Binomial Theorem

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nzks.kkpk;Z
Academy
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&
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Resonant
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MATHEMATICS
BY
Attri D.
0
nzks.kkpk;Z nzks.kkpk;Z Academy and Resonant Classes Academy and Resonant Classes
BINOMIAL THEORAM
1
nzks.kkpk;Z Academy Resonant
Classes
S.C. F. 57, Sector 7 S.C.O. 53, Sector 17
Kurukshetra Kurukshetra
BINOMIAL THEORAM
IMPORTANT TOOLS/ TECHNIQUES / TIPS
BINOMIAL THEOREM FOR A POSITIVE INTEGER INDEX:- This theorem
gives a formula by which any power of Binomial expression can be
expanded. It was introduced by Sir Isaac Newton.
If n is a positive integer then ( )
n
a x +
n
n
n r r n
r
n n n n n n n
a C a x C a x C a x C x C + + + + + +

... ...
2 2
2
1
1 0
. The RHS is called
binomial expansion of ( )
n
a x + . Note that
1. Sum of powers of x and a in any term is n and
r n
n
r
n
C C

2.Total number of terms in the expansion of ( )

n
a x + are
( ) 1 + n
(i.e.
1 2
1 2
+
C
n
)
n
z y x + + are
( ) ( )
2
2 1 + + n n
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
n
n
n n n n n n n n
z y C z y x C z y x C x C z y x + + + + + + + + +

...
2 2
2
1
1 0
( )
( ) ( )
1 3
1 3
2
2 1
1 ... 3 2 1

+
+ +
+ + + + C
n n
n
n
.
n
w x y x + + + are
( ) ( ) ( )
2
3 2 1 + + + n n n
(i.e.
1 4
1 4
+ +
C
n
).
5. Total number of terms in the expansion of multinomial ( )
n
r
x x x + + + ...
2 1
are
1
1
+
r
r n
C .
6. The general term denoted by
r r n
r
n
r
a x C T

+

1
.
SPECIAL CASES
( )
n
n
n
x C x C x C C x + + + + + .......... .......... .......... .......... 1
2
2 1 0
...
(1)
Put x = 1
n
n
C C C + + + ........ .......... .......... .......... .......... 2
1 0
...(2)
2
&
n
n
C C C + + + .... .......... .......... .......... .......... 1 2
2 1
( ) 1
0 0
C C
n
...(3)
Put 1 x
... 0
3 2 1 0
+ + C C C C
.. ...(4)
Adding (2) and (4),
[ ] .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... 2 2
4 2 0
C C C
n
+
1
4 2 0
2 ...... .......... .......... .......... .......... ..........

+ + +
n
C C C
...(5)
Subtracting (4) from (2),
[ ] ... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... 2 2
3 1
+ + C C
n
1
5 3 1
2 ..... .......... .......... .......... .......... ..........

+ + +
n
C C C
...(6)
1
5 3 1 4 2 0
2 . .......... ... ... . .......... ... ...

+ + + + + +
n
C C C C C C
Sum of odd coef. = sum of even binomial coef. =
1
2
n
Diferentiate (1)
( )
1 2
3 2 1
1
...... .......... .......... .......... 3 2 1

+ + + + +
n
n
n
x C n x C x C C x n
Put 1 x
n
n
C n C C C n + + + +
.. .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... 3 2 2

3 2 1
1
...(7)
Put 1 x
( )
n
n
C n C C C
1
3 2 1
1 ......... .......... .......... .......... .......... 3 2 0

+ + +
...(8)
Integrate (1)
( )
( ) 1
....... .......... .......... .......... ..........
2 1
1
1 2
1 0
1
+
+ + +
+
+
+ +
n
x
C
x
C x C
n
x
n
n
n
...(*)
Taking limit from 0 to 1
( )
( )
1
0
1 2
1 0
1
0
1
1
.... ..........
2 1
1
1
]
1
+
+ + +
1
]
1
+
+
+ +
n
x
C
x
C x C
n
x
n
n
n
(it is true
Z x
)
1
......... .......... ..........
3 2 1
1 2
2 1
0
1
+
+ + + +
+
+
n
C C C
C
n
n
n
...
(9)
Taking limit from 1 to 0 in (*)
..... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ..........
3 2 1
1
2 1
0
C C
C
n
+
+
...(10)
Taking limit from 0 to 2 in (*)
n
n n
C
n
C C C
n 1
2
.... .......... .......... .......... ..........
3
2
2
2
2
1
1 3
1
2
3
1
2
0
1
+
+ + + +
+
+ +
...
(11)
Taking limit from 1 to 1
3
.......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ..........
5 3 1
2
4 2
0
+ + +
+
C C
C
n
n
...
(12)
Now put i x in (1)
( ) ( ) ( ) .... .......... .......... ........ .......... 1
9 7 5 3 1 4 2 0
+ + + + + + C C C C C i C C C i
n
( ) ( ) ( ) ......... .......... ..... .......... sin cos
9 7 5 3 1 4 2 0
+ + + + + + C C C C C i C C C i r
n n

where
2 ,
4
r
(By putting
cos 1 r
and
sin 1 r
in L.H.S.)
or
( ) [ ] ( ) ( ) . .......... .......... ..... .......... sin cos 2
9 7 5 3 2 4 2 0
+ + + + + + C C C C C i C C C n i n
n

Comparing real and imaginary part
[ ] .......... .......... .......... .......... ..........
4
cos 2
4 2 0
2
C C C
n
n
+
(13)
[ ] ......... .......... .......... .......... ..........
4
sin 2
5 3 1
2
+ C C C
n
n
(14)
Adding (5) and (13)
4
cos 2 2 .......... .......... .......... .......... ..........
2
2
2
8 4 0
n
C C C
n
n

+ + + + .
The following points may be noted:
(a)Any summation of the type
( )
r
n
r
C r f
0
can be easily evaluated if
( ) x f
is a polynomial in r.
(b)If extra coefcients occur in the numerator, we apply diferentiation. If
extra coefcients occur in the denominator we apply integration.
(c)We may add or-subtract two identities to get new identities.
(d)Most of the non-alternating binomial identities can be proved by
combinatorial arguments.
SYMMETRIC PRODUCT
If
... , ...
3 2 2 1 2 2 1 1
+ + + + + a a a a S a a a S
n (sum of products of n
a a a ..., , ,
2 1
taken two at a time).
...
3 2 1 3
+ a a a S
and so on
n n
a a a S ...
2 1
then
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
n
a x a x a x a x + + + + ...
3 2 1

n
r n
r
n n n
S x S x S x S x + + + + + +

... ...
2
2
1
1
. The
binomial theorem follows from this theorem by putting.
4
MULTINOMIAL THEOREM
For any positive integer n, ( )
n
r
x x x + + + ...
2 1
r
r
r
r n
x x x
n

...
! ... ! !
!
2 1
2 1
2 1
2 1 ...
+ + +
the theorem follows intuitively by

nothing the coefcient of a typical term. For example, in the expansion of
( )
10
z y x + + coefcient of
5 2 3
z y x
will be
! 5 ! 2 ! 3
! 10
since while multiplying
z y x + +
ten times one will get
5 2 3
z y x
, as many times as is the number of
ways of arranging xxxyyzzzzz in a line. The binomial theorem follows from
multinomial theorem by putting n = 2.
Example 1. Find the coef. of
3 2
2
1
x x x
in the expansion of ( )
4
3 2 1
x x x + + .
Sol. Coef. of
( ) 12
! 1 ! 1 ! 2
! 4
4
3 2 1
+ + x x x
.
Example 2. Find the coef. of
7
x in the expansion of ( )
10
3
2 3 1 x x + .
Sol.
( ) ( ) ( )
r
q p
r q p
x x
r q p
T
3
, ,
2 3 1
! ! !
! 10

