592 Chapter 12 An lntroduction to Shear Strength of Soils and Rock

FIGURE 12.48 The relationship

between sensitivity and liquid-
ity index for Scandinavian,
British, Canadan, and some
U.S. clays.
Ko:0.44+0.42(PI/700)
oi
50
j
:>
-_
o
c
3zo
12.13 THE COEFFICIENT OF EARTH PRESSURE AT REST FOR CLAYS
As is tue for sands, a knowledge of the coefficient of eath pressure at rest, Ko, for a clay deposit is
often very important for the design of earth-retaining structures, excavations, an some foundations. In
Sec.72.7 we gave some typical values of K, for sands.We said that K, was empirically related to
{,
[Eq.
(12.8) and Fig. 12.20], and we also mentioned that the coefficient for overconiolidated
sand
deposits is greater than for normaliy consolidated sands
[Eq.
(12.9)].
Correlations between Ko and
S'
have been made for clays by Brooker and Ireland (1965) and
others.Their data for normally consolidated clays are shown in Fig.12.49.Booker ana Iretana (SOS)
also found a tendency for the normally consoiidated K, to incese with plasticity index. Massarsch
(1979)collectedtheresultsfrom12investigations,includingthecompilationtyI-ua
etat.ltsoil,ana
they are shown in Fig. 12.50.The equation of the best fit line is
(12.13)
Note that the intercept of the best-fit line, or 0.44, is very close to the average of K, for normally
consolidated sands, as shown in Fig.12.20.
The effect of increasing the overburden stress and subsequent unloading on oi, and Ko is shown
in Figs. 12.51(a) and (b),respectively. During sedimentation, the effective horizntal .t."r. o.f in.."u..,
in proportion to the increase in effective vertical stress, so K, is constant- lf unloading curs-for
. Skempton and Northey (19S2)
o Bjerrum (1954b)
o Bjerrum and Simons (1960)

