/- 1 sensati on l evel
uni ts. or' a h =2.
Applying thi s cri teri on to determi ne the cri ti -
cal separati on of the base case hybri d confi gurati ons
studi ed. it was determined that the cri ti cal separa-
ti on was about 110 f eet f or a corri dor contai ni ng an
800 kVAC l i ne and a bi pol ar 400 kVDC l i ne. and was
below 40 f eet f or a 230 kVAC l i ne and a bi pol ar 400
kVDC l i ne.
CONCLUSIONS
There were no i nteracti ve ef f ects found between
the HVAC and HVDC l i nes that needed to be accounted
f or i n cal cul ati ng the ground l evel AC and DC el ectri c
f i el ds and i on current densi ty i n a hybrid corri dor.
The tradi ti onal method of images may be used di rectl y
i n cal c2l ati ng the AC el ectri c f i el d C31. The concept
of the degree of corona saturati on'.. devel oped at
HVTRC f or the purpose of cal cul ati ng DC el ectr i c
f i el ds and i on densi ti es i n pure DC transmi ssi on
si tuati ons C41. may al so be used f or cal ul ati ons i n
hybri d corri dor S.
Although the AC and DC energi zati ons do not i n-
teract f or cal cul ati ons of the el ectri c f i el ds and
i ons . the presence of the l i nes must be considered.
I n the AC el ectri c f i el d cal cul ati on the DC conductors
pl ay the same rol e as grounded conductors and. there-
fore. provi de some shi el di ng of the AC el ectri c f i el d.
parti cul arl y on the si de of the DC l i ne. Si mi l arl y. i n
the DC el ectri c f i el d and i on cal cul ati on the AC con-
ductors ar e equi val ent to grounded conductors and.
therefore. provi des some shi el di ng of the ground from
DC el ectri c f i el ds and ions.
Certai n corona ef f ects of AC l i nes which depend
on the peak posi ti ve surface gradi ent. such as audi bl e
noi se and radi o noi se. can be reduced by lowering the
peak posi ti ve gradi ent by pl aci ng the posi ti ve pol e of
an adj acent DC l i ne nearer t o the AC l i ne which
produces a negati ve DC bi as on the AC conductor.
The ef f ects of AC and DC el ectr i c f i el ds and
i ons combine i n complex ways that can i ncrease sensa-
ti on l evel s wi thi n a hybri d corri dor from what would
be expected i f the AC and DC phenomena were acti ng i n-
dependently. Since sensati on l evel s were found to be
very sensi ti ve to AC/DC i nteracti ons. sensati on l evel
i s a good conservati ve cri teri on f or defi ni ng the ex-
tent of i nteract ion.
Usi ng hesad hai r sensati on as the def i ni ng
cri teri on. a cri ti cal separation'. i s, postul ated. A t
di stances greater than the cri ti cal separati on desi gn
rul es developed separatel y f or AC and DC transmi ssi on
l i nes may be appl i ed. A t di stances below the cri ti cal
separati on AC/DC i nteracti ve ef f ects should be con-
si dered and new hybri d desi gn gui del i nes may be
needed. Further tests would be needed to f ul l y develop
these guide1 i nes.
The cr i ti cal separati on. as defi ned above. f or
an 800 kVAC l i ne paral l el to a bi pol ar 400 kVDC l i ne
i s approximately 110 f eet. f or a 230 kVAC l i ne and a
bi pol ar 400 kVDC l i ne it i s below 40 f eet.
ACIBOYLgDGBJENTS
Funding f or the work reported above was provided
by the New York Power Authori ty (NYPA). The suggest-
i ons and support provided by Gerald Sti l l man of NYPA
was greatl y appreci ated. The ef f orts of Cl ark Ni chol l s
and Hazel Mazza i n the preparati on of the computer
runs and the typi ng of the report were al so greatl y
appreci ated.
BEPKEENCES
111.
C2l.
"DC Conductor Development", EPRI Report EL-2257 s
El ectri c Power Research I nsti tute. Pal o Al to.
Cal i forni a. February 1982.
"HVDC Transmi ssi on Li ne Research.'. EPRI Report
EL-2419. El ectri c Power Research I nsti tute. Pal o
Alto. Cal i forni a. May 1982.
~
1348
C3l.
C4l.
C5l.
C6l.
C71.
