Ch. Chakrapani Ch.

Chakrapani
Ch. Lalithya Ch. Lalithya
K. Srinivas K. Srinivas
ELECTRICITY BILLING:
INTRODUCTION OF
HARMONIC FACTOR
SURCHARGE
To Present at National Conference on Power
Distribution NCPD-2014
at
Central Power Research Institute (CPRI), Hyderabad
on 6
th
& 7
th
February 2014
OUTLINE
OUTLINE
Introduction
Sources of ar!onics
Types of ar!onics
Effects of ar!onics
"e#ulations on T$
Tariff orders on T$ penalties
Need of T$ "ecordin#
Types of consu!er loads
%ield Study on ar!onic !easure!ent
&roposed 'ethodolo#y for ar!onic %actor Surchar#e
ar!onic %actor !easure!ent for (illin#
Su##estions
Conclusion
Introduction
Introduction
Non-Linear loads are increasing in the power
system day by day
Necessary to assess harmonic distortion level
at consumer and generator level
Commercial mechanism is essential
Sources of Harmonics
Sources of Harmonics
Non)Linear loads such as *C to $C + $C to *C Converters
Electric arc furnaces, induction furnaces, electrolysis plants,
Saturated reactors, transfor!ers under no)load - li#ht
loads,
Inverters, $C converters, s.itch)!ode po.er supplies,
/aria(le speed *C or $C !otor drives,
Electronic li#htin# (allasts, #as dischar#e li#htin#,
Electronic office and ho!e appliances, !icro.ave ovens, etc
These produce hi#h har!onics and leads to distortion of
.ave for!s. $ue to i!prove!ent of life style, need and
advance!ent in electronics technolo#y, the po.er electronic
devices usa#e is e0pected to increase further in al!ost all
types of sectors for consu!er friendly operation,
i!prove!ent of efficiency, (etter 1uality and ener#y
conservation.
Tyes of Harmonics
Tyes of Harmonics
Odd triplens 2!ultiples of three3,
Other odd har!onics, and
Even har!onics,
Effec!s of Harmonics
Effec!s of Harmonics
'ost of the po.er syste!s can acco!!odate a certain level of
har!onic currents (ut .ill e0perience pro(le!s .hen har!onics
(eco!e a si#nificant co!ponent of the overall load.
*s these hi#her fre1uency har!onic currents flo. throu#h the po.er
syste!, they can cause
Co!!unication errors,
Overheatin# of electrical distri(ution e1uip!ent, ca(les, transfor!ers, -
stand(y #enerators, hard.are da!a#e,
E1uip!ent !alfunctions due to e0cessive volta#e distortion,
Increase of internal ener#y losses in connected e1uip!ent, co!ponent
failure, life span shortened,
%alse trippin# of (ranch circuit (reakers,
!eterin# errors, i!proper cali(ration of overload devices and !eters,
%ires in .irin# and distri(ution syste!s,
Lo. po.er factor resultin# to penalties on !onthly utility (ills, reduced
electrical syste! capacity,
over volta#es due to possi(le resonance conditions,
!alfunction of co!puter net.orks and ti!in# errors ) !ultiple 4ero
crossin#s, etc.
$efinition of T$ as per CE*
$efinition of T$ as per CE*
5Total ar!onic $istortion5 2T$3
!eans a !easure of distortion of the
volta#e or current .ave for! 2.hich shall
ideally (e sinusoidal3 and is the s1uare
root of the su! of s1uares of all volta#e
or current har!onics e0pressed as a
percenta#e of the !a#nitude of the
funda!ental
/T$ - IT$ as per IEEE
/T$ - IT$ as per IEEE
)
)
678
678
/olta#e Total ar!onic $istortion 9
Current Total ar!onic $istortion 9
:here i
7
and v
7
are funda!ental current and volta#e respectively,
I
k
and v
k
are k order har!onic current and volta#e respectively,
Re"u#a!ions on THD
Re"u#a!ions on THD
CE* in its 2Technical Standards for Connectivity of the ;rid3
"e#ulation, <==> &art)II 273263, &art)I/2?3
The pro@ect of the re1uester shall not cause volta#e and current
har!onics on the #rid .hich e0ceed the li!its specified in
Institute of Electrical and Electronics En#ineers 2IEEE3 Standard
678
273 The total har!onic distortion for volta#e at the connection
point shall not e0ceed 6A .ith no individual har!onic hi#her
than ?A.