Where
10 + + r q p
for coef. of
7 3 ,
7
+ r q x
.
Ans. 62640. Take all possible value of p, q, r.
Take r = 0, p = 3, q = 7 (i)
Take r = 1, p = 5, q = 4 (ii)
and Take r = 2, p = 7, q = 1 (iii)
We cannot take
( ) 0 2 < > q r
.
Coef. of
7
x in the expansion is equal to
( ) ( ) 62640 2 3
! 1 ! 2 ! 7
! 10
2 3
! 1 ! 4 ! 5
! 10
3
! 7 ! 3 ! 1
! 10
2 4 7
+ +
MIDDLE TERM IN BINOMIAL EXPANSION
If n is even, the expansion of ( )
n
a x will contain n + 1 terms therefore
2
2 + n
th term will be the middle term. If n is odd, there will be two middle
terms namely
2
1 + n
T
and
2
3 + n
T
.
Standard Result on Middle Term:
The middle term in the expansion of
( )
n
x
2
1+ is
n
n
n
x C
2
or
( )
n n
x
n
n
2
!
1 2 ... 5 . 3 . 1
.
GREATEST TERM
In the expansion of ( ) ( ) 0 1 > + x x
n
. Let
1
1
1
+
+
x
n
p
. If p is a positive
integer then the expansion of ( )
n
x + 1 will contain two equal consecutive
terms p
T
and 1 + p
T
and they will be the greatest terms of the expansion. If
p is not an integer then the expansion cannot contain two equal consecutive
terms and the greatest term in this case will be 1 + q
T
where
[ ] p q
.
Note that if
r
T
be the unique greatest term then both the inequalities
1 +
>
r r
T T
and
1
>
r r
T T
must be fulflled.
5
Example: Find greatest term in ( )
9
3 2 x + when x = 3/2.
Sol.
( )
( )
( ) 13
12
6
13
90
3 2
1 3
3 2
9

+
+
+
x
n x
m x
as m is not integer.
Greatest term
[ ]
2
13 7
4
9
2
13
6
6
9 7

,
_

+
C T T
I m
.
SUM AND DIFFERENCE OF A BINOMIAL EXPANSION AND ITS
CONJUGATE
1.
( ) ( ) [ ] .... .......... .......... .......... 2
4 4
4
2 2
2 0
+ + + + +

y x C y x C x C y x y x
x n n n n n n n
.
2.
( ) ( ) [ ] . .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... 2
3 3
3
1
1
+ + +

y x C y x C y x y x
n n n n n n
Note that if P = sum of terms having even coefcient
=
... .......... ..........
2 2
2 0
+ +

y x C x C
n n n n
Q = sum of terms having odd coefcient
=
. .......... .......... ..........
3 3
3
1
1
+ +

y x C y x C
n n n n
Then, ( ) ( )
n n
y x Q P y x Q P + + ,
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
n n
y x y x Q P Q P PQ
2 2 2 2
4 + + .
6
INTEGRAL AND FRACTIONAL PART OF INTEGRAL POWER OF A MIXED
SURD
Let ( )
n
b a + (a, b are positive integers and b is not a perfect square) be
a mixed surd and let ( ) 1 0 < <
n
b a .
Observe that:
( ) ( ) ( ) [ ] ......... .......... .......... 2
2
2
+ + + +

b a C a b a b a
n n n
n n
= an even
integer = E(say)
Then we can conclude:
(a)Integral part of ( )
n
b a + is E 1.
(b)Fractional part of ( )
n
b a + is ( )
n
b a 1
If ( ) 0 1 < <
n
b a and n is odd then
( ) 1 0 < <
n
a b observe that
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) E a b C a b C a b a b
n
n
n
n
n n
1
]
1
+ + +

........ .......... .......... 2
2
3
3
1
1
(( ) ( )
3 1
,
n n
b b , etc. are integers n is odd)
Integer part of ( ) E a b
n
+
Fractional part of ( ) ( )
n n
a b a b + .
COEFFICIENTS OF
r
x IN VARIOUS STANDARD EXPANSIONS
(i) In the expansion of ( )
n
x + 1 coefcient of
r
x must be
r
n
C
(ii) In the expansion of ( )
n
x
2
1+ , coefcient of
'
even is if
odd is if 0
2
r C
r
x
r
n
r
(iii) In the expansion of ( )
n
x
2
1 , coefcient of
( )
'
even is if 1
odd is if 0
2
2
r C
r
x
r
n
r
r
COMBINATORIAL IDENTITIES (VARIABLE INDEX)
(i)
r
n
r
n
r
n
C C C
1
1
+
+ .
(ii)
r
n
r
n
r
n
r
n
C C C C
2
2 1
2
+

+ +
(iii)
1
1 2 1
. .......... .......... ..........
+
+ + + + +
+ + + +
n
k n
n
k n
n
n
n
n
n
n
C C C C C
.
COMBINATORIAL IDENTITIES (UNIFORM INDEX)
(i)
n
n
n
C C C C C
2 2 2
2
2
1
2
0
.. .......... .......... .......... .......... + + + +
Or

n
n
n n n
C C C C C C C
2
0 1 1 0
... .......... .......... .......... .......... + + +

.
7
(ii)
1
2
1 2 1 1 0
...... .......... .......... .......... ..........

+ + +
n
n
n n
C C C C C C C
.
(iii)
2
2
2 3 1 2 0
...... .......... .......... .......... ..........

+ + +
n
n
n n
C C C C C C C
.
(iv)
r n
n
n r n r r
C C C C C C C
+
+ + +
2
1 1 0
..... .......... .......... .......... ..........
.
(v)
( )
2
1
. .......... .......... .......... .......... 3 2
1 2
3
1
2
0
1

+ + + +
n n
C
C
n
C
C
C
C
C
C
n
n
.
(vi)
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
n n
C C C C C C C C + + + +
1 3 2 2 1 1 0
......... .......... ..........
( )
!
1 . ... .
1 1 0
n
n C C C
n
n
+

.
(vii)
( ) ( ) 0 , 0 1 1 ...... .......... .......... .......... 4 3 2
2
3
2
2
2
1
2
0
> + + + n C n C C C C
n
n
.
(viii) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 0 1 .... .......... .......... 3 2
3 2 1 0
+ + + + + +
n
n
C nd a C d a C d a C d a aC
.
(ix)
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 0 1 ......... .......... .......... .......... 3 2 1
3 2 1
+ +
n
n
C n a C a C a C a a
.
(x)
( ) ( ) ( ) !
2
. .......... .......... .......... .......... ..........
! 5 ! 5
1
! 3 ! 3
1
! 1 ! 1
1
1
n n n n
n
+
.
(xi)
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1
2 1 0
2 2 . .......... .......... .......... 2

+ + + + + + + +
n
n
nb a C nb a C b a C b a aC
.
(xii)
( ) ( )
1
2 1 0
2 2 1 .. .......... .......... .......... .......... 3 2

+ + + + + +
n
n
n C n C C C
.
(xiii)
( ) ( )
n
n
n C n C C C 2 1 1 2 .... .......... .......... .......... .......... 5 3
2 1 0
+ + + + + +
.
(xiv)
( )
2 2
3
2
2
2
1
2
2 1 ......... .......... .......... .......... . 3 . 2 . 1

+ + + +
n
n
n C n C C C
.
(xv)
( )
3 2 3
3
3
2
3
1
3
2 3 ......... .......... .......... .......... . 3 . 2 . 1

+ + + +
n
n
n n C n C C C
.
BINOMIAL THEOREM FOR ANY INDEX
If n is not a positive integer and
1 < x
then the expansion of ( )
n
x + 1
is an infnite series given by
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
+

+
+ + + ....... .......... .......... ..........

