Engineering Graphics, Class 13

Descriptive Geometry
Mohammad I. Kilani
Mechanical Engineering Department
University of J ordan
Projecting a line into other views
Given the front and right side projections for a line a-b, the projection of line a-b
in the top view is found by using the alignment rule and the skip-a-viewrule
on its endpoints.
Extend projection lines into the top view from the end points in the front view.
Find the distances x and y from the line end points in the right side view to the
fold line F/ R, and transfer them into the top view.
Finding the true length of a line
The true length of a line can be found using the true length rule. A line will
appear in its true length in an auxiliary view taken such that that the fold line is
parallel to the current projection.
Note that the parallel fold line generates the maximum possible length of the
projected line, which is the true length of the line.
Constructing a point view of a line
A point view of a
line is useful in
finding the
distances between
lines and points and
distances between
lines and lines.
Using the point
view rule, a point
view of a line is
found in a view
generated by a fold
line drawn
perpendicular to
the true length line.
Finding the distance between a line and a point in space
The true distance
between a line and a
point in space will be
evident in a view that
shows a point view of
the line.
Finding the true distance between two parallel lines
If two lines are
parallel, their
projections will be
parallel in all views.
To find the true
distance between
two parallel lines, a
view is needed to
show the end view
(point view) of both
lines simultaneously.
In this view the real
distance between
the lines will be
apparent
Finding the true distance between two nonparallel (skewed) lines
If two lines are not
parallel, they will
appear nonparallel in
at least one view.
To determine the
true distance
between two
nonparallel lines, find
a point view of one
of the lines. In this
view the real
distance between
the lines will be
apparent.
Note that if the
apparent points of
intersections align in
two views, then the
lines actually
intersect.
Projecting a plane into another view
A plane may be
located by three
non-collinear points
on it.
To transfer a plane
into another view,
find three points on
the plane, and
project them into
the desired view
using the skip-a-
viewrule.
Constructing an edge view of a plane surface
If the end view (point view) of a
line in the plane is shown in a view,
then this view shows the edge view
of the plane.
To secure a true length line on the
plane, a line may be added on the
plane in any view, arranged to be
parallel to an adjoining folding line,
and having its termination at the
plane boundaries.
Projecting the added line
terminations to the corresponding
boundaries in the adjoining view
relocated the added line in that
view. Moreover, it will be a true
length line, as it was made to be
parallel to the fold line in the
proceeding view.
Finding the true distance between a plane surface and a point
Finding the true distance between
a given point and a plane in space
requires a view that shows the
edge view of the plane, and the
point in the same view.
The distance from the point to the
plane is the path perpendicular to
the plane, and passing through the
point.
Finding the true angle between two planes (dihedral angle)
The edge of intersection between two planes
is a line that is common to both planes. The
end view of that line will provide the edge
view of both planes simultaneously, and the
angle between them will be evident.
Determining the visibility of lines
To determine which line of an apparent intersection of two lines is closer to the
viewer, project the exact crossover point of the lines to the adjoining view.
In the adjoining view, determine which of the lines is closer to the folding line.
This line is in front of the other line in the first view.
Determining the visibility of lines
To determine which line of an apparent intersection of two lines is closer to the
viewer, project the exact crossover point of the lines to the adjoining view.
In the adjoining view, determine which of the lines is closer to the folding line.
This line is in front of the other line in the first view.
Determining the piercing point by construction
The piercing point is the exact location of the intersection of a surface and a
line. It may be determined by constructing an edge view of the plane surface.
The edge view lies in the path of the line, indicating the piercing point
location. This point may be transferred into the other views, and the visibility
determined to find which part of the line is visible from the viewing direction.
Step 1 Step 2
Determining the piercing point by construction
Step 3 Step 4
Step 5
Determining the piercing point by line projection
An alternate method of determining the piercing point simply assumes a
cutting plane that passes through the line and that appears in edge view in
one of the given projection aligned with the projection of the line. This new
plane cuts the original plane, leaving a scar on it. The intersection of the
line and scar locates the piercing point.
Step 1. Assume the cutting
plane to appear in edge
view in the top view
Step 2. Determine the points Xand Y
where the cutting plane cuts the original
plane. The piercing point is where the
scar X -Y crosses the given line.
Step 3. Project the piercing
point to the top view, and
determine the visibility.
Finding the intersection of two planes by line projection
The intersection between the plane ABC and the plane abc below is the line
connecting the piercing points of the lines AB and the line AC into the plane abc.