Eden ('1971)
o
Bozozuk and Leonards (1972)
+ Eden (personal communication)
Liquidity index, Ll
Remolded UocIsr*d . Reference
o
Seter and treland (1965)
tr i
R rdd (1965)
6
a
Brrop (1958)
,)
Srrors (1958)
^
Cerpanelfa and Vaid (1972)
o Cdrpfed by Worth (1972)
A,Selhamid and Krizek (1976)
12.I3 Yhe
Coefficient of Earth
pressure
at Rest for Clays 593
0.8
o.7
0.6
V"
0.5
o.4
0.3
'12
FIGURE I2.49
I
I
"______ft
0.8
0.7
u.b
0.5
v" 0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0L
o
FIGURE 12.50 Correlatr s$.een (o frsn lboratory tests
and plastici index Pl (ltr
Ma:srdr, t9?9)-
16 20 21 28 32 36
Fricon angLle, , (degrees)
( versus
{'
for norrnally cstsolidated clays (after Ladd et al., 1977).
'go
o Ko: O.44 + 0.42(PIll0O)
. Llndisturbed
o Disturbed or laboratory
rysolidated from a
-lent
90 100 110
oo8
oo
o
I
a
594
Chapter 12 A,. roduction
to Shear Strength
of Soils and Rock
(
x
Unloading
v
,/ ,,
vu,
..r.'
Reloading
-_*--'
from OCR
= 10
0 soo looo
oi" (kpa)
1.8
1.6
1.5
1_2
'1.0
Hffi
I
I
lMr
Fq
iuril
I
j
j
p*
fl
rl
Plll
:
lHrl
i
lH,l
i
,t
l
l
vo
0.8
0.6
o.4
1 500
FIGURE 12.51 Relationships showing the effect of
a changing
overburden stress during sedimentation,
erosi.on, and reloading on (a)
horizntal stress oi,
and (b)
coefficient of earth pressure at rest Ko
(after
Morgenstern
and Eisenstein,
.1970).
4 6 810
20
OCB: +
ctc
FIGURE 12.52 Effect of overconsolidation
on Ko of
a sensitive clay during unloading and reloadinglthe
data by Campaneila and Vaid (l-gll)
was,epf iteJ ny
Ladd et al. (1977).
example' because of erosion-then
there is a hysteresis effect, and the value of K, increases. Depend-
ing on how much unloading actt,ally takes place, it is possible fo the lateal stresses relative to o; to
approach a state of failure;1 that is, the ratio oro,ro coitd.be 3.0 0r 3.5, whiJ corresponds
to
@, = 36"
or 35'
[Eq'
(11'14)]' If there is subsequent
i.r#oing, then the Ko tends to decrease, as shown in
Fig- 12-51(b)-The
fect of overconsolidtion
on the Ko-of as.rrrtir,"".iuy
i, ,i"o*, in Fig.12.52.Agah,
there is sorne h1'seresis whe the clay is rebounded from a high OCR.
Brooker and Ireland (1965) suggested that the relationship between K, andocR depended on
the plasciry
of the clay, and this was .rrir""a to some extenr by Ladd (r9lra),as
shown in Fig. 12.53.
But when Kulhau-r'and
Mayne (1990) plotted data on 135 clays in hg .n.si,"rwas
no apparent trend.
The retatirship
between-Ko and ocR may be.better e.ti#;
;;;
f
io,,, truorutory triaxial
compression
resrs rther th=
pJ.
T.his.was own by Mayne ana runawy-1iai
r.o_ data on 4g clays
s rc-proJrcd g. 1255.Their relarionship
is givn by
K.
:
(l
-
sin
$') 66Psin
'
(12.\4)
ce f, = --.}cnt of lateral earth pressure at rest,
OCR
= c::
--onsolidation ratio.
I. :crms o{ ler anh pressues
this is called a passive state offailure.Thestress
ratio K, is called the coefficient .'ssi
ar* p.we, and K, = o,y'o," (andnot related to the military term).
12.13 The Coefficient
of Earth
pressure
at Rest for Clays
59s
0.9
o.7
E 0.6
Y
0.5
0.4
0.8
2.4
2.2
2.O
1.8
-
1.0
1.4
80
0.3
1.2
'1.0
0.8
0.6
I
o.4
40
PI
6 810
20 30
OCB
F.IGURE 12.53 Ko versus OCR for soils of different plas-
ticities. The data by Brooker and lreland
ffgesl n ive
clays and one sand was replotted
by Ladj
tl Sl
"i.
"'"
Equation_(l2
14) is basicaly a combination
of
!Cs,,{tz
s.and (r2.9) with the
";p;;;;;
=
srn
@'. Ladd et al. (1.977)
also determined
the
:xpon.ent.{,
in Eq. (12.9)
for several .luy. a,r._
rng unloading
and recompression.
For.lu,
*i*
a.PI of about 20, a valu ot h
:
O"i;;'.;;;;_
able. Then decreases
slightly
u,
pl
ir.."rs-"..
wirh the lowesr value otl:0.32
"
il^:;;-
These values
of h are somewhat
lower than
those for sands (Sec. 12.6). K".p i" ;;;;,';;,
that all these data u." f* foUo.uto.y-.orr*-fi
dated specimens.
Field behavior
is much moe eratic than
laboratory
data, as shown
by tutu..ur..,
"i-ui.
(1975)
and Tavenas et al. (1,i75).1lr;;;-;ril;
and.Wro-rh
(1975) describ"
,".niqu",
ior'"-
T.rri$ lf !
situ K, in deposits
; r"f,;;;
Wroth (1975)
also discusses
the effecrs of .i*
sion and a fluctuating groundwater
table on tlie
variation
of K, with deprh. GeneralfV,
it,.lrr.,
ll*
-."1r.
of a soft clay deposit
are oue..onsol_
rdatect
(the drying crust), and Ko can be quite
high. Then it will decrease
with d"pth
"J;;;
OCR decreases,
until it is equal ," ,;;;;;;;
consolidated
value when OCn
= 1_
-----'r
l]-oY1!,1r,tl
Kon. verslrs
pt
on 135 ctays
ll.-
= ,r,i1,:] compression) (Kuthawy
a
Mayne, 1990; Kulhawy,
2005).
48 clays
'r=
v
4o.d
>
,
,t930" .f0'
v
o
!y

of
d
ty
.P
oc
A/
Ko
=
(1
-
sin
i.) OCR
si'E
20 l0
OCFI
FIGURE
12.55 Ko versus
OCR for 4g clays compiled
3r-,Y_1T" "",0.
Kulhawy (1e82)
and pl.ti"j
uv'''"
urnawy
and Mayne (1990)
and Kulhawy (zos).
R. Ladd (196s)
a Boston blue clay, pl
= 23
r2 :
0.147 lo
0'b
< 20"
r 20" <
di"
< 30.
o lv
30.<i"<40.
.
'," > 40"
^.t
._d----==-.-
gw^t1.'
135 clays
v
V-
v
4A\
-it
'9r

