MI 0025

Database Management Systems

Contents
Unit 1
DBMS [Database Management System] 1
Unit 2
Database Core Concepts and Application 14
Unit 3
Record Storage and Primary File Organization 34
Unit 4
Index Structures for Files 59
Unit 5
Entity-Relationship Model 75
Unit 6
Relational Algebra 95
Unit 7
Relational Calculus 120
Unit 8
History of SQL 128
Edition: Fall 2007
BKID B0819 26
th
December 2007
Unit 9
Functional Dependencies and
Normalization for Relational Databases 166
Unit 10
Transaction Processing 186
Unit 11
Concurrency Control Techniques 199
Unit 12
Recovery Techniques 206
Unit 13
Distributed Database 214
Unit 14
Security and Integrity 224
Appendices
Appendix I Bibliography 234
Brig. (Dr). R. S. Grewal VSM (Retd.)
Pro Vice Chancellor
Sikkim Manipal University of Health, Medical & Technological Sciences
Board of Studies
Mr.Rajen Padukone
Member Academic Senate, Sikkim Manipal University
Ms. Vimala Parthasarathy Prof. K. V. Varambally
HOD Director
Convener Manipal Institute of Management
Department of Management & Commerce Manipal
Directorate of Distance Education
Sikkim Manipal University Mr. Jagadeesh
Assistant Professor
Prof. Raj Dorai Department of Management and
Industry Consultant and Commerce, Directorate of Distance
Visiting Faculty, IBA, IFIM and BIM Education, Sikkim Manipal University
Bangalore
Mr. Umesh Maiya Mr. R Ravindra Rao
Assistant Professor Senior Faculty
Department of Management & Commerce Manipal Institute of Management
Directorate of Distance Education Manipal
Sikkim Manipal University
Content preparation Team
Content Writing and Compilation
Mr. Preetham Kumar
Senior Lecturer, Dept. of Information &
Communication Technology, MIT, Manipal
Format Editing Language Editing
Mr. Yogesh Dixit Mrs. Veena Maben
Manager (Academics), Faculty, Dept. of English,
Manipal Universal Learning Pvt. Ltd. MIT, Manipal
Edition: Fall 2007
This book is a distance education module comprising written and compiled learning
material for our students.
All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced in any form by any
means without permission in writing from Sikkim Manipal University of Health,
Medical and Technological Sciences, Gangtok, Sikkim.
Printed and Published on behalf of Sikkim Manipal University of Health, Medical and
Technological Sciences, Gangtok, Sikkim by Mr. Rajkumar Mascreen, GM, Manipal
Universal Learning Pvt. Ltd., Manipal 576 104. Printed at Manipal Press Limited,
Manipal.
PREFACE
Database management has evolved to a central component of a modern computing
environment, in this context; knowledge about database systems has become an
essential part of an education in computer science.
In this text, the fundamental concepts of database management like
database design, database languages etc. have been presented.
This text comprise of ten units as mentioned below:
Unit 1: The concept of database management systems has been explained.
The advantages of database management systems over traditional file
systems have been highlighted.
Unit 2: The database core concepts of data model, schemas, instances,
and data independence have been discussed along with their respective
importance. The various DBMS components and classification of database
management systems have been described.
Unit 3: The various secondary storage devices, the different ways and
means of record storage and record retrieval have been explained.
Unit 4: The different types of indexes and their importance in retrieval of
records have been described.
Unit 5: The concepts of Entity-Relationship (E-R) Model have been
enumerated.
Unit 6: The relevance of the concepts of Relational Algebra with respect to
database management systems has been explained.
Unit 7: The relevance of the concepts of Relational Calculus with respect to
database management systems has been explained.
Unit 8: The evolution and importance of Structured Query Language (SQL)
have been illustrated.
Unit 9: The evolution of the concepts of Normalization and Functional
Dependencies in the context of rectifying redundant data has been
explained.
Unit 10: The ways and means the transaction processing being carried out
in database management systems have been described.
Unit 11: The concept and importance of concurrency control and various
concurrency control techniques have been explained.
Unit 12: The various recovery techniques used in recovery of data in case
of database systems failure have been enumerated.
Unit 13: The concepts of distributed database management systems have
been explained along with client-server model.
Unit 14: The various issues of security and integrity, authorization in
database management systems have been enumerated along with security
specifications in SQL.