Fire Protection

Hydraulic Calculations
(Wet and Dry Systems)
BSSI 1001
John Willden, P.Eng.
Hydraulic Equations
where:
Q = USGPM
AOP = Area of Sprinkler operations
1500 3000 ft
2
for light hazard
Density = USGPM/ft
2
or water/square foot
Q AOP Density for first sprinkler flow ! v
Hydraulic Equations
where:
Q = USGPM
K=sprinkler factor
p=pressure in psig
Q K p !
2
Q
p for first sprinkler pressure

!


Hydraulic Equations
where:
P
f
= pressure drop per foot (psig/ft)
Q = USGPM pipe flow
F = friction factor from table
P
F
= total pressure loss
1.85
f
Q !
L P P
f F
!
Hydraulic Example
Ordinary Hazard group 1 we
get 0.15 USGPM/ft
2
If each sprinkler is covering
130 ft
2
we have:
Q =
Q = Q = Q =
P = P =
P =
P =
P =
Q =
10 ft
10 ft 10 ft
10 ft
1 in
1 in
1 in
1 in
P =
Q =
16 ft
Hydraulic Example
Q = Area x Density = 130 ft
2
x
0.15 USGPM = 19.5 USGPM
Q =
Q = Q = Q =
P = P =
P =
P =
P =
Q =
10 ft
10 ft 10 ft
10 ft
1 in
1 in
1 in
1 in
P =
Q =
16 ft
p = (Q/K)
2
= (19.5/5.65)
2
= 11.91 psig
Hydraulic Example
Q = 19.5
Q = Q = Q =
P = P =
P =
P =
P =
Q =
10 ft
10 ft 10 ft
10 ft
1 in
1 in
1 in
1 in
P =
Q =
16 ft
p
f
= F
C120
x Q
1.85
= 5.10 x 10
-4
x 19.5
1.85
= 0.124 psig/ft
Hydraulic Example
Q = 19.5
Q = Q = Q =
P =11.91 P =
P =
P =
P =
Q =
10 ft
10 ft 10 ft
10 ft
1 in
1 in
1 in
1 in
P =
Q =
16 ft
P
f
= p
f
x L
= 0.124 x 10 ft
= 1.24 psig
Hydraulic Example
Q
1
= 19.5
Q
2
= Q
3
= Q
4
=
P
1
=11.91 P
2
=
P
3
=
P
4
=
P
5
=
Q
5
=
10 ft
10 ft 10 ft
10 ft
1 in
1 in
1 in
1 in
P =
Q =
16 ft
P
2
= P
f
+ P
1
= 1.24 + 11.91
= 13.15 psig
Hydraulic Example
Q
1
= 19.5
Q
2
= Q
3
= Q
4
=
P
1
=11.91 P
2
=
P
3
=
P
4
=
P
5
=
Q
5
=
10 ft
10 ft 10 ft
10 ft
1 in
1 in
1 in
1 in
P =
Q =
16 ft
Q
2
= K P
2
+ Q
1
= 5.65 13.15 + 19.5
= 20.49 + 19.5
= 39.99 USGPM
Hydraulic Example
Q
1
= 19.5
Q
2
= Q
3
= Q
4
=
P
1
=11.91 P
2
=13.15
P
3
=
P
4
=
P
5
=
Q
5
=
10 ft
10 ft 10 ft
10 ft
1 in
1 in
1 in
1 in
P =
Q =
16 ft
Hydraulic Example
Q
1
= 19.5
Q
2
=39.99 Q
3
= Q
4
=
P
1
=11.91 P
2
=13.15
P
3
=
P
4
=
P
5
=
Q
5
=
10 ft
10 ft 10 ft
10 ft
1 in
1 in
1 in
1 in
P =
Q =
16 ft
Now you try the next
sprinkler
wet systems are always full of water
they sprinkle when a head opens
TO SPRINKLERS
CHECK VALVE
ALARM VALVE
(SPRINKLER VALVE)
INDICATING VALVE
SIAMESE CONNECTION
(FIRE DEPARTMENT
CONNECTION)
FROM SERVICE MAIN
Details of Wet System
1997, The
Viking
Corporation
dry systems are full of compressed air
they bleed off the air and sprinkle when a head
opens
TO SPRINKLERS
FIRE DEPARTMENT
CHECK VALVE
ALARM VALVE
(DRY SPRINKLER VALVE)
INDICATING VALVE
SIAMESE CONNECTION
(FIRE DEPARTMENT
CONNECTION)
FROM SERVICE MAIN
CHECK VALVE
Dry Pipe System
1997, The
Viking
Corporation
TO SPRINKLERS
CHECK VALVES
ALARM VALVE
(PREACTION SPRINKLER VALVE)
INDICATING VALVE
SIAMESE CONNECTION
(FIRE DEPARTMENT
CONNECTION)
FROM SERVICE MAIN
CHECK VALVE
preaction systems are full of compressed air
until a fire is detected
then they fill with water to get ready
TO SPRINKLERS
CHECK VALVE
ALARM VALVE
(PREACTION SPRINKLER VALVE)
INDICATING VALVE
SIAMESE CONNECTION
(FIRE DEPARTMENT
CONNECTION)
FROM SERVICE MAIN
CHECK VALVE
deluge systems are empty and the sprinkler
heads are open
they all come on at once when a fire is detected
Sprinkler Heads
three major types
of sprinkler heads
upright
pendant
sidewall
dry type
http://www.vikingcorp.com/databook/sprinklers/
Sprinkler Arrangements
Tree systems
Only one path to
each sprinkler
head
Grid systems
At least two
paths to each
sprinkler head
Loop systems
There are two paths to
each sprinkler head but
the system can also be
used to circulate heating
or cooling water
Sprinkler Arrangements contd
pendant
upright
Typical Alarm Valve
Parts of Alarm Valve
Fire Protection Symbols
pendent head hangs down
upright head stands up
sidewall head sticks out sideways
upright (elevation view)
pendent (elevation view)
siamese connection fire department
check valve
Fire Protection Symbols
ALARM VALVE (wet)
ALARM VALVE (dry)
ALARM VALVE (preaction)
ALARM VALVE (deluge)
flushing connection (flanged)
flushing connection (cap)
open stem and yoke valve (OS & Y)
FC
FC