2<3 The total har!onic distortion for current dra.n fro! the
trans!ission syste! at the connection point shall not e0ceed
BA.
'easure!ent for T$ shall (e done at the ti!e of
Co!!issionin# and later once in a year and desired (y parties.
*l!ost all State E"C ordered to li!it /T$ - IT$ as specified in
Institute of Electrical and Electronics En#ineers 2IEEE3 Standard 678
Tariff or$ers on THD ena#!ies
Tariff or$ers on THD ena#!ies
Ta!ilnadu Electricity Coard levied surchar#e <6A on T
Industries under Tariff I)* havin# *rc %urnaces upto 76.=?.<==?
on account of ar!onics and reduced to 76A in its tariff order
..e.f. 7D)=?)<==?.
Ta!ilnadu E"C in its order No. 7 of <=7< dated ?=)=?)<=7<
2Effective fro! =7)=E)<=7<3 has ordered to issue ? !onths
notice to all consu!ers under T)I - T)III cate#ory and levy
76A penalty of respective tariff in case failure to li!it
ar!onics to specified values.
In the tariff order of <==6)=D for the i!achal &radesh State
Electricity Coard, the & E" Co!!ission 2&E"C3 had
introduced har!onic in@ectin# char#es. *ppellate Tri(unal for
Electricity 2*&TEL3 in an appeal a#ainst the tariff order for
<==6)=D, (ein# appeal No. 7>6 of <==6, set aside the har!onic
in@ectin# char#es.
Nee$ of THD Recor$in"
Nee$ of THD Recor$in"
Correct data is re1uired to Utilities,
"e#ulators - Custo!ers on T$
To levy ar!onic %actor Surchar#e
To install ar!onics %ilters+ Suppressors
To purchase e1uip!ent, .hich #enerate less
T$
Evaluatin# perfor!ance of e1uip!ent
*naly4in# e1uip!entF failures
Standards for ar!onics Testin#
Standards for ar!onics Testin#
IEC D7===)E)?=: E'C ) Testin# and !easure!ent techni1ues G
&o.er 1uality !easure!ent !ethods,
IECGD7===)?)D: E'C ) *ssess!ent of e!ission li!its for the
connection of distortion li!its to '/, /, and E/ po.er syste!
IS 7E>== 2&art E+See >3: <==D + IEC D7===)E)> 2<==<3: E'C ) &art E
Testin# and !easure!ent techni1ues: Section > ;eneral #uide on
har!onies and interhar!onics !easure!ents and instru!entation
for po.er supply syste!s and e1uip!ent connected thereto
IEC D7===)E)7?:<==<: E'C ) Testin# and !easure!ent techni1ues
) ar!onics and interhar!onics includin# !ains si#nalin# at a.c.
po.er port, lo. fre1uency i!!unity tests
IEC D7===)E)?=:<==D: E'C ) Testin# and !easure!ent techni1ues
) &o.er 1uality !easure!ent !ethods
Tyes of consumer #oa$s
Tyes of consumer #oa$s
Grou%& Consumers
Tyes of consumer #oa$s
Tyes of consumer #oa$s
Grou%' Consumers
Tyes of consumer #oa$s
Tyes of consumer #oa$s
Grou%( Consumers
Aroac) for Harmonic
Aroac) for Harmonic
Ener"y measuremen!
Ener"y measuremen!
