Cumulative Distribution Functions

Cumulative Distribution Functions
Standard Normal Distribution

Bernd Schroder
Bernd Schroder
logo1
Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Introduction
Bernd Schroder
logo1
Introduction
How would you compute probabilities for a density function
x2
1
such as f (x) = e 2 ?
2
Bernd Schroder
logo1
Introduction
x2
1
2
It can be proved that there is no nice antiderivative.
Bernd Schroder
logo1
Introduction
x2
1
2
It can be proved that there is no nice antiderivative.
Solution: Make a numerical table!
Bernd Schroder
logo1
Definition.
Bernd Schroder
logo1
Definition. The cumulative distribution function F(x) for a

continuous random variable X with probability density function
f is defined by
Bernd Schroder
logo1

f is defined by
F(x)
Bernd Schroder
logo1

f is defined by
F(x) = P(X x)
Bernd Schroder
logo1

f is defined by
F(x) = P(X x) =
Z x
f (y) dy.
Bernd Schroder
logo1

f is defined by
F(x) = P(X x) =
Z x
f (y) dy.
density
Bernd Schroder
logo1

f is defined by
F(x) = P(X x) =
Z x
f (y) dy.
density
Bernd Schroder
logo1

f is defined by
F(x) = P(X x) =
Z x
f (y) dy.
density
Bernd Schroder
logo1

f is defined by
F(x) = P(X x) =
Z x
f (y) dy.
density
Bernd Schroder
logo1

f is defined by
F(x) = P(X x) =
Z x
f (y) dy.
density
FX (x)
Bernd Schroder
logo1

f is defined by
F(x) = P(X x) =
Z x
f (y) dy.
density
FX (x)
Bernd Schroder
logo1

f is defined by
F(x) = P(X x) =
Z x
f (y) dy.
density
l-FX (x)
FX (x)
Bernd Schroder
logo1

f is defined by
F(x) = P(X x) =
Z x
f (y) dy.
distribution
density
l-FX (x)
FX (x)
Bernd Schroder
logo1

f is defined by
F(x) = P(X x) =
Z x
f (y) dy.
distribution
l
density
l-FX (x)
FX (x)
Bernd Schroder
logo1

f is defined by
F(x) = P(X x) =
Z x
f (y) dy.
distribution
l
density
l-FX (x)
FX (x)
Bernd Schroder
x
logo1

f is defined by
F(x) = P(X x) =
Z x
f (y) dy.
distribution
l
density
l-FX (x)
FX (x)
Bernd Schroder
x
logo1

f is defined by
F(x) = P(X x) =
Z x
f (y) dy.
distribution
l
density
l-FX (x)
FX (x)
Bernd Schroder
x
logo1

f is defined by
F(x) = P(X x) =
Z x
f (y) dy.
distribution
l
FX (x)
density
l-FX (x)
FX (x)
Bernd Schroder
x
logo1

f is defined by
F(x) = P(X x) =
Z x
f (y) dy.
distribution
?
l
FX (x)
density
l-FX (x)
FX (x)
Bernd Schroder
x
logo1

f is defined by
F(x) = P(X x) =
Z x
f (y) dy.
distribution
?
l
FX (x)
l-FX (x)
density
l-FX (x)
FX (x)
Bernd Schroder
x
logo1
Theorem.
Bernd Schroder
logo1
Theorem. The cumulative distribution function FA,B of a

uniform distribution
on [A, B] is
0; for x < A,
1
(x
A)
for A x B,
FA,B (x) =
BA
1; for x > B.
Bernd Schroder
logo1

on [A, B] is
0; for x < A,
1
(x
A)
for A x B,
FA,B (x) =
BA
1; for x > B.
Bernd Schroder
logo1

on [A, B] is
0; for x < A,
1
(x
A)
for A x B,
FA,B (x) =
BA
1; for x > B.
Bernd Schroder
logo1

on [A, B] is
0; for x < A,
1
(x
A)
for A x B,
FA,B (x) =
BA
1; for x > B.
Bernd Schroder
logo1

on [A, B] is
0; for x < A,
1
(x
A)
for A x B,
FA,B (x) =
BA
1; for x > B.
Bernd Schroder
logo1

on [A, B] is
0; for x < A,
1
(x
A)
for A x B,
FA,B (x) =
BA
1; for x > B.
Bernd Schroder
logo1

on [A, B] is
0; for x < A,
1
(x
A)
for A x B,
FA,B (x) =
BA
1; for x > B.
Bernd Schroder
logo1

on [A, B] is
0; for x < A,
1
(x
A)
for A x B,
FA,B (x) =
BA
1; for x > B.
Bernd Schroder
logo1

on [A, B] is
0; for x < A,
1
(x
A)
for A x B,
FA,B (x) =
BA
1; for x > B.
Bernd Schroder
logo1

on [A, B] is
0; for x < A,
1
(x
A)
for A x B,
FA,B (x) =
BA
1; for x > B.
?
A
Bernd Schroder
logo1

on [A, B] is
0; for x < A,
1
(x
A)
for A x B,
FA,B (x) =
BA
1; for x > B.
6
l
B-A
?
A
Bernd Schroder
logo1

on [A, B] is
0; for x < A,
1
(x
A)
for A x B,
FA,B (x) =
BA
1; for x > B.
FA,B
6
l
B-A
?
A
Bernd Schroder
logo1

on [A, B] is
0; for x < A,
1
(x
A)
for A x B,
FA,B (x) =
BA
1; for x > B.
FA,B
6
l
B-A
?
A
Bernd Schroder
logo1

on [A, B] is
0; for x < A,
1
(x
A)
for A x B,
FA,B (x) =
BA
1; for x > B.
FA,B
6
l
B-A
?
A
Bernd Schroder
B
A
logo1

on [A, B] is
0; for x < A,
1
(x
A)
for A x B,
FA,B (x) =
BA
1; for x > B.
FA,B
6
l
B-A
?
A
Bernd Schroder
B
A
logo1

on [A, B] is
0; for x < A,
1
(x
A)
for A x B,
FA,B (x) =
BA
1; for x > B.
FA,B
6
l
B-A
?
A
Bernd Schroder
B
A
logo1

on [A, B] is
0; for x < A,
1
(x
A)
for A x B,
FA,B (x) =
BA
1; for x > B.
FA,B

l
B-A

?
A
Bernd Schroder

A
logo1

on [A, B] is
0; for x < A,
1
(x
A)
for A x B,
FA,B (x) =
BA
1; for x > B.
FA,B

l
B-A

?
A
Bernd Schroder

A
logo1

on [A, B] is
0; for x < A,
1
(x
A)
for A x B,
FA,B (x) =
BA
1; for x > B.
FA,B

l
B-A

?
A
Bernd Schroder

A
logo1
Theorem.
Bernd Schroder
logo1
Theorem. Let X be a continuous random variable with

cumulative distribution function F.
Bernd Schroder
logo1

cumulative distribution function F. Then for all real numbers a
and b we have
Bernd Schroder
logo1

and b we have
P(X > a)
Bernd Schroder
logo1

and b we have
P(X > a) = 1 F(a)
Bernd Schroder
logo1

and b we have
P(X > a) = 1 F(a)
P(a X b)
Bernd Schroder
logo1

and b we have
P(X > a) = 1 F(a)
P(a X b) = F(b) F(a)
Bernd Schroder
logo1

and b we have
P(X > a) = 1 F(a)
z
Bernd Schroder
logo1

and b we have
P(X > a) = 1 F(a)
y
z
Bernd Schroder
logo1

and b we have
P(X > a) = 1 F(a)
y
z
Bernd Schroder
logo1

and b we have
P(X > a) = 1 F(a)
y
a
Bernd Schroder
logo1

and b we have
P(X > a) = 1 F(a)
y
a
Bernd Schroder
logo1

and b we have
P(X > a) = 1 F(a)
y
a
Bernd Schroder
logo1

and b we have
P(X > a) = 1 F(a)
Bernd Schroder
logo1

and b we have
P(X > a) = 1 F(a)
z
Bernd Schroder
logo1

and b we have
P(X > a) = 1 F(a)
y
z
Bernd Schroder
logo1

and b we have
P(X > a) = 1 F(a)
y
z
Bernd Schroder
logo1

and b we have
P(X > a) = 1 F(a)
y
a
Bernd Schroder
z
logo1

and b we have
P(X > a) = 1 F(a)
y
a
Bernd Schroder
logo1

and b we have
P(X > a) = 1 F(a)
y
a
Bernd Schroder
logo1

and b we have
P(X > a) = 1 F(a)
y
b
Bernd Schroder
logo1

and b we have
P(X > a) = 1 F(a)
y
a
Bernd Schroder
z
logo1

and b we have
P(X > a) = 1 F(a)
Bernd Schroder
logo1

and b we have
P(X > a) = 1 F(a)
Proof.
Bernd Schroder
logo1

and b we have
P(X > a) = 1 F(a)
Proof.
P(X > a)
Bernd Schroder
logo1

and b we have
P(X > a) = 1 F(a)
Proof.
P(X > a) =
Bernd Schroder
logo1

and b we have
P(X > a) = 1 F(a)
Proof.
Z
P(X > a) =
a
Bernd Schroder
fX (x) dx
logo1

and b we have
P(X > a) = 1 F(a)
Proof.
Z
P(X > a) =
a
Bernd Schroder
fX (x) dx = 1
Z a
fX (x) dx
logo1

and b we have
P(X > a) = 1 F(a)
Proof.
Z
P(X > a) =
a
fX (x) dx = 1
Z a
fX (x) dx
= 1 F(a)
Bernd Schroder
logo1

and b we have
P(X > a) = 1 F(a)
Proof.
Z
P(X > a) =
a
fX (x) dx = 1
Z a
fX (x) dx
= 1 F(a)
P(a X b)
Bernd Schroder
logo1

and b we have
P(X > a) = 1 F(a)
Proof.
Z
P(X > a) =
a
fX (x) dx = 1
Z a
fX (x) dx
= 1 F(a)
P(a X b) =
Bernd Schroder
logo1

and b we have
P(X > a) = 1 F(a)
Proof.
Z
P(X > a) =
a
fX (x) dx = 1
Z a
fX (x) dx
= 1 F(a)
P(a X b) =
Z b
a
Bernd Schroder
fX (x) dx
logo1

and b we have
P(X > a) = 1 F(a)
Proof.
Z
P(X > a) =
a
fX (x) dx = 1
Z a
fX (x) dx
= 1 F(a)
P(a X b) =
Z b
a
Bernd Schroder
Z b
fX (x) dx =
fX (x) dx
Z a
fX dx
logo1

and b we have
P(X > a) = 1 F(a)
Proof.
Z
P(X > a) =
a
fX (x) dx = 1
Z a
fX (x) dx
= 1 F(a)
P(a X b) =
Z b
a
Z b
fX (x) dx =
fX (x) dx
Z a
fX dx
= F(b) F(a)
Bernd Schroder
logo1

and b we have
P(X > a) = 1 F(a)
Proof.
Z
P(X > a) =
a
fX (x) dx = 1
Z a
fX (x) dx
= 1 F(a)
P(a X b) =
Z b
a
Z b
fX (x) dx =
fX (x) dx
Z a
fX dx
= F(b) F(a)
Bernd Schroder
logo1
Theorem.
Bernd Schroder
logo1

cumulative distribution function F and probability density
function f .
Bernd Schroder
logo1

function f . Then
d
f (x) = F(x).
dx
Bernd Schroder
logo1

function f . Then
d
f (x) = F(x).
dx
Proof.
Bernd Schroder
logo1

function f . Then
d
f (x) = F(x).
dx
Proof.
d
F(x)
dx
Bernd Schroder
logo1

function f . Then
d
f (x) = F(x).
dx
Proof.
d
d
F(x) =
dx
dx
Bernd Schroder
Z x
f (t) dt
logo1

function f . Then
d
f (x) = F(x).
dx
Proof.
d
d x
F(x) =
f (t) dt
dx
dx

Z 0
Z x
d
f (t) dt
=
f (t) dt +
dx
0
Z
Bernd Schroder
logo1

function f . Then
d
f (x) = F(x).
dx
Proof.
d
d x
F(x) =
f (t) dt
dx
dx

Z 0
Z x
d
f (t) dt
=
f (t) dt +
dx
0
= 0 + f (x)
Z
Bernd Schroder
logo1

function f . Then
d
f (x) = F(x).
dx
Proof.
d
d x
F(x) =
f (t) dt
dx
dx

Z 0
Z x
d
f (t) dt
=
f (t) dt +
dx
0
= 0 + f (x) = f (x)
Z
Bernd Schroder
logo1

function f . Then
d
f (x) = F(x).
dx
Proof.
d
d x
F(x) =
f (t) dt
dx
dx

Z 0
Z x
d
f (t) dt
=
f (t) dt +
dx
0
= 0 + f (x) = f (x)
Z
Bernd Schroder
logo1
Theorem.
Bernd Schroder
logo1
Theorem. Let F be a cumulative distribution function.
Bernd Schroder
logo1
Theorem. Let F be a cumulative distribution function. Then F

has the following properties.
Bernd Schroder
logo1

1. FX is nondecreasing.
Bernd Schroder
logo1

2. For all real numbers x we have 0 FX (x) 1.
Bernd Schroder
logo1

3. lim FX (x) = 0
x
Bernd Schroder
logo1

3. lim FX (x) = 0 and lim FX (x) = 1.
x
Bernd Schroder
logo1

x
Proof.
Bernd Schroder
logo1

x
Proof. Part 1:
Bernd Schroder
logo1

x
Proof. Part 1: If a < b, then
Bernd Schroder
logo1

x

FX (a)
Bernd Schroder
logo1

x

FX (a) = P(X < a)
Bernd Schroder
logo1

x

FX (a) = P(X < a) P(X < a) + P(a X < b)
Bernd Schroder
logo1

x

FX (a) = P(X < a) P(X < a) + P(a X < b) = P(X < b)
Bernd Schroder
logo1

x

FX (a) = P(X < a) P(X < a) + P(a X < b) = P(X < b) = FX (b).
Bernd Schroder
logo1