! 3
2 1
! 2
1
1 1
3 2
x
n n n
x
n n
nx x
n
General term (i.e. term of
r
x ) =
( ) ( ) ( )
r
x
r
r n n n n
!
1 ........ .......... 2 1 +
.
The following results are common
(i) ( ) ....... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... 1 1
3 2 1
+ + + +

x x x x
(ii) ( ) .. .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... 4 3 2 1 1
3 2 2
+ + + +

x x x x
(iii) ( ) ......... .......... .......... .......... .......... 10 6 3 1 1
3 2 3
+ + + +

x x x x
(iv) ( ) ..... ... 1 1
1 3
3
2 2
2
1
1
+ + + + + +
+ + + + r
r
r n n n n n
x C x C x C x C x (n is a positive
integer)
(v) ( ) nx x
n
+ + 1 1 approximately if x is very small.
STANDARD RESULTS AND IMPORTANT TIPS
8
1. In the expansion of ( )
n
a x + , pth term from the end must be equal to
( ) 2 + p n
th term from the beginning.
2. For any positive integer n, 3
1
1 2 <
,
_
+
n
n
.
3. The last two digits of a whole number are equal to the remainder when
the number is divided by 100. The last three digits of a number are
equal to the remainder when the number is divided by 1000 and so
on. To determine this remainder we try to expand whole number by
binomial theorem in powers of 10. For example
( )
25
25
24
25 23
2
25 24
1
25 25 25 25 50
10 ... 10 10 10 1 10 9 3 C C C C + +
= a multiple of 100+ 49 ( ) 25
24
25
C
Remainder when
50
3 is divided by 100 is 49
the last two digits of
50
3 are 49.
4. The sum of all coefcients in a multinomial expansion is obtained by
putting 1 for all variables. For example, sum of all coefcients in the
expansion of ( )
3
5 3 2 x y x + is 64 (obtained by putting
x = y = z =1).
5. If n is even then
r
n
C is greatest when
.
2
n
r
If n is odd then
r
n
C is
greatest when
2
1 +
n
r
or
2
1 n
6. If ( )
n
n
n
x a x a x a x a a x x
2
2
3
3
2
2 1 0
2
... 1 + + + + + + + then
(i)
n
n
a a a a a 3 ...
2 3 2 1 0
+ + + + +
[By putting x = 1]
(ii)
1 ...
3 2 1 0
+ + a a a a
[BY putting x = 1]
(iii)
2
1 3
......... ,
2
1 3
..........
5 3 1 4 2 0

+ + +
+
+ + +
n n
a a a a a a
[Adding and sub (i) and (ii)]
(iv)
1
8 5 2 7 4 1 6 3 0
3 ......... ......... .........

+ + + + + + + + +
n
a a a a a a a a a
(v)
2
cos ........ .......... .......... ..........
4 2 0

+
n
a a a
[Put x = i]
(vi)
n n
a a a a a + +
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
0
...... .......... .......... .......... ..........
7. Coefcient in
m
x in ( )
n
r
x + 1 is zero if m is not an integral multiple of r
(where,
N n r m , ,
), i.e., coefcient of
1000
x in ( )
2007
3
1 x + is zero.
9
Type 1 (NCERT QUESTIONS)
EXERCISE 8.1
E.1.Expand
4
2
3
,
_
+
x
x , x 0
E.2.Compute (98)
5
.
E.3.Which is larger (1.01)
1000000
or 10,000?
E.4.Using binomial theorem, prove that 6
n
5n always leaves
remainder 1 when divided by 25.
Expand each of the expression in Exercise 1 to 5.
1. (1 2x)
5
2.
5
2
2
,
_
x
x
3. (2x 3)
6
4.
5
1
3

,
_
+
x
x
5.
6
1
,
_
+
x
x
Using binomial theorem, evaluate each of the following :
6. (96)
3
7. (102)
5
8. (101)
4
9. (99)
5
10. Using Binomial Theorem, indicate which number is larger
(1.1)
10000
or 1000.
11. Find (a + b)
4
(a b)
4
. Hence, evaluate ( ) ( )
4 4
2 3 2 3 + .
12. Find (x + 1)
6
+ (x 1)
6
. Hence or otherwise evaluate
( ) ( )
6 6
1 2 1 2 + + + .
13. Show that 9
n+1
8n 9 is divisible by 64, whenever n is a
positive integer.
14. Prove that
n
r
n r
n
r
C 4 3
0

.
Exercise 8.2
E.5.Find a if the 17
th
and 18
th
terms of the expansion (2 + a)
50
are
equal.
E.6.Show that the middle term in the expansion of (1 + x)
2n
is
( )
! n
n ... . . 1 2 5 3 1
2
n
x
n
, where n is a positive integer.
E.7.Find the coefcient of x
6
y
3
in the expansion of (x + 2y)
9
.
E.8.The second, third and fourth terms in the binomial expansion (x
+ a)
n
are 240, 720 and 1080, respectively. Find x, a and n.
E.9.The coefcients of three consecutive terms in the expansion of
(1+ a)
n
are in the ratio 1 : 7 : 42. Find n.
10
Find the coefcient of
1. x
5
in (x + 3)
8
2. a
5
b
7
in (a 2b)
12
Write the general term in the expansion of
3. (x
2
y)
6
4. (x
2
yx)
12
, x 0.
5. Find the 4
th
term in the expansion of (x 2y)
12
.
6. Find the 13
th
term in the expansion of
18
3
1
9

,
_
x
x
, x 0.
Find the middle terms in the expansions of
7.
7
3
6
3

,
_
x
8.
10
9
3

,
_
+ y
x
9. In the expansion of (1 + a)
m+n
, prove that coefcients of a
m
and a
n
are equal.
10. The coefcients of the (r 1)
th
, r
th
and (r + 1)
th
terms in the
expansion of (x + 1)
n
are in the ratio 1 : 3 : 5. fnd n and r.
11. Prove that the coefcient of x
n
in the expansion of (1 + x)
2n
is
twice the coefcient of x
n
2n1
12. Find a positive value of m for which the coefcient of x
2
in the
expansion (1+x)
m
is 6.
MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE
E.10.Find the term which is independent of x in the expansion of
6
2
3
1
2
3
,
_
x
x
.
E.11.If the coefcients of a
r1
, a
r
and a
r+1
in the expansion of (1 + a)
n
are in the arithmetic progression, prove that :
n
2
n (4r +1) + 4r
2
2 = 0.
E.12.Show that the coefcient of the middle term in the expansion of
(1 + x)
2n
is equal to the sum of the coefcients of two middle
terms in the expansion of (1 + x)
2n1
.
E.13.Find the coefcient of a
4
in the product (1 + 2a)
4
(2 a)
5
using
binomial theorem.
E.14.Find the r
th
term from the end in the expansion of (x + a)
n
.
E.15.Find the term independent of x in the expansion of
0
2
1
18
3
3
>
,
_
+ x ,
x
x
11
E.16.The sum of the coefcients of the frst three terms in the
expansion of 0
3
2

