Paper recycling is the process of turning waste paper into new paper products.

There are three categories of

paper that can be used as feedstocks for making recycled paper: mill broke, pre-consumer waste, and post-
consumer waste.
[1]
Mill broke is paper trimmings and other paper scrap from the manufacture of paper, and is
recycled internally in a paper mill.Pre-consumer waste is material which left the paper mill but was discarded
before it was ready for consumer use. Post-consumer waste is material discarded after consumer use, such as
old corrugated containers (OCC), old magazines, old newspapers (ONP), office paper, old telephone directories,
and residential mixed paper (RMP).
[1]
Paper suitable for recycling is called "scrap paper", often used to
produce molded pulp packaging. The industrial process of removingprinting ink from paperfibers of recycled
paper to make deinked pulp is called deinking, an invention of the German juristJustus Claproth.
Paper recycling process[edit]
The process of paper recycling involves mixing used paper with water and chemicals to break it down. It is then
chopped up and heated, which breaks it down further into strands of cellulose, a type of organic plant material;
this resulting mixture is called pulp, or slurry. It is strained through screens, which remove any glue or plastic that
may still be in the mixture then cleaned, de-inked, bleached, and mixed with water. Then it can be made into
new recycled paper.
[2]
The same fibers can be recycled about seven times, but they get shorter every time and
eventually are strained out.
[3]

Rationale for recycling[edit]
Industrialized paper making has an effect on the environment both upstream (where raw materials are acquired
and processed) and downstream (waste-disposal impacts).
[4]

Today, 90% of paper pulp is created from wood (in most modern mills only 9-16% of pulp is made from pulp
logs; the rest comes from waste wood that was traditionally burnt). Paper production accounts for about 35% of
felled trees,
[5]
and represents 1.2% of the world's total economic output.
[6]
Recycling one ton of newsprint saves
about 1 ton of wood while recycling 1 ton of printing or copier paper saves slightly more than 2 tons of
wood.
[7]
This is because kraft pulping requires twice as much wood since it removes lignin to produce higher
quality fibres than mechanical pulping processes. Relating tons of paper recycled to the number of trees not cut
is meaningless, since tree size varies tremendously and is the major factor in how much paper can be made
from how many trees.
[8]
Trees raised specifically for pulp production account for 16% of world pulp production,
old growth forests 9% and second- and third- and more generation forests account for the balance.
[5]
Most pulp
mill operators practice reforestation to ensure a continuing supply of trees.
[citation needed]
The Programme for the
Endorsement of Forest Certification (PEFC) and theForest Stewardship Council (FSC) certify paper made from
trees harvested according to guidelines meant to ensure good forestry practices.
[9]
It has been estimated that
recycling half the worlds paper would avoid the harvesting of 20 million acres (81,000 km) of forestland.
[10]

Energy[edit]
Energy consumption is reduced by recycling,
[11]
although there is debate concerning the actual energy savings
realized. The Energy Information Administration claims a 40% reduction in energy when paper is recycled
versus paper made with unrecycled pulp,
[12]
while the Bureau of International Recycling (BIR) claims a 64%
reduction.
[13]
Some calculations show that recycling one ton of newspaper saves about 4,000 kWh (14 GJ) of
electricity, although this may be too high (see comments below on unrecycled pulp). This is enough electricity to
power a 3-bedroom European house for an entire year, or enough energy to heat and air-condition the average
North American home for almost six months.
[14]
Recycling paper to make pulp actually consumes more fossil
fuels than making new pulp via the kraft process; these mills generate most of their energy from burning waste
wood (bark, roots, sawmill waste) and byproduct lignin (black liquor).
[15]
Pulp mills producing new mechanical
pulp use large amounts of energy; a very rough estimate of the electrical energy needed is 10 gigajoules
per tonne of pulp (2500 kWh per short ton).
[16]

Landfill use[edit]
About 35% of municipal solid waste (before recycling) by weight is paper and paper products.
[17]