x

Part 2:
Bernd Schroder
logo1

x

Part 2: Follows from the fact that probabilities are nonnegative
and never exceed 1.
Bernd Schroder
logo1

x

and never exceed 1.
Part 3:
Bernd Schroder
logo1

x

and never exceed 1.
Part 3:
lim FX (x)
x
Bernd Schroder
logo1

x

and never exceed 1.
Part 3:
lim FX (x) = P(X is not a real number)
x
Bernd Schroder
logo1

x

and never exceed 1.
Part 3:
lim FX (x) = P(X is not a real number) = 0
x
Bernd Schroder
logo1

x

and never exceed 1.
Part 3:
x
lim FX (x)
Bernd Schroder
logo1

x

and never exceed 1.
Part 3:
x
lim FX (x) = P( < X < ) = 1
Bernd Schroder
logo1

x

and never exceed 1.
Part 3:
x
lim FX (x) = P( < X < ) = 1
Bernd Schroder
logo1
Definition.
Bernd Schroder
logo1
Definition. Let p be a number between 0 and 1.
Bernd Schroder
logo1
Definition. Let p be a number between 0 and 1. The 100pth

percentile of the distribution of the continuous random variable
X is the number (p) so that
Bernd Schroder
logo1

p
Bernd Schroder
logo1


p = F (p)
Bernd Schroder
logo1

Z (p)
p = F (p) =
f (y) dy.
Bernd Schroder
logo1

Z (p)
p = F (p) =
f (y) dy.
Definition.
Bernd Schroder
logo1

Z (p)
p = F (p) =
f (y) dy.
Definition. The median of a continuously distributed random

variable is the 50th percentile.
Bernd Schroder
logo1

Z (p)
p = F (p) =
f (y) dy.
variable is the 50th percentile. It is denoted .
Bernd Schroder
logo1

Z (p)
p = F (p) =
f (y) dy.
density
Bernd Schroder
logo1

Z (p)
p = F (p) =
f (y) dy.
density
Bernd Schroder
logo1

Z (p)
p = F (p) =
f (y) dy.
density
Bernd Schroder
logo1

Z (p)
p = F (p) =
f (y) dy.
density
Bernd Schroder
logo1

Z (p)
p = F (p) =
f (y) dy.
density
p
Bernd Schroder
logo1

Z (p)
p = F (p) =
f (y) dy.
density
p
(p)
Bernd Schroder
logo1

Z (p)
p = F (p) =
f (y) dy.

distribution
density
p
(p)
Bernd Schroder
logo1

Z (p)
p = F (p) =
f (y) dy.

distribution
density
p
-
(p)
Bernd Schroder
logo1

Z (p)
p = F (p) =
f (y) dy.

distribution
density
p
-
(p)
Bernd Schroder
logo1

Z (p)
p = F (p) =
f (y) dy.

distribution
density
p
-
(p)
Bernd Schroder
logo1

Z (p)
p = F (p) =
f (y) dy.

distribution
l
density
p
-
(p)
Bernd Schroder
logo1

Z (p)
p = F (p) =
f (y) dy.

distribution
l
density
p
-
(p)
Bernd Schroder
logo1

Z (p)
p = F (p) =
f (y) dy.

distribution
l
density
p
-
(p)
Bernd Schroder
logo1

Z (p)
p = F (p) =
f (y) dy.

distribution
l
density
p
-
(p)
Bernd Schroder
logo1

Z (p)
p = F (p) =
f (y) dy.

distribution
l
density
p
(p)
Bernd Schroder
(p)
logo1

Z (p)
p = F (p) =
f (y) dy.
Bernd Schroder
logo1

Z (p)
p = F (p) =
f (y) dy.

In spreadsheets, percentiles are computed with the inverses
cumulative distribution functions.
Bernd Schroder
logo1

Z (p)
p = F (p) =
f (y) dy.

In spreadsheets, percentiles are computed with the inverses
cumulative distribution functions. After all, thats what a
percentile is in mathematical terms.
Bernd Schroder
logo1
Definition.
Bernd Schroder
logo1
Definition. A standard normally distributed random variable

has probability density function
z2
1
f (z) = e 2 .
2
Bernd Schroder
logo1

z2
1
f (z) = e 2 .
2
So the cumulative distribution function is
Bernd Schroder
logo1

z2
1
f (z) = e 2 .
2
Z x
z2
1
e 2 dz
F(x) =
2
Bernd Schroder
logo1

z2
1
f (z) = e 2 .
2
Z x
z2
1
e 2 dz,
F(x) =
2
and the integral cannot be expressed in closed form.
Bernd Schroder
logo1

z2
1
f (z) = e 2 .
2
Z x
z2
1
e 2 dz,
F(x) =
2
-z
Bernd Schroder
logo1

z2
1
f (z) = e 2 .
2
Z x
z2
1
e 2 dz,
F(x) =
2
y
-z
Bernd Schroder
logo1

z2
1
f (z) = e 2 .
2
Z x
z2
1
e 2 dz,
F(x) =
2
y
-z
Bernd Schroder
logo1

z2
1
f (z) = e 2 .
2
Z x
z2
1
e 2 dz,
F(x) =
2
y
Bernd Schroder
-z
logo1

z2
1
f (z) = e 2 .
2
Z x
z2
1
e 2 dz,
F(x) =
2
y
Bernd Schroder
-z
logo1
The Cumulative Standard Normal Distribution

Z x
z2
1
e 2 dz
FX (x) =
Bernd Schroder
logo1

Z x
z2
1
e 2 dz
FX (x) =
2
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.0
0.5000
0.5040
0.5080
0.1
0.5398
0.5438
0.5478
0.2
0.5793
0.5832
0.5871
0.6179
0.6217
0.6255
0.3
0.4
0.6554
0.6591
0.6628
0.5
0.6915
0.6950
0.6985
0.6
0.7257
0.7291
0.7324
0.7
0.7580
0.7611
0.7642
0.8
0.7881
0.7910
0.7939
0.9
0.8159
0.8186
0.8212
1.0
0.8413
0.8438
0.8461
1.1
0.8643
0.8665
0.8686
1.2
0.8849
0.8869
0.8888
1.3
0.9032
0.9049
0.9066
1.4
0.9192
0.9207
0.9222
1.5
0.9332
0.9345
0.9357
1.6
0.9452
0.9463
0.9474
1.7
0.9554
0.9564
0.9573
1.8
0.9641
0.9649
0.9656
1.9
0.9713
0.9719
0.9726
2.0
0.9772
0.9778
0.9783
Bernd
Schr
o
der
2.1
0.9821
0.9826
0.9830
2.2
0.9861
0.9864
Cumulative
Distribution
Functions 0.9868
0.03
0.5120
0.5517
0.5910
0.6293
0.6664
0.7019
0.7357
0.7673
0.7967
0.8238
0.8485
0.8708
0.8907
0.9082
0.9236
0.9370
0.9484
0.9582
0.9664
0.9732
0.9788
0.9834
0.9871
0.04
0.5160
0.5557
0.5948
0.6331
0.6700
0.7054
0.7389
0.7704
0.7995
0.8264
0.8508
0.8729
0.8925
0.9099
0.9251
0.9382
0.9495
0.9591
0.9671
0.9738
0.9793
0.9838
0.9875
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.5199
0.5239
0.5279
0.5319
0.5359
0.5596
0.5636
0.5675
0.5714
0.5753
0.5987
0.6026
0.6064
0.6103
0.6141
0.6368
0.6406
0.6443
0.6480
0.6517
0.6736
0.6772
0.6808
0.6844
0.6879
0.7088
0.7123
0.7157
0.7190
0.7224
0.7422
0.7454
0.7486
0.7517
0.7549
0.7734
0.7764
0.7794
0.7823
0.7852
0.8023
0.8051
0.8078
0.8106
0.8133
0.8289
0.8315
0.8340
0.8365
0.8389
0.8531
0.8554
0.8577
0.8599
0.8621
0.8749
0.8770
0.8790
0.8810
0.8830
0.8944
0.8962
0.8980
0.8997
0.9015
0.9115
0.9131
0.9147
0.9162
0.9177
0.9265
0.9279
0.9292
0.9306
0.9319
0.9394
0.9406
0.9418
0.9429
0.9441
0.9505
0.9515
0.9525
0.9535
0.9545
0.9599
0.9608
0.9616
0.9625
0.9633
0.9678
0.9686
0.9693
0.9699
0.9706
0.9744
0.9750
0.9756
0.9761
0.9767
0.9798
0.9803
0.9808
0.9812
0.9817logo1
Louisiana
Tech
University,
College
of
Engineering
and Science
0.9842
0.9846
0.9850
0.9854
0.9857
0.9878
0.9881
0.9884
0.9887
0.9890

Z x
z2
1
e 2 dz
FX (x) =
Bernd Schroder
logo1

Z x
z2
1
e 2 dz
FX (x) =
2
A word on spreadsheets and mathematical packages that
provide distribution functions.
Bernd Schroder
logo1

Z x
z2
1
e 2 dz
FX (x) =
2
provide distribution functions. Use them.
Bernd Schroder
logo1

Z x
z2
1
e 2 dz
FX (x) =
2
provide distribution functions. Use them. (The table on the
previous panel was made with a spreadsheet.)
Bernd Schroder
logo1

Z x
z2
1
e 2 dz
FX (x) =
2
provide distribution functions. Use them. (The table on the
previous panel was made with a spreadsheet.) But make sure
the function you use really provides the values you are looking
for.
Bernd Schroder
logo1
Example.
Bernd Schroder
logo1
Example. Let Z be a standard normally distributed random

variable.
Bernd Schroder
logo1

variable.
P(Z 1.53) =
Bernd Schroder
logo1

variable.
P(Z 1.53) =
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
0.00
0.5000
0.5398
0.5793
0.6179
0.6554
0.6915
0.7257
0.7580
0.7881
0.8159
0.8413
0.8643
0.8849
0.9032
0.9192
0.9332
0.9452
0.9554
0.9641
0.9713
0.9772
0.01
0.5040
0.5438
0.5832
0.6217
0.6591
0.6950
0.7291
0.7611
0.7910
0.8186
0.8438
0.8665
0.8869
0.9049
0.9207
0.9345
0.9463
0.9564
0.9649
0.9719
0.9778
Bernd Schroder
0.02
0.5080
0.5478
0.5871
0.6255
0.6628
0.6985
0.7324
0.7642
0.7939
0.8212
0.8461
0.8686
0.8888
0.9066
0.9222
0.9357
0.9474
0.9573
0.9656
0.9726
0.9783
0.03
0.5120
0.5517
0.5910
0.6293
0.6664
0.7019
0.7357
0.7673
0.7967
0.8238
0.8485
0.8708
0.8907
0.9082
0.9236
0.9370
0.9484
0.9582
0.9664
0.9732
0.9788
0.04
0.5160
0.5557
0.5948
0.6331
0.6700
0.7054
0.7389
0.7704
0.7995
0.8264
0.8508
0.8729
0.8925
0.9099
0.9251
0.9382
0.9495
0.9591
0.9671
0.9738
0.9793
0.05
0.5199
0.5596
0.5987
0.6368
0.6736
0.7088
0.7422
0.7734
0.8023
0.8289
0.8531
0.8749
0.8944
0.9115
0.9265
0.9394
0.9505
0.9599
0.9678
0.9744
0.9798
0.06
0.5239
0.5636
0.6026
0.6406
0.6772
0.7123
0.7454
0.7764
0.8051
0.8315
0.8554
0.8770
0.8962
0.9131
0.9279
0.9406
0.9515
0.9608
0.9686
0.9750
0.9803
0.07
0.5279
0.5675
0.6064
0.6443
0.6808
0.7157
0.7486
0.7794
0.8078
0.8340
0.8577
0.8790
0.8980
0.9147
0.9292
0.9418
0.9525
0.9616
0.9693
0.9756
0.9808
0.08
0.5319
0.5714
0.6103
0.6480
0.6844
0.7190
0.7517
0.7823
0.8106
0.8365
0.8599
0.8810
0.8997
0.9162
0.9306
0.9429
0.9535
0.9625
0.9699
0.9761
0.9812
0.09
0.5359
0.5753
0.6141
0.6517
0.6879
0.7224
0.7549
0.7852
0.8133
0.8389
0.8621
0.8830
0.9015
0.9177
0.9319
0.9441
0.9545
0.9633
0.9706
0.9767
0.9817
logo1

