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PART 4: IMPLEMENTATION & OPERATION
4.1 Hazard Identification, Risk
Assessment and Risk Control (HIRARC)
Learning Objectives
To define what is
hazard, risk and
danger.
To assess the hazard
identification, risk
assessment and risk
control process.
To describe the
method of identifying
hazard.
To construct the risk
assessment matrix.
Hazard: A source or a situation with a potential
for harmin terms of human injury or ill
health, damage to property, damage to the
environment or a combination of these.
Danger: Relative exposure to hazard
Definitions
Risk: A combination of the likelihood of an
occurrence of a hazardous event with specified
period or in specified circumstances and the
severity of injury or damage to the health of
people, property, environment or any combination
of these caused by the event.
Definitions
What is Risk assessment: The process of
evaluating the risks to safety and health arising from
hazards at work.
Risk assessment results is documented and used for:
1. Risk control in OSH management
2. Future reference and review
Risk Assessment
1. Integrate Risk Management as part of planning
at all levels of business
2. Accept all risks
3. Make risk decisions appropriately (depending on
level of risk)
4. Manage the risk
Basic Principles Of Risk Management
Gives organisations a more effective way of managing
hazards
Requirement of the law e.g.
OSHA 1994, CIMAH Regulations 1996 & USECHH Regulations
2000
Requirement of OSH management system
standards:
MS 1722:2003,
OHSAS 18001 and
ISO 14001, etc.
Why Carry Out Risk Assessment?
Routine and non-routine activities including
emergencies;
Activities of all personnel having access to the workplace
(including subcontractors and visitors);
Facilities at the workplace, whether provided-by the
organization or others.
Risk Assessment Should Be Carried Out
For:
Before Operation
During Operation
After Operation
When To Carry Out Risk Assessment
Types of review:
initial review, and
periodic review.
When To Review Risk Assessment
Review whenever there are changes:
internal
Before modification, changes or introduction of new
Materials, machinery or processes, working procedures,
external
Amendments of national laws and regulations
Developments in OSH knowledge and technology
When To Review Risk Assessment
Person or persons trained to identify hazard and
risk assessment
In some cases legally competent person, example : Chemical
Health Risk Assessor
Consultation with and involvement of workers
Safety and health committee OR workers and their
representatives
Involvement of supervisors
Who Will Carry Out Risk Assessment
Hazard Identification
Risk Assessment
Risk Control
Review
Basic Components Of Risk Management
Classify Activities
(Work, Product, Services, Activities)
Determine Risk
Decide if Risk is Tolerable
Risk Control Action Plan
Identify Hazards
ReviewAdequacy of Risk Control
Start
Risk = Severity X Likelihood
The Process Of Risk Management
Hazard Identification
Man Unsafe acts
Machinery Installation, layout and design of equipment
Materials Substances such as chemicals and gases use in
the workplace
Method The way people carry out their work
Media Workplace condition i.e. air quality, ventilation,
lighting, noise, vibration etc.
Sources Of Hazards
Classification
of Hazards
Example of Potential Sources of
Hazards
Mechanical Pinch points, sharp points and edges,
overload or force a tool beyond its
capabilities and grinding wheel without
guard
Electrical Electrical cord insulation damaged,
electrical face plate or cover broken or
missing and fan cord insulation pulled
loose
Biological Exposed to airborne and blood borne
viruses, bacteria and fungus
Classification & Potential Sources Of
Hazards
Classification
of Hazards
Example of Potential Sources of
Hazards
Chemical Exposed to carcinogens chemicals,
sensitizers and corrosive chemicals.
Ergonomics Repeated exposure to unnatural
postures and unnatural movement,
wrong design of workstation, tools and
task.
Psychological Stress, sexual harassment and violent at
work.
Classification & Potential Sources Of
Hazards
Information on the facilities, processes and
activities of the organization, including:
Area Map
Site plan(s); own and neighbor
Process flow-charts
Inventory of materials (raw materials, chemicals,
wastes, products, sub-products)
Toxicology and other health and safety data
Monitoring data
Pre-Assessment : Information Gathering
Geographical areas within/outside the premises;
Stages in a production process, or in the
provision of a service;
Defined the tasks (e.g. driving, window cleaning);
Identify the working groups;
Land use; previous property use, future use.
