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Combined Influence of Journal Misalignment and
Surface Roughness on the Performance of an Orifice
Compensated Non-Recessed Hybrid Journal Bearing
Satish C. Sharma
a
, S. C. Jain
a
& T. Nagaraju
b
a
Indian Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering,
Roorkee, Roorkee, 247 667, India
b
P.E.S. College of Engineering, Mandya, 571 401, India
Version of record first published: 25 Mar 2008.
To cite this article: Satish C. Sharma , S. C. Jain & T. Nagaraju (2002): Combined Influence of Journal Misalignment
and Surface Roughness on the Performance of an Orifice Compensated Non-Recessed Hybrid Journal Bearing, Tribology
Transactions, 45:4, 457-463
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Combined Influence of Journal Misalignment and
Surface Roughness on the Performance of an
Orifice Comeensated Non-Recessed
~ ~ b r i d Journal eari in^@
SATISH C. SHARMA and S. C. JAIN
Indian Institute of Technology
Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering
Roorkee, Roorkee 247 667, India
and
T. NAGARAJU
P.E.S. College of Engineering
Mandya 57 1 40 1 , India
The conlbined influence of surface roughness and journal mis- of surface roughness parameter ( A) and surface pattern parame-
alignnlent on the performance of an orifice contpensated hole- ter ( y ) for a concentric design pressure ratio /3* = 0.5.
entry hybrid journal bearing system is tl~eoretically studied. The Performance is also compared to capillary and corlstant flow
analysis considers the average Reynolds equation for a rough valve conlpensated bearings. The conlputed results indicate tltat
srttface for the sol~ttion of the lubricant flow field in the clearance the effect ofjournal misalignment is to lower the value of the min-
space of a journal hearing system. The bearing performance imum fluid-film thickness of the journal hearing system wltile the
characteristics are presented for the various representative values effect of surface roughness is to partially conlpensate this loss.
For the chosen values of journal misalignnlent paranteters (q~, 6),
Presented at the 57th Annual Meetina
tlte constant flow valve compensated syntnletric jorcrnal hearing
-
in Houston, Texas configuration witlz longitudinal rorcgltness pattern ( y = 6) shows
May 2002
an improvement of around 20% in the value of stability threshold
Final manuscript approved June 8,2002
Review led by Greg Kostrzewsky speed margin.
= bearing land width, (a,lL)
= radial clearance, bearing length
= damping coefficient, Ci j ( c3/ pR; )
= stiffness coefficients, Si j (c/ p, R3) (i, j = x, z,cp, 6 )
= local fluid-film thickness
= nominal fluid-film thickness, (hl c)
= average fluid-film thickness, (hJc)
= pressure, pip,<
= time, ( C ~ ~ , / ~ R ; )
= variance ratio, ((9. U,)/U)~
= external load, (Wo/p,Rj2)
= combined roughness height, (zJ + zb)/c
=journal rotational speed, threshold speed;
= 0.5 correlation lengths of the x and y profile
= RMS value of combined roughness
= restrictor design parameter
= & ( T T : / S C ~ ~ ~ ) for capillary restrictor
= +(3Td~l~~d/~3)(2/pp8)1'2 for orifice restrictor
= Q, a specified value of flow for constant flow valve
restrictor
= coefficient of discharge for orifice
= (XIR,), circumferential coordinate
= (YIR,), axial coordinate
=LI D, aspect ratio
= misalignment parameters
= 2 / ~ Jt exp( - y2)dy error function
= speed parameter, WJ (pR;/c2p,)
= surface pattern parameter, (&,5rjAD,Sy)
= surface roughness parameter, c / o
Suesc~t prs AND SUPERSCRIPTS
b = bearing
J =journal
S = supply
- = non-dimensional parameter
= first derivative w.r.t time
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S. SHARMA, S. JAIN AND T. NAGARAJU
O O O O O O O O O O O O
(a) Symmetric conflguratlon (b) Asymmetric configuration
Journal Surface
h
(c) Bearlng geometry with surlaco proRle
Flg. 1-Hole-entry journal bearing system.