variable.
P(Z 1.53) =
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
0.00
0.5000
0.5398
0.5793
0.6179
0.6554
0.6915
0.7257
0.7580
0.7881
0.8159
0.8413
0.8643
0.8849
0.9032
0.9192
0.01
0.5040
0.5438
0.5832
0.6217
0.6591
0.6950
0.7291
0.7611
0.7910
0.8186
0.8438
0.8665
0.8869
0.9049
0.9207
0.02
0.5080
0.5478
0.5871
0.6255
0.6628
0.6985
0.7324
0.7642
0.7939
0.8212
0.8461
0.8686
0.8888
0.9066
0.9222
0.03
0.5120
0.5517
0.5910
0.6293
0.6664
0.7019
0.7357
0.7673
0.7967
0.8238
0.8485
0.8708
0.8907
0.9082
0.9236
0.04
0.5160
0.5557
0.5948
0.6331
0.6700
0.7054
0.7389
0.7704
0.7995
0.8264
0.8508
0.8729
0.8925
0.9099
0.9251
0.05
0.5199
0.5596
0.5987
0.6368
0.6736
0.7088
0.7422
0.7734
0.8023
0.8289
0.8531
0.8749
0.8944
0.9115
0.9265
0.06
0.5239
0.5636
0.6026
0.6406
0.6772
0.7123
0.7454
0.7764
0.8051
0.8315
0.8554
0.8770
0.8962
0.9131
0.9279
0.07
0.5279
0.5675
0.6064
0.6443
0.6808
0.7157
0.7486
0.7794
0.8078
0.8340
0.8577
0.8790
0.8980
0.9147
0.9292
0.08
0.5319
0.5714
0.6103
0.6480
0.6844
0.7190
0.7517
0.7823
0.8106
0.8365
0.8599
0.8810
0.8997
0.9162
0.9306
0.09
0.5359
0.5753
0.6141
0.6517
0.6879
0.7224
0.7549
0.7852
0.8133
0.8389
0.8621
0.8830
0.9015
0.9177
0.9319
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
0.9332
0.9452
0.9554
0.9641
0.9713
0.9772
0.9345
0.9463
0.9564
0.9649
0.9719
0.9778
0.9357
0.9474
0.9573
0.9656
0.9726
0.9783
0.9370
0.9484
0.9582
0.9664
0.9732
0.9788
0.9382
0.9495
0.9591
0.9671
0.9738
0.9793
0.9394
0.9505
0.9599
0.9678
0.9744
0.9798
0.9406
0.9515
0.9608
0.9686
0.9750
0.9803
0.9418
0.9525
0.9616
0.9693
0.9756
0.9808
0.9429
0.9535
0.9625
0.9699
0.9761
0.9812
0.9441
0.9545
0.9633
0.9706
0.9767
0.9817
Bernd Schroder
logo1

variable.
P(Z 1.53) =
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
0.00
0.5000
0.5398
0.5793
0.6179
0.6554
0.6915
0.7257
0.7580
0.7881
0.8159
0.8413
0.8643
0.8849
0.9032
0.9192
0.01
0.5040
0.5438
0.5832
0.6217
0.6591
0.6950
0.7291
0.7611
0.7910
0.8186
0.8438
0.8665
0.8869
0.9049
0.9207
0.02
0.5080
0.5478
0.5871
0.6255
0.6628
0.6985
0.7324
0.7642
0.7939
0.8212
0.8461
0.8686
0.8888
0.9066
0.9222
0.03
0.5120
0.5517
0.5910
0.6293
0.6664
0.7019
0.7357
0.7673
0.7967
0.8238
0.8485
0.8708
0.8907
0.9082
0.9236
0.04
0.5160
0.5557
0.5948
0.6331
0.6700
0.7054
0.7389
0.7704
0.7995
0.8264
0.8508
0.8729
0.8925
0.9099
0.9251
0.05
0.5199
0.5596
0.5987
0.6368
0.6736
0.7088
0.7422
0.7734
0.8023
0.8289
0.8531
0.8749
0.8944
0.9115
0.9265
0.06
0.5239
0.5636
0.6026
0.6406
0.6772
0.7123
0.7454
0.7764
0.8051
0.8315
0.8554
0.8770
0.8962
0.9131
0.9279
0.07
0.5279
0.5675
0.6064
0.6443
0.6808
0.7157
0.7486
0.7794
0.8078
0.8340
0.8577
0.8790
0.8980
0.9147
0.9292
0.08
0.5319
0.5714
0.6103
0.6480
0.6844
0.7190
0.7517
0.7823
0.8106
0.8365
0.8599
0.8810
0.8997
0.9162
0.9306
0.09
0.5359
0.5753
0.6141
0.6517
0.6879
0.7224
0.7549
0.7852
0.8133
0.8389
0.8621
0.8830
0.9015
0.9177
0.9319
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
0.9332
0.9452
0.9554
0.9641
0.9713
0.9772
0.9345
0.9463
0.9564
0.9649
0.9719
0.9778
0.9357
0.9474
0.9573
0.9656
0.9726
0.9783
0.9370
0.9484
0.9582
0.9664
0.9732
0.9788
0.9382
0.9495
0.9591
0.9671
0.9738
0.9793
0.9394
0.9505
0.9599
0.9678
0.9744
0.9798
0.9406
0.9515
0.9608
0.9686
0.9750
0.9803
0.9418
0.9525
0.9616
0.9693
0.9756
0.9808
0.9429
0.9535
0.9625
0.9699
0.9761
0.9812
0.9441
0.9545
0.9633
0.9706
0.9767
0.9817
Bernd Schroder
logo1

variable.
P(Z 1.53) =
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
0.00
0.5000
0.5398
0.5793
0.6179
0.6554
0.6915
0.7257
0.7580
0.7881
0.8159
0.8413
0.8643
0.8849
0.9032
0.9192
0.01
0.5040
0.5438
0.5832
0.6217
0.6591
0.6950
0.7291
0.7611
0.7910
0.8186
0.8438
0.8665
0.8869
0.9049
0.9207
0.02
0.5080
0.5478
0.5871
0.6255
0.6628
0.6985
0.7324
0.7642
0.7939
0.8212
0.8461
0.8686
0.8888
0.9066
0.9222
0.03
0.5120
0.5517
0.5910
0.6293
0.6664
0.7019
0.7357
0.7673
0.7967
0.8238
0.8485
0.8708
0.8907
0.9082
0.9236
0.04
0.5160
0.5557
0.5948
0.6331
0.6700
0.7054
0.7389
0.7704
0.7995
0.8264
0.8508
0.8729
0.8925
0.9099
0.9251
0.05
0.5199
0.5596
0.5987
0.6368
0.6736
0.7088
0.7422
0.7734
0.8023
0.8289
0.8531
0.8749
0.8944
0.9115
0.9265
0.06
0.5239
0.5636
0.6026
0.6406
0.6772
0.7123
0.7454
0.7764
0.8051
0.8315
0.8554
0.8770
0.8962
0.9131
0.9279
0.07
0.5279
0.5675
0.6064
0.6443
0.6808
0.7157
0.7486
0.7794
0.8078
0.8340
0.8577
0.8790
0.8980
0.9147
0.9292
0.08
0.5319
0.5714
0.6103
0.6480
0.6844
0.7190
0.7517
0.7823
0.8106
0.8365
0.8599
0.8810
0.8997
0.9162
0.9306
0.09
0.5359
0.5753
0.6141
0.6517
0.6879
0.7224
0.7549
0.7852
0.8133
0.8389
0.8621
0.8830
0.9015
0.9177
0.9319
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
0.9332
0.9452
0.9554
0.9641
0.9713
0.9772
0.9345
0.9463
0.9564
0.9649
0.9719
0.9778
0.9357
0.9474
0.9573
0.9656
0.9726
0.9783
0.9370
0.9484
0.9582
0.9664
0.9732
0.9788
0.9382
0.9495
0.9591
0.9671
0.9738
0.9793
0.9394
0.9505
0.9599
0.9678
0.9744
0.9798
0.9406
0.9515
0.9608
0.9686
0.9750
0.9803
0.9418
0.9525
0.9616
0.9693
0.9756
0.9808
0.9429
0.9535
0.9625
0.9699
0.9761
0.9812
0.9441
0.9545
0.9633
0.9706
0.9767
0.9817
Bernd Schroder
logo1

variable.
P(Z 1.53) 0.9370
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
0.00
0.5000
0.5398
0.5793
0.6179
0.6554
0.6915
0.7257
0.7580
0.7881
0.8159
0.8413
0.8643
0.8849
0.9032
0.9192
0.01
0.5040
0.5438
0.5832
0.6217
0.6591
0.6950
0.7291
0.7611
0.7910
0.8186
0.8438
0.8665
0.8869
0.9049
0.9207
0.02
0.5080
0.5478
0.5871
0.6255
0.6628
0.6985
0.7324
0.7642
0.7939
0.8212
0.8461
0.8686
0.8888
0.9066
0.9222
0.03
0.5120
0.5517
0.5910
0.6293
0.6664
0.7019
0.7357
0.7673
0.7967
0.8238
0.8485
0.8708
0.8907
0.9082
0.9236
0.04
0.5160
0.5557
0.5948
0.6331
0.6700
0.7054
0.7389
0.7704
0.7995
0.8264
0.8508
0.8729
0.8925
0.9099
0.9251
0.05
0.5199
0.5596
0.5987
0.6368
0.6736
0.7088
0.7422
0.7734
0.8023
0.8289
0.8531
0.8749
0.8944
0.9115
0.9265
0.06
0.5239
0.5636
0.6026
0.6406
0.6772
0.7123
0.7454
0.7764
0.8051
0.8315
0.8554
0.8770
0.8962
0.9131
0.9279
0.07
0.5279
0.5675
0.6064
0.6443
0.6808
0.7157
0.7486
0.7794
0.8078
0.8340
0.8577
0.8790
0.8980
0.9147
0.9292
0.08
0.5319
0.5714
0.6103
0.6480
0.6844
0.7190
0.7517
0.7823
0.8106
0.8365
0.8599
0.8810
0.8997
0.9162
0.9306
0.09
0.5359
0.5753
0.6141
0.6517
0.6879
0.7224
0.7549
0.7852
0.8133
0.8389
0.8621
0.8830
0.9015
0.9177
0.9319
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
0.9332
0.9452
0.9554
0.9641
0.9713
0.9772
0.9345
0.9463
0.9564
0.9649
0.9719
0.9778
0.9357
0.9474
0.9573
0.9656
0.9726
0.9783
0.9370
0.9484
0.9582
0.9664
0.9732
0.9788
0.9382
0.9495
0.9591
0.9671
0.9738
0.9793
0.9394
0.9505
0.9599
0.9678
0.9744
0.9798
0.9406
0.9515
0.9608
0.9686
0.9750
0.9803
0.9418
0.9525
0.9616
0.9693
0.9756
0.9808
0.9429
0.9535
0.9625
0.9699
0.9761
0.9812
0.9441
0.9545
0.9633
0.9706
0.9767
0.9817
Bernd Schroder
logo1

variable.
P(Z 1.53) 0.9370
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
0.00
0.5000
0.5398
0.5793
0.6179
0.6554
0.6915
0.7257
0.7580
0.7881
0.8159
0.8413
0.8643
0.8849
0.9032
0.9192
0.01
0.5040
0.5438
0.5832
0.6217
0.6591
0.6950
0.7291
0.7611
0.7910
0.8186
0.8438
0.8665
0.8869
0.9049
0.9207
0.02
0.5080
0.5478
0.5871
0.6255
0.6628
0.6985
0.7324
0.7642
0.7939
0.8212
0.8461
0.8686
0.8888
0.9066
0.9222
0.03
0.5120
0.5517
0.5910
0.6293
0.6664
0.7019
0.7357
0.7673
0.7967
0.8238
0.8485
0.8708
0.8907
0.9082
0.9236
0.04
0.5160
0.5557
0.5948
0.6331
0.6700
0.7054
0.7389
0.7704
0.7995
0.8264
0.8508
0.8729
0.8925
0.9099
0.9251
0.05
0.5199
0.5596
0.5987
0.6368
0.6736
0.7088
0.7422
0.7734
0.8023
0.8289
0.8531
0.8749
0.8944
0.9115
0.9265
0.06
0.5239
0.5636
0.6026
0.6406
0.6772
0.7123
0.7454
0.7764
0.8051
0.8315
0.8554
0.8770
0.8962
0.9131
0.9279
0.07
0.5279
0.5675
0.6064
0.6443
0.6808
0.7157
0.7486
0.7794
0.8078
0.8340
0.8577
0.8790
0.8980
0.9147
0.9292
0.08
0.5319
0.5714
0.6103
0.6480
0.6844
0.7190
0.7517
0.7823
0.8106
0.8365
0.8599
0.8810
0.8997
0.9162
0.9306
0.09
0.5359
0.5753
0.6141
0.6517
0.6879
0.7224
0.7549
0.7852
0.8133
0.8389
0.8621
0.8830
0.9015
0.9177
0.9319
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
0.9332
0.9452
0.9554
0.9641
0.9713
0.9772
0.9345
0.9463
0.9564
0.9649
0.9719
0.9778
0.9357
0.9474
0.9573
0.9656
0.9726
0.9783
0.9370
0.9484
0.9582
0.9664
0.9732
0.9788
0.9382
0.9495
0.9591
0.9671
0.9738
0.9793
0.9394
0.9505
0.9599
0.9678
0.9744
0.9798
0.9406
0.9515
0.9608
0.9686
0.9750
0.9803
0.9418
0.9525
0.9616
0.9693
0.9756
0.9808
0.9429
0.9535
0.9625
0.9699
0.9761
0.9812
0.9441
0.9545
0.9633
0.9706
0.9767
0.9817
Duh.
Bernd Schroder
logo1