Pre-Assessment : Classifying Work
Activities
Review of documents and publications
Inspection and observation at the workplace
Measurement of the atmosphere, monitoring
the environment or medical surveillance of
workers
Hazard Analysis
Methods Of Identifying Hazards
Reports of accidents, accident investigation and
audits
Information from publications
Acts, Regulations and Codes of Practice
Statistics
Handbooks
Chemical Safety Data Sheet (CSDS)
Document Review
Types of inspections: statutory inspection, periodic
inspection, formal and informal inspection
Documentation - Checklist and inspection worksheet
(standard approach and record)
Inspection & Observation
Activities - to involve supervisors, managers and
employees
Inspection outcome - to include actions and
timeframes
Ensure follow up on action - to ensure effectiveness
Inspection & Observation
Types of monitoring: area and personal monitoring.
Monitoring of:
Noise
Heat
Radiation
Air contaminants
Chemicals etc.
Exposure Monitoring
Biological monitoring is a regular measuring activity
where selected validated indicators of the uptake of
toxic substances in the human body are determined
in order to prevent health impairment.
This form of monitoring could entail examination of, for
example, blood, urine, saliva and expired air.
Biological Monitoring
Biological monitoring commonly features in the
health or medical surveillance of persons exposed
to hazardous environments especially complying to
legal requirement i.e. USECHH Regulations 2000 etc.
Biological Monitoring
Health Surveillance is Warranted if:
Substance is used in workplace
Substance is hazardous
Evidence or reason to suspect injury
Atmospheric monitoring insufficient
Medical Surveillance
Method use: (example)
Job Safety Analysis (JSA)
Hazards and Operability Studies (HAZOP)
Fault Tree Analysis etc.
Hazards Analysis
Job described in less than 10 steps
Action verb used to describe job
List things that can go wrong
Job Safety Analysis (JSA)
Note:
The term JSA includes the formulation of
safe work procedures using written
instructions for workers
May still require other risk controls
Supervisor and workers assist
Ideally all jobs should have a JSA
Job Safety Analysis (JSA)
To identify and evaluate safety hazard in the
process plant
To identify operability problems
New design or process
Multidisciplinary brainstorming
What If questionnaire method
Focus on fire, explosion, toxic release etc.
Hazards & Operability Studies (HAZOP)
To analyse how and why incident could occur.
Graphic technique - traces branches of events.
To calculate probability of end event.
Example: Water pumping system
Fault Tree Analysis
Pump failure (A) Pump failure (B)
(automatic
standby pump)
Pump failure Control valve (C)
failure to regulate
flow of water through
pump
No Flow (T)
No water flow occurs if both pumps fail or if the control valve fails.
If the individual initiating event probabilities P(A), P(B), and P(C) are known,
then the probability of P(T) the top or end event can be calculated.
Fault Tree Analysis
Risk Assessment
Approach:
Qualitative Risk Assessment
Semi-Quantitative Risk Assessment
Quantitative Risk Assessment
Types of Risk Assessment
Severity in terms of:
Harm to health
Damage to property
Damage to environment
Or the combination of the above
Determining Severity
Determine severity categories i.e.:
Fatality
Major injuries (normally irreversible injury or
damage to health)
Minor injuries (normally reversible injury or
damage to health requiring days off work)
Negligible injuries (first aid)
Severity
Based on statistic & data, professional judgement.
Determine likelihood categories i.e.:
highly likely,
likely,
highly unlikely.
