Study of the past and how it relates to humans Written record of the past (human past) Subjective view and interpretation of events, both global and local, based on historians experience The Meaning of History 1. IBN KHALDUN - Factual and speculative meaning of history - FACTUAL : no more than information about political events, dynasties and the occurrences of the remote past, elegantly presented and spaced with proverbs. - SPECULATIVE : the attempt to get or know the truth, subtle explanation of the causes and origin of existing things and knowledge of the how and why. - Man is the most important ingredient of history in whom everything in the world dependes
2. JOSE RIZAL - a peoples achievement that gives them a sense of pride and belonging - Disproved Spaniards accusation that the Filipinos have an inferior or no historical root.
3. Mahatma Gandhi - Humanistic view of nature where man is closely linked to history, as well as an active participant in it. - He believed in the power of the human spirit to shape its environment to some extent and thus affect the course of history rejecting the Marxist interpretation of history. - Gandhi: the body might be destroyed, but the spirit will proclaim its freedom.
4. Jawaharlal Nehru - History is the story of mans struggle for a living. It is not just a record of the doings of bigmen, of kings and emperors and the like real history should deal, not with a few individuals here and there, but with a people who make up a nation, who work and by their labor produce the necessaries and luxuries of life and who in a thousand different ways act and react on each other - Ang kasasayan ay hindi nakabatay isang tao lamang bagkus ay sa collective effort ng bawat taong miyembro ng isang pangkat. - Mans struggle against nature, element, and his own kind. Struggle for a living. - He strongly expressed his resentment against a one sided version of world history by westerners which is largely concerned with the Mediterranean countries, medieval and modern history dominated.., by the conflicts of Europe, planning the future of Europe with the exclusion of the rest of the world. The resentment was shared by fellow countrymen who were forced to study so- called histories devaluing Indians past. Vilifying the memory of those they cherish and glorifying achievements of British rule in India.
CULTURE - a way of life of a group of people in all aspects of existence and living - way of doing things which are distinct from other people mga kinagisnan at patuloy na ginagawa sa isang particular na grupo - distinct ways that people, who live differently, classified and represented their experiences, and acted creatively.
Culture, or civilization is a complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society. -Edward Taylor English Anthropologist