Chapter 1

Introduction
- relative permeability
- capillary pressure
Drill Cuttings
- rock type
- HC indications
- porosity type
mud logs
- drilling rate
- mud properties
- gas analysis
Pressure
Transient Tests
- reservoir pressure
- permeability and skin
- fluid recovery
Cores
Special Core
Analysis
- porosity, permeability
- lithology
- residual fluid saturations
Well Logs
- porosity
- lithology
- water saturation
- net pay thickness
Seismic
- structure
- gross and net thickness
- porosity
Sources of information
Mud log Schematic (Halliburton, 1991)
Mud Log Example
(Western Atlas, 1995)
Logging While Drilling


Schematic of a typical MWD
Downhole assembly (Halliburton)
Schlumberger EcoScope LWD Tool
ADR (Halliburton)


Schematic of a typical MWD
Downhole assembly (Halliburton)
Schlumberger EcoScope LWD Tool
ADR (Halliburton)
Logging While Drilling
Comparison of MWD and wireline GR logs (Halliburton)
Pressure Transient Testing
1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000
3500.00
4200.00
4900.00
5600.00
6300.00
7000.00
m = -1.14e+03
p* = 10397 psia
p1hr = 4766 psia
Pr = 9153 psia
k = 0.417 md
S = -1.98
Pskin = -1965 psia
FE = 1.37
rwa = 2.2 ft
Horner Time Ratio
P
w
s
,

p
s
i
a
Semi-Log Plot - Oil Demo #2
0.1 1.0 10.0 100.0 1000.0 10000.0
0.1
1.0
10.0
100.0
1000.0
10000.0
CDe2S = 6.534e-01
k = 0.409 md
S = -1.88
C = 3.646E-04 bbl/psi
* MATCH
TD/CD and Equivalent Time, hrs
P
D
/
P
D
'

a
n
d

D
e
l
t
a

P
;

D
e
r
i
v
(
+
)
,

p
s
i
a
Type Curves - Oil Demo #2
Typical Core Analysis Presentation
(Helander, 1983)
Gas
Oil
Oil
Water
Computer Processed Well Log
OIL
WATER
Seismic Example
Example of Seismic data showing the correlation
between the synthetic seismogram (yellow) and the
seismic traces. Hart and Pearson (2000)
Scale
Order of magnitude
(meters)
Formation Evaluation Technique Objective
10
6
10
5
10
4
Satellite Imagery
Basin Geologic Studies
Seismic, Gravity, Magnetic data
Gross structure
10
3
Borehole Gravimeter
Ultra long spacing electic logs
Local structure
10
2
10
1
Pressure transient tests
Wireline formation tests
Productivity and recovery
10
0
10
-1
Full diameter cores
Sidewall cores
Conventional well logs (most)
Measurement while drilling
Local values of:
Porosity
Permeability
Lithology
saturations
10
-2
Micro-focused logs
Coreplug analysis
10
-3
10
-4
10
-5
10
-6
Cuttings analysis
Core analysis
x-ray mineralogy
SEM, XRD,microprobe
Local hydrocarbon content
Rock properties
Rock & clay typing
Micro-pore structure
Comparison: log drilling time
Drilling time log (right) correlated with SP-electric log (left)
Helander (1983)
Water
productive?
This Miocene sand is condensate productive from 13,060 to 13,104
feet, although the middle one-third of the sand definitely appears to be
water productive. Note the increase in SP and abrupt loss in resistivity
at 13,076 feet.
This well was conventionally cored and a 3-foot moving average
permeability curve is plotted in the SP track. The loss in permeability at
13,076 is due to change in grain size and sorting, with no significant
increase in shale content. Because of the change in deposition and
sand quality (permeability) at this depth, the formation water saturation
increases and the log resistivity decreases significantly, but the
additional water is due to increased capillarity and is not producible
water. (Corelab, 1983)
Comparison: log core
Why Study Well Logs?
abundant supply. Simple and
economic method of acquiring
reservoir information.
continuous and accurate
measurements
Uses
recognize depositional environments or
other geologic features
correlate and map formations
aid in interpreting seismic data
detect overpressured zones and estimate
fracture gradients
detection and estimation of the
potential of hydrocarbon zones.
a. oil-in-place
b. reservoir management
c. reassessment
Uses Depositional Environments
Western Atlas, 1995
Uses Geologic structures
Fundamentals of Diplog Analysis, 1987
Uses Well-to-well correlations
Schematic example of the stratigraphic slice mapping concept.
Uses
detection of over-pressured zones
Overpressure detection from MZab Basin, Algeria
Schlumberger (1983)
Uses
detection and estimation of the potential
of hydrocarbon zones
Volumetric equation for oil recovery
) (
) 1 ( 7758
RF
o
B
w
S Ah
p
N
How are wireline
measurements obtained?
Design questions
Logging Speed?
Tool length?
Number of logging runs?
Wellbore fluid type and level?
Hole condition?
Example of GR-LDT-CNL logging tool
Organization
Fundamental principles of petroleum reservoirs;
includes:
Geology and geophysics
Engineering concepts
Petrophysics: investigation of the physical
properties of rocks and how they relate to
measurable properties.
Fundamental measurement theory of the various
devices
Basic log interpretation principles
References
Corelab, Fundamentals of Core Analysis, Houston,
TX (1983)
Western Atlas, Fundamentals of Diplog Analysis,
Houston, TX (1987)
Halliburton, Openhole Log Analysis and Formation
Evaluation, Houston, TX (1991)
Helander, D.P.: Fundamentals of Formation
Evaluation, OGCI Publications,Tulsa, OK (1983)
Schlumberger, Log Interpretation Principles
/Applications, Houston, TX (1983)
Western Atlas, Introduction to Wireline Log Analysis,
Houston, TX (1995)