Water and air pollution[edit]
The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has found that recycling causes 35% less water
pollution and 74% less air pollution than making virgin paper.
[18]
Pulp mills can be sources of both air and water
pollution, especially if they are producing bleached pulp. Modern mills produce considerably less pollution than
those of a few decades ago. Recycling paper decreases the demand for virgin pulp, thus reducing the overall
amount of air and water pollution associated with paper manufacture. Recycled pulp can be bleached with the
same chemicals used to bleach virgin pulp, but hydrogen peroxide and sodium hydrosulfite are the most
common bleaching agents. Recycled pulp, or paper made from it, is known as PCF (process chlorine free) if no
chlorine-containing compounds were used in the recycling process.
[19]
However, recycling mills may have
polluting by-products like sludge. De-inking at Cross Pointe's Miami, Ohio mill results in sludge weighing 22% of
the weight of wastepaper recycled.
[20]


Plastic recycling
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Plastic recycling is the process of recovering scrap or waste plastic and reprocessing the material into useful
products, sometimes completely different in form from their original state. For instance, this could mean melting
down soft drink bottles and then casting them as plastic chairs and tables. Plastic 'recycling' is largely a
misnomer since plastic beverage bottles (soda, juice, milk) are never reformed into new beverage bottles; this
requires virgin plastic. There simply is no cycle involved with the "recycling" of plastic beverage containers.
Plastics are also recycled during the manufacturing process of plastic goods such as polyethylene film and bags.
A percentage of the recycled pellets are then re-introduced into the main production operation. This closed-loop
operation has taken place since the 1970s and has made the production of some plastic products amongst the
most efficient operations today.
Challenges[edit]
Compared with other materials, such as glass and metal, plastic polymers require greater processing (heat
treating, thermal depolymerization and monomer recycling) to be recycled.
[citation needed]
Due to the high molecular
weight of their large polymer chains, plastics have a low entropy of mixing. A macro molecule interacts with its
environment along its entire length, so total energy involved in mixing it is largely due to the product side
stoichiometry (see enthalpy). Heating alone is not enough to dissolve such a large molecule, so plastics must
often be of nearly identical composition to mix efficiently.
When different types of plastics are melted together, they tend to phase-separate, like oil and water, and set in
these layers. The phase boundaries cause structural weakness in the resulting material, meaning that polymer
blends are useful in only limited applications.
Another barrier to recycling is the widespread use of dyes, fillers, and other additives in plastics. The polymer is
generally too viscous to economically remove fillers, and would be damaged by many of the processes that
could cheaply remove the added dyes. Additives are less widely used in beverage containers and plastic bags,
allowing them to be recycled more often. Yet another barrier to removing large quantities of plastic from the
waste stream and landfills is the fact that many common but small plastic items lack the universal triangle
recycling symbol and accompanying number. An example is the billions of plastic utensils commonly distributed
at fast food restaurants or sold for use at picnics.
[citation needed]

The use of biodegradable plastics is increasing.
[1]

Processes[edit]
Before recycling, most plastics are sorted according to their resin type. In the past, plastic reclaimers used
the resin identification code (RIC), a method of categorization of polymer types, which was developed by
the Society of the Plastics Industry in 1988. Polyethylene terephthalate, commonly referred to as PET, for
instance, has a resin code of 1. Most plastic reclaimers do not rely on the RIC now; they use automatic sort
systems to identify the resin, such as near infrared (NIR) technology. Some plastic products are also separated
by color before they are recycled. The plastic recyclables are then shredded. These shredded fragments then
undergo processes to eliminate impurities like paper labels. This material is melted and often extruded into the
form of pellets which are then used to manufacture other products.
Thermal depolymerization[edit]
Main article: Depolymerization
Main article: Thermal depolymerization
Another process involves the conversion of assorted polymers into petroleum by a much less precise thermal
depolymerization process. Such a process would be able to accept almost any polymer or mix of polymers,
including thermoset materials such as vulcanized rubber tire superation of wastes and the biopolymers
in feathersand other agricultural waste. Like natural petroleum, the chemicals produced can be made into fuels
as well as polymers. A pilot plant of this type exists in Carthage, Missouri, United States, using turkey waste as
input material. Gasification is a similar process, but is not technically recycling, since polymers are not likely to
become the result.
Heat compression[edit]
Yet another process that is gaining ground with startup companies (especially in Australia, United
States and Japan) is heat compression.
[citation needed]
The heat compression process takes all unsorted, cleaned
plastic in all forms, from soft plastic bags to hard industrial waste, and mixes the load in tumblers (large rotating
drums resembling giant clothes dryers). The most obvious benefit to this method is the fact that all plastic is
recyclable, not just matching forms. However, criticism rises from the energy costs of rotating the drums, and
heating the post-melt pipes.
Other processes[edit]
A process has also been developed in which many kinds of plastic can be used as a carbon source in the
recycling of scrap steel.
[2]