[SI.
C9l.
ClOI.
c111.
e Book - 345 kV
, El ectri c Power Research
. .
a-
I nsti tute. Pal o Alto, Cal i forni a. 1982.
ruent of Energy Contract DE-ACO2- 80RA50 153. Na-
t i onal T echni cal I nf or mat i on Ser vi ce.
Spri ngfi el d. Vi rgi ni a, August 1985.
V.L. Chtrti er. S.H. Sarkinen. R.D. Stearns. A.L.
Burns, I nvesti gati on of Corona and Fi el d Ef-
f ects of AC/DC Hybrid Transmission Lines", LEEE
on Po - and S v s w. Vol. PAS-
100. pp. 72-80. J anuary 1981.
I EEE Committee Report, "A Comparison of Methods
f or Cal cul ati ng Audi bl e Noise of High Voltage
Transmission Lines". on Power
ADoaratus and S v st a. Vol. PAS-101. pp. 4090-
4099. October 1982.
P.S. Maryada. N.G. Tri nh. R.D. Dal l ai re. N.
Ri vest. Corona Studi es f or Bi pol ar HVDC Trans-
mi ssi on at Vol tages Between + I - 600 kV and +/-
1200 kV. Pt. 1: Long TermBi pol ar Li ne Studies".
on Power - -
m. Vol. PAS-100. pp. 1453-1461, March 1981.
Y. Sunaga. Y. Sawada. "Method of Cal cul ati ng
I oni zed Fi el d of HVDC Transmi ssi on Li nes and
Anal ysi s of Space Charge Ef f ects on RI ".
on Power Aooaratue and Svs-.
Vol. PAS-99. pp. 605-615. March/April 1980.
Maruvada and Drogi. "Fi el d and Ion I nteracti ons
of Hybrid AC/DC Transmission Lines". Paper 87 WM
155-5, IEEE/PES Wi nter Meeting. New York, Ny.
February 1988.
c to +I-
-. El ectri c Power Research I nsti tute. Pal o
Alto. Cal i forni a. 1977.
M. Fukushima, K. Tanabe. Y. Nakano. "Predi cti on
Method and Subj ecti ve Eval uati on of Audi bl e
Noise Based on Resul ts at the Shiobara HVDC Test
Line". Paper 87 WM 145-6, IEEE/PES Winter Meet-
ing. New Orleans. LA. February 1-6, 1987.
c12.1. W. Deutsch. "Uber di e Di chtevertei l ung
Uni pol arer J onenstrome" ( i n German).
.&&& 5. Folge. Band 6. pp. 588-612, 1933.
BI OGarl WI ES
A. Clainnont (M'88) was born i n Adams. Mas-
sachusetts on August 18. 1950. He recei ved hi s B.S.
degree i n Physi cs i n 1976 (hi ghest honors). and hi s
M.S. degree i n Physi cs i n 1978 from the Uni versi ty of
New Hampshire. Durham.
Pri or to attendi ng col l ege he served as an
el ectroni c techni ci an i n the U.S. Army Mi l i tary I ntel -
l i gence Department. From 1979 to 1985 he was a physi cs
professor at North Adams State College. North Adams,
Massachusetts. I n 1986 he j oi ned the General El ectri c
Company staf f at the EPRI-Righ Voltage Transmission
Research Center (HVTRC) i n Lenox. Massachusetts, as a
Research Engineer.
H i s research i nterests at HVTRC have focused
pri mari l y on hybri d transmi ssi on corri dors and the i on
and charged aerosol densi ti es downwind of HVDC l i nes.
He has al so l ectured on corona phenomena at the EPRI
Transmission Li ne Design Seminars.
Gary B. J ohnson (M'80) was born i n Pri nceton, 11-
l i noi s, on J ul y 14, 1952. He received hi s B.S. degree
i n Ehgineering Physics i n 1974 (highest honors), his
W.S. degree i n Physi cs i n 1976, and hi s Ph.D. i n
El ectri cal Engineering i n 1979 fran the University of
Illinois, Champign-urbana.