,
_
x ,
x
x
m
, m being a natural number, is 559.
Find the term of the expansion containing x
3
.
E.17.If the coefcients of (r 5)
th
and (2r 1)
th
terms of the expansion
(1 + x)
34
1. Find a, b and n in the expansion of (a + b)
n
if the frst three terms
of the expansion are 729, 7290 and 30375, respectively.
2. Find a if the coefcients of x
2
and x
3
in the expansion of
(3 + ax)
9
are equal.
3. Find the coefcient of x
5
in the product (1 + 2x)
6
(1 x)
7
using
binomial theorem.
4. If a and b are distinct integers, prove that a b is a factor of
a
n
b
n
, whenever n is a positive integer.
5. Evaluate ( ) ( )
6 6
2 3 2 3 + .
6. Find the value of ( ) ( )
4
2 2
4
2 2
1 1 + + a a a a .
7. Find an approximation of (0.99)
5
using the frst three terms of its
expansion.
8. Find n, if the ratio of the ffth term from the beginning to the ffth
term from the end in the expansion of 1 6
3
1
2
4
4
: is
n
,
_
+
9. Expand using Binomial Theorem
,
_
+ x ,
x
x
4
2
2
1 0.
10. Find the expansion of (3x
2
2ax + 3a
2
)
3
using binomial theorem.

12
Type II (Ex!" #!"$%$e Q&es%'ns)

1. Expand the following by using binomial theorem.
(i)
3
3
1
3
,
_

x
x
(ii)
0
2
4
2

,
_
+ x
x
x
(iii) (2x + 3y)
5
2. Show that
n
r
n r
n
r
C 4 3
0

.
2
in the
expansion of (1 + x)
m
is 6.
4. The frst three terms in the expansion of (1+ax)
n
are 1
+12x + 64x
2
. Find n and a.
3
in the expansion of (1 + x + x
2
)
3
6. Expand using binomial theorem.
0
2
2
1
4

,
_
+ x ,
x
x
.
7. Find the value of ( ) ( )
4
2 2
4
2 2
1 1 + + a a a a .
8. Expand (a + b)
6
(a b)
6
. Hence fnd the value of ( ) ( )
6 6
1 2 1 2 + .
9. Expand ( ) ( )
7 7
3 2 3 2 + by using binomial theorem.
10. If P be the sum of odd terms and Q that of even terms in the
expansion of (x + y)
2
, then prove that :
(i) (x
2
y
2
)
n
= P
2
Q
2
(ii) (x + y)
2n
(x y)
2n
= 4PQ
(iii) (x + y)
2n
+ (x y)
2n
= 2 (P
2
+ Q
2
).
4
and x
5
in (1+ 2x)
6
(1 x)
7
.
12. Find the general terms in the expansions of :
(i)
5
1
2
,
_
+
x
x (ii)
9
2
5
5
4
,
_
x
x
.
13. Find the middle terms in the expansion of :
(i)
10
2
1
,
_
y
x
(ii)
7
3
6
3

,
_
x
x
14. Show that the coefcient of middle term in the expansion of (1 +
x)
2n
is equal to the sum of the coefcients of the two middle terms
2n1
.
15. In the expansion of
5
7
4
,
_
y x , fnd the fourth term.

13
16. Find the 9
th
12
2
3
,
_
x
a
a
x
.
17. In the expansion of (x + y)
n
, fnd the pth term from the end.
18. In the expansion of
6
1
,
_
+
x
x , fnd the 3
rd
term from the end.
19. If the 4
th
2
5 1
is
x
ax
n
,
_
+
, fnd the values of
n and a.
40
in the expansion of (1 + 2x + x
2
)
27
.
21. Find the coefcient of (i) x
5
(ii) x
2
in the expansion of
17
3
1
,
_
+
x
x .
22. If x
p
occurs in the expansion of
n
x
x
2
2
1
,
_
+
, prove that its coefcient
is
( )
!
p n
!
p n
! n
,
_
,
_

3
2
3
4
2
.
6
y
3
9
.
24. Find the term independent of x in the expansion of
9
2
3
1
2
3
,
_
x
x
.
25. If the coefcient of x
7
and
7
1
x
in
11
1
,
_
+
bx
ax
are equal, prove that
ab = 1.
26. The sum of the coefcients of the frst three terms of the
expansion of 0
3
2

,
_
x ,
x
x
m
is 559. Find the term of the expansion
containing x
3
.
27. In the expansion of (1 + x)
43
, the coefcients of (2r +1)th and
(r + 2)th term are equal, fnd r.
28. If the 21
st
and 22
nd
terms in the expansion of (1+x)
44
are equal
then fnd the value of x.
29. Prove that in the expansion of (1 + x)
n
, the coefcients of terms
equidistant from the beginning and from the end are equal.
3
1
2
4
4
: is
n
,
_
+ .
31. If the coefcients of x
k1
, x
k
, x
k+1
in the binomial expansion of (1
+ x)
n
are in A.P., then prove that n
2
n (4k+1) +4k
2
2 =0
14
32. If the coefcients of three successive terms in the expansion of (1
+ x)
n
are in the ratio 1 : 3 : 5, then fnd the value of n.
33. The second, third and fourth terms in the expansion of (x +y)
n
are
240, 720 and 1080 respectively. Find the values of x, y and n.
34. If a
1
, a
2
, a
3
, a
4
, be the coefcients of four consecutive terms in the
n
, then prove that
3 2
2
4 3
3
2 1
1
2
a a
a
a a
a
a a
a
+
+
+
+
.
35. Use the Binomial theorem to evaluate (1001)
3
.
36. Evaluate (0.998)
8
correct to 6 places of decimals.
37. Using Binomial theorem, prove that 6
n
5 n always leaves the
remainder 1, when divided by 25, where n N.
38. Using Binomial theorem, prove that 3
3n
26n 1 is divisible by
676 for n N.
39. If a and b are distinct integers, prove that a
n
b
n
is divisible by a
b, whenever n is a positive integer.
40. Evaluate :
(i)
7
C
0
+
7
C
1
+.....+
7
C
7
(ii)
8
C
0
+
8
C
2
+.....+
8
C
8
(iii)
10
C
1
+
10
C
3
+....+
10
C
9
(iv)
12
C
1
+
12
C
2
+.....+
12
C
11
.
41. Evaluate : 2
10
C
0
+
11
2
3
2
2
2
10
10 11
2
10 3
1
10 2
C
........
C C
+ + + .
42. If C
r
denotes the binomial coefcient
n
C
r
, then prove that :
(i) C
0
+ 2C
1
+ 3C
2
+......+ (n + 1)C
n
= 2
n
n2
n1
(ii) 2C
0
+ 5C
1
+ 8C
2
+......+(3n + 2) C
n
= (3n + 4)2
n1
(iii)
( )
2
1
3 2
1 2
3
1
2
0
1
+
+ + + +
n b
C
C
n .....
C
C
C
C
C
C
n
n
(iv) (C
0
+ C
1
) (C
1
+ C
2
).....(C
n1
+ C
n
) =
( )
! n
n C ....... C C C
n
n
1
1 2 1 0
+
.
43. Find the number of terms in the expansion of the following.
(i) ( )
9
3 2 y x (ii) ( ) ( )
9 9
2 5 1 2 5 1 x x + +
(iii) ( ) ( )
10 10
y x y x + + (iv) ( )
n
z y x 4 3 2 +
(v)
( ) ( )
1
1
]
1
+
8 8
3 3 y x y x
(vi) ( )
20
2
2 1 x x + +
44. Expand (x
2
+ 2a)
5
by binomial theorem.
45. Expand (2x 3y) by binomial theorem.
46. By using binomial theorem, expand :
15
(i) (1 + x + x
2
)
3
(ii) (1 x + x
2
)
4
47. Using binomial theorem, expand
0
2
2
1
4

