Teaching Plan

Concrete as a building material

Constituents of concrete
Aggregates
Production of concrete
Batching , mixing, transportation and placing
Computation of materials
Properties of fresh & hardened concrete
Testing of concrete physical & strength
Basic concept of R.C. design
Design philosophy, design codes, factor of safety & load factor
Methods of design of R.C members
Basic concepts of the working stress design
Transform section method
Analysis of section in bending
Balanced, under & over reinforced section
Teaching Plan
Basic concept of strength design method
Analysis of single reinforced section (SDM)
Procedure for design with examples
Analysis & design flanged beam
Flanged T beam
Design of slabs, one way slab
One way continuous slab (WSD)
One way continuous slab (SDM)
Concept for shear stress
Shear stress in R.C beams
Shear stress design provision in beams
Behavior of beam with / with out shear reinforcement
Examples
Design detailing for bond, anchorage, development length
Design of stair case
Course Objective
Ability to analyze and design a reinforced
concrete section by means of different
methods such as,
empirical formulas
statistical methods
long-term experiences
Course Division
Plain Concrete
Mix Design
Reinforced Concrete
RCC Design
Concrete ?
Introduction to Concrete
Mixture of Portland cement, water, aggregates,
and in some cases, admixtures.
The cement and water form a paste that hardens
and bonds the aggregates together
Often looked upon as man made rock.
Widely used Construction material
In the United States almost twice as much
concrete is used as all other construction materials
combined.
Advantages and Disadvantages
of Reinforced Concrete
Advantages
Disadvantage
Advantages
High in compression
Resistance to fire
Longer service life
Lower maintenance cost
Versatile construction material, adaptable to a wide variety
of agricultural and residential uses.
Strong, durablele, versatilee, and economical.
Can be placed or molded into virtually any shape and
reproduce any surface texture.
The ready-mix concrete producer has made concrete an
appropriate construction material for many applications.
Environmental Aspect
Concrete is a friend of the environment in
all stages of its life span, from raw material
production to demolition, making it a
natural choice for sustainable home
construction. Here are some of the reasons
why, according to the Portland Cement
Association and the Environmental Council
of Concrete Organizations:
Resource efficiency.
The predominant raw material for the
cement in concrete is limestone, the most
abundant mineral on earth. Concrete can
also be made with fly ash, slag cement, and
silica fume, all waste byproducts from
power plants, steel mills, and other
manufacturing facilities.
Durability.
Concrete builds durable, long-lasting
structures that will not rust, rot, or burn.
Life spans for concrete building products
can be double or triple those of other
common building materials.
Thermal mass.
Structures built with concrete walls,
foundations, and floors are highly energy
efficient because they take advantage of
concretes inherent thermal mass or ability to
absorb and retain heat.
Reflectivity.
Concrete minimizes the effects that produce
urban heat islands. Light-colored concrete
pavements and roofs absorb less heat and
reflect more solar radiation than dark-
colored materials, such as asphalt, reducing
air conditioning demands in the summer.
Minimal waste.
Concrete can be produced in the quantities
needed for each project, reducing waste.
After a concrete structure has served its
original purpose, the concrete can be
crushed and recycled into aggregate for use
in new concrete pavements or as backfill or
road base.
constituents
mixture of aggregate and paste
paste 30 to 40%
portland cement 7% to 15% by Vol.
water 14% to 21% by Vol.
Aggregates 60% to 70%
coarse aggregates
Fine aggregates
Admixtures
Portland Cement
Dry powder of very fine particles
forms a paste when mixed with water
chemical reaction-Hydration
glue
paste coats all the aggregates together
hardens and forms a solid mass
Water
needed for two purposes:
chemical reaction with cement
workability
only 1/3 of the water is needed for chemical reaction
extra water remains in pores and holes
results in porosity
Good for preventing plastic shrinkage cracking and
workability
Bad for permeability, strength, durability.