KEY WORDS
Surk~cc Roughness; Journal Bearing; Hydrostatic
INTRODUCTION
Gcnernlly, the design of hole-entry hybrid journal bearings
(Pigs. I (:I) and I(b)) is based on the assumption that both journal
nntl bcaring surfaces are perfectly smooth and the journal and
bcnri~ig axcs are properly aligned. However, in actual practice, on
any finished surfaces imperfections exist and these take the form
of ;I succession of hills and valleys which are often a result of the
~nachining process and its accompanying defects. Furthermore, as
a result of improper assembly, non-central load and shaft deflec-
tion due to elnstic and thermal distortions etc, the journal and
bcnring bccome misaligned. Thus, the analyses based on the
assumption of an aligned journal as well as smooth surfaces of the
bcoring and journal may not predict realistic bearing characteris-
tic (Into. Therefore, for a realistic prediction of the journal bearing
pcrfor~nn~ice characteristics data, the consideration of journal mis-
alignment and surfi~ce roughness effects in the analysis is more
appropriate. Studies related to the performance of misaligned
hytlrostntic/hybrid journal bearing have received considerable
~ltlcnlion in the literature. Notable among these are the studies by
Uou Snit1 and Nicolas (1992), San Andres (1993) and the previous
work by the authors (Jain, et al., (1 997)).
Many nuthors investigated the influence of surface roughness
011 rlic performance of hydrodynamic journal bearing systems.
Notable nniong thcse are the studies of Hashimoto (1997) and
R:l~iiesh, ct al. (1997) who used the average flow model proposed
by I'atir and Cheng (1979) to study the roughness effects on the
pcrlbr~iiance of a hydrodynamic journal bearing. Abdel-Latif, et
nl. (1 988) and Guha (2000) used a stochastic model to study the
rougli~icss effects on misaligned hydrodynamic journal bearings.
San Andres (1990) considered the effect of surface roughness in
the analysis of n pocketed hybrid journal bearing system. More
(d) Axe8 of mlsellgnment
recently, Fayolle and Childs (1999) experimentally investigated
the static and dynamic performance characteristics of a hybrid
journal bearing system by providing round-hole-pattern roughness
on the lands. These studies (Fayolle, et al. (1999), San Andres,
(1990)) showed significant improvement in stability compared to
a conventional smooth land bearing.
The recent studies in the cases of hydrodynamic (Abdel-Latif,
et al. (1988), Guha, (2000), Hashimoto, (1997), Ramesh, et al.
(1997)) and hydrostatic (Fayolle, et a]. (1999), San Andres (1990))
bearings clearly demonstrate that their performance is appreciably
affected by the inclusion of surface roughness effects in the analy-
sis. To the best of the authors knowledge no study is yet available
in the literature which considers the combined influence of sur-
face roughness and journal misalignment on the performance of
hole-entry journal bearings. Therefore, the objective of this paper
is to theoretically study the combined influence of surface rough-
ness and journal misalignment on the performance of an orifice
compensated hole-entry hybrid journal bearing system. The effect
of surface roughness is taken into account by defining the non-
dimensional parameters called surface roughness parameter (A)
and surface pattern parameter (y). Journal misalignment is
accounted for by defining a set of misalignment parameters p, and
6. The finite element method is used to obtain the solution of the
governing system of equations.
The bearing static and dynamic performance characteristics
are presented for the generally used representative values of
roughness parameters (A) for both transverse, isotropic and longi-
tudinal surface texture for the orifice compensated hole-entry
hybrid journal bearing configurations shown in Figs. I(a) and
I(b). The percentage changes in a few selected performance char-
acteristic parameters of orifice, capillary and constant flow valve
compensated bearing configurations are also presented to study
the effect of the method of compensation. The results presented in
this paper are expected to be quite useful to bearing designers.
