SZABIST Intermediate College Mirpurkhas The Atomic Structure

PREPARED BY: Muhammad Zia-ulhaque Rathore, Lecturer in Chemistry CHEMISTRY-XI, CHAPTER # 03

1
THE ATOMIC STRUCTURE
Introduction:
In 1808 John Dalton considered that all matter was composed of very small particles called Atom. He visualized the
atom as hard solid individual particle incapable of subdivision. Main postulates of Daltons Atomic Theory are
following:
1. Matter is composed of very tiny or microscopic particles called "Atom".
2. Atom is an indivisible particle.
3. Atom can neither be created nor it is destroyed.
4. Atoms of an element are identical in size, shape, mass and in other properties.
5. Atoms of different elements are different in their properties.
6. Atoms combine with each other in small whole numbers.
7. All chemical reactions are due to combination or separation of atoms.
Today it is well established that atoms are complex organization of matter and energy. Many particles have been
discovered within the atom. These sub-atomic particles include electron, proton, neutron, positron, neutrino and
several types of mesons and hyprons etc.
Different scientists in this field are as follows:
Faradays experiment indicates the existence of electrons.
Crookes tube experiments show the presence of electrons and protons in the atoms.
Radioactivity further confirms the presence of electrons and protons.
Chadwick experiment shows the presence of neutrons.
Spectroscopic experiments reveal the electronic structure of atoms.
Introduction:
When electricity passes through electrolytic solution, it decomposed this solution into two negatively and positively
charged ions. This phenomenon was studied by in greater detail by Faraday.
Faradays Law:
According to this law:
The weights of substances liberated or deposited at electrodes during electrolysis will be according to their
equivalentswhenequal quantityof electricityispassedindifferent solutions
Faradays Experiment:
Faraday passed the electricity through the electrolytic solution. He took two metals plates named electrodes, are
placed in electrolytic solution and passed. The solution spilt into negative and positive charge particles. The
positive charge particles move towards cathode, which is negative electrode and negative charge particles move
towards anodes, which is positively electrode.
Faradays also determined the charges of different ions and the amount of elements liberated from electrolytic
solution.
Conclusion:
He observed that there is some elementary unit of electric charge associated with these ions, which can be
calculated. He also proved that electricity just like matter, is atomic in nature F/N is the unit of electric charge for
such unit of electric charge, Stoney in 1891 gave the name Electron.
Chapter # 3
FARADAYS EXPERIMENT
(Passage of electricity through solution)
(Clue about electrons)
SZABIST Intermediate College Mirpurkhas The Atomic Structure
PREPARED BY: Muhammad Zia-ulhaque Rathore, Lecturer in Chemistry CHEMISTRY-XI, CHAPTER # 03
2
Introduction:
In 1876, W. Crookes conducted as series of experiments. He performed his experiment in glass tube, called
Discharge Tube. It was made up of glass in 34cm length. He used a discharge tube filled with a gas. Gases are bad
conductors of electricity. However under reduced pressure and at high potential difference gases conduct electric
current.
Construction of Discharge Tube:
Discharge tube is a glass tube of 34cm in
length, fitted with two electrodes placed
opposite to each other. The tube is sealed
and contains a vacuum pump. The
function of vacuum pump is to reduced
or changes the pressure inside the tube.
The two electrodes are connected to a
high voltage battery.
Importance of Discharge Tube:
It is hollow partially or completely
evacuated tube. It is used for various
purposes in scientific research. It is used
of great significance especially for two
purposes.
Discovery of electrons
Discovery of protons
Principle of Working:
In discharge tube experiment, at low pressure and at very high potential difference, electric current is passed
through the gas. When a very high voltage (10,000 volts) of electricity is applied, between two electrodes, no
electric discharge occurs until the part of any gas has been pumped out of the tube.
Observation:
At Ordinary Pressure: There was no flow of current at ordinary pressure.
At 1cm Hg pressure: When pressure inside the tube is reduced to 1 cm of Hg, at a potential difference of a few
thousand volts cause a spark to pass like a flash of light.
At few mm of Hg: When further more pressure reduces to about a few mm of Hg, the spark disappears and
electrodes begin to glow.
At 1 mm Hg: At 1 mm Hg, the tube is mostly filled with a glow extending from the positive electrode.
This is known as "positive column".
At 0.001 mm Hg: At 0.001 mm Hg, the glow disappears and the walls of the glass tube begin to glow with a
brilliant green light.
CROOKESS TUBE EXPERIMENT/
(Discharge Tube Experiment)/
(Passage of electricity through gases at low pressure)/
(Discovery of Electrons)
SZABIST Intermediate College Mirpurkhas The Atomic Structure
PREPARED BY: Muhammad Zia-ulhaque Rathore, Lecturer in Chemistry CHEMISTRY-XI, CHAPTER # 03
3
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