These points may be found by line projection as illustrated in the previous slide.
The visibility rule may be used to determine the hidden plane in each view.
Piercing points of a line into a cylinder
The cylindrical surface appears as a circular edge in the top view, and its
intersection with the line is apparent in the top view as point X. This point may
be located in the front view using the alignment rule.
The inclined surface appears as a straight edge in the front view, and its
intersection with the line is apparent in this view as point Y. This point may be
located in the top view by the alignment rule.
Step 2 Given Step 1
Piercing points of a line into a sphere
Find a view where the line appears in
its true length (front view in the
example shown). The line will
appear parallel to the folding line in
the adjacent view (top view in the
example).
Assume a cutting plane that passes
through the line and that appears in
edge view in the top view. Locate
the points Xand Y where the plane
intersects the sphere in the top view.
This also establishes the diameter of
the circle of intersection between the
sphere and the cutting plane.
Transfer the intersection circle into
the front view and find the piercing
points where the line crosses the
circle of intersection. Locate the
piercing points to the top view and
determine the visibility
The revolution Method
The revolution method was used in descriptive geometry to solve spatial true length problems
before the introduction of the auxiliary view method.
In the auxiliary view method, the observer changes his point of view to look perpendicular at
the objects inclined surface. In the revolution method the object is revolved about an axis
until the inclined surface becomes aligned with one of the principal views.
Auxiliary View Method Revolution Method
Finding the true-length of a line by revolution (top view)
To find the true-length of line AB in the front view, revolve the line in the top view to align it
with frontal plane. The top view represents the circular base of a right cone, Line AB' is the
outside element of the cones frontal plane, and appears in true-length in the front view.
1) Rotate the line in the top view
to align with the front plane
2) Project the revolved line into the
frontal plane to find True length
Finding the true-length of a line by revolution (front view)
To find the true-length of line CDin the front view, revolve the line in the front view to align
it with top plane. The front view represents the circular base of a right cone, Line CD' is the
outside element of the cones horizontal plane, and appears in true-length in the top view.
1) Rotate the line in the front
view to align with the top plane
2) Project the revolved line into
the top plane to find True length
Finding the true-length of a line by revolution (profile view)
To find the true-length of line EF in the profiole view, revolve the line in the front view to
align it with profile plane. The front view represents the circular base of a right cone, Line
EF' is the outside element of the cones profile plane, and appears in true-length in the
profile view.
1) Rotate the line in the front view
to align with the profile plane
2) Project the revolved line into
the profile plane to find true length
Alternative points of revolution
In the preceding examples, the lines were revolved about one of their ends. Alternately, a
line may be revolved about any point on its length as illustrated below to find its true length
in the front view.
1) Rotate the line in the front view
to align with the profile plane
2) Project the revolved line into
the profile plane to find true length
Finding the true-size of a plane by revolution
A plane surface that appears
as an edge in the front view
may be found true size by a
primary auxiliary view normal
to the front view. Alternately,
it may be revolved in the
front view to show its true
size in the top view.
The axis of revolution
appears as a point in the
front view and in its true
length in the top view.
Revolving the edge of the
plane into the horizontal in
the front view and projecting
it to the top view yields the
true size of the surface. The
depth dimensions do not
change.
Auxiliary View Method
Revolution Method
Finding the true-size of a plane by revolution
When a plane
appears as an edge
in one of the
principal views (top
view), it can be
revolved to be
parallel to the
adjacent view
(front view).
The new front view
is true-size when
projected
horizontally across
from its original
front view.
Finding the edge view of a plane by revolution
When a plane does not
appear as an edge in one
of the principal views, one
can find an edge view of
the plane by revolution.
draw a frontal line on the
top view of the plane and
project it to the front view
to appear in true length.
Revolve the plane until
the true length line is
vertical in the front view.
The true length line
projects as a point in the
in the top view, and the
plane appears as an edge.
Finding the true-size of a plane by double revolution
The revolution in the
preceding slide may be
used as a first step to find
the true size of a plane
when it does not appear
as an edge in one of the
principal views.
A second revolution
positions the resulting
edge view of the plane
parallel to the frontal
plane. Projecting the top
views of the resulting
plane to the front plane
results in the true size of
the plane.
Finding the true-size of a plane by auxiliary-
view and revolution combination
When a plane
does not
appear as an
edge in one of
the principal
views, a
combination of
an auxiliary
view and a
single
revolution finds
the plane in
true size.
(1)
(2)
(3) (4)