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Combined Influence of Journal Misalignment and Surface Roughness on the Performance of an Orifice
ANALYSIS
The Average Reynold's Equation
The average Reynold's equation governing the laminar flow of
an incompressible, Newtonian lubricant in the clearance space
between the rough surfaces of a journal and bearing in non-dimen-
sional form is defined (Patir, et al. (1979)) as
where $y are the pressure flow factors used to compare the
average pressure flows (in the axial and circumferential direc-
tions) in a rough journal bearing to that of a smooth bearing and
are expressed in non-dimensional form (Patir, et al. (1979)) as
7 > 1 and $,(Ah, 7) = 4, ( hhl llr) Pal
$,r is the shear flow factor used to represent the additional flow
transport of lubricant due to the sliding of the rough surface jour-
nal. Assuming both journal and bearing surfaces have the same
surface pattern (i.e. y, = y,), the shear flow factor in non-dimen-
sional form is expressed (Patir, et al. (1979)) as
where as is a positive function of ( h. h) and the surface pattern
parameter y of a given surface and is expressed as
where C, r, A, , A2, a , , a, and a3 appearing in Eqs. [2a]-[2c] are
constants and y is the surface pattern parameter (Patir, et al.
(1979)). Purely transverse, isotropic and longitudinal roughness
textures have a value of 0, 1 and m respectively.
Average Fluid-Film Thickness (hT)
The geometry and coordinate system of a hybrid hole-entry
journal bearing system with a rough surface profile is shown in
Fig. I (c). Assuming a Gaussian distribution of surface heights, the
non-dimensional form of average fluid-film thickness hT is
expressed (Hashimoto, (1997), Ramesh, et al. (1997)) as
where h( = 115) in the present work is defined as the surface
roughness parameter and h is the nominal fluid-film thickness, i.e.
the fluid-film thickness for a misaligned smooth surface journal
bearing system. Figure I(d) shows the axes of misalignment in
which the misalignment parameters cp and 6 are specified in terms
of Eulerian angles having first rotation 9 about bearing fixed x-
axis and the second rotation 6 about the journal fixed 2'- axis. The
expression for h in a misaligned journal bearing system can be
obtained by using transformation from bearing fixed axes (x,y,z)
to journal fixed axes (x', y', 2') and is expressed (Jain, et al.
(1997), Singh, et al. (1973)) as
Finite Element Formulation
The lubricant flow field has been discretized using four-noded
quadrilateral isoparametric elements. Using Galerkins technique
and the orthogonality condition for Eq. [I] and the usual assembly
procedure, the following global system equation is derived
(Sharma, et al. (2001)) as
Restrictor Flow Equation
The equation of flow through the orifice, capillary and con-
stant flow valve restrictors in non-dimensional form is expressed
(Sharma, et al. (200 1)) as
where m = 0.5 (for orifice); rn = 1.0 (for capillary) and m = 0 (for
constant flow valve) restrictors.
SOLUTION PROCEDURE
An iterative scheme was adopted for the solution of the com-
pensated hole-entry hybrid journal bearing problem. Initially for a
specified external vertical load (w',), assuming steady-state con-
ditions (i.e. iJ = iJ = O) , the values of nominal fluid-film
thickness h, average fluid-film thickness hT and flow factors
$y, and $s are computed at each node point for the chosen tenta-
tive values of journal center position ( XJ , Z J ) by using Eqs. [2]-
[4]. The system equation (Eq. [5]) for the lubricant flow field,
after adjustment for the flow through the restrictor (Eq. [6]) and
modification for boundary conditions, is solved to establish the
fluid-film pressure field. In the case of an orifice compensated
bearing, Eq. 5 becomes nonlinear after adjustment for the flow
through the restrictor. Thus, in the present study, an iterative
scheme using the Newton-Raphson method is used to solve these
nonlinear system equations. The solution for the capillary restric-
tor is obtained as the initial trial solution to be used for the orifice
restrictor. The iterative procedure is terminated when the differ-
ence in nodal pressure at each node in the successive iteration
becomes less than the predefined tolerance of 0.1%. Using an
additional iterative scheme, the journal center equilibrium posi-
tion is established for the given external vertical load (W,). The
iterative process for the journal center equilibrium position con-
tinues until the journal center coordinates in consecutive iterations
are within the oredefined tolerance of 0.1% i.e.