variable.
Bernd Schroder
logo1

variable. Find P(Z > 0.78).
Bernd Schroder
logo1

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
0.00
0.5000
0.5398
0.5793
0.6179
0.6554
0.6915
0.7257
0.7580
0.7881
0.8159
0.8413
0.8643
0.8849
0.9032
0.9192
0.9332
0.9452
0.9554
0.9641
0.9713
0.9772
0.01
0.5040
0.5438
0.5832
0.6217
0.6591
0.6950
0.7291
0.7611
0.7910
0.8186
0.8438
0.8665
0.8869
0.9049
0.9207
0.9345
0.9463
0.9564
0.9649
0.9719
0.9778
Bernd Schroder
0.02
0.5080
0.5478
0.5871
0.6255
0.6628
0.6985
0.7324
0.7642
0.7939
0.8212
0.8461
0.8686
0.8888
0.9066
0.9222
0.9357
0.9474
0.9573
0.9656
0.9726
0.9783
0.03
0.5120
0.5517
0.5910
0.6293
0.6664
0.7019
0.7357
0.7673
0.7967
0.8238
0.8485
0.8708
0.8907
0.9082
0.9236
0.9370
0.9484
0.9582
0.9664
0.9732
0.9788
0.04
0.5160
0.5557
0.5948
0.6331
0.6700
0.7054
0.7389
0.7704
0.7995
0.8264
0.8508
0.8729
0.8925
0.9099
0.9251
0.9382
0.9495
0.9591
0.9671
0.9738
0.9793
0.05
0.5199
0.5596
0.5987
0.6368
0.6736
0.7088
0.7422
0.7734
0.8023
0.8289
0.8531
0.8749
0.8944
0.9115
0.9265
0.9394
0.9505
0.9599
0.9678
0.9744
0.9798
0.06
0.5239
0.5636
0.6026
0.6406
0.6772
0.7123
0.7454
0.7764
0.8051
0.8315
0.8554
0.8770
0.8962
0.9131
0.9279
0.9406
0.9515
0.9608
0.9686
0.9750
0.9803
0.07
0.5279
0.5675
0.6064
0.6443
0.6808
0.7157
0.7486
0.7794
0.8078
0.8340
0.8577
0.8790
0.8980
0.9147
0.9292
0.9418
0.9525
0.9616
0.9693
0.9756
0.9808
0.08
0.5319
0.5714
0.6103
0.6480
0.6844
0.7190
0.7517
0.7823
0.8106
0.8365
0.8599
0.8810
0.8997
0.9162
0.9306
0.9429
0.9535
0.9625
0.9699
0.9761
0.9812
0.09
0.5359
0.5753
0.6141
0.6517
0.6879
0.7224
0.7549
0.7852
0.8133
0.8389
0.8621
0.8830
0.9015
0.9177
0.9319
0.9441
0.9545
0.9633
0.9706
0.9767
0.9817
logo1

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.00
0.5000
0.5398
0.5793
0.6179
0.6554
0.6915
0.7257
0.01
0.5040
0.5438
0.5832
0.6217
0.6591
0.6950
0.7291
0.02
0.5080
0.5478
0.5871
0.6255
0.6628
0.6985
0.7324
0.03
0.5120
0.5517
0.5910
0.6293
0.6664
0.7019
0.7357
0.04
0.5160
0.5557
0.5948
0.6331
0.6700
0.7054
0.7389
0.05
0.5199
0.5596
0.5987
0.6368
0.6736
0.7088
0.7422
0.06
0.5239
0.5636
0.6026
0.6406
0.6772
0.7123
0.7454
0.07
0.5279
0.5675
0.6064
0.6443
0.6808
0.7157
0.7486
0.08
0.5319
0.5714
0.6103
0.6480
0.6844
0.7190
0.7517
0.09
0.5359
0.5753
0.6141
0.6517
0.6879
0.7224
0.7549
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
0.7580
0.7881
0.8159
0.8413
0.8643
0.8849
0.9032
0.9192
0.9332
0.9452
0.9554
0.9641
0.9713
0.9772
0.7611
0.7910
0.8186
0.8438
0.8665
0.8869
0.9049
0.9207
0.9345
0.9463
0.9564
0.9649
0.9719
0.9778
0.7642
0.7939
0.8212
0.8461
0.8686
0.8888
0.9066
0.9222
0.9357
0.9474
0.9573
0.9656
0.9726
0.9783
0.7673
0.7967
0.8238
0.8485
0.8708
0.8907
0.9082
0.9236
0.9370
0.9484
0.9582
0.9664
0.9732
0.9788
0.7704
0.7995
0.8264
0.8508
0.8729
0.8925
0.9099
0.9251
0.9382
0.9495
0.9591
0.9671
0.9738
0.9793
0.7734
0.8023
0.8289
0.8531
0.8749
0.8944
0.9115
0.9265
0.9394
0.9505
0.9599
0.9678
0.9744
0.9798
0.7764
0.8051
0.8315
0.8554
0.8770
0.8962
0.9131
0.9279
0.9406
0.9515
0.9608
0.9686
0.9750
0.9803
0.7794
0.8078
0.8340
0.8577
0.8790
0.8980
0.9147
0.9292
0.9418
0.9525
0.9616
0.9693
0.9756
0.9808
0.7823
0.8106
0.8365
0.8599
0.8810
0.8997
0.9162
0.9306
0.9429
0.9535
0.9625
0.9699
0.9761
0.9812
0.7852
0.8133
0.8389
0.8621
0.8830
0.9015
0.9177
0.9319
0.9441
0.9545
0.9633
0.9706
0.9767
0.9817
Bernd Schroder
logo1

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.00
0.5000
0.5398
0.5793
0.6179
0.6554
0.6915
0.7257
0.01
0.5040
0.5438
0.5832
0.6217
0.6591
0.6950
0.7291
0.02
0.5080
0.5478
0.5871
0.6255
0.6628
0.6985
0.7324
0.03
0.5120
0.5517
0.5910
0.6293
0.6664
0.7019
0.7357
0.04
0.5160
0.5557
0.5948
0.6331
0.6700
0.7054
0.7389
0.05
0.5199
0.5596
0.5987
0.6368
0.6736
0.7088
0.7422
0.06
0.5239
0.5636
0.6026
0.6406
0.6772
0.7123
0.7454
0.07
0.5279
0.5675
0.6064
0.6443
0.6808
0.7157
0.7486
0.08
0.5319
0.5714
0.6103
0.6480
0.6844
0.7190
0.7517
0.09
0.5359
0.5753
0.6141
0.6517
0.6879
0.7224
0.7549
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
0.7580
0.7881
0.8159
0.8413
0.8643
0.8849
0.9032
0.9192
0.9332
0.9452
0.9554
0.9641
0.9713
0.9772
0.7611
0.7910
0.8186
0.8438
0.8665
0.8869
0.9049
0.9207
0.9345
0.9463
0.9564
0.9649
0.9719
0.9778
0.7642
0.7939
0.8212
0.8461
0.8686
0.8888
0.9066
0.9222
0.9357
0.9474
0.9573
0.9656
0.9726
0.9783
0.7673
0.7967
0.8238
0.8485
0.8708
0.8907
0.9082
0.9236
0.9370
0.9484
0.9582
0.9664
0.9732
0.9788
0.7704
0.7995
0.8264
0.8508
0.8729
0.8925
0.9099
0.9251
0.9382
0.9495
0.9591
0.9671
0.9738
0.9793
0.7734
0.8023
0.8289
0.8531
0.8749
0.8944
0.9115
0.9265
0.9394
0.9505
0.9599
0.9678
0.9744
0.9798
0.7764
0.8051
0.8315
0.8554
0.8770
0.8962
0.9131
0.9279
0.9406
0.9515
0.9608
0.9686
0.9750
0.9803
0.7794
0.8078
0.8340
0.8577
0.8790
0.8980
0.9147
0.9292
0.9418
0.9525
0.9616
0.9693
0.9756
0.9808
0.7823
0.8106
0.8365
0.8599
0.8810
0.8997
0.9162
0.9306
0.9429
0.9535
0.9625
0.9699
0.9761
0.9812
0.7852
0.8133
0.8389
0.8621
0.8830
0.9015
0.9177
0.9319
0.9441
0.9545
0.9633
0.9706
0.9767
0.9817
Bernd Schroder
logo1

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.00
0.5000
0.5398
0.5793
0.6179
0.6554
0.6915
0.7257
0.01
0.5040
0.5438
0.5832
0.6217
0.6591
0.6950
0.7291
0.02
0.5080
0.5478
0.5871
0.6255
0.6628
0.6985
0.7324
0.03
0.5120
0.5517
0.5910
0.6293
0.6664
0.7019
0.7357
0.04
0.5160
0.5557
0.5948
0.6331
0.6700
0.7054
0.7389
0.05
0.5199
0.5596
0.5987
0.6368
0.6736
0.7088
0.7422
0.06
0.5239
0.5636
0.6026
0.6406
0.6772
0.7123
0.7454
0.07
0.5279
0.5675
0.6064
0.6443
0.6808
0.7157
0.7486
0.08
0.5319
0.5714
0.6103
0.6480
0.6844
0.7190
0.7517
0.09
0.5359
0.5753
0.6141
0.6517
0.6879
0.7224
0.7549
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
0.7580
0.7881
0.8159
0.8413
0.8643
0.8849
0.9032
0.9192
0.9332
0.9452
0.9554
0.9641
0.9713
0.9772
0.7611
0.7910
0.8186
0.8438
0.8665
0.8869
0.9049
0.9207
0.9345
0.9463
0.9564
0.9649
0.9719
0.9778
0.7642
0.7939
0.8212
0.8461
0.8686
0.8888
0.9066
0.9222
0.9357
0.9474
0.9573
0.9656
0.9726
0.9783
0.7673
0.7967
0.8238
0.8485
0.8708
0.8907
0.9082
0.9236
0.9370
0.9484
0.9582
0.9664
0.9732
0.9788
0.7704
0.7995
0.8264
0.8508
0.8729
0.8925
0.9099
0.9251
0.9382
0.9495
0.9591
0.9671
0.9738
0.9793
0.7734
0.8023
0.8289
0.8531
0.8749
0.8944
0.9115
0.9265
0.9394
0.9505
0.9599
0.9678
0.9744
0.9798
0.7764
0.8051
0.8315
0.8554
0.8770
0.8962
0.9131
0.9279
0.9406
0.9515
0.9608
0.9686
0.9750
0.9803
0.7794
0.8078
0.8340
0.8577
0.8790
0.8980
0.9147
0.9292
0.9418
0.9525
0.9616
0.9693
0.9756
0.9808
0.7823
0.8106
0.8365
0.8599
0.8810
0.8997
0.9162
0.9306
0.9429
0.9535
0.9625
0.9699
0.9761
0.9812
0.7852
0.8133
0.8389
0.8621
0.8830
0.9015
0.9177
0.9319
0.9441
0.9545
0.9633
0.9706
0.9767
0.9817
Bernd Schroder
logo1

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.00
0.5000
0.5398
0.5793
0.6179
0.6554
0.6915
0.7257
0.01
0.5040
0.5438
0.5832
0.6217
0.6591
0.6950
0.7291
0.02
0.5080
0.5478
0.5871
0.6255
0.6628
0.6985
0.7324
0.03
0.5120
0.5517
0.5910
0.6293
0.6664
0.7019
0.7357
0.04
0.5160
0.5557
0.5948
0.6331
0.6700
0.7054
0.7389
0.05
0.5199
0.5596
0.5987
0.6368
0.6736
0.7088
0.7422
0.06
0.5239
0.5636
0.6026
0.6406
0.6772
0.7123
0.7454
0.07
0.5279
0.5675
0.6064
0.6443
0.6808
0.7157
0.7486
0.08
0.5319
0.5714
0.6103
0.6480
0.6844
0.7190
0.7517
0.09
0.5359
0.5753
0.6141
0.6517
0.6879
0.7224
0.7549
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
0.7580
0.7881
0.8159
0.8413
0.8643
0.8849
0.9032
0.9192
0.9332
0.9452
0.9554
0.9641
0.9713
0.9772
0.7611
0.7910
0.8186
0.8438
0.8665
0.8869
0.9049
0.9207
0.9345
0.9463
0.9564
0.9649
0.9719
0.9778
0.7642
0.7939
0.8212
0.8461
0.8686
0.8888
0.9066
0.9222
0.9357
0.9474
0.9573
0.9656
0.9726
0.9783
0.7673
0.7967
0.8238
0.8485
0.8708
0.8907
0.9082
0.9236
0.9370
0.9484
0.9582
0.9664
0.9732
0.9788
0.7704
0.7995
0.8264
0.8508
0.8729
0.8925
0.9099
0.9251
0.9382
0.9495
0.9591
0.9671
0.9738
0.9793
0.7734
0.8023
0.8289
0.8531
0.8749
0.8944
0.9115
0.9265
0.9394
0.9505
0.9599
0.9678
0.9744
0.9798
0.7764
0.8051
0.8315
0.8554
0.8770
0.8962
0.9131
0.9279
0.9406
0.9515
0.9608
0.9686
0.9750
0.9803
0.7794
0.8078
0.8340
0.8577
0.8790
0.8980
0.9147
0.9292
0.9418
0.9525
0.9616
0.9693
0.9756
0.9808
0.7823
0.8106
0.8365
0.8599
0.8810
0.8997
0.9162
0.9306
0.9429
0.9535
0.9625
0.9699
0.9761
0.9812
0.7852
0.8133
0.8389
0.8621
0.8830
0.9015
0.9177
0.9319
0.9441
0.9545
0.9633
0.9706
0.9767
0.9817
P(Z > 0.78)

