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OpenFOAM 2.2.

2 Vespa LES
OpenFOAM Motorbike Tutorial
Using CAELinux
OpenFOAM Vespa Tutorial
Vespa 3D Model
Vespa CFD Pipeline
Project Description
This is a project started as part of the Dry Lake Racer: CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics). For that
User:internetscooter (a.k.a. Paul McIntosh) paid to get his scooter 3D scanned through scan-
xpress.com.au in Melbourne. For this project the data is being provided free of charge under the condition
that no money be made from derivative works unless, the derivative work is feed back into Vespa Labs for
the benefit of all.
Source code and case settings are available at: https://github.com/internetscooter/Vespa-Labs
Information from the original CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) lab notes will be uploaded and one of
the Vespa 3D Model datasets suitable for CFD analysis. The complete dataset contains higher resolution
detail (e.g. below) as well as scans of more standard Vespa parts. Please contact paul mcintosh at
internetscooter dot com if you wish to experiment on that data. This project and data would suit university
students wishing to use real world data for CFD or other modelling projects.
Vespa CFD/3D Model
Project Description 1
The data is available for registered Vespa Labs users here: Vespa 3D Model
CFD Modelling
Here is an example of what can be done with the 3D Model using open source CFD tools like OpenFOAM. As
the project progresses there will be OpenFOAM examples that people can download and tweak themselves.
The above shows a test run with a "real" Vespa model but a fake rider. This shows things like the front
indicators contributing a lot to the aerodynamic drag, the big red areas indicate high negative pressure
zones. The above was done as a test on the VPAC and MASSIVE HPC (high performance computer) clusters.
Students and researchers in Victoria, Australia have access to these clusters and may wish to consider HPC
projects using the Vespa data. We encourage other HPC researchers to contribute their workflows back to
Vespa Labs (or provide links to publications and cite where the data came from via the url).
Research Questions
Note that the model data also includes more standard Vespa parts (rather than the race adapted version
shown). Here are some research questions that would be good to answer using this data:
1. What is the aerodyamic drag of a Vespa?
2. What is the lift force on the front of a Vespa at various speeds?
3. How much does a windscreen reduce drag?
4. What is an optimal windscreen design?
5. What is the optimal windscreen design for reduced helmet noise?
6. What is the drag impact of various sitting positions (regardless of windscreen)?
7. What are the areas on a Vespa that cause the most drag and what are the solutions for reducing
drag in those areas?
See also: Aerodynamic Investigation of a Scooter in the University of Perugia Wind Tunnel Facility by
Stefano Ubertini - Univ. of Rome Tor Vergata and Umberto Desideri - Univ. of Perugia.
And review (and update as needed) Aerodynamics
Vespa CFD/3D Model
CFD Modelling 2
What's Important
Here are some bullet points on what areas of CFD to focus on for the problem of Vespa CFD (so you don't
waste effort learning stuff that is not applicable)
incompressable flow: we aren't going "that" fast so we don't need to model air compressing as
part of the problem so we can just use incompressible flow models
bluff body: we are modelling something that is not streamlined. An aircraft it streamlined so we
want to know about what is happening at the surface (friction drag) but a Vespa stirs the air up so
we want to know about how this causes drag (pressure drag).
Reynolds-averaged NavierStokes (RANS): equations are (at the moment) the most used in this
style of CFD
Turbulence Models: are required to work out the turbulence part (since we are a bluff body this is
important) e.g. RANS based turbulent models and OpenFOAM list
Large Eddie Simulation (LES): give a better resolution of flow (requiring more processing power).
LES takes the approach that the large eddies influence things a lot and can be modelled by
themselves while the small eddies can be ignored and dealt with via RANS. Fortunately OpenFOAM
comes with both RANS and RANS+LES motorbike examples.
The state of the art (2013) is that CFD can predict drag +/-5%, however we need a resolution of
<0.5% to do useful measurements (i.e. make small changes and say they improve Cd) - so CFD is
more about predicting/analysing where problems are so that further tests can be caried out (i.e.
wind tunnel or real life riding).
Additional Resources
Here are some resources that will help anyone that is learning CFD from scratch...
CFD seems to be typically taught by building on a lot of background learning, so by the time you are
learning CFD at Uni you are just piecing together a number of things that you already know. If you want to
learn backwards where CFD knowledge is your goal and you haven't done supporting training, then you
don't know what you don't know. CFD books assume prior knowledge and won't even give a glossary of
common terms that you could Google. Here is some info I have used to get some understanding. These
are listed in order of required learning but you can also start at the bottom and search back up the list to
find the missing bits you need as you need them.
Khan Academy (for when you get stuck with the math)
? http://www.khanacademy.org/#precalculus
? http://www.khanacademy.org/#calculus
? http://www.khanacademy.org/#differential-equations
Math Anxiety Relief for Nearly Everyone, W. Charles Paulsen - This book will teach you calculus
CFD Jargon: http://www.nafems.org/resources/CFDJargon/
Mechanical - Computational Fluid Dynamics Lectures
Aerodynamics for Students
http://www.flow3d.com/cfd-101/cfd-101-primer.html (aimed at "free surface" liquids but still
some useful info)
http://lorenabarba.com/blog/cfd-python-12-steps-to-navier-stokes/ (which I got
fromhttp://scicomp.stackexchange.com/questions/8913/beginning-computational-fluid-
dynamics/)
Some other links that I have found along the way...
NASA's Beginner's Guide to Aerodynamics
http://cfdrevolutions.weebly.com/cfd-course-material.html
Vespa CFD/3D Model
What's Important 3
http://www.innovative-cfd.com/ (higher level info such as Turbulence Models)
Books
Aerodynamics of Road Vehicles (4th Edition): From Fluid Mechanics to Vehicle Engineering ([Proceedings] /
SAE)" - Hucho, Wolf-Heinrich.'s. Heres the table of contents. Although this is 10 years old, the age
makes it cheap and it covers CFD in the most accessible way I have found.
Computational Fluid Dynamics - The Basics with Applications. John Anderson. 1995. Although this is almost
20 years old it explains the maths and concepts at a very basic level (though you still need to know
about PDEs and Integrals etc). It focuses on the finite difference method though (rather than finite
volumne)
Essential Computational Fluid Dynamics- Oleg Zikanov a good book also if the maths starts making
sense.
Vespa CFD/3D Model
Additional Resources 4

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