"t:' j2:lg$:!:,i ] x I00 5 0.001, Once the equilibrium jour-
i j 2
nal center pos~t ~on is established, the static and dynamic perform-
ance characteristics are computed using the required expressions
reported elsewhere by the authors (Jain, et al. (1997)).
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Holr-entry hydmtl tl c journal barl np
0.5 Oflca mtrlctor; Symmatric conflpn.
0.4 -
- Fmm Ref.9
---- FmmPnsenl Work
Iaothonnal cue
Fmm Raf.8
(Smooth Surfam)
From Pmsent Work
(Smooth Surfam)
--c From Raf.8
(Rough Surfam)
- + - Fmm P mn t Work
(Rough Surlaca)
1 0.1 0.3 0.4 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.9
E
Flg. 2-Load carrylng capaclty.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The perfor11l:lnce characteristics of a misaligned hole-entry
liybritl journal bearing system including the effect of surface
roughness presented in this section were obtained using the analy-
si s and solution algorithm described in the previous sections. The
validity of the computed results obtained from the developed pro-
gram is established in two stages. In the first stage, the fluid-film
reaction (Fo) of iui orifice compensated symmetric hole-entry
hydrostatic journal bearing with smooth surfaces and an aligned
journal is computed and compared with the available published
results of Rowe, et al. (1982) as shown in Fig. 2(a). These results
compare well for a wide range of eccentricity ratios ( E) and a max-
imuni deviation of nearly 6% is noted at higher eccentricity ratios.
The minor difference observed between the results could be due to
the use of different con~putational schemes. To the best of the
authors knowledge, there are no results yet reported for the case
of lion-rccessetl journal bearings with surface roughness effects.
Thus, in the sccond stage, the developed program was modified to
compute the results of fluid-film reaction (Fo) for both a smooth
oncl a rough plain hydrodynamic journal bearing system and com-
pare with the published results of Ramesh, et al. (1997). These
rcsults show good comparison; slight differences observed
betwccn the two results (Fig. 2(b)) may be due to the use of dif-
fere~it numerical techniques as well as boundary conditions used
in tlic cavitation zone. The results computed in the present study
0.95 -
A = I . 0 , ~ = 0 . 2 5 , W 0 = 1 . 7 5 , ~ = 0 . ~ , ~ = 0 . 5
Aaymmetrlc conflgn.: Oriflce Restrlctor
Fig. >Minimum fluid-film thickness.
are for the case of a plain hydrodynamic journal bearing with con-
ventional Reynold's boundary conditions whereas those presented
by Ramesh, et al. (1997) are for a submerged bearing with
Jacobssen and Floberg boundary conditions at the cavitation zone.
The present work assumes that the journal and bearing sur-
faces have the same surface pattern parameter (i.e. y, = y,, = y).
The results of performance characteristics of an orifice compen-
sated bearing have been presented as a function of the surface
roughness parameter (A = 4-10) and the surface pattern parameter
y, for a fixed value of the concentric design pressure ratio /3* =
0.5, an external load w0 = 1.25 (for a symmetric bearing config-
uration) and W, = 1.75 (for an asymmetric bearing configura-
tion). The results presented in Figs. 3-6 are for a set of represen-
tative values of the misalignment parameter q, = 6 = 0.0 (for
aligned), q, = 0.0002, 6 = 0.0 (for vertical misalignment) and q, =
0.0, 6 = 0.0002 (for horizontal misalignment) and a speed param-
eter Q = 1 .O.