Bernd Schroder
logo1

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.00
0.5000
0.5398
0.5793
0.6179
0.6554
0.6915
0.7257
0.01
0.5040
0.5438
0.5832
0.6217
0.6591
0.6950
0.7291
0.02
0.5080
0.5478
0.5871
0.6255
0.6628
0.6985
0.7324
0.03
0.5120
0.5517
0.5910
0.6293
0.6664
0.7019
0.7357
0.04
0.5160
0.5557
0.5948
0.6331
0.6700
0.7054
0.7389
0.05
0.5199
0.5596
0.5987
0.6368
0.6736
0.7088
0.7422
0.06
0.5239
0.5636
0.6026
0.6406
0.6772
0.7123
0.7454
0.07
0.5279
0.5675
0.6064
0.6443
0.6808
0.7157
0.7486
0.08
0.5319
0.5714
0.6103
0.6480
0.6844
0.7190
0.7517
0.09
0.5359
0.5753
0.6141
0.6517
0.6879
0.7224
0.7549
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
0.7580
0.7881
0.8159
0.8413
0.8643
0.8849
0.9032
0.9192
0.9332
0.9452
0.9554
0.9641
0.9713
0.9772
0.7611
0.7910
0.8186
0.8438
0.8665
0.8869
0.9049
0.9207
0.9345
0.9463
0.9564
0.9649
0.9719
0.9778
0.7642
0.7939
0.8212
0.8461
0.8686
0.8888
0.9066
0.9222
0.9357
0.9474
0.9573
0.9656
0.9726
0.9783
0.7673
0.7967
0.8238
0.8485
0.8708
0.8907
0.9082
0.9236
0.9370
0.9484
0.9582
0.9664
0.9732
0.9788
0.7704
0.7995
0.8264
0.8508
0.8729
0.8925
0.9099
0.9251
0.9382
0.9495
0.9591
0.9671
0.9738
0.9793
0.7734
0.8023
0.8289
0.8531
0.8749
0.8944
0.9115
0.9265
0.9394
0.9505
0.9599
0.9678
0.9744
0.9798
0.7764
0.8051
0.8315
0.8554
0.8770
0.8962
0.9131
0.9279
0.9406
0.9515
0.9608
0.9686
0.9750
0.9803
0.7794
0.8078
0.8340
0.8577
0.8790
0.8980
0.9147
0.9292
0.9418
0.9525
0.9616
0.9693
0.9756
0.9808
0.7823
0.8106
0.8365
0.8599
0.8810
0.8997
0.9162
0.9306
0.9429
0.9535
0.9625
0.9699
0.9761
0.9812
0.7852
0.8133
0.8389
0.8621
0.8830
0.9015
0.9177
0.9319
0.9441
0.9545
0.9633
0.9706
0.9767
0.9817
P(Z > 0.78) = 1 P(Z 0.78)

Bernd Schroder
logo1

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.00
0.5000
0.5398
0.5793
0.6179
0.6554
0.6915
0.7257
0.01
0.5040
0.5438
0.5832
0.6217
0.6591
0.6950
0.7291
0.02
0.5080
0.5478
0.5871
0.6255
0.6628
0.6985
0.7324
0.03
0.5120
0.5517
0.5910
0.6293
0.6664
0.7019
0.7357
0.04
0.5160
0.5557
0.5948
0.6331
0.6700
0.7054
0.7389
0.05
0.5199
0.5596
0.5987
0.6368
0.6736
0.7088
0.7422
0.06
0.5239
0.5636
0.6026
0.6406
0.6772
0.7123
0.7454
0.07
0.5279
0.5675
0.6064
0.6443
0.6808
0.7157
0.7486
0.08
0.5319
0.5714
0.6103
0.6480
0.6844
0.7190
0.7517
0.09
0.5359
0.5753
0.6141
0.6517
0.6879
0.7224
0.7549
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
0.7580
0.7881
0.8159
0.8413
0.8643
0.8849
0.9032
0.9192
0.9332
0.9452
0.9554
0.9641
0.9713
0.9772
0.7611
0.7910
0.8186
0.8438
0.8665
0.8869
0.9049
0.9207
0.9345
0.9463
0.9564
0.9649
0.9719
0.9778
0.7642
0.7939
0.8212
0.8461
0.8686
0.8888
0.9066
0.9222
0.9357
0.9474
0.9573
0.9656
0.9726
0.9783
0.7673
0.7967
0.8238
0.8485
0.8708
0.8907
0.9082
0.9236
0.9370
0.9484
0.9582
0.9664
0.9732
0.9788
0.7704
0.7995
0.8264
0.8508
0.8729
0.8925
0.9099
0.9251
0.9382
0.9495
0.9591
0.9671
0.9738
0.9793
0.7734
0.8023
0.8289
0.8531
0.8749
0.8944
0.9115
0.9265
0.9394
0.9505
0.9599
0.9678
0.9744
0.9798
0.7764
0.8051
0.8315
0.8554
0.8770
0.8962
0.9131
0.9279
0.9406
0.9515
0.9608
0.9686
0.9750
0.9803
0.7794
0.8078
0.8340
0.8577
0.8790
0.8980
0.9147
0.9292
0.9418
0.9525
0.9616
0.9693
0.9756
0.9808
0.7823
0.8106
0.8365
0.8599
0.8810
0.8997
0.9162
0.9306
0.9429
0.9535
0.9625
0.9699
0.9761
0.9812
0.7852
0.8133
0.8389
0.8621
0.8830
0.9015
0.9177
0.9319
0.9441
0.9545
0.9633
0.9706
0.9767
0.9817
P(Z > 0.78) = 1 P(Z 0.78) 1 0.7823

Bernd Schroder
logo1

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.00
0.5000
0.5398
0.5793
0.6179
0.6554
0.6915
0.7257
0.01
0.5040
0.5438
0.5832
0.6217
0.6591
0.6950
0.7291
0.02
0.5080
0.5478
0.5871
0.6255
0.6628
0.6985
0.7324
0.03
0.5120
0.5517
0.5910
0.6293
0.6664
0.7019
0.7357
0.04
0.5160
0.5557
0.5948
0.6331
0.6700
0.7054
0.7389
0.05
0.5199
0.5596
0.5987
0.6368
0.6736
0.7088
0.7422
0.06
0.5239
0.5636
0.6026
0.6406
0.6772
0.7123
0.7454
0.07
0.5279
0.5675
0.6064
0.6443
0.6808
0.7157
0.7486
0.08
0.5319
0.5714
0.6103
0.6480
0.6844
0.7190
0.7517
0.09
0.5359
0.5753
0.6141
0.6517
0.6879
0.7224
0.7549
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
0.7580
0.7881
0.8159
0.8413
0.8643
0.8849
0.9032
0.9192
0.9332
0.9452
0.9554
0.9641
0.9713
0.9772
0.7611
0.7910
0.8186
0.8438
0.8665
0.8869
0.9049
0.9207
0.9345
0.9463
0.9564
0.9649
0.9719
0.9778
0.7642
0.7939
0.8212
0.8461
0.8686
0.8888
0.9066
0.9222
0.9357
0.9474
0.9573
0.9656
0.9726
0.9783
0.7673
0.7967
0.8238
0.8485
0.8708
0.8907
0.9082
0.9236
0.9370
0.9484
0.9582
0.9664
0.9732
0.9788
0.7704
0.7995
0.8264
0.8508
0.8729
0.8925
0.9099
0.9251
0.9382
0.9495
0.9591
0.9671
0.9738
0.9793
0.7734
0.8023
0.8289
0.8531
0.8749
0.8944
0.9115
0.9265
0.9394
0.9505
0.9599
0.9678
0.9744
0.9798
0.7764
0.8051
0.8315
0.8554
0.8770
0.8962
0.9131
0.9279
0.9406
0.9515
0.9608
0.9686
0.9750
0.9803
0.7794
0.8078
0.8340
0.8577
0.8790
0.8980
0.9147
0.9292
0.9418
0.9525
0.9616
0.9693
0.9756
0.9808
0.7823
0.8106
0.8365
0.8599
0.8810
0.8997
0.9162
0.9306
0.9429
0.9535
0.9625
0.9699
0.9761
0.9812
0.7852
0.8133
0.8389
0.8621
0.8830
0.9015
0.9177
0.9319
0.9441
0.9545
0.9633
0.9706
0.9767
0.9817
P(Z > 0.78) = 1 P(Z 0.78) 1 0.7823 = 0.2177

Bernd Schroder
logo1

variable.
Bernd Schroder
logo1

variable. Find P(Z < 1.1).
Bernd Schroder
logo1

P(Z < 1.1) =
Bernd Schroder
logo1

P(Z < 1.1) =
Bernd Schroder
logo1

P(Z < 1.1) =
y
Bernd Schroder
logo1

P(Z < 1.1) =
y
Bernd Schroder
logo1

P(Z < 1.1) =
y
Bernd Schroder
logo1

P(Z < 1.1) =
y
Bernd Schroder
logo1

P(Z < 1.1) = P(Z > 1.1)
y
Bernd Schroder
logo1

P(Z < 1.1) = P(Z > 1.1) = 1 P(Z < 1.1)
y
Bernd Schroder
logo1

P(Z < 1.1) = P(Z > 1.1) = 1 P(Z < 1.1)
Bernd Schroder
logo1

P(Z < 1.1) = P(Z > 1.1) = 1 P(Z < 1.1)
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
0.00
0.5000
0.5398
0.5793
0.6179
0.6554
0.6915
0.7257
0.7580
0.7881
0.8159
0.8413
0.8643
0.8849
0.9032
0.9192
0.9332
0.9452
0.9554
0.9641
0.9713
0.9772
0.01
0.5040
0.5438
0.5832
0.6217
0.6591
0.6950
0.7291
0.7611
0.7910
0.8186
0.8438
0.8665
0.8869
0.9049
0.9207
0.9345
0.9463
0.9564
0.9649
0.9719
0.9778
Bernd Schroder
0.02
0.5080
0.5478
0.5871
0.6255
0.6628
0.6985
0.7324
0.7642
0.7939
0.8212
0.8461
0.8686
0.8888
0.9066
0.9222
0.9357
0.9474
0.9573
0.9656
0.9726
0.9783
0.03
0.5120
0.5517
0.5910
0.6293
0.6664
0.7019
0.7357
0.7673
0.7967
0.8238
0.8485
0.8708
0.8907
0.9082
0.9236
0.9370
0.9484
0.9582
0.9664
0.9732
0.9788
0.04
0.5160
0.5557
0.5948
0.6331
0.6700
0.7054
0.7389
0.7704
0.7995
0.8264
0.8508
0.8729
0.8925
0.9099
0.9251
0.9382
0.9495
0.9591
0.9671
0.9738
0.9793
0.05
0.5199
0.5596
0.5987
0.6368
0.6736
0.7088
0.7422
0.7734
0.8023
0.8289
0.8531
0.8749
0.8944
0.9115
0.9265
0.9394
0.9505
0.9599
0.9678
0.9744
0.9798
0.06
0.5239
0.5636
0.6026
0.6406
0.6772
0.7123
0.7454
0.7764
0.8051
0.8315
0.8554
0.8770
0.8962
0.9131
0.9279
0.9406
0.9515
0.9608
0.9686
0.9750
0.9803
0.07
0.5279
0.5675
0.6064
0.6443
0.6808
0.7157
0.7486
0.7794
0.8078
0.8340
0.8577
0.8790
0.8980
0.9147
0.9292
0.9418
0.9525
0.9616
0.9693
0.9756
0.9808
0.08
0.5319
0.5714
0.6103
0.6480
0.6844
0.7190
0.7517
0.7823
0.8106
0.8365
0.8599
0.8810
0.8997
0.9162
0.9306
0.9429
0.9535
0.9625
0.9699
0.9761
0.9812
0.09
0.5359
0.5753
0.6141
0.6517
0.6879
0.7224
0.7549
0.7852
0.8133
0.8389
0.8621
0.8830
0.9015
0.9177
0.9319
0.9441
0.9545
0.9633
0.9706
0.9767
0.9817
logo1

P(Z < 1.1) = P(Z > 1.1) = 1 P(Z < 1.1)
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
0.00
0.5000
0.5398
0.5793
0.6179
0.6554
0.6915
0.7257
0.7580
0.7881
0.8159
0.8413
0.8643
0.8849
0.9032
0.9192
0.9332
0.9452
0.9554
0.9641
0.9713
0.9772
0.01
0.5040
0.5438
0.5832
0.6217
0.6591
0.6950
0.7291
0.7611
0.7910
0.8186
0.8438
0.8665
0.8869
0.9049
0.9207
0.9345
0.9463
0.9564
0.9649
0.9719
0.9778
0.02
0.5080
0.5478
0.5871
0.6255
0.6628
0.6985
0.7324
0.7642
0.7939
0.8212
0.8461
0.8686
0.8888
0.9066
0.9222
0.9357
0.9474
0.9573
0.9656
0.9726
0.9783
0.03
0.5120
0.5517
0.5910
0.6293
0.6664
0.7019
0.7357
0.7673
0.7967
0.8238
0.8485
0.8708
0.8907
0.9082
0.9236
0.9370
0.9484
0.9582
0.9664
0.9732
0.9788
0.04
0.5160
0.5557
0.5948
0.6331
0.6700
0.7054
0.7389
0.7704
0.7995
0.8264
0.8508
0.8729
0.8925
0.9099
0.9251
0.9382
0.9495
0.9591
0.9671
0.9738
0.9793
0.05
0.5199
0.5596
0.5987
0.6368
0.6736
0.7088
0.7422
0.7734
0.8023
0.8289
0.8531
0.8749
0.8944
0.9115
0.9265
0.9394
0.9505
0.9599
0.9678
0.9744
0.9798
0.06
0.5239
0.5636
0.6026
0.6406
0.6772
0.7123
0.7454
0.7764
0.8051
0.8315
0.8554
0.8770
0.8962
0.9131
0.9279
0.9406
0.9515
0.9608
0.9686
0.9750
0.9803
0.07
0.5279
0.5675
0.6064
0.6443
0.6808
0.7157
0.7486
0.7794
0.8078
0.8340
0.8577
0.8790
0.8980
0.9147
0.9292
0.9418
0.9525
0.9616
0.9693
0.9756
0.9808
0.08
0.5319
0.5714
0.6103
0.6480
0.6844
0.7190
0.7517
0.7823
0.8106
0.8365
0.8599
0.8810
0.8997
0.9162
0.9306
0.9429
0.9535
0.9625
0.9699
0.9761
0.9812
0.09
0.5359
0.5753
0.6141
0.6517
0.6879
0.7224
0.7549
0.7852
0.8133
0.8389
0.8621
0.8830
0.9015
0.9177
0.9319
0.9441
0.9545
0.9633
0.9706
0.9767
0.9817
P(Z < 1.1)