Aggregates
cheap fillers
hard material
provided for volume stability
reduce volumetric changes
provide abrasion resistance
Specified by 28 Day Compressive Strength
Measured in pounds of compressive strength per square inch (psi)
or Newtons/square metre
Primarily Determined By:
Amount of Cement
Water-Cement Ratio
Other influencing factors:
Admixture(s)
Aggregate Selection & Gradation
Strength Ranges: 2000 - 22,000+ psi
If a low water cement ratio is desirable for quality concrete, why
would one ever want to add excess water?
Concrete with high W/C ratio is easier to place.
Workability, with desired qualities, often accomplished with
admixtures
Admixtures
Admixture is a material in concrete other
than aggregate, cement and water
Used as an additional ingredient in concrete
and added to batch before or during mixing
Added to modify the properties of concrete
so as to make it more suitable for different
situations
History of admixtures
As old as of concrete
Vast range
Very few known and used frequently such
as water reducers / plasticizers
Developed in 70s in Japan and Germany
Later on popularity reached to other parts of
world such as USA and Europe
Classifications of Admixtures
Chemical Admixtures
Mineral Admixtures
Chemical Admixtures
Set accelerating admixtures
Set retarding admixtures
Water reducing admixtures
Super plasticizers
Plasticizers
Air entraining admixtures
Grouting Admixtures
Gas Forming Admixtures
Shrinkage reducing admixtures
Water or damp proofing admixtures
Mineral Admixtures
Cementitious
Pozzolanic
Rice Husk
Wheat Husk
fly ash
silica fume
Slags
Chemical admixtures
Accelerating admixtures
Compounds added to cement to decrease its
setting time and to improve the early strength
developments
Used in cold-weather concreting - A 25% of
strength gain observed at the end of three days
CaCl
2
(less than 2% by weight of cement);
Problems: Increased heat of hydration, also leads
to corrosion of steel
Retarding admixtures
Added to concrete to increase its setting
times
Used in hot weather applications
Sodium/calcium triethanolamine salts of
hydrogenated adipic or gluconic acid
Problem: early strength of concrete reduced
Water-reducing admixtures and
super plasticizers
used to reduce the amount of water used in
concrete mixes - High range water reducers
reduce the water required for mixing by 12% or
greater
Added to improve the consistency/workability of
concrete and increase the strength
Water reducers: Lignosulphates, hydroxylated
carboxylic acids, carbohydrates -
Superplasticizers: Suphonated
melamine/naphtalene formaldehyde condensates
Air-entraining admixtures
Allows dispersal of microscopic air bubbles
(diameters ranging from 20 to 2000 m)
throughout the concrete
Decreases the freeze-thaw degradation
Increase workability
Foaming agents are:
Vinsol resin; Sulphonated lignin compounds;
Petroleum acid compounds; Alkyd benzene
compounds
Mineral Admixtures
Used in concrete to replace part of cement
or sand
When used to replace sand called as
supplementary cementing materials
Added in large quantities compared to
chemical admixtures.
Mineral Admixtures
Fly ash: By-product of coal from electrical power
plants - Finer than cement - Consists of complex
compounds of silica, ferric oxide and alumina -
Increases the strength of concrete and decreases the
heat of hydration
Reduces alkali aggregate reaction.
Silica fume: By-product of electric arc furnaces -
Size less than 0.1m - Consists of non-crystalline
silica
Increases the compressive strength by 40-60%
PozzolansAdmixtures
Raw and calcined natural materials such as
cherts, shale, tuff and pumice
Siliceous and aluminous materials which by
themselves possess no cementing property,
but in fine pulverized form and in the
presence of water can react with lime in
cement to form concrete
Properties of fresh concrete
Workability
ease of placement
resistance to segregation
homogeneous mass
Consistency
ability to flow
Slump Test
Inverted cone
fill it up with three layers
of equal volume
rod each layer 25 times
scrape off the surface
8
4
12
Slump Test
slump cone
rod
concrete
Slump test
Slump
Ruler
Slump test results
stiff 0-2
massive sections, little reinforcement
use vibration
medium 2-5
columns, beams, retaining walls
Fluid 5-7
heavily reinforced section, flowable concrete
Factors affecting slump
water cement ratio
w/c = weight of water / weight of cement
example:
weight of water mixed at the plant 282 lbs.
