HEREDITY AND EVOLUTION

HEREDITY : - The transmission of characters from the parents to their offsprings is called heredit!
VARIATION : - The differences in the characters among the indi"id#als of a species in called "ariation! The great
ad"antage of "ariations to a species is that it increases the chance of its s#r"i"al in a changing en"ironment!
CHROMOSOME : - $hromosome is a thread%li&e str#ct#re in the n#cle#s of a cell formed of DNA 'hich carries the gene!
GENE : - A gene is a #nit of DNA on a chromosome 'hich go"erns the snthesis of one protein that controls a specific
characteristic of an organism! (enes are act#all #nits of heredit 'hich transfer characteristics from parents of their
offsprings d#ring reprod#ction!
DOMINANT GENE : - The gene 'hich decides the appearance of an organism e"en in the presence of an alternati"e
gene is &no'n as a dominant gene! It dominated the recessi"e gene for the same characteristic on the other chromosome
of the pair!
RECESSIVE GENE : - The gene 'hich can decide the appearance of an organism onl in the presence of another
identical gene is called a recessi"e gene!
GENOTYPE : - (enotpe is the description of genes present in an organism and a pair of letters TT) Tt or tt!
PHENOTYPE : - The characteristic 'hich is "isi*le in an organism is called its phenotpe and +tall or +d'arf+!
FIRST FILIAL GENERATION OR F1 GENERATION : - ,hen t'o parents to prod#ce progen) then their progen is called
first filial generation or -. generation!
SECOND FILIAL GENERATION OR F/ GENERATION : - ,hen the first generation progen cross among themsel"es to
prod#ce second progen) then this progen is called second filial generation or -/ generation!
HYBRID : - A ne' form of plant res#lting from a cross of different "arieties of a plant is &no'n as a h*rid!

RULES FOR THE INHERITANCE OF TRAITS: MENDEL'S CONTRIBUTION : -
Inheritance is the transmission of geneticall controlled characteristics from one generation to the ne0t!
1. MONOHYBRID INHERITANCE AND THE LAW OF SEGREGATION : -
According to 1endels first la' of inheritance) 2The characteristics of an organism are determined * internal factors 'hich
occ#rs in pairs! Onl one of a pair of s#ch factors can *e present in a single gamete! The ratio 34. is &no'n as the
monoh*rid ratio!
2. DIHYBRID INHERITANCE AND THE LAW OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT : -
According to 1endels second la' of inheritance4 In the inheritance of more than one pair of traits in a cross
sim#ltaneo#sl) the factors responsi*le for each pair of traits are distri*#ted independentl to the gamete! The ratio of each
phenotpe of the seeds in the -/ generation is 54 34 34 .! This is &no'n as the dih*rid ratio!
(ametes from one h*rid
FUSION OF GAMETES
RY Ry rY ry
RY
RRYYRound yellow
RRYy
Round yellow
RrYY
Round
RrYy
Round yellow
Ry
RRYy
Round yellow
RRyy
Round green
RrYy
Round yellow
Rryy
Round green
rY
RrYY
Round yellow
RrYy
Round yellow
rrYY
Wrinkled yellow
rrYy
Wrinkled yellow
ry
RrYy
Round yellow
Rryy
Round green
rrYy
Wrinkled yellow
rryy
Wrinkled green

HOW ARE CHARACTERISTICS TRANSMITTED TO PROGENY : -
The characteristics of traits of parents are transmitted to their progen thro#gh genes present on their chromosomes
d#ring the process of se0#al reprod#ction!
HOW BLOOD GROUPS ARE INHERITED : -
A person has one of the fo#r *lood gro#ps4 A) 6) A6 or O! This *lood gro#p sstem is controlled * a gene 'hich has three
different forms denoted * the sm*ols IA) I6 and IO! The genes IA and I6 sho' no dominance o"er each other) that is)
the are co dominant! Ho'e"er) genes IA and I6 *oth are dominant o"er the gene IO!
SEX DETERMINATION : -
A person can ha"e a male se0 or a female se0! The process * 'hich the se0 of a person is determined is called se0
determination! There are t'o tpes of se0 chromosomes4 7 and Y chromosomes!
ACQUIED IRED TRAITS : -
A trait of an organism 'hich is +not inherited *#t de"elops in response to the en"ironment is called an ac8#ired trait!
E0ample4 If a *eetle does not get s#fficient food for a considera*le time! The ac8#ired traits of organism cannot *e passed
on to their f#t#re generations!
INHERITED TRAIT : -
A trait of an organism 'hich is ca#sed * a change in its genes is called an inherited trait!
EVOLUTION : -
E"ol#tion is the se8#ence of grad#al changes 'hich ta&e place in the primiti"e organisms o"er millions of ears in 'hich
ne' species are prod#ced!
EVIDENCES FOR EVOLUTION : -
1. HOMOLOGOUS ORGANS PROVIDE EVIDENCE FOR EVOLUTION : -
Those organs 'hich ha"e the same *asic str#ct#re *#t different f#nctions are called homologo#s organs! E0ample4 the
forelim*s of a man) a li9ard :reptile;) a frog :amphi*ian;) a *ird and a *at :mammal;!
2. ANALOGOUS ORGANS PROVIDE EVIDENCE FOR EVOLUTION : -
Those organs 'hich ha"e different *asic str#ct#re *#t ha"e similar appearance and perform similar f#nctions are called
analogo#s organs!
3. FOSSILS PROVIDE EVIDENCE FOR EVOLUTION : -
The remains of dead animals or plants that li"ed in the remote past are &no'n as fossils!
SPECIATION : -
The process * 'hich ne' species de"elop from the e0isting species is &no'n as speciation!