Bernd Schroder
logo1

P(Z < 1.1) = P(Z > 1.1) = 1 P(Z < 1.1)
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
0.00
0.5000
0.5398
0.5793
0.6179
0.6554
0.6915
0.7257
0.7580
0.7881
0.8159
0.8413
0.8643
0.8849
0.9032
0.9192
0.9332
0.9452
0.9554
0.9641
0.9713
0.9772
0.01
0.5040
0.5438
0.5832
0.6217
0.6591
0.6950
0.7291
0.7611
0.7910
0.8186
0.8438
0.8665
0.8869
0.9049
0.9207
0.9345
0.9463
0.9564
0.9649
0.9719
0.9778
0.02
0.5080
0.5478
0.5871
0.6255
0.6628
0.6985
0.7324
0.7642
0.7939
0.8212
0.8461
0.8686
0.8888
0.9066
0.9222
0.9357
0.9474
0.9573
0.9656
0.9726
0.9783
0.03
0.5120
0.5517
0.5910
0.6293
0.6664
0.7019
0.7357
0.7673
0.7967
0.8238
0.8485
0.8708
0.8907
0.9082
0.9236
0.9370
0.9484
0.9582
0.9664
0.9732
0.9788
0.04
0.5160
0.5557
0.5948
0.6331
0.6700
0.7054
0.7389
0.7704
0.7995
0.8264
0.8508
0.8729
0.8925
0.9099
0.9251
0.9382
0.9495
0.9591
0.9671
0.9738
0.9793
0.05
0.5199
0.5596
0.5987
0.6368
0.6736
0.7088
0.7422
0.7734
0.8023
0.8289
0.8531
0.8749
0.8944
0.9115
0.9265
0.9394
0.9505
0.9599
0.9678
0.9744
0.9798
0.06
0.5239
0.5636
0.6026
0.6406
0.6772
0.7123
0.7454
0.7764
0.8051
0.8315
0.8554
0.8770
0.8962
0.9131
0.9279
0.9406
0.9515
0.9608
0.9686
0.9750
0.9803
0.07
0.5279
0.5675
0.6064
0.6443
0.6808
0.7157
0.7486
0.7794
0.8078
0.8340
0.8577
0.8790
0.8980
0.9147
0.9292
0.9418
0.9525
0.9616
0.9693
0.9756
0.9808
0.08
0.5319
0.5714
0.6103
0.6480
0.6844
0.7190
0.7517
0.7823
0.8106
0.8365
0.8599
0.8810
0.8997
0.9162
0.9306
0.9429
0.9535
0.9625
0.9699
0.9761
0.9812
0.09
0.5359
0.5753
0.6141
0.6517
0.6879
0.7224
0.7549
0.7852
0.8133
0.8389
0.8621
0.8830
0.9015
0.9177
0.9319
0.9441
0.9545
0.9633
0.9706
0.9767
0.9817
P(Z < 1.1) 1 0.8643

Bernd Schroder
logo1

P(Z < 1.1) = P(Z > 1.1) = 1 P(Z < 1.1)
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
0.00
0.5000
0.5398
0.5793
0.6179
0.6554
0.6915
0.7257
0.7580
0.7881
0.8159
0.8413
0.8643
0.8849
0.9032
0.9192
0.9332
0.9452
0.9554
0.9641
0.9713
0.9772
0.01
0.5040
0.5438
0.5832
0.6217
0.6591
0.6950
0.7291
0.7611
0.7910
0.8186
0.8438
0.8665
0.8869
0.9049
0.9207
0.9345
0.9463
0.9564
0.9649
0.9719
0.9778
0.02
0.5080
0.5478
0.5871
0.6255
0.6628
0.6985
0.7324
0.7642
0.7939
0.8212
0.8461
0.8686
0.8888
0.9066
0.9222
0.9357
0.9474
0.9573
0.9656
0.9726
0.9783
0.03
0.5120
0.5517
0.5910
0.6293
0.6664
0.7019
0.7357
0.7673
0.7967
0.8238
0.8485
0.8708
0.8907
0.9082
0.9236
0.9370
0.9484
0.9582
0.9664
0.9732
0.9788
0.04
0.5160
0.5557
0.5948
0.6331
0.6700
0.7054
0.7389
0.7704
0.7995
0.8264
0.8508
0.8729
0.8925
0.9099
0.9251
0.9382
0.9495
0.9591
0.9671
0.9738
0.9793
0.05
0.5199
0.5596
0.5987
0.6368
0.6736
0.7088
0.7422
0.7734
0.8023
0.8289
0.8531
0.8749
0.8944
0.9115
0.9265
0.9394
0.9505
0.9599
0.9678
0.9744
0.9798
0.06
0.5239
0.5636
0.6026
0.6406
0.6772
0.7123
0.7454
0.7764
0.8051
0.8315
0.8554
0.8770
0.8962
0.9131
0.9279
0.9406
0.9515
0.9608
0.9686
0.9750
0.9803
0.07
0.5279
0.5675
0.6064
0.6443
0.6808
0.7157
0.7486
0.7794
0.8078
0.8340
0.8577
0.8790
0.8980
0.9147
0.9292
0.9418
0.9525
0.9616
0.9693
0.9756
0.9808
0.08
0.5319
0.5714
0.6103
0.6480
0.6844
0.7190
0.7517
0.7823
0.8106
0.8365
0.8599
0.8810
0.8997
0.9162
0.9306
0.9429
0.9535
0.9625
0.9699
0.9761
0.9812
0.09
0.5359
0.5753
0.6141
0.6517
0.6879
0.7224
0.7549
0.7852
0.8133
0.8389
0.8621
0.8830
0.9015
0.9177
0.9319
0.9441
0.9545
0.9633
0.9706
0.9767
0.9817
P(Z < 1.1) 1 0.8643 = 0.1357

Bernd Schroder
logo1

variable.
Bernd Schroder
logo1

variable. Find P(0.5 Z 1.69).
Bernd Schroder
logo1

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
0.00
0.5000
0.5398
0.5793
0.6179
0.6554
0.6915
0.7257
0.7580
0.7881
0.8159
0.8413
0.8643
0.8849
0.9032
0.9192
0.9332
0.9452
0.9554
0.01
0.5040
0.5438
0.5832
0.6217
0.6591
0.6950
0.7291
0.7611
0.7910
0.8186
0.8438
0.8665
0.8869
0.9049
0.9207
0.9345
0.9463
0.9564
Bernd Schroder
0.02
0.5080
0.5478
0.5871
0.6255
0.6628
0.6985
0.7324
0.7642
0.7939
0.8212
0.8461
0.8686
0.8888
0.9066
0.9222
0.9357
0.9474
0.9573
0.03
0.5120
0.5517
0.5910
0.6293
0.6664
0.7019
0.7357
0.7673
0.7967
0.8238
0.8485
0.8708
0.8907
0.9082
0.9236
0.9370
0.9484
0.9582
0.04
0.5160
0.5557
0.5948
0.6331
0.6700
0.7054
0.7389
0.7704
0.7995
0.8264
0.8508
0.8729
0.8925
0.9099
0.9251
0.9382
0.9495
0.9591
0.05
0.5199
0.5596
0.5987
0.6368
0.6736
0.7088
0.7422
0.7734
0.8023
0.8289
0.8531
0.8749
0.8944
0.9115
0.9265
0.9394
0.9505
0.9599
0.06
0.5239
0.5636
0.6026
0.6406
0.6772
0.7123
0.7454
0.7764
0.8051
0.8315
0.8554
0.8770
0.8962
0.9131
0.9279
0.9406
0.9515
0.9608
0.07
0.5279
0.5675
0.6064
0.6443
0.6808
0.7157
0.7486
0.7794
0.8078
0.8340
0.8577
0.8790
0.8980
0.9147
0.9292
0.9418
0.9525
0.9616
0.08
0.5319
0.5714
0.6103
0.6480
0.6844
0.7190
0.7517
0.7823
0.8106
0.8365
0.8599
0.8810
0.8997
0.9162
0.9306
0.9429
0.9535
0.9625
0.09
0.5359
0.5753
0.6141
0.6517
0.6879
0.7224
0.7549
0.7852
0.8133
0.8389
0.8621
0.8830
0.9015
0.9177
0.9319
0.9441
0.9545
0.9633
logo1

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
0.00
0.5000
0.5398
0.5793
0.6179
0.6554
0.6915
0.7257
0.7580
0.7881
0.8159
0.8413
0.8643
0.8849
0.9032
0.9192
0.9332
0.9452
0.9554
0.01
0.5040
0.5438
0.5832
0.6217
0.6591
0.6950
0.7291
0.7611
0.7910
0.8186
0.8438
0.8665
0.8869
0.9049
0.9207
0.9345
0.9463
0.9564
0.02
0.5080
0.5478
0.5871
0.6255
0.6628
0.6985
0.7324
0.7642
0.7939
0.8212
0.8461
0.8686
0.8888
0.9066
0.9222
0.9357
0.9474
0.9573
0.03
0.5120
0.5517
0.5910
0.6293
0.6664
0.7019
0.7357
0.7673
0.7967
0.8238
0.8485
0.8708
0.8907
0.9082
0.9236
0.9370
0.9484
0.9582
0.04
0.5160
0.5557
0.5948
0.6331
0.6700
0.7054
0.7389
0.7704
0.7995
0.8264
0.8508
0.8729
0.8925
0.9099
0.9251
0.9382
0.9495
0.9591
0.05
0.5199
0.5596
0.5987
0.6368
0.6736
0.7088
0.7422
0.7734
0.8023
0.8289
0.8531
0.8749
0.8944
0.9115
0.9265
0.9394
0.9505
0.9599
0.06
0.5239
0.5636
0.6026
0.6406
0.6772
0.7123
0.7454
0.7764
0.8051
0.8315
0.8554
0.8770
0.8962
0.9131
0.9279
0.9406
0.9515
0.9608
0.07
0.5279
0.5675
0.6064
0.6443
0.6808
0.7157
0.7486
0.7794
0.8078
0.8340
0.8577
0.8790
0.8980
0.9147
0.9292
0.9418
0.9525
0.9616
0.08
0.5319
0.5714
0.6103
0.6480
0.6844
0.7190
0.7517
0.7823
0.8106
0.8365
0.8599
0.8810
0.8997
0.9162
0.9306
0.9429
0.9535
0.9625
0.09
0.5359
0.5753
0.6141
0.6517
0.6879
0.7224
0.7549
0.7852
0.8133
0.8389
0.8621
0.8830
0.9015
0.9177
0.9319
0.9441
0.9545
0.9633
P(0.5 Z 1.69)
Bernd Schroder
logo1

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
0.00
0.5000
0.5398
0.5793
0.6179
0.6554
0.6915
0.7257
0.7580
0.7881
0.8159
0.8413
0.8643
0.8849
0.9032
0.9192
0.9332
0.9452
0.9554
0.01
0.5040
0.5438
0.5832
0.6217
0.6591
0.6950
0.7291
0.7611
0.7910
0.8186
0.8438
0.8665
0.8869
0.9049
0.9207
0.9345
0.9463
0.9564
0.02
0.5080
0.5478
0.5871
0.6255
0.6628
0.6985
0.7324
0.7642
0.7939
0.8212
0.8461
0.8686
0.8888
0.9066
0.9222
0.9357
0.9474
0.9573
0.03
0.5120
0.5517
0.5910
0.6293
0.6664
0.7019
0.7357
0.7673
0.7967
0.8238
0.8485
0.8708
0.8907
0.9082
0.9236
0.9370
0.9484
0.9582
0.04
0.5160
0.5557
0.5948
0.6331
0.6700
0.7054
0.7389
0.7704
0.7995
0.8264
0.8508
0.8729
0.8925
0.9099
0.9251
0.9382
0.9495
0.9591
0.05
0.5199
0.5596
0.5987
0.6368
0.6736
0.7088
0.7422
0.7734
0.8023
0.8289
0.8531
0.8749
0.8944
0.9115
0.9265
0.9394
0.9505
0.9599
0.06
0.5239
0.5636
0.6026
0.6406
0.6772
0.7123
0.7454
0.7764
0.8051
0.8315
0.8554
0.8770
0.8962
0.9131
0.9279
0.9406
0.9515
0.9608
0.07
0.5279
0.5675
0.6064
0.6443
0.6808
0.7157
0.7486
0.7794
0.8078
0.8340
0.8577
0.8790
0.8980
0.9147
0.9292
0.9418
0.9525
0.9616
0.08
0.5319
0.5714
0.6103
0.6480
0.6844
0.7190
0.7517
0.7823
0.8106
0.8365
0.8599
0.8810
0.8997
0.9162
0.9306
0.9429
0.9535
0.9625
0.09
0.5359
0.5753
0.6141
0.6517
0.6879
0.7224
0.7549
0.7852
0.8133
0.8389
0.8621
0.8830
0.9015
0.9177
0.9319
0.9441
0.9545
0.9633
P(0.5 Z 1.69)
= P(Z 1.69) P(Z 0.5)
Bernd Schroder
logo1