Applications[edit]
Recycling Waste
With the increasing human population the needs for the people also
increases. But the point of concern is that are there enough natural
resources to service all your needs. What if these resources finish, this is
one thing we need to ponder upon. We need to start recycling waste to
converse our natural resources. Recycling is simply the process of
reusing the items from which utility can still be derived. It is important to
recycle waste so that you can at least converse some of our natural
resources for our generations to come.
Many products such as paper, cardboards, and cups come from trees. In
fact trees are our natural assets, you can converse trees by recycling the
paper products we can minimize the number of trees cut down a year.
This is one form of waste recycling. One should understand and know the
importance of recycling waste materials. One simple benefit of recycling
is it saves our resources. It will be wise to reuse metal item as metal
reserves may be depleting. You can sold your wore out metal items for
recycling. As mentioned earlier, recycling of waste papers can save our
forests.
Recycling waste not only save our natural resources but also help save
energy. By simply recycling an item or making a basic fix to it, we can we
save all the energy that would have been consumed in the process of
making it. The same example can be taken with plastic items. A large
amount of energy can be saved by simply reusing the plastic items. To
recycle waste is to simply reduce pollution. By recycling plastic material
we can reduce air pollution as well as water pollution. Plastic factories
produced large amount of smoke when producing plastic material at the
same time if we dont have proper waste disposal system those waste
emissions will cause water pollution. Recycling waste in a way helps
reduce pollution.
In simple words, recycling or recycling waste is essential to both natural
environment and humans. To sum up, recycling minimizes the need for
raw materials so that the rainforests can be preserved. Great amounts of
energy are used when making products from raw materials. Recycling
requires much less energy and therefore helps to preserve natural
resources. One needs to know the importance of recycling at the same
time being earth friendly can help our planet a better place to live in.

Reclaimed water
Reclaimed water or recycled water, is former wastewater (sewage) that is treated to remove solids and
impurities, and used in sustainable landscaping irrigation, to recharge groundwater aquifers, to meet commercial
and industrial water needs, and for drinking. The purpose of these processes is sustainability and water
conservation, rather than discharging the treated water to surface waters such as rivers and oceans. In some
cases, recycled water can be used for streamflow augmentation to benefit ecosystems and improve
aesthetics.
[1]
One example of this is along Calera Creek in the City of Pacifica, CA.
[2]

The definition of reclaimed water, as defined by Levine and Asano, is "The end product of wastewater
reclamation that meets water quality requirements for biodegradable materials, suspended matter and
pathogens."
[3]
Simply stated, reclaimed water is water that is used more than one time before it passes back into
the natural water cycle. Scientifically-proven advances in water technology allow communities to reuse water for
many different purposes, including industrial, irrigation and drinking. The water is treated differently depending
upon the source and use of the water and how it gets delivered.
Cycled repeatedly through the planetary hydrosphere, all water on Earth is recycled water, but the terms
"recycled water" or "reclaimed water" typically mean wastewater sent from a home or business through a
pipeline system to a treatment facility, where it is treated to a level consistent with its intended use. The water is
then routed directly to a recycled water system for uses such as irrigation or industrial cooling.
There are examples of communities that have safely used recycled water for many years. Los Angeles County's
sanitation districts have provided treated wastewater for landscape irrigation in parks and golf courses since
1929. The first reclaimed water facility in California was built at San Francisco's Golden Gate Park in 1932.
TheIrvine Ranch Water District (IRWD) was the first water district in California to receive an unrestricted use
permit from the state for its recycled water; such a permit means that water can be used for any purpose except
drinking. IRWD maintains one of the largest recycled water systems in the nation with more than 400 miles
serving more than 4,500 metered connections. The Irvine Ranch Water District and Orange County Water
District in Southern California are established leaders in recycled water. Further, the Orange County Water
District, located in Orange County, and in other locations throughout the world such as Singapore, water is given
more advanced treatments and is used indirectly for drinking.
[4]