I n 1979 he joined the General El ectri c "y
staff at the EPRI-High Voltage Transmission Research
Center i n Lenox, Massachusetts, as a Research Engineer
i n the M3 el ectri c f i el d and i on research progran. I n
1984 he was pranoted to Manager, El ectri cal Research
Programs. His research i nterests include measurenent
and characterization of the el ectri cal quanti ti es as-
soci ated wi th high vol tage dc and ac transmi ssi on
l i nes. He has appeared as an expert wi tness on the
corona and f i el d ef f ects of dc and ac trammission
lines, been a lecturer at the EpliI Transmission Li ne
Desi gn Semi nars, and parti ci pated i n the "Les
Renardi eres" Large Air Gap Fl ashover Studi es at
Electricite de France.
Dr. J ohnson is a member of the IEXE+Power Eh-
gineering Society, the American Physical Society, the
Bi oEl eotrmagneti cs Society, the New York Acadeqy of
Sciences, The American Association' for the Advancement
of Sciences, and Tau Beta Pi. He is currently chairman
of the Pawer Ehgineering Society Working Group on Dc
Fi el ds and Ions.
Luciano E. Zaf f anel l a (H168-SM174-F'79) was born i n
I kntua, I tal y, on November 22, 1937. He graduated fran
the Milan Polytechnic University i n 1960.
He was wi t h CESI l aboratori es i n Milan, I tal y,
fran 1960 to 1968. A t CESI he headed the Research Sec-
ti on of the High Voltage Departnient. Since 1968 he has
been wi th the General El ectri c Canpany staff at the
EPRI-High Voltage Transmission Research Center (INTRC)
and its predecessor, Project UHV. He was a research
engineer from 1968 to 1972 during which he maik sig-
ni fi cant contributions to studies of 1200 kV transnis-
sion. He became Manager of Proj ect UHV i n 1972 and
si nce then has di rected several of EPRI's and MIE's
research proj ects i nto WAC and HVDC trananission. Un-
der his di recti on, the f i rst and the second edition of
EPRI's "Transmission Line Reference Book - 345 kV and
Above" were prepared, and the IvlRC has evolved f ran a
si ngl e phase test l i ne i nto an i nternati onal l y recog-
ni zed l aboratory f or the study of the electrical
aspects of W overhead transmission l i nes.
Luciano Zaffanella is a Fellaw of I=. He has
authored and -authored about 40 technical papers. He
is the U.S. del egate of CIGRE Study Commi ttee 36
"Interference".
Shalom Zel i nqher (M'76) was born i n Romania on
February 2, 1951. He received hi s B.S. degree (Dean's
list, 1975) and hi s M.S. degree (Dean's list 1978)
fran the Polytechnic I nsti tute of New York. He al so
attended the AEP Power SystemsCourse i n 1976.
Fran 1976 to 1983 he was an El ectri cal mgineer
with the El ectr i d Generation section of the er i c an
Electric Power Servi ce Corporati on where he par-
ti ci pated i n the design and engineering of l arge pawer
plants. I n 1983 he joined the New York Power Authority
as an El ectri cal Ebgineer i n the R&D Division. I n 1985
he became the Manager of the El ectri cal .& Mechanical
~echnology Group of R&D. H i s responsi bi l i ti es include
the developnent and transfer of new technologies to
improve predi cti ve and performance monitoring of
electrical and mechanicdl apparatus i n substations and
power plants, and the investigation and evaluation of
new transnission techniques to meet long distance bulk
power transfer requirements.
Mr. - Zelingher is a member of the IEEX mer Eh-
gineering and Industry Applications Societies, and the
Protecti on and Automation subca" 'ttee of the Pawer
Generation Cumnittee.
1349
B.R Clairmont, G.B. J ohnson, L.E. Zaffanella, and S.
Zel i ngher: The authors would l i k e to thank Messrs.
Narwaih and Ddl l ai re for thei r cmments. They have
I pi nted out sanekey poi nts of the p p r where further
discussion and cl ari fi cati on w i l l he helpful.
n7e concepts of corona saturati on and degree
of saturati on were developed at HVTRC for the pur ps
of characterizing the l evel of corona acti vi ty taking
place on an NDC tranmi ssi on line. The work on thi s
subject has not previously been published i n the IEEE
transactions, however, technical reports dealing W i t h
the i ni ti al research and developnent of the concepts
of corona saturati on and degree of saturati on have
been avai l abl e i n the public danain through the three
references (1, 2, and 4) ci ted i n the papr. A paFr
dealing expressly on the concepts of corona saturati on
and degree of corona saturati on has been sutxnitted for
the 1989 IEEE-PES Winter Yeeting. A brief explanation
of the concepts follcms.