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
0.00
0.5000
0.5398
0.5793
0.6179
0.6554
0.6915
0.7257
0.7580
0.7881
0.8159
0.8413
0.8643
0.8849
0.9032
0.9192
0.9332
0.9452
0.9554
0.01
0.5040
0.5438
0.5832
0.6217
0.6591
0.6950
0.7291
0.7611
0.7910
0.8186
0.8438
0.8665
0.8869
0.9049
0.9207
0.9345
0.9463
0.9564
0.02
0.5080
0.5478
0.5871
0.6255
0.6628
0.6985
0.7324
0.7642
0.7939
0.8212
0.8461
0.8686
0.8888
0.9066
0.9222
0.9357
0.9474
0.9573
0.03
0.5120
0.5517
0.5910
0.6293
0.6664
0.7019
0.7357
0.7673
0.7967
0.8238
0.8485
0.8708
0.8907
0.9082
0.9236
0.9370
0.9484
0.9582
0.04
0.5160
0.5557
0.5948
0.6331
0.6700
0.7054
0.7389
0.7704
0.7995
0.8264
0.8508
0.8729
0.8925
0.9099
0.9251
0.9382
0.9495
0.9591
0.05
0.5199
0.5596
0.5987
0.6368
0.6736
0.7088
0.7422
0.7734
0.8023
0.8289
0.8531
0.8749
0.8944
0.9115
0.9265
0.9394
0.9505
0.9599
0.06
0.5239
0.5636
0.6026
0.6406
0.6772
0.7123
0.7454
0.7764
0.8051
0.8315
0.8554
0.8770
0.8962
0.9131
0.9279
0.9406
0.9515
0.9608
0.07
0.5279
0.5675
0.6064
0.6443
0.6808
0.7157
0.7486
0.7794
0.8078
0.8340
0.8577
0.8790
0.8980
0.9147
0.9292
0.9418
0.9525
0.9616
0.08
0.5319
0.5714
0.6103
0.6480
0.6844
0.7190
0.7517
0.7823
0.8106
0.8365
0.8599
0.8810
0.8997
0.9162
0.9306
0.9429
0.9535
0.9625
0.09
0.5359
0.5753
0.6141
0.6517
0.6879
0.7224
0.7549
0.7852
0.8133
0.8389
0.8621
0.8830
0.9015
0.9177
0.9319
0.9441
0.9545
0.9633
P(0.5 Z 1.69)

= P(Z 1.69) P(Z 0.5) = P(Z 1.69) 1 P(Z 0.5)
Bernd Schroder
logo1

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
0.00
0.5000
0.5398
0.5793
0.6179
0.6554
0.6915
0.7257
0.7580
0.7881
0.8159
0.8413
0.8643
0.8849
0.9032
0.9192
0.9332
0.9452
0.9554
0.01
0.5040
0.5438
0.5832
0.6217
0.6591
0.6950
0.7291
0.7611
0.7910
0.8186
0.8438
0.8665
0.8869
0.9049
0.9207
0.9345
0.9463
0.9564
0.02
0.5080
0.5478
0.5871
0.6255
0.6628
0.6985
0.7324
0.7642
0.7939
0.8212
0.8461
0.8686
0.8888
0.9066
0.9222
0.9357
0.9474
0.9573
0.03
0.5120
0.5517
0.5910
0.6293
0.6664
0.7019
0.7357
0.7673
0.7967
0.8238
0.8485
0.8708
0.8907
0.9082
0.9236
0.9370
0.9484
0.9582
0.04
0.5160
0.5557
0.5948
0.6331
0.6700
0.7054
0.7389
0.7704
0.7995
0.8264
0.8508
0.8729
0.8925
0.9099
0.9251
0.9382
0.9495
0.9591
0.05
0.5199
0.5596
0.5987
0.6368
0.6736
0.7088
0.7422
0.7734
0.8023
0.8289
0.8531
0.8749
0.8944
0.9115
0.9265
0.9394
0.9505
0.9599
0.06
0.5239
0.5636
0.6026
0.6406
0.6772
0.7123
0.7454
0.7764
0.8051
0.8315
0.8554
0.8770
0.8962
0.9131
0.9279
0.9406
0.9515
0.9608
0.07
0.5279
0.5675
0.6064
0.6443
0.6808
0.7157
0.7486
0.7794
0.8078
0.8340
0.8577
0.8790
0.8980
0.9147
0.9292
0.9418
0.9525
0.9616
0.08
0.5319
0.5714
0.6103
0.6480
0.6844
0.7190
0.7517
0.7823
0.8106
0.8365
0.8599
0.8810
0.8997
0.9162
0.9306
0.9429
0.9535
0.9625
0.09
0.5359
0.5753
0.6141
0.6517
0.6879
0.7224
0.7549
0.7852
0.8133
0.8389
0.8621
0.8830
0.9015
0.9177
0.9319
0.9441
0.9545
0.9633
P(0.5 Z 1.69)

= P(Z 1.69) P(Z 0.5) = P(Z 1.69) 1 P(Z 0.5)
= P(Z 1.69) + P(Z 0.5) 1
Bernd Schroder
logo1

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
0.00
0.5000
0.5398
0.5793
0.6179
0.6554
0.6915
0.7257
0.7580
0.7881
0.8159
0.8413
0.8643
0.8849
0.9032
0.9192
0.9332
0.9452
0.9554
0.01
0.5040
0.5438
0.5832
0.6217
0.6591
0.6950
0.7291
0.7611
0.7910
0.8186
0.8438
0.8665
0.8869
0.9049
0.9207
0.9345
0.9463
0.9564
0.02
0.5080
0.5478
0.5871
0.6255
0.6628
0.6985
0.7324
0.7642
0.7939
0.8212
0.8461
0.8686
0.8888
0.9066
0.9222
0.9357
0.9474
0.9573
0.03
0.5120
0.5517
0.5910
0.6293
0.6664
0.7019
0.7357
0.7673
0.7967
0.8238
0.8485
0.8708
0.8907
0.9082
0.9236
0.9370
0.9484
0.9582
0.04
0.5160
0.5557
0.5948
0.6331
0.6700
0.7054
0.7389
0.7704
0.7995
0.8264
0.8508
0.8729
0.8925
0.9099
0.9251
0.9382
0.9495
0.9591
0.05
0.5199
0.5596
0.5987
0.6368
0.6736
0.7088
0.7422
0.7734
0.8023
0.8289
0.8531
0.8749
0.8944
0.9115
0.9265
0.9394
0.9505
0.9599
0.06
0.5239
0.5636
0.6026
0.6406
0.6772
0.7123
0.7454
0.7764
0.8051
0.8315
0.8554
0.8770
0.8962
0.9131
0.9279
0.9406
0.9515
0.9608
0.07
0.5279
0.5675
0.6064
0.6443
0.6808
0.7157
0.7486
0.7794
0.8078
0.8340
0.8577
0.8790
0.8980
0.9147
0.9292
0.9418
0.9525
0.9616
0.08
0.5319
0.5714
0.6103
0.6480
0.6844
0.7190
0.7517
0.7823
0.8106
0.8365
0.8599
0.8810
0.8997
0.9162
0.9306
0.9429
0.9535
0.9625
0.09
0.5359
0.5753
0.6141
0.6517
0.6879
0.7224
0.7549
0.7852
0.8133
0.8389
0.8621
0.8830
0.9015
0.9177
0.9319
0.9441
0.9545
0.9633
P(0.5 Z 1.69)

= P(Z 1.69) P(Z 0.5) = P(Z 1.69) 1 P(Z 0.5)
= P(Z 1.69) + P(Z 0.5) 1 0.9545
Bernd Schroder
logo1

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
0.00
0.5000
0.5398
0.5793
0.6179
0.6554
0.6915
0.7257
0.7580
0.7881
0.8159
0.8413
0.8643
0.8849
0.9032
0.9192
0.9332
0.9452
0.9554
0.01
0.5040
0.5438
0.5832
0.6217
0.6591
0.6950
0.7291
0.7611
0.7910
0.8186
0.8438
0.8665
0.8869
0.9049
0.9207
0.9345
0.9463
0.9564
0.02
0.5080
0.5478
0.5871
0.6255
0.6628
0.6985
0.7324
0.7642
0.7939
0.8212
0.8461
0.8686
0.8888
0.9066
0.9222
0.9357
0.9474
0.9573
0.03
0.5120
0.5517
0.5910
0.6293
0.6664
0.7019
0.7357
0.7673
0.7967
0.8238
0.8485
0.8708
0.8907
0.9082
0.9236
0.9370
0.9484
0.9582
0.04
0.5160
0.5557
0.5948
0.6331
0.6700
0.7054
0.7389
0.7704
0.7995
0.8264
0.8508
0.8729
0.8925
0.9099
0.9251
0.9382
0.9495
0.9591
0.05
0.5199
0.5596
0.5987
0.6368
0.6736
0.7088
0.7422
0.7734
0.8023
0.8289
0.8531
0.8749
0.8944
0.9115
0.9265
0.9394
0.9505
0.9599
0.06
0.5239
0.5636
0.6026
0.6406
0.6772
0.7123
0.7454
0.7764
0.8051
0.8315
0.8554
0.8770
0.8962
0.9131
0.9279
0.9406
0.9515
0.9608
0.07
0.5279
0.5675
0.6064
0.6443
0.6808
0.7157
0.7486
0.7794
0.8078
0.8340
0.8577
0.8790
0.8980
0.9147
0.9292
0.9418
0.9525
0.9616
0.08
0.5319
0.5714
0.6103
0.6480
0.6844
0.7190
0.7517
0.7823
0.8106
0.8365
0.8599
0.8810
0.8997
0.9162
0.9306
0.9429
0.9535
0.9625
0.09
0.5359
0.5753
0.6141
0.6517
0.6879
0.7224
0.7549
0.7852
0.8133
0.8389
0.8621
0.8830
0.9015
0.9177
0.9319
0.9441
0.9545
0.9633
P(0.5 Z 1.69)

= P(Z 1.69) P(Z 0.5) = P(Z 1.69) 1 P(Z 0.5)
= P(Z 1.69) + P(Z 0.5) 1 0.9545 + 0.6915
Bernd Schroder
logo1

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
0.00
0.5000
0.5398
0.5793
0.6179
0.6554
0.6915
0.7257
0.7580
0.7881
0.8159
0.8413
0.8643
0.8849
0.9032
0.9192
0.9332
0.9452
0.9554
0.01
0.5040
0.5438
0.5832
0.6217
0.6591
0.6950
0.7291
0.7611
0.7910
0.8186
0.8438
0.8665
0.8869
0.9049
0.9207
0.9345
0.9463
0.9564
0.02
0.5080
0.5478
0.5871
0.6255
0.6628
0.6985
0.7324
0.7642
0.7939
0.8212
0.8461
0.8686
0.8888
0.9066
0.9222
0.9357
0.9474
0.9573
0.03
0.5120
0.5517
0.5910
0.6293
0.6664
0.7019
0.7357
0.7673
0.7967
0.8238
0.8485
0.8708
0.8907
0.9082
0.9236
0.9370
0.9484
0.9582
0.04
0.5160
0.5557
0.5948
0.6331
0.6700
0.7054
0.7389
0.7704
0.7995
0.8264
0.8508
0.8729
0.8925
0.9099
0.9251
0.9382
0.9495
0.9591
0.05
0.5199
0.5596
0.5987
0.6368
0.6736
0.7088
0.7422
0.7734
0.8023
0.8289
0.8531
0.8749
0.8944
0.9115
0.9265
0.9394
0.9505
0.9599
0.06
0.5239
0.5636
0.6026
0.6406
0.6772
0.7123
0.7454
0.7764
0.8051
0.8315
0.8554
0.8770
0.8962
0.9131
0.9279
0.9406
0.9515
0.9608
0.07
0.5279
0.5675
0.6064
0.6443
0.6808
0.7157
0.7486
0.7794
0.8078
0.8340
0.8577
0.8790
0.8980
0.9147
0.9292
0.9418
0.9525
0.9616
0.08
0.5319
0.5714
0.6103
0.6480
0.6844
0.7190
0.7517
0.7823
0.8106
0.8365
0.8599
0.8810
0.8997
0.9162
0.9306
0.9429
0.9535
0.9625
0.09
0.5359
0.5753
0.6141
0.6517
0.6879
0.7224
0.7549
0.7852
0.8133
0.8389
0.8621
0.8830
0.9015
0.9177
0.9319
0.9441
0.9545
0.9633
P(0.5 Z 1.69)

= P(Z 1.69) P(Z 0.5) = P(Z 1.69) 1 P(Z 0.5)
= P(Z 1.69) + P(Z 0.5) 1 0.9545 + 0.6915 1
Bernd Schroder
logo1

