Chap. III. WARMIITO OF BUILDINGS.

747
portioned to the cubic feft of air required to be warmed. A small surftiee, if raised to a
very great temperature, will heat a large quantity of air if means are taken to pass it
rapidly from contact witli the heated surface. It is better, in all respects, to have a large
surface maintained at a mild temperature with a gradual change of air. In gener.il, if
tlie temperature of the heated body is above that of boiling water, i.e. 212, the air ia
contact is rendered unhealthy. Ventilation very greatly assists the endeavours to waria
successfully a room or building.
2279*. The method ot warming classed under radiation and conduction may be further
arranged under the following heads
:
I. Open fires,
including grates and stove grates of
every sort, having ordinary flues or chimneys ;
this is warming by radiation. Warming
by cimduction is effected by, II. Close fires, as furnaces, cokles, &c., and the Cabin,
Arnott, Vesta, Gill, Chunk, Dumpy, Nott or American, laundry or ironing, caloric,
veniilating, &c. stoves; and by Gas, as the atmopyre, asbestos, calorifere, cylinder, and
gas heating apparatus ; having metal or brick flues continued some distance from them
for the purpose of heating. III. Hot water on the low temperature system, with pipes
about 3 or 4 inches in diameter. IV. Hot water on the Hf/h
temperature system, with
pipes about 1 inch in diameter. And V. Stea?n, both on the high and low pressure systems.
2279c. The principle of erecting one chimney to serve for all the fireplaces of a house
is liable to very unsatisfactory results, unless such a system be carried out as that
exhibited at Osnuston Manor, near Derby, by its architect, II. J. Stevens, and described
at the Institute of British Architects in 1851. All the rooms in Fair Oak House, Isle of
Wight, are warmed by means of one shaft in the middle of the house, heated by a large
open fire in the basement. Around this shaft is a thin enclosing case of brickwork, in
cement, leaving a space between to receive the cool air, wliich is then warmed by the
heated shaft, and is admitted into the several apartments through perforated cornices,
the supply being regulated by a valve. Obstncles presented themselves which rendered
it necessary to adopt the cornice and not the floor as the place for the admissifn of the
warm air. The arrangements are stated to have met with a decided siiccess ; the plan
and details are given in Builder, 1 860, p. 329. In a series of small dwellings where the
one shaft system was tried, its complete failure necessitated the new formation of all the
fireplaces and flues.
22~9d. I. It scarcely enters within the province of this work to describe the best form
for an open grate. Tlie point has been t-^ktn up of late years by manufacturers, and very
mar.y excellent forms adopted. The result is that iron at the back and sides has been
greatly discarded, and flre-lumps substituted, whereby greater heat is thrown out with the
pame quantity of fuel. The fire-lump grates for cottages, bedrooms, schools, &c., have had a
large sale. But it has al.'^o been found that too large a surface of the fire-lump tends to con-
sume the coal too quickly, consequently it is now chiefly confined to the back of the grate.
A length of bar equal to about 1 inch for each foot of lergth of room, and the height otthe
front half an inch for each foot of breadth of the room, are dimensions found to produce
good proportions foraverage purposes. The depth ofthe pnrt in which the fuel is placed has
been greatly decreased, about 9 inches being ordinarily sufficient at the bottom, and en-
larging upwards at the back, so as to present a good heating surface in the front, and at
the top, of the fuel. The height that the lowest bar should be from the he irth is a
matter of greater uncertainty ; we advocate that it should be as near to 12 inches as
possible, in preference to the 6 inches which the grates are now usually made. We have
had grates raised from the latter to the former height with greatly increased results.
Advantage has been taken of the fire-clay stoves, since the period of their invention by
Count Eumford, to combine the back and sides with air fines of the same material, which,
becoming heated, impart their heat to the cold air supplied from the outside, admitting
warm fresh air to the apartment. These stoves were first adopted by Cundy. Numerous
forms of slow-combustion grates have been introduced of late years. The Carroii,
Musgrave's, and Barnurd, Bshop & Co.'s Norwich stove, are among many others ( f that
description. The registered Economiser grate and fire-brick back, manufactured by Nelson
and Sons, of Leeds, on the principles advocated by T. P. Teale, in Economy
of
Coal in
House Fir^s, has a door to iha ash-i it to close the draught ; the sides and back of the fire
are of fire-brick, while above the fire the back slopes forward aid over it to near the mantel,
when it again slopes back to the back of the chimney; all this being in firebrick and
channelled where above the fire. It is considered to give perfect combustion of fuel, with
c .mplete radiation and prqiection of the heat produced, the form of back ensuring the
greatest possible consumption of smoke. It can be readily fixed by any bricklayer.
The Marlborough grate (Garland's patent), with adjustable canopy acting in place of a
register door, fire-brick sides and back on the same principle with Economiser; when
the fire is not used, the canopy can be let down to shut up the fine opening, like a register.
Radiation of heat has been materially assisted by Sylvester's arrangement of the ends of
the fire bars projecting into the room forming a hot hearth; and also by Joyce. Dr.
Arnott's smoke-consuming grate, and the application of a solid bottom to a grate,
producing
"
the Builders fire," are pcints of consider<ition for the householder rather