In spite of quite simple methods that incorporate the principles of water-sensitive urban design (WSUD)
[5]
for
easy recovery of stormwater runoff, there remains a common perception that reclaimed water must involve
sophisticated and technically complex treatment systems, attempting to recover the most complex and degraded
types of sewage. As this effort is supposedly driven by sustainability factors, this type of implementation should
inherently be associated with point source solutions, where it is most economical to achieve the expected
outcomes. Harvesting of stormwater or rainwater can be an extremely simple to comparatively complex, as well
as energy and chemical intensive, recovery of more contaminated sewage.
History[edit]
Storm and sanitary sewers were necessarily developed along with the growth of cities. By the 1840s the luxury
of indoor plumbing, which mixes human waste with water and flushes it away, eliminated the need for cesspools.
Odor was considered the big problem in waste disposal and to address it, sewage could be drained to alagoon,
or "settled" and the solids removed, to be disposed of separately. This process is now called "primary treatment"
and the settled solids are called "sludge."
At the end of the 19th century, since primary treatment still left odor problems, it was discovered that bad odors
could be prevented by introducing oxygen into the decomposing sewage. This was the beginning of the
biological aerobic and anaerobic treatments which are fundamental to waste water processes.
By the 1920s, it became necessary to further control the pollution caused by the large quantities of human and
industrial liquid wastes which were being piped into rivers and oceans, and modern treatment plants were being
built in the US and other industrialized nations by the 1930s.
[6]

Designed to make water safe for fishing and recreation, the Clean Water Act of 1972 mandated elimination of
the discharge of untreated waste from municipal and industrial sources, and the US federal government
provided billions of dollars in grants for building sewage treatment plants around the country. Modern treatment
plants, usually using oxidation and/or chlorination in addition to primary and secondary treatment, were required
to meet certain standards.
[7]

Current treatment improves the quality of separated wastewater solids or sludge. The separated water is given
further treatment considered adequate for non potable use by local agencies, and discharged into bodies of
water, or reused as reclaimed water. In places like Florida, where it is necessary to avoid nutrient overload of
sensitive receiving water, reuse of treated or reclaimed water can be more economically feasible than meeting
the higher standards for surface water disposal mandated by the Clean Water Act
[8]

Terminology[edit]
There is no one-size-fits-all solution to water reuse, but there are many safe and scientifically-proven options
that allow communities to sustain their local water supplies. Below are terms scientists and water experts use to
describe some of these reclaimed water options:
Reused Water is water used more than once or recycled.
Ferrous metal recycling
Ferrous metals are able to be recycled with steel being one of the most recycled materials in the
world,.
[1]
Ferrous metals contain an appreciable percentage of iron and the addition of carbon and other
substances creates steel.
In the USA, steel containers, cans, automobiles, appliances, and construction materials contribute the greatest
weight of re-cycled materials. For example, in 2008, more than 97% of structural steel and 106% of automobiles
were recycled, comparing the current steel consumption for each industry with the amount of recycled steel
being produced (the late 2000s recession and the associated sharp decline in automobile production in the USA
explains the over-100% calculation).
[2]
A typical appliance is about 75% steel by weight
[3]
and automobiles are
about 65% steel and iron.
[4]

The steel industry has been actively recycling for more than 150 years, in large part because it is economically
advantageous to do so. It is cheaper to recycle steel than to mine iron ore and manipulate it through the
production process to form new steel. Steel does not lose any of its inherent physical properties during the
recycling process, and has drastically reduced energy and material requirements compared with refinement from
iron ore. The energy saved by recycling reduces the annual energy consumption of the industry by about 75%,
which is enough to power eighteen million homes for one year.
[5]
According to theInternational Resource
Panel's Metal Stocks in Society report, the per capita stock of steel in use in Australia, Canada, the European
Union EU15, Norway, Switzerland, Japan, New Zealand and the USA combined is 7085 kg (about 860 million
people in 2005).
Basic oxygen steelmaking (BOS) uses between 25 and 35% recycled steel to make new steel. BOS steel
usually contains lower concentrations of residual elements such as copper, nickel and molybdenum and is
therefore more malleable than electric arc furnace(EAF) steel and is often used to make automotive fenders, tin
cans, industrial drums or any product with a large degree of cold working. EAF steelmaking uses almost 100%
recycled steel. This steel contains greater concentrations of residual elements that cannot be removed through
the application of oxygen and lime. It is used to make structural beams, plates, reinforcing bar and other
products that require little cold working.
[6]
Downcycling of steel by hard-to-separate impurities such as copper or
tin can only be prevented by well-aimed scrap selection or dilution by pure steel.
[7]
Recycling one metric
ton (1,000 kilograms) of steel saves 1.1 metric tons of iron ore, 630 kilograms of coal, and 55 kilograms
of limestone.
[8]