The l evel of corona acti vi ty on an HVDC trans-
mission l i ne w i l l l i e sanmhere between the two ex-
trenes of minimumcorona and maximmcorona. The mi ni -
mum corona is no C O K O ~~ and is simply the el ectros-
tatic case. This condition w i l l be approached when the
conductors are f ree of corona sources ( i nsects,
raindrops, etc. ) .
The opposite extrane is the condition of maxinim
corona and is called the corona saturated case. This
condition exi sts when the conductors have a great nun-
ber of corona sources. As energi zed HVJX conductors
gather increasing nmbr s of corona sources, the l evel
of corona acti vi ty does not increase without limit but
w i l l approach a maximun possi bl e l evel . This limita-
ti on is caused by the space charge which results fran
DC corona. The el ectri c f i el d due to the rel eased
space charge wi l l act to reduce the electric f i el d at
the surf ace of the conductor (conductor surface
gradi ent) thereby suppressing corona and l i mi ti ng its
magnitude.
FLectrical parameters Can be cal cul ated for con-
ductors i n the el ectrostati c state through theoreti cal
analysis. The corona saturated state has been inves-
ti gated through reduced scale model tests [1,2 of the
paper]. The corona state of an HVLX conductor bi l l
l i e between these two extremes and is characterized k?
the degree of saturation. The values of the degrec
of saturati on have been cktennined empirically fra;
.f ul l scale l i ne tests and are f uncti ons of surface
gradient, weather condition, season, and pol ari ty.
Concern has been expressed that the evaluation
of expected perception l evel s was Lased on too mall
of a data base. Whilethe data base was small and the
testi ng was not done double blind, the resul ti ng data
does not l ose its value. We agree that further work
would be very useful i n thi s area. Several years ago
we proFosed a rigorous sci enti f i c study i n thi s area
using a l arge nmbr of naive subj ects with the test-
i n g c o n d u c t e d d o u b l e b l i n d b y
psychologists/biologists. The funding and i nterest
were not avai l abl e to pursue it. We are pleased t o
note that HydrcQuehc is planning a Dc psychophysical
study. We look forward to seeing how the data cxan-
pares wi t h the other sensation data that has been col-
l ected [1,2 below]. rche concerns of the di scussers
are respected and well received. We only wish to em-
phasize the point that while our sensation data could
be more extensive it is nevertheless valuable si nce it
is the only sensation data avai l abl e on hybrid l i nes.
I t is because of the l i mi ted amount of data that
sensation l evel s were not shown as functi ons of all
three variables: AC electric fi el d, EC electric fi el d,
Discussion
P. Sarma Maruvada (IREQ, Varennes, Qukbec, Canada): This paper
reflects therecent interest in hybrid ac/dc transmission lines. The paper
treats only thecaseof ac and dc lines sharing thesamecorridor and leaves
theimpression that thetwo lines must beseparated fromeach other by a
minimumdistance. It should bepointed out, however, that an important
class of hybrid lines comprises ac anddc lines on thesametower and that
thereare no technical limitations to thefeasibility of such lines.
A methodfor analyzing thecorona, field andion effect performance of
hybrid lineconfigurations, both adjacent-tower andsame-tower, has been
presented bythediscusser recently [I]. Theadditional element included in
thepresent paper is the so-called Sensation-levels. Thebasis for the
sensation-level criteria usedin thepaper is moreanecdotal than scientific in
nature. Any suchcriteriawill havean important influenceon futureline
designs andshould thereforebeobtained fromwell-conceived psychophysi-
cal studies under controlled conditions. As amatter of fact, criteria on
electric field andion current or density levels do not exist at present even for
dc lines, let alonehybrid lines. Weare just on thevergeof initiating a
psychophysical study at Hydro Quebec to determineacceptablelevels of
electric field and ion current (or charge) density in a dc ionized field
environment. Wemay possibly includein this study theinfluenceof a
superposed ac electric field also.
Reference
[l] P. Sarma Maruvada, Serge Drogi, Field and Ion Interactions of
Hybrid AC/DC transmission Lines IEEE Transactions on Power
Delivery, July 1988.
ManuscriptreceivedAugust 17, 1988.