V
V
rH
s+
I
^
Chapter 12 An lntroduction
to Shear Strength
of Soils and Rock
596
i
Hilffi
I
il
F'*'
I
lu{fl
ir'r,,'t
i
-
li
li
,)
ryu
't
llilr
I
I
lml
ilutu
lii
In summary the coefficient
of earth pressure
at rest Ko is very dependent
on the stress history of the deposit, and especially fo overconsolidatd
clays *r,r, ."-ii"- ,iLI."r,o.,
ir can be very difficult
to accurately measue i the field or estimate base o" uuo.ui.y i".L. i",pr. correiations
basd on
pI
and the results of in situ tests are often the only feasibl"
"ppr*,
i'r;;;;;
,. *ork best in receni .porit. with overconsoridation caused by one unload-reload
ry.r" rrlr*v'JMayne, i990; Kulhawy,200!).
12.14
STRENGTH OF COMPACTED
CLAYS
we discussed compaction in some detail in chapter 5 but did not say much about the specific propeies
of compacted soils' That discussion was left to the iniviJu;;;,;;i
on'soil p.operties.
Fom ur Larlier discussions of shrinkage and swelling characteristicg
rrya.rrri.
.lri;;;;j,y,
and compressibiry.
of com- pacted clays' you probably have the idea that compacted
clays are not simpre materirs.
The sen.sth
of compacted clays is no exception, and thei behaoi
is .rtrr.. o-f",
ioir, in ,r.,. field and in the lora_ tory' In general, samples compacted dry of optimum h.r. high;;:;;"'rgs
than rhose compacted
rvet
of optimum. The wet of optimum strengrhs arso depend ....;;;;;;iiT',rp"
of compacrion
because
of differences in soil structure induced by different compaction
methods.
If th samples .* i"r*J. ri* pi._ ture changes due to swelling, especially if they-were
initially dry ;a;;;,-r-.
Because ihe sirucrure
of compacted clays sostrongly affects their soilproperties
inclu-i,rr"i.
i*rgth.
a quick er-ie*.
of Sec.5.4
;i
.l:
:ffi,xT;::?:;tH::i,;::l#:ff:?LJ"il....9:;;^;;"'.,,
sec,ron
so," p".,i.,io.ry
Figure 72'56 is an example of the influence
of molding water content
on the soil structure
and on the stress-strain behavior of kaolinite. samples were compacted
at different
water contents
but at the same compactive effort, and the resulting compaction
curve is rtro*r-,-in
Fig. 12.56(c).
As the com_ paction
water content increases, the degree
ofparticle
o.i"ntution
ir.reases
[Fig.
i2.56(b)].The
stress_ strain curves
[Fig'
12'56(a)] determined
by u triaxiar
la*;;;'!ieat
amerence
in sress-srrain
response, depending on whethe compacted
wet or dry or opti",u-. rt!'diff.."n..
is due to the diffe_
;ffi ::i?H:ll;H",|:ffi:i::ffi,X1ff 'v'u-pi"'
s ampres t *J i,'o-p,.
d d.r or op timum,
stronger, ha'e a higher,modurus,
,;o;;;;',n'"",IlxT,,x.,':f:,r',.:',l
il,,?;T,l,il;;:rui::
samples The two samples 5 and 6 compactd.very
wet have u".y ui-r,r.rr-strain
curv.es, and their strengths continue to increase even at high strarns.
A common misconception
is that increased
density
at the same water content
must result in greater
shear strength' Horvever, this is not necessarily
tir., u. ,ho,.n by the undrained
test resurts in Fis. t2.57 on a siltv clav compacred
by kneadin!
-.;;;;i;;";;
three diffeent
compacrive eflorts ln Fig 12'57(a)'the stress required
a.urr" 25"a striini, ptott"o versus
mording warer con_ tent' rvhile Fig' 12'57(b) shows the stress required
ro cause
rrr!5r. .i.ri, for the three compactive efforts Note that the "strengths"
are about th. .rr.,. for specimens
compacted
wet of optimum
but increase significantly.onlhe dry side of optimum.
Note, ioo, that at-a^given
rvater content
wet of oprimum, rhe srress at 5% strain is actually
ress for ih; ;ig;;; ."r"or",",
energies.
In sec' 5'7'5 we discussed overcompaition,
the conditi,
*h*-i;;;;
rhear strengths
are obtained at higher water contents, e.g., wet of optimum,
even with higher comoactio
is shown in Fig. 12.58, where strength iJ;;;.;;;
uy ,r," i:f
i#;ffiIl"n: ;.ili*:.T
:;,1TJrt rhe resisrance to penetration
of a 3 in.2 piston
deveroped
i"., .;;;;;;"j
lp..r*"n
is compared
ro thar developed by a standa-rd sample of deniely comp^acted
crushed
.o.t. rrr.tn
is a common pavement design test. In Fig. 12.58 a grearer compactive
"n""
p-ar.";;;;;;R
dry of optimum,
as you
J,-lH:xl;J#::::
l',:i1f?,1;;
i;jilty-'::'
-;;; :;",t,,,--
ro.he
higer .";;;;;,
a compacted earth fill.
rs lmportant
in the proper design
an.on.t.rUo'
lf
A comparison of the effects of fou different methods
of compaction
o relative
strength
of a s,ty clav is shown in Fig. L2.59. As expected,
the method of ...;;;;;Jr.
ii,,," effect
on the strength
oi
G
c
'a
o
N
o
=6
o
o
@
.:
f
q
o
E
(/)
^
600
6
(L
-
500
o
c
E 400
o
f;
soo
@
E
zoo
6
.$
roo
c
.E
o-o
6
0-
.c
s
o
o
l
6
o
E
o
l
o
P
I
a
116
112
108
1.50
t.qz
<a
<
1.44 E
;
1.41 ?
-q
-gb
:E
o
94
ez
o
390
a
588
E
ru
84
1 200
1000
"12.14
Strength of Compacted Clays 597
*
L
i\
c.
0
c
.o
6
c
o
o
o
.9