Determining Likelihood of Occurrences
of Hazard
Very likely - could happen frequently
Likely - could happen occasionally
Unlikely - could happen, but only rarely
Highly unlikely - could happen, but probably
never will
Likelihood
Severity
Likelihood
Very Likely(4) Likely (3) Unlikely(2)
Highly
Unlikely(1)
Fatality(4) High-16 High-12 High-8 Medium-4
Major Injuries(3) High-12 High-9 Medium-6 Medium-3
Minor Injuries(2) High-8 Medium-6 Medium-4 Low-2
Negligible
Injuries(1) Medium-4 Medium-3 Low-2 Low-1
Qualitative Risk Table
Determine severity categories i.e. :
4: Fatality & Permanent Disability
3: More than 4 days MC
2: Less than or 4 days MC
1: First aid and near misses
Semi Quantitative Risk Assessment
Determining Likelihood of Occurrence of
Hazard
4: Daily
3: Weekly
2: Monthly
1: Yearly
Semi Quantitative Risk Assessment
LIKELIHOOD
S
E
V
E
R
I
T
Y
Yearly Monthly Weekly Daily
1 2 3 4
First Aid
and Near
Misses
1 1 2 3 4
Less than
or 4 days
MC
2 2 4 6 8
More than
4 days MC
3 3 6 9 12
Fatality &
Permanent
Disability
4 4 8 12 16
Semi Quantitative Risk Assessment
Where the hazards presented by the undertaking are
numerous and complex, and may involve novel
processes, for example in the case of large chemicals
process plants, detailed and sophisticated risk
assessments will be needed, and it is appropriate to carry
out a detailed quantitative risk assessment.
Quantitative Risk Assessment
Quantitative risk assessment involves obtaining a
numerical estimate of the risk from a quantitative
consideration of event probabilities and consequences.
Quantitative Risk Assessment
In carrying out quantitative risk assessments, special
quantitative tools and techniques will be used for
hazard identification, and to estimate the severity of the
consequences and the likelihood of realisation of the
hazards.
Quantitative Risk Assessment
Where such methods and techniques are used it is
important that they are carried out by suitably qualified
and experience assessors.
Quantitative Risk Assessment
LEVE
L
OF
RISK
AS LOW AS REASONABLY PRACTICABLE (ALARP)
PRINCIPLE
Risk cannot be
justified
on any grounds
A
L
A
R
P
Risk is undertaken if
a benefit is desired

Reduce risk
No need for detailed
action
TOLERABLE IF:
Reduction
Impractical
or
Cost / gain grossly
Disproportionate
Intolerable (e.g. H,H or >10)
Trivial
Decision For Action
Activities / process /
facilities/ equipment
Hazard Effect
Current Risk
Control
Legal
Reqmt
Risk
Action &
Recommendations
Severity. Likelihood
Risk
Rating
Kimpalan arka
1. Radiasi Pedih mata,
berair, berpasir Face shield
FMA,
OSHA
2 3 6
PPE-goggles, eye
wash station, job
rotation
2. Fumes Pernafasan
terganggu -
FMA,
OSHA
2 3 6
Exhaust fan,
respirator, job
rotation
3. Spark Melecur kulit,
pakaian
terbakar
Gloves,
overall, kasut
FMA,
OSHA
2 3 6
Overall tahan api,
glove berkualiti, fire
extinguisher,
emergency shower
Risk Assessment Form
Risk Control
Substitution
Modify process
Enclosure
Local exhaust
Fugitive
emission control
Isolation
Housekeeping
General
ventilation
Continuous area
monitoring
Dilution
ventilation
Automation or
remote control
Training and
education
Worker rotation
Enclosure of
worker
Personal
monitoring
Personal
protective devices
Principle of Control
Review measures regularly; modify if necessary
Comply with national laws and regulations
Reflect good management practice; and
Consideration In Implementing Risk
Control
Consider the current state of knowledge
Include information or reports from organizations
such as:
DOSH, OSH services, and others.
Consideration In Implementing Risk
Control
Hierarchy Of Control
MOST EFFECTIVE
Elimination - remove the hazard.
FAIRLY EFFECTIVE
Substitution - use less hazardous one.
Isolation isolate the work area i.e. X-ray machine in restricted
room
Engineering Control design, isolation at source, barricade,
guarding,
LEAST EFFECTIVE
Administrative Control safe work procedure, isolation i.e. reduce
exposure time and limit, training, signage etc
PPE - last resort.
The basis of OSH management is the identification of
hazard, risk assessment and control
Ways of identifying hazards varies from inspection of
the workplace to reviewing legislation
Risk assessment allows an organisation to build a
sound basis for managing hazard
Hierarchy of hazard control starts by elimination; use
PPE as protection is the last resort
Summary