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
0.00
0.5000
0.5398
0.5793
0.6179
0.6554
0.6915
0.7257
0.7580
0.7881
0.8159
0.8413
0.8643
0.8849
0.9032
0.9192
0.9332
0.9452
0.9554
0.01
0.5040
0.5438
0.5832
0.6217
0.6591
0.6950
0.7291
0.7611
0.7910
0.8186
0.8438
0.8665
0.8869
0.9049
0.9207
0.9345
0.9463
0.9564
0.02
0.5080
0.5478
0.5871
0.6255
0.6628
0.6985
0.7324
0.7642
0.7939
0.8212
0.8461
0.8686
0.8888
0.9066
0.9222
0.9357
0.9474
0.9573
0.03
0.5120
0.5517
0.5910
0.6293
0.6664
0.7019
0.7357
0.7673
0.7967
0.8238
0.8485
0.8708
0.8907
0.9082
0.9236
0.9370
0.9484
0.9582
0.04
0.5160
0.5557
0.5948
0.6331
0.6700
0.7054
0.7389
0.7704
0.7995
0.8264
0.8508
0.8729
0.8925
0.9099
0.9251
0.9382
0.9495
0.9591
0.05
0.5199
0.5596
0.5987
0.6368
0.6736
0.7088
0.7422
0.7734
0.8023
0.8289
0.8531
0.8749
0.8944
0.9115
0.9265
0.9394
0.9505
0.9599
0.06
0.5239
0.5636
0.6026
0.6406
0.6772
0.7123
0.7454
0.7764
0.8051
0.8315
0.8554
0.8770
0.8962
0.9131
0.9279
0.9406
0.9515
0.9608
0.07
0.5279
0.5675
0.6064
0.6443
0.6808
0.7157
0.7486
0.7794
0.8078
0.8340
0.8577
0.8790
0.8980
0.9147
0.9292
0.9418
0.9525
0.9616
0.08
0.5319
0.5714
0.6103
0.6480
0.6844
0.7190
0.7517
0.7823
0.8106
0.8365
0.8599
0.8810
0.8997
0.9162
0.9306
0.9429
0.9535
0.9625
0.09
0.5359
0.5753
0.6141
0.6517
0.6879
0.7224
0.7549
0.7852
0.8133
0.8389
0.8621
0.8830
0.9015
0.9177
0.9319
0.9441
0.9545
0.9633
P(0.5 Z 1.69)

= P(Z 1.69) P(Z 0.5) = P(Z 1.69) 1 P(Z 0.5)
= P(Z 1.69) + P(Z 0.5) 1 0.9545 + 0.6915 1 = 0.6460
Bernd Schroder
logo1

variable.
Bernd Schroder
logo1

variable. Compute the 80th percentile.
Bernd Schroder
logo1

Bernd Schroder
logo1

y
Bernd Schroder
logo1

y
Bernd Schroder
logo1

y
Bernd Schroder
logo1

y
Bernd Schroder
logo1

y
0.8
Bernd Schroder
logo1

y
0.8
Bernd Schroder
logo1

Bernd Schroder
logo1

(80%)
Bernd Schroder
logo1

(80%)
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
0.00
0.5000
0.5398
0.5793
0.6179
0.6554
0.6915
0.7257
0.7580
0.7881
0.8159
0.8413
0.8643
0.8849
0.9032
0.9192
0.9332
0.9452
0.9554
0.9641
0.9713
0.9772
0.01
0.5040
0.5438
0.5832
0.6217
0.6591
0.6950
0.7291
0.7611
0.7910
0.8186
0.8438
0.8665
0.8869
0.9049
0.9207
0.9345
0.9463
0.9564
0.9649
0.9719
0.9778
Bernd Schroder
0.02
0.5080
0.5478
0.5871
0.6255
0.6628
0.6985
0.7324
0.7642
0.7939
0.8212
0.8461
0.8686
0.8888
0.9066
0.9222
0.9357
0.9474
0.9573
0.9656
0.9726
0.9783
0.03
0.5120
0.5517
0.5910
0.6293
0.6664
0.7019
0.7357
0.7673
0.7967
0.8238
0.8485
0.8708
0.8907
0.9082
0.9236
0.9370
0.9484
0.9582
0.9664
0.9732
0.9788
0.04
0.5160
0.5557
0.5948
0.6331
0.6700
0.7054
0.7389
0.7704
0.7995
0.8264
0.8508
0.8729
0.8925
0.9099
0.9251
0.9382
0.9495
0.9591
0.9671
0.9738
0.9793
0.05
0.5199
0.5596
0.5987
0.6368
0.6736
0.7088
0.7422
0.7734
0.8023
0.8289
0.8531
0.8749
0.8944
0.9115
0.9265
0.9394
0.9505
0.9599
0.9678
0.9744
0.9798
0.06
0.5239
0.5636
0.6026
0.6406
0.6772
0.7123
0.7454
0.7764
0.8051
0.8315
0.8554
0.8770
0.8962
0.9131
0.9279
0.9406
0.9515
0.9608
0.9686
0.9750
0.9803
0.07
0.5279
0.5675
0.6064
0.6443
0.6808
0.7157
0.7486
0.7794
0.8078
0.8340
0.8577
0.8790
0.8980
0.9147
0.9292
0.9418
0.9525
0.9616
0.9693
0.9756
0.9808
0.08
0.5319
0.5714
0.6103
0.6480
0.6844
0.7190
0.7517
0.7823
0.8106
0.8365
0.8599
0.8810
0.8997
0.9162
0.9306
0.9429
0.9535
0.9625
0.9699
0.9761
0.9812
0.09
0.5359
0.5753
0.6141
0.6517
0.6879
0.7224
0.7549
0.7852
0.8133
0.8389
0.8621
0.8830
0.9015
0.9177
0.9319
0.9441
0.9545
0.9633
0.9706
0.9767
0.9817
logo1

(80%) (0.7995)
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.00
0.5000
0.5398
0.5793
0.6179
0.6554
0.6915
0.7257
0.7580
0.01
0.5040
0.5438
0.5832
0.6217
0.6591
0.6950
0.7291
0.7611
0.02
0.5080
0.5478
0.5871
0.6255
0.6628
0.6985
0.7324
0.7642
0.03
0.5120
0.5517
0.5910
0.6293
0.6664
0.7019
0.7357
0.7673
0.04
0.5160
0.5557
0.5948
0.6331
0.6700
0.7054
0.7389
0.7704
0.05
0.5199
0.5596
0.5987
0.6368
0.6736
0.7088
0.7422
0.7734
0.06
0.5239
0.5636
0.6026
0.6406
0.6772
0.7123
0.7454
0.7764
0.07
0.5279
0.5675
0.6064
0.6443
0.6808
0.7157
0.7486
0.7794
0.08
0.5319
0.5714
0.6103
0.6480
0.6844
0.7190
0.7517
0.7823
0.09
0.5359
0.5753
0.6141
0.6517
0.6879
0.7224
0.7549
0.7852
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
0.7881
0.8159
0.8413
0.8643
0.8849
0.9032
0.9192
0.9332
0.9452
0.9554
0.9641
0.9713
0.9772
0.7910
0.8186
0.8438
0.8665
0.8869
0.9049
0.9207
0.9345
0.9463
0.9564
0.9649
0.9719
0.9778
0.7939
0.8212
0.8461
0.8686
0.8888
0.9066
0.9222
0.9357
0.9474
0.9573
0.9656
0.9726
0.9783
0.7967
0.8238
0.8485
0.8708
0.8907
0.9082
0.9236
0.9370
0.9484
0.9582
0.9664
0.9732
0.9788
0.7995
0.8264
0.8508
0.8729
0.8925
0.9099
0.9251
0.9382
0.9495
0.9591
0.9671
0.9738
0.9793
0.8023
0.8289
0.8531
0.8749
0.8944
0.9115
0.9265
0.9394
0.9505
0.9599
0.9678
0.9744
0.9798
0.8051
0.8315
0.8554
0.8770
0.8962
0.9131
0.9279
0.9406
0.9515
0.9608
0.9686
0.9750
0.9803
0.8078
0.8340
0.8577
0.8790
0.8980
0.9147
0.9292
0.9418
0.9525
0.9616
0.9693
0.9756
0.9808
0.8106
0.8365
0.8599
0.8810
0.8997
0.9162
0.9306
0.9429
0.9535
0.9625
0.9699
0.9761
0.9812
0.8133
0.8389
0.8621
0.8830
0.9015
0.9177
0.9319
0.9441
0.9545
0.9633
0.9706
0.9767
0.9817
Bernd Schroder
logo1

(80%) (0.7995) 0.8
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.00
0.5000
0.5398
0.5793
0.6179
0.6554
0.6915
0.7257
0.7580
0.01
0.5040
0.5438
0.5832
0.6217
0.6591
0.6950
0.7291
0.7611
0.02
0.5080
0.5478
0.5871
0.6255
0.6628
0.6985
0.7324
0.7642
0.03
0.5120
0.5517
0.5910
0.6293
0.6664
0.7019
0.7357
0.7673
0.04
0.5160
0.5557
0.5948
0.6331
0.6700
0.7054
0.7389
0.7704
0.05
0.5199
0.5596
0.5987
0.6368
0.6736
0.7088
0.7422
0.7734
0.06
0.5239
0.5636
0.6026
0.6406
0.6772
0.7123
0.7454
0.7764
0.07
0.5279
0.5675
0.6064
0.6443
0.6808
0.7157
0.7486
0.7794
0.08
0.5319
0.5714
0.6103
0.6480
0.6844
0.7190
0.7517
0.7823
0.09
0.5359
0.5753
0.6141
0.6517
0.6879
0.7224
0.7549
0.7852
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
0.7881
0.8159
0.8413
0.8643
0.8849
0.9032
0.9192
0.9332
0.9452
0.9554
0.9641
0.9713
0.9772
0.7910
0.8186
0.8438
0.8665
0.8869
0.9049
0.9207
0.9345
0.9463
0.9564
0.9649
0.9719
0.9778
0.7939
0.8212
0.8461
0.8686
0.8888
0.9066
0.9222
0.9357
0.9474
0.9573
0.9656
0.9726
0.9783
0.7967
0.8238
0.8485
0.8708
0.8907
0.9082
0.9236
0.9370
0.9484
0.9582
0.9664
0.9732
0.9788
0.7995
0.8264
0.8508
0.8729
0.8925
0.9099
0.9251
0.9382
0.9495
0.9591
0.9671
0.9738
0.9793
0.8023
0.8289
0.8531
0.8749
0.8944
0.9115
0.9265
0.9394
0.9505
0.9599
0.9678
0.9744
0.9798
0.8051
0.8315
0.8554
0.8770
0.8962
0.9131
0.9279
0.9406
0.9515
0.9608
0.9686
0.9750
0.9803
0.8078
0.8340
0.8577
0.8790
0.8980
0.9147
0.9292
0.9418
0.9525
0.9616
0.9693
0.9756
0.9808
0.8106
0.8365
0.8599
0.8810
0.8997
0.9162
0.9306
0.9429
0.9535
0.9625
0.9699
0.9761
0.9812
0.8133
0.8389
0.8621
0.8830
0.9015
0.9177
0.9319
0.9441
0.9545
0.9633
0.9706
0.9767
0.9817
Bernd Schroder
logo1

(80%) (0.7995) 0.84
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.00
0.5000
0.5398
0.5793
0.6179
0.6554
0.6915
0.7257
0.7580
0.01
0.5040
0.5438
0.5832
0.6217
0.6591
0.6950
0.7291
0.7611
0.02
0.5080
0.5478
0.5871
0.6255
0.6628
0.6985
0.7324
0.7642
0.03
0.5120
0.5517
0.5910
0.6293
0.6664
0.7019
0.7357
0.7673
0.04
0.5160
0.5557
0.5948
0.6331
0.6700
0.7054
0.7389
0.7704
0.05
0.5199
0.5596
0.5987
0.6368
0.6736
0.7088
0.7422
0.7734
0.06
0.5239
0.5636
0.6026
0.6406
0.6772
0.7123
0.7454
0.7764
0.07
0.5279
0.5675
0.6064
0.6443
0.6808
0.7157
0.7486
0.7794
0.08
0.5319
0.5714
0.6103
0.6480
0.6844
0.7190
0.7517
0.7823
0.09
0.5359
0.5753
0.6141
0.6517
0.6879
0.7224
0.7549
0.7852
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
0.7881
0.8159
0.8413
0.8643
0.8849
0.9032
0.9192
0.9332
0.9452
0.9554
0.9641
0.9713
0.9772
0.7910
0.8186
0.8438
0.8665
0.8869
0.9049
0.9207
0.9345
0.9463
0.9564
0.9649
0.9719
0.9778
0.7939
0.8212
0.8461
0.8686
0.8888
0.9066
0.9222
0.9357
0.9474
0.9573
0.9656
0.9726
0.9783
0.7967
0.8238
0.8485
0.8708
0.8907
0.9082
0.9236
0.9370
0.9484
0.9582
0.9664
0.9732
0.9788
0.7995
0.8264
0.8508
0.8729
0.8925
0.9099
0.9251
0.9382
0.9495
0.9591
0.9671
0.9738
0.9793
0.8023
0.8289
0.8531
0.8749
0.8944
0.9115
0.9265
0.9394
0.9505
0.9599
0.9678
0.9744
0.9798
0.8051
0.8315
0.8554
0.8770
0.8962
0.9131
0.9279
0.9406
0.9515
0.9608
0.9686
0.9750
0.9803
0.8078
0.8340
0.8577
0.8790
0.8980
0.9147
0.9292
0.9418
0.9525
0.9616
0.9693
0.9756
0.9808
0.8106
0.8365
0.8599
0.8810
0.8997
0.9162
0.9306
0.9429
0.9535
0.9625
0.9699
0.9761
0.9812
0.8133
0.8389
0.8621
0.8830
0.9015
0.9177
0.9319
0.9441
0.9545
0.9633
0.9706
0.9767
0.9817
Bernd Schroder
logo1

Cumulative Distribution Functions

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Cumulative Distribution Functions

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Cumulative Distribution Functions

Standard Normal Distribution