Types of scrap used in steelmaking[edit]
Heavy melting steel. Industrial or commercial scrap steel greater than 6mm thick, such as plates, beams,
columns, channels; may also include scrap machinery or implements or certain metal stampings.
Old car bodies. Vehicles with or without interiors and their original wheels.
Cast iron. Cast iron baths, machinery, pipe and engine blocks.
Pressing steel. Domestic scrap metal up to approx. 6mm thick. Examples - White goods (fridges, washing
machines, etc.), roofing iron, water heaters, water tanks and sheet metal offcuts.
Re-inforcing bars or mesh. Used in the construction industry within concrete.
Turnings. Remains of drilling or shaping steels. Also known as borings and swarf.
Manganese steel. Non magnetic, hardened steel used in the mining industry, cement mixers, rock crushers,
and other high impact and abrasive environments.
Rails. Rail or tram tracks.
[9]


Benefits of recycling:
Waste that is not separated for recycling is incinerated at the Bellozanne Energy from Waste Plant. Although we
generate electricity from burning rubbish, incineration creates ash which must be disposed of and releases
gases into the atmosphere.
By reducing your waste and recycling as much as possible, you will be helping to reduce the production of ash
and gas from the Energy from Waste Plant and saving the worlds precious resources.
Recycling saves resources
When we recycle, used materials are converted into new products, reducing the need to consume natural
resources.

If used materials are not recycled, new products are made by extracting fresh, raw materials from the earth,
through mining and forestry. Recycling helps conserve important raw materials and protects natural habitats for
the future.
Recycling saves energy
Using recycled materials in the manufacturing process uses considerably less energy than that required for
producing new products from raw materials even when comparing all associated costs including transport etc.

There are also extra energy savings because more energy is required to extract, refine, transport and process
raw materials ready for industry, compared with providing industry-ready materials.
Recycling helps protect the environment
Recycling reduces the need for extracting (mining, quarrying and logging), refining and processing raw
materials. All of these create substantial air and water pollution.

As recycling saves energy it also reduces greenhouse gas emissions, which helps to tackle climate change.
Recycling reduces incineration
When we recycle, recyclable materials are reprocessed into new products, and as a result the amount of rubbish
sent for incineration reduces.

Burning your rubbish creates ash which is difficult to dispose of and gases which are released into the
atmosphere.


Adv n disadv of recycling
Advantages and Disadvantages of Recycling
Many of us feel overwhelmed by the tern recycling. Recycling is nothing but process of using old or waste products
into new products. It makes us feel proud of taking an important step towards reducing pollution and recycling is a
fun activity especially when done in groups. Surprisingly, recycling process may not always be beneficial and has
shocking effects, unknown to most of us.
Recycling helps to reduce energy usage, reduce the consumption of fresh raw materials, reduce air pollution and
water pollution (from land filling) by reducing the need for conventional waste disposal and also reduces
greenhouse gases emissions. Before taking the bold step of recycling, it is crucial to understand the good and bad
involved in this process.