R. Daniel Dallaire (Institut de recherchedlHydro-Qu6bec, Varennes,
Qukbec, Canada): Theauthors say that the calculation methodused in this
study wasbased uponatechniquewhich utilizes theconcepts of corona
saturation and the degree of corona saturation. It is difficult to
understand what is meant by corona saturation and as there is no
published paper on this method, it would beappreciated if theauthors could
givefurther explanations. Could they givearationalefor themathematical
andphysical phenomenathat are supposed to exist in this case?
According to the findings of theseauthors, thehair sensation is themost
important parameter of thesensation types determined whenevaluating the
effect onhumanperception inahybrid environment. Theauthors say that
analysis of thedataindicated that thehead hair sensation level is best
characterized as afunction of both theAC and the DC electric fields. This
sensation is probably theresult of theeffect of theAC field on thetotal
charges accumulated on thehair. This total chargeshould beafunction of
theionic current density arriving on thehair as well of theelectric field.
Onewouldexpect to find arelation that wouldberelated to theelectric field
andtheionic current density. Theconsequenceof such arelation is that the
perception criteria would changefor thesamevalueof electric DC field as a
function of thecoronaactivity on theconductors or theoperating gradient of
theDC lineand its physical characteristics. For example, would aline
designed with large conductors at a low gradient produce the same
annoyanceas alinedesigned with smaller conductors producing ahigher
current density for thesametotal DC electric field? If theanalysis of the
datadid not reveal aneffect of current density on thehair sensation level,
can theauthors explain why?
Cantheauthors givean ideaof thesensitivity of thecritical separation
distanceas afunction of thevariability of the level of perception they
determined and explain how it might influencethe results presented in
Figures 13 to 18?
Thecost of buying aright-of-way is so costly today that thesuggested
critical separation of 110 feet between thenearest conductors, for acorridor
containing an800 kV AC lineand abipolar 400 kV DC line, instead of the
normal 50 to 60 feet necessary for insulation purposes, becomes very
expensive. In thediscussers opinion, amorescientific study on perception
levels andtheir influenceon critical separation is needed. This study should
lead to new design guidelines based on realistic data. Better numerical
methods for evaluation of theelectric field and ionic current at ground level
and at low gradient are necessary to correctly evaluatethoseparameters in
order to achieveanefficient andeconomic DC lines design.
Manuscript receivedAugust 18, 1988.
1350
and i on current. Si nce the data was gathered fran a
mall nlmber of hybrid configurations the M: el ectri c
f i el d and ion density are closely rel ated and do not
canprise an "orthogonal" pair of axes. I deally, per-
ception would be determined as a function of al l three
vari abl es. However, to accanplish t hi s would require
the capability of varying the Dc electric f i el d while
holding the ion l evel s constant, and vice versa. This
would require ei ther a huge amount of data fran a wide
range of di fferent hybrid configurations (which do not
exi st) or an expensive test chrmber of sanetype where
the three vari abl es could be vari ed independently
whi l e si mul ati ng an outdoor environment (wind,
hunidity, etc.). Addi ti onal data f ran a vari ety of
ful l scale hybrid configurations wi l l beme avai l abl e
as part of the next phase of t h i s research, whi ch is
now underway.
Finally, the concept of "cri ti cal separati ons"
can be used as a criteria to judge the significance of
i nteracti ns between the AC and DC lines i n a hybrid
corri dor. I t means that at separati ons below the
cri ti cal separati on the desi gn engi neer should be
.ware that hybrid i nteracti ons need t o be accounted
for i n predicting the electrical/environnental perfor-
mance of the corridor. A t distances greater than the
cri ti cal separati on hybri d i nteracti on can be
neglected. For example, i n the case of an 800 kVAC
l i ne adjacent t o a 400 kvDc l i ne there are no interac-
ti ve effects that need t o be consi dered i f the two
lines are separated by more than 110 f t.
[l ] G.B. J ohnson, ''Study of Electric Field and Ion
Effects of E WE TKa"niSSi0n Lines: Sixth Tech-
ni cal Progress Report", U.S. Department of
mergy Contract No. DE-AC02-80RR50153, 1983.
[2] TranSmission Line Reference Book - HVDC to
+/-600 kV, El ectri c Power Research I nsti tute,
Palo Alto, CA, 1977.
Manuscript received September 15, 1988.