Total Ener#y 9
= W
1
+ W
HN
+ W
HL
Harmonic "enera!ion *y Aara!us
Harmonic "enera!ion *y Aara!us
Sl
No
Descripti
on of
Apparatu
s
Avg
Phase
Volta
ge (V)
Avg
Cur
rent
(A)
Total
Powe
r (W)
PF
Voltage Distortion
(%)
Current distortion
(%)
V
1
V
2
V
3
I
1
I
2
I
3
1
VFD
Water
Pump
Sets
248 13.8 9500 0.924 1.13 1.17 1.12 40.95 41.34 40.03
2
6 No.s
150 W
HPSV
Lamps
251 1.26 870 0.917 1.69 1.71 1.47 31.84 33.33 60.16
3
New 63
KVA DTr
251 1.08 154 0.189 1.98 2.30 2.43 16.83 18.25 15.57
4
Repaired
DT
250KVA
241 7.08 683 0.133 2.49 2.80 2.89 30.66 35.82 28.90
Measured on 04-10-2012 / 11-10-2012
Current ar!onics #enerated (y
Current ar!onics #enerated (y
&S/ %ittin#s
&S/ %ittin#s
AI
T$
ar!onic Order
Current ar!onics #enerated (y
Current ar!onics #enerated (y
/%$ :ater &u!p sets
/%$ :ater &u!p sets
Current ar!onics #eneration (y a
Current ar!onics #eneration (y a
Steel %urnace - "e
Steel %urnace - "e
)
)
rollin# 'ill
rollin# 'ill
ar!onic #eneration (y Consu!ers
ar!onic #eneration (y Consu!ers
Sl
No
Type of
Consume
r Load
Avg
Phase
Volta
ge
(KV)
Avg
Curre
nt (A)
Total
Powe
r
(KVA
)
PF
Voltage
Distortion (%)
Current distortion
(%)
V
1
V
2
V
3
I
1
I
2
I
3
1
Polyster
Industry
with very
light Load
138 1.17 280
0.91
(Lead)
0.82 1.05 0.98 22.66 38.75 27.50
2
Steel Re-
rolling Mill
11.02 37.34 713 1.00 2.48 2.28 1.83 38.07 51.30 34.35
3
Steel
Furnace &
Re-rolling
Mill
34.5 24.77 1480
0.91
(Lead)
1.59 1.14 1.42 31.83 32.20 37.47
4
Cement
Factory
130 59.86
1349
3
0.99 1.21 1.37 0.95 2.37 2.56 2.12
Measured on 11-10-2012 / 14-10-2012 / 30-10-2012
&roposed 'ethodolo#y for ar!onic
&roposed 'ethodolo#y for ar!onic
%actor !easure!ent for (illin#
%actor !easure!ent for (illin#
*pproach)I: "atio of *vera#e value of har!onic content
to *vera#e value of %unda!ental content like &%
!easure!ent
*pproach)II: *vera#e value of AT$
*pproach)III: 'a0i!u! value of AT$ like '$ in K/*
!easure!ent
*pproach
*pproach
)
)
I: "atio of *vera#e value of har!onic
I: "atio of *vera#e value of har!onic
content to *vera#e value of %unda!ental content
content to *vera#e value of %unda!ental content
like &% !easure!ent
like &% !easure!ent

"ecorded I
h
9 %inal I
h
readin# G Initial I
h
readin# 9
"ecorded I
f
9 %inal I
f
readin# G Initial I
f
readin# 9
"ecorded /
h
9 %inal /
h
readin# G Initial /
h
readin#
9
"ecorded /
f
9 %inal /
f
readin# G Initial /
f
readin# 9
*pproach
*pproach
)
)
II: *vera#e value of AT$
II: *vera#e value of AT$
"ecorded AI
T$
9 %inal AI
T$
readin# G Initial AI
T$
readin# 9
"ecorded &O 9 %inal &O readin# G Initial &O readin#
"ecorded A/
T$
9 %inal A/
T$
readin# G Initial A/
T$
readin# 9
*pproach
*pproach
)
)
III: 'a0i!u! value of AT$
III: 'a0i!u! value of AT$
like '$ in K/* !easure!ent
like '$ in K/* !easure!ent
ar!onic %actor can (e considered as
!a0i!u! value of inte#ration .ith ti!e value
of avera#e A/
T$
- AI
T$
for a ti!e (lock
period are to (e recorded like '$ in K/*
'a0i!u! inte#rated values of A/
T$
- AI
T$
are to (e auto!atically reset to 4ero .hen '$
2K/*3 reset is done
The A/
T$
and AI
T$
can (e recorded in the
load survey of !eters as ti!e inte#rated values
of instantaneous para!eters.