6
q
o
o
@
o
o
o
02468101214
lxi!+hry=r
i=i
., , , . , ,1.35
2224%28323436
MdrE ratercoErr
f*,
(c)
FIGURE 12.56 lnfluence of moldirg water content
on the structure and stress-strain of kaolinite at the
same compactive efforc (a) stress nerss strain from
UU triaxial tests; (b) degree of partide orientation
versus water conterc O dry arE rs water
content (after Scc< r 3r,
-!9
10 12 18
(a)
1 200
1 000
800
600
400
200
0
1.60
24 26
Molding water content (%)
(c)
FIGURE 12.57 Relationship between dry density, water
content, and stress required to cause (a) 25% strain and
(b) 5% strain, as a function of compactive effort and
molding water content (c) dry density versus water con-
tent. Data are from unconsolidated-undrained tels with
confining pressure :
100 kPa (after Seed and Chan, 1959)
0L
20 n
(b)
18
(b)
14 12 10
'1.86
tr
r70 <
o

1.73 a
c
o
1.67
E
.
o
samples a:rxtr .fi
4ulum.
However, for specimens compacted wet of optimum, the method of
compacrra, hs ccasd<** influence on the strength, especially at large strains
[Fig.
12.59(a)]. The
reasoo q
rhr
rs tbc ccs ;a soil structure induced by the compaction method. Methods such as knead-
ing aod imrxt produce a mre oriented soil structure than bratory and static compaction because of
the sbc; lc{trmt.os
inred
during compaction. Specimens dry of optimum experience small shea
i''l
i---i- r
-
@/i
i
-
--7{-
-'
i
_ :_i
::
I_--r
--
l:: {
nanaom
*l*
Tamps per Foot
; Layer layer pressure
i-,
A7
'15
276psi
a
.7 15 136ps
f\
o7 15 65ps
598 chapter 12 An rntroduction
to
'har
Strength
of soirs and Rock
a
= '
-
':a:
. .j]:
1

i
I
l
I
liltlr
I
i#il
l
xilr
lr,I
j
r
i
|,lill
I
I
ro
I
i
h,lr
I
l
I
lttl
i
100
:e
:-
75
fr
ln
o
850
@
I
6
o
o)q
c--
l
U
120
115
=
110
g
.f,
ros
C
o
!
'r00
o
95
o
q
9^
O'=
Oa
E-o
3S
3r:
-
E;O
co
@o
-..!
>-_
EE
o