Figure 3 shows the variation of nominal minimum fluid-film
thickness - (hmin). At a constant external load (w~), the value of
hmi, is seen to increase as the surface roughness parameter (A)
reduces (i.e. as surface roughness increases) irrespective of jour-
nal misalignment. It may be noted that as the value of surface
roughness parameter (A) becomes less, the surface becomes more
rough as h = 115. - The effect of journal misalignment is to
reduce the value of hmin in both symmetric and asymmetric con-
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Combined Influence of Journal Misalignment and Surface Roughness on the Performance of an Orifice
~ = ~ . ~ , ~ = 0 . 2 5 , ~ ~ = 1 . 2 5 , ~ = 0 . 5 , ~ ' = 0 . 5
-
Symmetric conflgn.: Orlfice Restrictor
(b)
Fig. 4--Fluid-film stiffness coefficient.
figurations. However, for a given journal misalignment, the
roughened bearing appears to partially compensate the loss in the
-
value of hmi, for both configurations (symmetric/asymmetric).
The increase in the value of hmi, is observed to be greater for the
longitudinally oriented roughness pattern for both the configura-
13.75
Symmetric confign.; Oriflce Restrictor
13.M) R=I.O
. 070.0000, fd.0000
4 6 8 7 8 B l 0
A
(b)
Fig. 5--Fluid-film damping coefficient.
tions irrespective of journal misalignment. This is because of the
fact that the rough surfaces with long correlation lengths in the cir-
cumferential direction, in case of a longitudinal roughness pattern
(i.e. y > I ) , restrict the bearing flow i.e. the flow in the axial direc-
tion.
Figure 4 shows the variation of the direct fluid-film stiffness
coefficient S,,. At constant external load w0 and for an
alignedlmisaligned symmetric journal bearing configuration, the
value of the direct stiffness coefficient S,, increases as the sur-
face roughness parameter (A) decreases (i.e. as the surface
becomes more rough). The value of S,, is also seen to be greater
for the longitudinal roughness pattern for both configurations irre-
-
spective of journal misalignment. Further, the value of S,,
reduces for both vertical and horizontal misalignment in the sym-
metric configuration (Fig. 4(a)) whereas it seen to be slightly
increased for horizontal misalignment in the case of an asymmet-
ric configuration (Fig. 4(b)).
Figure 5 shows that, at a constant external load I?/,, the value
of direct fluid-film damping coefficient c,, increases as the sur-
face roughness parameter A reduces (i.e. as roughness increases)
in both configurations (Figs. 5(a) and 5(b)). For a
-
symmetric/asymmetric configuration, the largest value of C, , is
found for the case of a longitudinal roughness pattern.
The bearing dynamic coefficients (Sij and c i j , i, j = x, z )
change due to the combined influence of journal misalignment
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S. SHARMA, S. JAIN AND T. NAGARAJU
2.s -
2.=I.O,% =0.25,~~=1.75,~,=0.5,~* =0.5
AsymmaUc confign.; Ollfice Resblctor
LIZ.
Flg. &Threshold speed.
and surface roughness. Thus, the bearing stability threshold speed
margin is altered as shown in Fig. 6. Further, at a constant value of
w,, the value of stability threshold speed margin Gth increases as
the surface roughness parameter (A) reduces (i.e. as surface
becomes more rough) irrespective of journal misalignment for
both of the configurations (Figs. 6(a) and 6(b)). The effect of jour-
nal misalignment is to reduce the stability threshold speed margin
quite considerably in both configurations. However, the variation
in the value of Gth for vertical and horizontal misalignment is
seen to be almost the same in the symmetric configuration irre-
spective of the roughness pattern.