,
_
+ x ,
x
x
.
48. Find the expansion of (3x
2
2ax + 3a
2
)
3
using binomial theorem.
49. Using binomial theorem, expand
11
1
,
_
+
y
x
.
50. Using binomial theorem , expand {(x + y)
5
+ (x y)
5
} and hence
fnd the value of ( ) ( ) { }
5 5
1 2 1 2 + + .
51. If O be the sum of odd terms and E that of even terms in the
expansion of (x + a)
n
, prove that :
(i) O
2
E
2
= (x
2
a
2
)
n
(ii) 4 O E = (x + a)
2n
( x a)
2n
(iii) 2 (O
2
+ E
2
) = (x + a)
2n
+ (x a)
2n
52. Prove that
n r
r
n
n
r
C 4 3
0

53. Which is larger (1.01)

1000000
or 10,000?
54. Find an approximation of (0.99)
5
using the frst three terms of its
expansion.
55. Using binomial theorem, compute the following :
(i) (99)
5
(ii) (102)
6
(iii) (10.1)
5
56. Write down the binomial expansion of (1 + x)
n+1
, when x = 8.
Deduce that 9
n+1
8n 9 is divisible by 64, where n is a positive
integer.
57. Using binominal theorem, prove that 6
n
5n always leaves the
remainder 1 when divided by 25.
58. If a and b are distinct integers, prove that a
n
b
n
is divisible by (a
b), whenever n N.
59. Using binomial theorem, prove that (101)
50
> 100
50
+ 99
50
.
60. Write the general term in the expansion of (x
2
y)
6
.
61. Find the 10
th
term in the binomial expansion of
12
2
1
2
,
_
+
x
x .
62. Find the 9
th
12
2
3
,
_
x
a
a
x
.
63. Find the 6
th
9
2
5
5
4
,
_
x
x
.
64. Find 13
th
0
3
1
9
18
,
_
x ,
x
x
.
16
65. Find the 4
th
term from the end in the expansion of
7
3
2
6
3
,
_
x
x
.
66. Find the 11
th
term from the end in the expansion of
25
2
1
2
,
_
x
x .
3
1
2
4
4
: is
n
,
_
+ .
68. Find a, if 17
th
and 18
th
term in the expansion of (2 + a)
50
are
equal.
69. If the third term in the expansion of
5
10
1
,
_
+
x
lo
x
x
is 1000, then fnd
x.
70. If the fourth term in the expansion of
6
12
1
1
log
1
'
+
+
x
x
x
is equal to
200 and x > 1, then fnd x.
71. For what value of x is the ninth term in the expansion of
( )
{ }
10
1 5 8 1 7 25
1
3
1
3
3 3
+ +

+
x x
lo ! lo
is equal to 180?
72. Find the middle term in the expansion of
20
2
2
3
3
2
,
_
x
x
.
73. Find the middle terms in the expansion of
7
3
6
3

,
_
x
x
.
74. Prove that the coefcient of the middle term in the expansion of
(1 + x)
2n
is equal to the sum of the coefcient of middle terms in
the expansion of (1 + x)
2n1
.
75. Find the value of for which the coefcient of the middle terms
in the expansions of (1 + x)
4
and (1 x)
6
are equal.
10
in the binomial expansion of
11
2
3
2
,
_
x
x
,
when x 0.
77. Find the coefcients of x
32
and x
17
in the expansion of
15
3
4
1
,
_
x
x .
6
y
3
9
.
17
79. The sum of the coefcients of frst three terms in the expansion of
0 ,
3
2

,
_
x
x
x
m
, m being a natural number, is 559. Find the term
of expansion containing x
3
.
7
in
11
2
7
11
2
1 1
,
_

,
_
+

bx
ax in x and
bx
ax and fnd
the relation between a and b so that these coefcients are equal.
81. If x
p
occurs in the expansion of
n
x
x
2
2
1
,
_
+ , prove that its coefcient

is
( )
1
1
1
1
]
1
,
_
,
_

!
p n
!
p n
! n
3
2
3
4
2
82. Prove that there is no term involving x
6
in the expansion of
11
2
3
2
,
_
x
x , where r 0.
40
in the expansion of (1 + 2x + x
2
)
27
.
5
in the expansion of the product (1
+ 2x)
6
(1 x)
7
.
n
in the expansion of (1 + x) (1 x)
n
.
86. If the coefcients of x and x
2
m
(1 x)
n
are 3 and 6 respectively. Find the values of m and n.
10
3
2
2
1
3
,
_
x
x
(i)
12
1
,
_
x
x (ii)
10
1
2
,
_
x
x
89. Find the coefcient of the term independent of x in the expansion
of
10
2 1 3 1 3 2
1
1
1
,
_
+
+
! ! !
x x
x
x x
x
.
90. Find the greatest value of the term independent of x in the
expansion of
10
,
_
+
x
"os
sin x

, where R.
91. If the fourth term in the expansion of
2
5 1
is
x
ax
n
,
_
+
, then fnd the
values of a and n.
18
92. Find the value of a so that the term independent of x in
10
2