&roposed !ethodolo#y of
&roposed !ethodolo#y of
ar!onic %actor Surchar#e
ar!onic %actor Surchar#e
The ar!onic li!its for various consu!er loads and
po.er sources are specified in the IEEE Standard 678:
788<, for .hich CE* and !any State "e#ulators have
(een accepted
The ar!onic %actor Surchar#e !ay (e levied as a
Lu!psu! percenta#e or
&roportionate (asis percenta#e of $istortion
on electricity (ill a!ount if the recorded C% e0ceeds
the specified value for consu!ers and if the recorded
/$+ har!onic Current in@ections e0ceeds the
specified value for #eneratin# stations
ar!onics recordin# facilities in
present 'eters
*s per the Central Electricity *uthority 2Installation and Operation
of 'eters3 "e#ulations, <==D: &art II Standards for interface !eters
Clause No. 7 2i3 the har!onics shall (e filtered out .hile
!easurin# :h, /ar and /*rh, and only funda!ental fre1uency
1uantities shall (e !easured+ co!puted
&resently,
&hase .ise /olta#e and Current T$ under instantaneous
para!eters
Under Load Survey data, !entioned as optional
Total Ener#y, %unda!ental ener#y+ ar!onic Ener#y recordin#
ard.are recordin# + Soft.are recordin# 2%ilters3
Su##estions
Su##estions
Separate !easure!ent of funda!ental and har!onic contents i.e.,
volta#e - current (y tariff !eters in econo!ic .ay .ill need
further efforts and research (y the !anufacturers
Need of !uch !ore strin#ent re#ulations fro! the re#ulators and
resolvin# of le#al issues for !easure!ent of har!onic contents,
finali4ation of li!its for ar!onic %actors 2%3 and to levy
ar!onic %actor Surchar#e
Standardisin# a#encies shall revie. per!itted li!its of T$s of
various apparatus + #ad#ets and e1uip!ents to !eet the re#ulation
li!its duly considerin# !anufacturin# constraints.
They shall also finalise the testin# procedures and accuracy li!its
for har!onic content and T$s in our contest.
;enerators shall !ake arran#e!ents to control har!onics (y
installin# har!onic filters and to !ake co!pensation for the
affected parties
Su##estions
Su##estions
ar!onics #eneration (y various electrical apparatus on a sa!ple
(asis is to (e !easured, scope for its reduction is to (e identified
and evaluated
The tan#i(le and intan#i(le da!a#es to the net.ork + syste! +
other consu!er e1uip!ent are to (e studied further and
!iti#ation steps are to (e analysed in a proactive !anner
The !easure!ent of har!onic contents, for!ulation of
re#ulations and resolvin# le#al issues pertainin# to
pay!ent for these contents should encoura#e (oth
po.er supply co!panies and consu!ers to take
en#ineerin# and or#anisational !easures to decrease
har!onic levels, .hich leads to i!prove!ent of
efficiency of electricity use, po.er 1uality and !ini!ise
e1uip!ent failures.
*ny 1uestionsH
Thank Iou
Thank Iou