Table 1 shows that the values of direct and cross-coupled stiff-
ness coefficients s,,, s,,, and s,, improve due to surface
roughness irrespective of journal misalignment. The longitudinal
roughness pattern provides larger values of s,,, s,, and s,,. A
similar trend is observed for the values of direct and coupled
damping coefficients c,,, C,, and c,,.
In order to have a better physical insight into the effect of sur-
face roughness on the performance of a misaligned hole-entry
hybrid journal bearing, the percentage changes in a few selected
bearing characteristic parameters for orifice, capillary and con-
stant flow valve compensated symmetric bearing configurations
are presented in terms of bar charts. These results were computed
using the following relation.
Fig. 7-Percentage change in fluid-film stlffness coefficient.
Fig. &Percentage change in fluid-film damping coefficient.
Fig. 9--Percentage change in threshold speed.
where PCH is the performance characteristic, pCHI(S,R)M and
PCHl sA are the performance characteristics of a smooth/rough
misaligned bearing and a smooth aligned bearing respectively.
It may be observed from Figs. 7-9 that the bars under 'smooth'
indicate the percentage change in performance characteristics of a
smooth bearing for the given journal misalignment with respect to
a smooth aligned bearing. Similarly, the bars under 'roughness
pattern (y)' indicate the percentage change in the performance
characteristics of a rough bearing (with surface pattern parameters
y = 1/6,1,6) with respect to a smooth aligned bearing. Therefore,
the difference between the percentage change in the performance
of a rough bearing to that of a smooth bearing gives the percent-
age increase (if the difference is positive) or decrease (if the dif-
ference is negative) in the bearing performance characteristic
parameter due to the inclusion of surface roughness effects. From
Figs. 7(a) and 7(b), the maximum enhancement in the value of
s,, is observed to be of the order of 42% (i.e. 44.7 - 2.28 = 42.42)
for the constant flow valve compensated symmetric bearing con-
figuration for vertical as well as horizontal misalignment with a
longitudinal roughness. Similarly, Fig. 8 indicates that for a verti-
cal misalignment (4, = 0.0002, S = 0.0), the orifice, capillary and
constant flow valve compensated bearings with longitudinal
roughness pattern provide around 5%, 11 % and 20% enhancement
in the value of C,, respectively (Fig. 8(a)). For a horizontal mis-
alignment (q = 0.0, S = 0.0002) the values are of the order of 6%,
11% and 19% respectively (Fig. 8(b)). Figure 9 indicates that for
a vertical and horizontal misalignment, the longitudinal roughness
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Combined Influence of Journal Misalignment and Surface Roughness on the Performance of an Orifice 463
pattern provides an improvement in the value of the stability
threshold speed margin Gtl, of around 20% (for the constant flow
valve cotnpensated bearing) and 4% (for both orifice and capillary
compensated bearings).
CONCLUSIONS
An analysis showing the combined influence of journal mis-
alignment and surface roughness effects on the performance of
hole-entry hybrid journal bearings leads to the following general
conclusions:
I . The effect of journal misalignment is to reduce the value of
-
nominal minimum fluid-film thickness hmi, whereas the
effect of surface roughness is to partially compensate this
loss for both symmetric and asymmetric configurations irre-
spective of the type of compensating device used
(orifice/capillary/constant flow valve). At a constant exter-
nal load ( w 0 ) and concentric design pressure ratio P* = 0.5,
the longitudinally oriented roughness pattern, in general,
provides higher values of nominal minimum fluid-film
thickness irrespective of journal misalignment and type of
compensation while the transversely oriented roughness
pattern provides lower values.
2. In general, the effect of journal misalignment is to reduce the
values of the bearing dynamic coefficients (Sij, Ci j ; i, j =
.Y, z ) whereas the surface roughness improves these values
significantly. For a constant flow valve compensated sym-
metric hole-entry journal bearing with a longitudinal rough-
ness pattern (y = 6), the maximum improvement in the val-
ues of the direct fluid-film stiffness coefficient $, is of the
order of 42% for a vertical (p, = 0.0002, 6 = 0.0) and hori-
zontal (p, = 0.0, 6 = 0.0002) misalignment and that of the
direct fluid-film damping coefficient C,, is around 19% to
20%.