,
_
+
x
a
x
is 405.
93. In the binomial expansion of (1 + a)
m+n
, prove that the coefcients
of a
m
and a
n
are equal.
94. Prove that the coefcients of x
n
in (1+ x)
2n
is twice the coefcient
of x
n
in (1 + x)
2n1
.
95. In the binomial expansion of (a + b)
n
, the coefcients of the fourth
and thirteenth terms are equal to each other. Find n.
2
in the
m
is 6.
97. If the coefcients of (r 5)
th
and (2r 1)
th
terms in the expansion
of (1 + x)
34
are equal, fnd r.
5
in the expansion of
(1 + x)
21
+ (1 + x)
22
+.....+ (1 + x)
30
.
99. If in the expansion of (1 x)
2n1
, the coefcient of x
r
is denoted by
a
r
, then prove that a
r1
+ a
2nr
= 0.
100.The coefcients of three consecutive terms in the expansion of (1
+ x)
n
are in the ratio 1 : 7 : 42. Find n.
101.In the binomial expansion of (1 + x)
n
, the coefcient s of the ffth,
sixth and seventh terms are in A.P. fnd all values of n for which
this can happen.
102.If the coefcients of a
r1
, a
r
, a
r+1
in the binomial expansion of
(1+a)
n
are in A.P., prove that n
2
n (4r + 1) + 4r
2
2 = 0.
103.The coefcients of (r 1)
th
, rth and (r + 1)
th
terms in the
expansion of (x +1)
n
are in the ratio 1 : 3 : 5. Find n and r.
104.The 3
rd
, 4
th
and 5
th
term in the expansion of (x + a)
n
are
respectively 84, 280 and 560, fnd the values of x, a and n.
105.How many terms are free from radical signs in the expansion of
( )
55
10 1 5 1 ! !
y x + .
106.Find the number of integral terms in the expansion of
( )
1024
10 1 2 1
7 5
! !
+ .
19
Type III (O()e$%*e Q&es%'ns)
1.The Coefcient of
8
x in the polynomial ( ) ( ) ( )
4 3 2
4 3 2 x x x + + + must be
(a) 29 (b) 263 (c) 9 (d) zero
2.Find the coefcient
203
x in the expansion of
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 20 ... .......... 3 2 1
20 3 2
x x x x
(a) 13 (b) 27 (c) 133 (d) None of these
3.If ( ) + + I
n
3 4 7 , then the value of
( ) ( ) + 1 I
is equal to
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c)
n
2
(d) None of these
4.If ( ) + + I
n
6 3 then the value of
( ) ( ) + 1 I
is equal to
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c)
n
2
(d)
n
3
5.If x is positive, the frst negative term in the expansion of ( )
5 / 27
1 x + is
(a) 35 (b) 32 (c) 33 (d) 34
6.The total no. of terms in ( ) ( )
100 100
a x a x + + is
(a) 202 (b) 51 (c) 50 (d) None
7.Sum of coefcients in the expansion of ( )
10
2 Z # x + + is
(a)
10
2
(b)
10
3 (c) 1 (d) None
8.The number of terms in the expansion of ( )
10
z y x + + is
(a) 11 (b) 33 (c) 66 (d) None
9.The number of terms in the expansion of ( )
n
z y x 3 2 + are 45 then n =
(a) 7 (b) 8 (c) 9 (d) None
10.In the expansion of ( )
50
1 x + the sum of the coefcient of odd power of x is
(a) 0 (b)
49
2
(c) 2 (d)
51
2
11.The Coefcient of
x
1
in ( )
n
n
x
x
,
_
+ +
1
1 1 is
(a)
( ) ( ) ! 1 ! 1
!
+ n n
n
(b)
( ) ( ) ! 1 ! 1
! 2
+ n n
n
(c)
( ) ( ) ! 1 2 ! 1 2
!
+ n n
n
(d)
( ) ( ) ! 1 2 ! 1 2
! 2
+ n n
n
12. If the third term in
[ ]
5
log
10
x
x x +
is
6
10 then
x =
(a) 1 (b)
1
10
(c)
2
5
10
(d)
2
10
13. If ( )
12
12
2
2 1
6
2
... 1 2 1 x a x a x a x x + + + + + then the expression
12 6 4 2
... a a a a + + + +
has value
(a) 32 (b) 63 (c) 64 (d) None
14. If
3 2
/ T T
n
b a + and
4 3
/ T T
in the expansion of
( )
3 +
+
n
b a
are equal then n =
(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 6
15. The coefcient of 5
th
, 6
th
and 7
th
in ( )
n
x + 1 are in A.P. then n =
(a) 27 (b) 11 (c) 14 (d) 17
16. In the expansion of ( )
n
x + 1 the binomial coefcient of three consecutive
terms are respectively 220, 495 and 792, then the value of n =
20
(a) 10 (b) 11 (c) 12 (d) 13
17. Find the value of
( )
64 32 / 3 / 6 16 . 9 . 15 8 . 27 . 20 4 . 81 . 15 2 . 243 . 6 3
25 . 7 . 18 . 3 7 18
6
3 3
+ + + + + +
+ +

(a) 1 (b) 5 (c) 25 (d) 100
18. The Approx. value of ( )
3 / 1
995 . 7 is
(a) 1.9995 (b) 1.9996 (c) 1.9990 (d) 1.9991
19. The no. of non-zero terms in
( ) ( )
1
]
1
+ +
9 9
2 3 1 2 3 1 x x
is
(a) 9 (b) 10 (c) 5 (d) 12
20. The greatest coefcient in the expansion of ( )
10
1 x + is
(a)
! 6 ! 5
! 10
(b)
( )
2
! 5
! 10
(c)
! 7 ! 5
! 10
(d) None
21.The two consecutive terms in the expansion of ( )
74
2 3 x + whose coefcient
are equal are
(a) 7, 8 (b) 11, 12 (c) 30, 31 (d) None
22. 1 7 2
3
n
n
is divisible by
(a) 36 (b) 49 (c) 69 (d) None
23. If ( )
n
n
n
x " x " x " " x + + + + + ... 1
2
2 1 0
then for n odd, ( )
2 2
3
2
2
2
1
2
0
1 ...
n
n
" " " " " + + +
is equal to
(a) 0 (b)
2 2
2
n
(c)
( )
( )
2
! 2
! 2
n
n
(d)
n 2
2
24. If
1 < x
then the coefcient of
n
x in the expansion of ( )
2
2
...... 1 + + + x x
is
(a) n (b) n 1 (c) n + 2 (d) n + 1
25. The coefcient of
5
x in the expansion of ( ) ( ) ( )
30 22 21
1 ... 1 1 x x x + + + + + + is
(a)
5
51
C (b)
5
9
C (c)
6
21
6
31
C C
(d)
5
20
5
30
C C +
26. The digit at units place in the number
1995 1995 1995
7 11 17 +
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
27. If
5 5
2 2
3
2 2
3
,
_
,
_
+
i i
z
, then
(a)
( ) 0 Re z
(b)
( ) 0 Im z
(c)
( ) ( ) 0 Im , 0 Re < > z z
(d)
( ) ( ) 0 Im , 0 Re > < z z
28. The positive integer which is just greater than ( )
1000
0001 . 0 1+ is
(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 2
29. Given the integers
2 , 1 > > n r
, and coefcients of ( )
$%
r 3 and ( )
$%
r 2 +
term
in the binominal expansion of ( )
n
x
2
1+ are equal, then
(a)
r n 2
(b)
r n 3
(c)
1 2 + r n
(d) None of
these.
30. In the usual notations
1 2
3 2 1
... 3 2

+ + + +
n
n
x nC x C x C C is equal to
(a) ( )
1
1

+
n
x n (b) ( )
n
x n + 1
(c) ( ) ( )
1
1 1

+
n
x n (d) ( ) ( )
n
x n + 1 1
21
31. The value of the expression
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
...
1
3 1
3 . 2 . 1
2 1
1
2 1
2 . 1
1
1
1
1
1
2
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
nx
x n n n
nx
x n n
nx
x n
(a) 2 (b) 1 (c) 3 (d) 0
32. The coefcients of
2 2
y x ,
2
$ yz and
z$ xy
4
$ z y x + + +
are
in the ratio
(a) 4:2:1 (b) 1:2:4 (c) 2:4:1 (d) 1:4:2
33. If m and n are any two odd positive integers with n < m then largest
positive integer which divides all numbers of the form ( )
2 2
n m , is
(a) 4 (b) 6 (c) 8 (d) 9
34. The number
25 25
3 5 is divisible by
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 5 (d) 7
35. The number of rational terms in( )
10
6 3
5 3 2 + + is
(a) 6 (b) 4 (c) 3 (d) 1
36. If the number of terms in the expansion of ( )
n
x x
2
3 2 1 + + is 36, then n
equals
(a) 7 (b) 8 (c) 9 (d) none of these.
37. If the sum of the coefcients in the expansion of ( )
12
2 2
3 2 x " "x + + vanishes
then c equals
(a) 1, 2 (b) 1, 2 (c) 1, 2 (d) 1, 2
38. If the sum of odd numbered terms and the sum of even numbered terms in the
expansion of ( )
n
a x + are A and B respectively then the value of ( )
n
a x
2 2
is:
(a) 4 AB (b)
2 2
& '
(c)
2 2
& ' +
(d) None of these.
39. For integer
1 > n
, the digit at unit place in the number
n
r
r 6 !
100
0
+
is
(a) 4 (b) 3 (c) 1 (d) 0
40. If
n
C C C C ..., , , ,
2 1 0
are the Binominal coefcients, in the expansion of
( )
n
x + 1 , n being even, then
( ) ( ) + + + + + + + . ..........
2 1 0 1 0 0
C C C C C C
( )
1 2 1 0
...