FIGURE 12.58 Strength as measured by

the CBR and the dry density vers{Js water
content for laboratory impact compaction
(after
Turnbull and Foster,
.l956).
.l
\-
i\.
I
Vbratory conpaction
Water content (%)
Note: 10 lb l'mmer, 18 in. drop (modified proctor)
14 16 18 20 22
Molding water content (%)
(b)
'Wet of optimum'
,
i optimum
:
water
of optimum':-ffiL*
lmpact
co{npdlxl
Knea*rg
co.ngdan
MotdirE rarr :EnE -L
i,
FIGURE 12'59 lnfluence of rn<mo of corm<qr on the_ relative frength of a sirs cray: (a)
fress required to cause 5olo strain; (b)
stress regr,E, to causc 25 strain (after
seed ,na dh"n, rsi1.
Wet of optimum'
Opmum
mter
@lst
/
/ i
f
,L
,l
q
9a
@(
c!
ou'
o,
3N
co
v6
-=
oo
c^
olJ
6E
o.=
>f,
i
o'
fr
12.14
Strength
of Compacted
Clays
599
strains during compaction,
so the specimens
have a flocculated
soil stuctue.
This is not the case for
specrmens
compacted
wet of optimum, in which the compaction
methods
such induce shear deformations.duing.o.pr.tio,
itt'.".r1t,
i a more .n";;;;ljit[:X?rT:
l]tffij
compacred
staticalry
are slil flocculate
.r.,.*"t-or
optimum,,;
*;;;i;;;;"ry
stronger,
especiany
at
smatj srrains
[Fje.12.59ra)]. Bur.at rarge
"rri"rlit"
lff.r"n."s
r;;:;;';,
shown in Fig. r2.59tb),
because rhe strucrures
oi ai specimenr'b;;;;;;"
orienred at large shear strarns.
Now ret's rook at the influence
"r
," ."-pr.tion
methoJ .""-]?*..i
soil types.
Figure i2.60
shows the relative
"strengrhs"
or ,u-pr",
"i,r"."
.il, p."pu."JJy
.,ru.
^ro'ilr."0_g
compaction.
As
before, rhe ''strengrh"
is Lrative ,o ," .,."rr-..-.'.d
,o .ur." low (5%) and high (20%)
strains. Note
that the etfect of rhe method
"r
.orpu"iio,
*"n,;;;
significantry
|p.
, so, rype, wherhe
rhe
;',,::",T:ffiff
}Jjtr"::i::i:'1il'ilr1jj}.J,Ti;,
*r,.n ",,..;;,h:;;.'r*a
so,," rr",.,;;.;;;
.
An
^interesti.rg
"rign problem
related ,o ,
tt*tt""
produced
by the compaction
method.
required.formr"i.liui.olio
waste landfills.
These:ompacted
clay properties
is ihat of .luy iin"r.
base or the
,.bowr,'"..ui"
ro store ,,.[;;.;;-;;i:"r:.."T"T[:;"j:l}:.Xr.".11]l|""'jlr#ill
sition of rhe wasre from geuing.
in," rh" g;;;;;;;;..
ih"r" rin.., ur. ui .i o.s ,o I.2 m thick, nd
they must have hydraulic.conuctivity
f f"r, ,fr., 10_r;"
;;:il;
;;T permeabilitv
reaches a minimum.rorl
io...,,'""0
remains
.1.* i" iiri;lr;,1?J".T:;.j:ili:l contents
higher rhan
-^r,:
So,from
a hydr#ii.
u.ri.. point or ri.*,^,1',.'0"r,
to compacl
ar or
slighttv above
optimu,,l"Ho*"u"r,
,t i. ,'rrl.rr"t
to*, ,n.u. r,;;;;;l;,
,, imporranr
properry
for slope stability' This paradox
requires
.*"iri .r.p" stability
anaryses
to be performed,
as there
have been several fairures
of iiners iue ," , J""r strengths
on the sropes.
o 4.O
c
E
3=
C -
r ll
o.c
E-
3
30
@c
>9
P
2.sl
o,= I
L! I
8e I
: 2.0 I
o*i I
o_ |
@
h
""1
av I
!c nl
;O I
id I
E o.sl
dt
ol
(r
^l
5
o4.
.c
E
or
^
Iil o.
!-
6=
3 s
dQ
E
8
-arl
o.:
:E
o;i
-n
2.(
o
o_
E=
): c l.l
-,o
B o'
1.0
;o
:!U
g
5
05
6
o
cco
4^-1.?
r o rl-sl-i
Dry of optimum *l--
Wet oToptimum
Molding water content (%)
readins
ll'.0".,,."
and tested
y_::;":Tj;j"S^:;:,,,r"ri;.rp",r.l,il",,;"r;,;1."cause50%,,,,,rti*,*,resuiredtocause
2oyosrrain
_3
2101
2 3 4
Dry of optmum
..f-
W"t o?optimum