3. The roughened hole-entry journal bearing system shows an
improved stability threshold speed margin as compared to a
smooth bearing. For the chosen values of misalignment
4, the stability threshold speed margin of a constant flow
valve compensated symmetric journal bearing configura-
tion is enhanced by 20% for the longitudinal roughness pat-
tern (i.e. for y = 6).
4. In order to inlprove performance from a misaligned bearing,
a judicious selection of parameters such as the surface
roughness parameter (A), the surface pattern parameter (y),
the type of restrictor (orifice/capillary/constant flow valve),
in conjunction with the bearing configuration
(symmetric/asymmetric) is essential.
REFERENCES
( I ) Abdel-Latif, L. A. and Mokhtar. M. 0. A. (1988). "Misalignment Effects on
Hydrodynamically Lubricated Journal Bearings with Rough Surfaces". Weor.
128, pp 225-237.
(2) Bou Said, B. and Nicolas, D. (1992). "Effects of Misalignment on Static and
Dynamic Characteristics of Hybrid Bearings." Trib., Trans., 35, 2, pp 325-33 I.
(3) Fayolle, P. and Childs, D. W. (1999). "Rotordynamic Evaluation of a
Roughened-Land Hybrid Bearing," ASME Jorrr. oJTrih., 121, pp 133- 138.
(4) Guha, S. K. (2000). " Analysis of Steady-State Characteristics of Misaligned
Hydrodynamic Journal Bearings with Isotropic Roughness Effect." Trih.. Irrr..
33, I, pp 1-12.
( 5) Hashimoto. H. (1997). "Surface Roughness Effects i n High-Speed
Hydrodynamic Journal Bearings," ASME Jorrr. of Trih., 119. pp 776-780.
(6) Jain, S. C., Sharma, S. C. and Nagaraju. T. (1997). "Misaligned Journal Effec~s
i n Liquid Hydrostatic Non-recessed Journal Bearings," Wear, 210. pp 67-75.
(7) Patir, N. and Cheng, H. S. (1979), "Application of Average Flow Model to
Lubrication Between Rough Sliding Surfaces," ASME Jour. of Lubr. Tech.. 101,
pp 220-230.
(8) Ramesh. J., Majumdar. B. C. and Rao, N. S. (1997). "Thermohydrodynamic
Analysis of Submerged Oi l Journal Bearing Considering Surface Roughness
Effects." ASME Jour. of Trib., 11 9, 1, pp 100- 106.
(9) Rowe, W. B., Xu, S. X., Chong, F. S. and Weston, W. (1982). "Hybrid Journal
Bearings- with Panicular Reference to Hole-entry Configuration," Trih. Irtr., 15,
6. pp 339-348.
(10) San Andres, L. (1990), "Turbulent Hybrid Bearings with Fluid lnenia Effects,"
ASME Jorrr. of Trib.. 112. pp 699-707.
(11) San Andres. L. (1993). "The Effect of Journal Misalignment on the Operation of
a Turbulent Flow Hydrostatic Bearing," ASME Joltr. of Trib., 115, pp 355-363.
(12) Sharma, S. C., Jain, S. C. and Reddy, N. M. M. (2001), "A Study of Non-
recessed Hybrid Flexible Journal Bearing with Different Restrictors," Trih.
Trrttrs., 44, 2, pp 310-317.
(13) Singh, D. V., Sinhasan, R. and Singh, H. N. (1973), "Analysis of Hydrodynamic
Journal Bearing with Axes Skew," Jofrr. oJMecA. Errg. Scietlce, IS. 2, pp 123-
131.
parameters (p,, 6) and the surface roughness parameter A =
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