Advantages of Recycling
1. Protects Environment: The foremost benefit or recycling is that it helps in protecting the environment in the most
balanced manner. While many trees are cut down continually, recycled paper made from certain trees is re-used
repeatedly to minimize felling/ deforestation. With re-cycled paper as an outstanding example, a number of other
natural resources can be reused this way.
2. Reduces Energy Consumption: A large amount of energy is consumed by processing raw materials at the time of
manufacture. Recycling helps to minimize energy consumption, which is crucial for massive production, such mining
or refining. This also makes the production process very cost-effective and beneficial for manufacturers.
3. Reduces Pollution: Industrial waste today is the main source of all types of pollution. Recycling of industrial
products such as cans, chemical, plastics helps to cut down pollution levels considerably, as these materials are re-
used, instead of throwing them away irresponsibly.
4: Reduces Global Warming: Recycling helps to alleviate global warming and its ill effects. Massive waste is burned in
heaps which produces large amount of greenhouse gas emissions such as CO2 and CFCs. Recycling ensure that the
burning process is minimized and any waste is re-generated as a useful product with no or minimal harmful impact
on the environment. Recycling produces less greenhouse gases as industries burn fewer fossil fuels for eco-friendly
products.
5. Judicial and Sustainable use of Resources: Recycling promotes judicial and sustainable use of resources. This
process ensures that there is no discriminate use of any material when available in plenty in the present. Recycling is
encouraged at all levels, starting from school to corporate offices and at international levels. This means we can
preserve all precious resources for our future generation, without any compromise in the present.
6. Conserves Natural Resources: If old and used materials are not recycled, the new products are made from
extracting fresh raw materials from beneath the earth through mining and extraction. Recycling helps in conserving
important raw materials and protects natural habitats for the future. Conserving natural resources such as wood,
water and minerals ensures its optimum use.
7. Reduces Amount of Waste to Landfills: Recycling old and waste products into new products reduces the amount
of waste that go to landfills. This helps in reducing water and land pollution as landfills are a major source in
contributing to destruction of natural environment. Recycling programs keep 70 tons of waste from being deposited
into landfills every year.
8. Create Green Jobs: Recycling is good for the environment and apart from that it also creates green jobs. According
to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, green goods and services accounted for 3.1 million jobs in the United States by
2010.

Disadvantages of Recycling
1. Not always Cost Effective: Recycling is not always cost-effective. Sometimes, there may be a need to establish
separate factories to process reusable products. This may create more pollution in terms of cleaning, storage and
transportation.
2. Recycled Products May not Last for Long: Recycled products are always not of durable quality. Such items are
mostly made of trashed waste, picked up from heaps other waste products which are of fragile or overly used. For
this reason, recycled products are cheap and last for a shorter period.
3. Unsafe and Unhygienic Recycling Sites: Recycling sites are often unsafe and unhygienic. Places where all sorts of
waste is dumped are conducive for debris formation and spread of disease and other dangers caused by harmful
chemicals and waste. This not only causes widespread pollution but is harmful for dedicated people who recycle
such products. Such waste if mixed with water, leads to leachate formation and leads to toxication of water bodies
including drinking water.
4. Not widespread on Large Scale: Although recycling is an important step to minimize pollution, unfortunately this
process is just a small part of long-term success. Recycling often occurs at a small scale- homes or schools and has
failed to be useful at a large level such as at industries or holistically at a global stage. Saving paper at schools cannot
be compared to oil spills or massive tree felling at at industrial level.
5. High Initial Cost: Setting up new recycling unit involves high cost. This huge cost can come up as a part of acquiring
different utility vehicles, upgrading the processing facility, educating residents by organizing seminars and other
programs, disposing of existing waste and chemicals etc.
After weighing, the pros and cons of recycling, one can wisely take crucial steps involved in this process.
Understanding the impact of recycling is essential on a large-scale which if done effectively can bring in massive
positive results, beneficial to mutual existence of human beings and environment.


Conclusion
You have done a good task, now only you have to think what you can do to take care of the environment.

The fact of sailing along web pages, has to do you to give you gutter that is a good source where to look for
information.

You have learned to be employed at group, looking for information with the companions, putting your opinions of
agreement with the others...

And remember that always you will have the help of your friends!!!

We expect to have obtained our more important aim. To arouse to the environmental importance of recycling.

Before throwing nothing we have to try to re-use it, and only when to re-use is not possible we have to recycle.

Since final conclusion we want to emphasize the reasons for which we have to recycle:

1. It diminishes the pollution of the environment.

2. It diminishes the air pollution.

3. It is economic.

4. It saves materials and natural resources.

5. It saves energy.

6. It diminishes the costs of final treatment of the rubbish.

7. It creates working places.

8. It is very easy and saves time.