weight of cement 685 lbs./cu. yard
w/c = 292/685 = 0.43
water cement ratio
if you add 10 gallons of water per cubic yard at job
site, then:
extra water
10 gallons/cubic yard * (3.8 liters/gallon) * (2.2
lbs./kg) *( 1kg/liter) = 83.77 lbs.
total water 282 + 83.77 = 365.77
new w/c = 365.77 / 685 = 0.534 >> 0.43
Factors affecting slump-
paste content
constant water cement ratio
increase paste content
increase slump
NO GOOD
constant cement content
increase water content
increase slump
NO GOOD
Factors Affecting Slump-
Water Content
Add water at the constant cement content,
w/c increases, slump increases.
Add water at a constant water cement ratio,
have to increase cement as well, slump
increases.
Factors affecting slump-paste
content
Low paste content
Harsh mix
High paste content
Rich mix
ball bearing effect-start
starting height
ball bearing effect-end
slump
Factors affecting slump
Aggregates
grading the larger the particle size, the higher
the slump for a given paste content
effect of aggregate size
1
1
1
Consider a single aggregate the size of 1x1x1
Compute the surface area as
you break up the particles
volume = 1 cubic in
surface area = 6 square inches
volume = 1 cubic in
surface area = 1.5*8= 12 square inches
block surface area = 0.5*0.5*6=1.5
block surface area = 1*1*6= 6
Break it up further
Compute the surface area
0.5 in
0.25 in
surface area = 0.25*0.25*6*8*8=24
Larger particles, less surface area,
thicker coating, easy sliding of particles
Smaller particles, more surface area,
thinner coating, interlocking of particles
Effect of aggregate size
size # of particles volume surface area
1" 1 1 cubic inch 6 square inches
.5" 8 1 cubic inch 12 square inches
0.25 64 1 cubic inch 24 square inches
0.125 512 1 cubic inch 48 square inches
Angularity and surface texture
of aggregates
angular and rough
aggregate
smooth aggregate
river gravel
Temperature
fresh concrete
aggregates paste
Bleeding
Water accumulation on surface
Examine the concrete surface
Interaction between bleeding and evaporation
surface water
Evaporation
Bleed water
Bleed water = evaporation
Too much evaporation leads to surface cracking
no surface water
Evaporation
Bleed water < Evaporation
drying
Side diagram of surface contraction
Wants to shrink
Does not want to shrink
Free Shrinkage,
causes volume change, but no stresses
before shrinkage
After Shrinkage
Restrained Shrinkage- creates
stresses, which may cause cracking
Restrained shrinkage cracking
Parallel cracking perpendicular
to the direction of shrinkage
Bleeding and its control
Creates problems:
poor pumpability
delays in finishing
high w/c at the top
poor bond between
two layers
causes
lack of fines
too much water content
Remedies
more fines
adjust grading
entrained air
reduce water content
Causes of Plastic Shrinkage Cracking
water evaporates faster than it can reach the
top surface
drying while plastic
cracking
Plastic Shrinkage Cracking-
Remedies
Control the wind velocity
reduce the concretes temperature
use ice as mixing water
increase the humidity at the surface
fogging
cover w/polyethylene
curing compound
Fiber reinforcement
Curing
The time needed for the chemical reaction
of portland cement with water.
Glue is being made.
concrete after 14 days of curing has
completed only 40% of its potential.
70-90 % at 28 days.
Curing tips
ample water
do not let it dry
dry concrete = dead concrete, all reactions stop
can not revitalize concrete after it dries
keep temperature at a moderate level
concrete with flyash requires longer curing
Temperature effects on curing
The higher the temperature the faster the curing
best temperature is room temperature
strongest concrete is made at temperature around
40 F.(not practical)
If concrete freezes during the first 24 hrs., it may
never be able to attain its original properties.
Temperature effects on curing
real high temperatures above 120 F can cause
serious damage since cement may set too fast.
accelerated curing procedures produce strong
concrete, but durability might suffer.
autoclave curing.