+ + + +
n
C C C C
is equal to
(a)
n
n 2
(b)
1
2 .
n
n
(c)
2
2 .
n
n
(d)
3
2 .
n
n
41. If ( )
n
n
n
x C x C x C C x + + + + + ... 1
2
2 1 0
, then the value of

( )
n
C
n
C C C
1
1
...
3
1
2
1
2 1 0
+
+ + + +
is
(a)
( ) 1
2
1
+
n
n
(b)
( ) 1
2
1
+
+
n
n
(c)
( ) 1
1 2
1
+
n
n
(d)
( ) 1
1 2
1
+
+
n
n
42. The number of terms in the expansion of ( )
124
4
5 3 + which are integers
(a) 0 (b) 30 (c) 31 (d) 32
43. The coefcient of " b a
4 3
9
1 " b a + + is
(a)
4
7
7
9
2 C C (b)
3
7
2
9
. . 2 C C (c)
4
7
7
9
. C C (d) None of these.
44. The greatest value of the term independent of x in the expansion of
( )
10
1
cos sin

+ x x , where
(
is
22
(a)
5
2
(b)
( )
2
! 5
! 10
(c)
( )
2 5
! 5
! 10
.
2
1
(d) None of these.
45.
1
1
0
+
r
n
r
n
r
n
n
r
C C
C
is equal to
(a)
2
n
(b)
2
1 + n
(c)
( )
2
1 + n n
(d)
( )
( ) 1 2
1
+
n
n n
n
x is the polynomial
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
n
n n n n
C x C x C x C x
1 2
2
1 2
1
1 2
0
1 2
...
+ + + +
+ + + + is
(a)
1
2
+ n
(b)
1 2
2
+ n
(c)
n 2
2
(d) None of these.
47. If
{ } x
denotes the fractional part of x, then
'
8
3
2n
,
N n
is
(a) 3/8 (b) 7/8 (c) 1/8 (d) None of these.
48. The sum of the last ten coefcients in the expansion of ( )
19
1 x + when
expanded in ascending powers of x is
(a)
18
2
(b)
19
2
(c)
10
19 18
2 C (d) None of
these.
m
x in ( ) ( ) ( )
n m m
x x x + + + + +
+
1 ... 1 | 1
1
,
n m
is
(a)
1
1
+
+
m
n
C
(b)
1
1
m
n
C
(c)
m
n
C
(d)
1 + m
n
C
50. The last two digits of the number
400
3 are
(a) 39 (b) 29 (c) 01 (d) 43
23
Type+1 (ANS,ERS)
NCERT EXAMPLES
E.1.=
4
2 5 8
81 108
54 12
x x
x x x + + + +
.
E.2.9039207968
E.3 > 10000
E.4.
E.5.(i) (d) (ii) (c) (iii) (a) (iv) (b)
E.6.(i) Given set = {1,2}. Hence, it is fnite.
(ii) Given set = {2}. Hence, it is fnite.
(iii) Given set = . Hence, it is fnite.
(iv) The given set is the set of all prime numbers and since set
of prime numbers is infnite. Hence the given set is infnite.
(i) Since there are infnite number of odd numbers, hence, the
given set is infnite.
E.7.Only pair of equal sets is C and E.
E.8.A and B are not equal sets.
E.9.(i) B (ii) A B (iii) A C(iv) B C
E.11No, Let A = {1}, B = {{1},2} and C = {{1}, 2, 3}.
E.12.A B = {2,4,6,8,10,12}
E.14. X Y = {Ram, Geeta, Akbar, David, Ashok}
E.15.A B = {6,8} E.16.X Y = {Geeta}
E.18. A B = {1,3,5}, B A = {8}
E.19.V B = {e,0}, B V = {k}
E.20. A' = {2,4,6,8,10}
E.21. A' is clearly the set of all boys in the class
E.22.A' = {1,4,5,6}, B' = {1,2,6}, A' B' = {1,6}, A B = {2,3,4,5}
E.23.10 E.24.12 E.25. 5 E.26. 225
E.27.(i) 90 (ii) 20 (iii) 140
Miscellane!s Exa"#les
E.32.170.E.33.data is incorrect.
E.34.9
Exercise 1.1
1. (i), (iv), (v), (vi), and (viii) are sets.
2. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi)
3. (i) A = {3,2,1,0,1,2,3,4,5,6}
(ii) B = {1,2,3,4,5}
(iii) C + {17,26,35,44,53,62,71,80}
24
(iv) D + {2,3,5}
(ii) E = {T,R,I,G,O,N,M,E,Y}
(iii) F = {B,E,T,R}
4. (i) {x : x = 3n and 1 n 4}
(ii) {x : x = 2
n
and 1 n 5}
(iii) {x : x = 5
n
and 1 n 4}
(i) {x : x is an even natural number}
(ii) {x : x = n
2
and 1 n 10}
5. (i) A = {1,3,,5,....} (ii) B = {0,1,2,3,4}
(iii) C = {2,1,0,1,2} (iv) D = {L,O,Y,A}
(v) E = {February, April, June, September, November}
(vi) F = {b,c,d,f,g,h,j}
6. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (b)
Exercise 1.2
1. (i), (iii), (iv)
2. (i) Finite (ii) Infnite (iii) Finite (iv) Infnite (v) Finite
3. (i) Infnite (ii) Finite (iii) Infnite (iv) Finite (v) Infnite
4. (i) Yes (ii) No (iii) Yes (iv) No
5. (i) No (ii) Yes 6. B = D, E = G
Exercise 1.$
1. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) (vii)
2. (i) False (ii) True (iii) False (iv) True (v) False (vi) True
3. (i), (v), (vii), (ix), (xi)
4. (i) {a}, (ii) {a}, {b} {a,b}
(iii) , {1}, {2}, {3}, {1,2}, {1,3}, {2,3}, {1,2,3}(iv)
5. 1 6. (i) (4,6] (ii) (2, 10) (iii) [0,7) (iv) [3,4]
7. (i) {x: x R, 3 < x <0} (ii) {x: x R, 6 x 12}
(iii) {x : x R, 6 <, x 12} (iv) {x R : 23 x < 5}
9. (iii)
Exercise 1.%
1. (i) X Y = {1,2,3,5} (ii) A B = {a,b,c,e,i,o,u}
(iii) A B = {x : x = 1,2,4,5 or a multiple of 3}
(iv) A B = {x : 1 < x < 10, x N}(v) A B = {1,2,3}
2. Yes, A B = {a,b,c} 3. B
4. (i) {1,2,3,4,5,6,} (ii) {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8}
(iii) {3,4,5,6,7,8} (iv) {3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10}
(v) {1,2,3,4,5,6,78} (vi) {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10}
5. (i) X Y = {1,3} (ii) A B = {a} (iii) {3}
6. (i) {7,9,11} (ii) {11,13} (iii) (iv) {11}
(v) (vi) {7,9,11} (vii) (viii){7,9,11}
(ix) {7,9,11} (x) {7,9,11,15}
7. (i) B (ii) C (iii) D (iv) (v) {2}
25
(vi) {x: x is an odd prime number} 8. (iii)
9. (i) {3,6,9,15,18,21} (ii) {3,9,15,18,21}
(iii) {3,6,9,12,18,21 (iv) {4,8,16,20}
(v) {2,4,8,10,14,16} (vi) {5,10,20}
(vii) {20} (viii){4,8,12,16} (ix) {2,6,10,14}
(x) {5,10,15} (xi) {2,4,6,8,12,14,16} (xii) {5,15,20}
10. (i) {a,c} (ii) {f,g} (iii) {b,d}
11. Set of irrational numbers 12. (i) F (ii) F (iii) T (iv) T
26
Exercise 1.&
1. (i) {5,6,7,8,9} (ii) {1,3,5,7,9} (iii) {7,8,9}
(iv) {5,7,9} (v) {1,2,3,4} (vi) {1,3,4,5,7,9}
2. (i) {d,e,f,g,h} (ii) {a,b,c,h} (iii) {b,d,f,h}
(iv) {b,c,d,e}
3. (i) {x : x is an odd natural number}
(ii) {x : x is an even natural nuber}
(iii) {x : x N and x is not a multiple of 3}
(iv) {x : x is a positive composit number and x = 1}
(v) {x : x is a positive integer which is not divisible by 3 or not
divisible by 5}
(vi) {x : x N and x is not a perfect square}
(vii) {x : x N and x is not a perfect cube}
(viii){x : x N and x = 3}
(ix) {x : x N and x = 2}
(x) {x : x N and x = 3}
(xi) {x : x N and x >
2
9
}
6. Is the set of all equilateral triangles.
7. (i) U (ii) A (iii) (iv)
Miscellane!s Exercise n C'a#(er ) 1
1. A B, A C , B C, D A, D B, D C
2. (i) False (ii) False (iii) True (iv) False
(v) False (vi) True
7. False 12. We may take A = {1,2}, B = {1,3}, C = {2,3}
13. 325 14. 125 15. 52,30 16. 11
Type II (Ans-e!s Ex!" p!"$%$e Q&es%'ns)
1. (i)
3
3
27
1 1
9 27
x x
x x
(ii)
4
2 5 8
16 32
24 8
x x
x " x + + + +
(iii)
5 4 3 2 2 3 4 5
243 810 1080 720 240 32 y xy y x y x y x x + + + + +
3. 4 4. n = 9, a = 4/3 5. 7
6.
4 3 2
2 3 4
16 32 8 16
5 4
2 2 16 x x x x
x
x x x
+ + + + +
7.
[ ] 1 2 5 6 2
2 4 6 8
+ + a a a a
8. 2 140 9. 3 5822
11. 171
12. (i) ( ) 5 0 , 2
2 5 5 5

r x C
r r
r
(ii) ( ) 9 0 ,
5
2
1
2 9
2 9
3 18
9

r x C
r
r
r
r
r
13. (i)
5
5
8
63
y
x
(ii)
15 13
48
35
,
8
105
x x
15.
6 2
49
160
y x 16.
12
4
3247695
x
a
17.
1 1
1
+
p n p
p
n
y x C
27
18.
2
15
x
19. n =6, a = 20.
( ) ( ) ! 14 ! 40
! 54
21. (i) 680 (ii) r=
N
4
19
23. 672 24.
18
7
26. 5940 27. r= 1,14 28.
8
7
30. n=10
32. n=7 33. x=2, y=3 and n = 5 35. 1003003001
36. 0.984112
37. 6
n
5n always leaves remainder 1, when divided by 25.
39. a
n
b
n
is divisible by a b
40. (i) 128 (ii) 128 (iii) 512 (iv) 4094
41.
11
1 3
11
43. (i) 10 term (ii) 5 term (iii) 6 term

(iv)
( ) ( )
2
2 1 + + n n
(v) 4 term (vi) 41
44. x
10
+10x
8
a+40x
6
a
2
+80x
4
a
4
+32a
5
45. 16x
4
96x
3
y+216x
2
y
2
216xy
3
+81y
4
46. (i) x
6
+3x
5
+6x
4
+7x
3
+6x
2
+3x+1
(ii) 14x+10x
2
16x
3
+19x
4
16x
5
+10x
6
4x+x
8
47.
4 3 2
4 3 2
16 32 8 16
16 2 2
4 5
x x x x
x x x
x + + + + +
48.
6 5 4 2 3 3 2 5 5 6
27 54 117 116 117 54 27 a xa a x a x a x a x x + + +
49.
9
2
8
3
7
4
6
5
5
6 7
3
8
2
9 10
11
55 165 330
462 462
4
330 165 55 11
y
x
y
x
y
x
y
x
y
x
y
x
y
x
y
x
y
x
x + + + + + + + + +
++
11 10
1 11
y y
x
+
50. 2 58 53. (1.01)
1000000
>10000 54. 0.951
55. (i) 9509900499 (ii) 1126162419264
(iii) 105101.00501
56. 64 57. 6
n
5n leaves the remainder 1 when divided by 25.
60. (1)
r

6
C
r
x
122x
y
r
61.
3
1760
x
62. ( )
9
4 12
4
12
a x C

63.
x
5040
64. 18564 65.

6
48
35
x
66.
20
10
15
25
2
.
x
C
67. n = 10 68. 1 69. 100 70. x =10
71. x = 1og
5
15 or x =1 72.
10
10
20
x C
73.
8
105
13
x
and
48
35
15
x
75.
10
3

76.
4 7
4
3 2 C 77. 1365
4
15 7

C x
78. 672 79. 5940x
3
80. ab=1 83. x
40
=
54
C
40
84. 171 85. (1)
n
(1n) 86. m=12, n =9
87.
8
76545
88. (i)
12
C
6
(ii) 8064 89. 210
28
90.
( )
2 5
! 5 2
! 10
91.
6
2
1
n and a
92. 3 9 405 45 405
2 2 2
2
10
t a a a a C
95. n = 15 96. m = 497. 97. r =14 98.
31
C
6
21
C
6
100.r=7 and n =55 101.n=7,14 103.n=7 and r =3
104.n=7, a=2 and x =1 105.r = 0,10,20,30,40,50
106.r = 129
29

Binomial Theorem

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nzks.kkpk;Z nzks.

kkpk;Z Academy and Resonant Classes Academy and Resonant Classes

2.Total number of terms in the expansion of ( )

.. .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... 3 2 2

the theorem follows intuitively by

+ + + ....... .......... .......... ..........

y x , fnd the fourth term.

53. Which is larger (1.01)

+ , prove that its coefcient

43. (i) 10 term (ii) 5 term (iii) 6 term

64. 18564 65.

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