Stoichiometry: gram-gram calculations tutorial

(to download this document, click on Resources after going to

www.myteacherpages/wepages/!arnes/, then click on Stoichiometry
prolem-formation of ammonia. "his tutorial is for use with #mmonia
Stoichiometry gram-gram $ui%-asic skills and Stoichiometry gram-gram
regular $ui%-#mmonia&
'onsider the reaction for the commercial preparation of ammonia:
(
)
* +,
)
)(,
+
,ow many grams of hydrogen are needed to prepare )--.- grams of
ammonia ((,
+
&.
"he $uestion of grams of hydrogen is placed on the right, ecause that is
what we are looking for. /lemental hydrogen is ,
)
, so that is what we write
on the right.
(ote: 0oth o1ygen and nitrogen gases are diatomic as found in nature,
meaning that we write o1ygen as 2
)
and nitrogen as (
)
.
3hat we are gi4en goes on the left. 5n this case, )--.- grams of ammonia
((,
+
& is gi4en, so this is what we write on the left.
3hen we go from grams to grams, we ha4e three ridges/lanks, so check
out the three lanks with multiplication signs:
)--.- g (,
+
666666666 66666666 6666666666 7 g ,
)
gi4en info left lank middle lank right lank what we are
or ridge or ridge or ridge looking for
!r. 0arnes8 Stoichiometry gram-gram tutorial
9
"he leftmost lank elongs to the chemical on the left, in this case, ammonia
((,
+
&. "his lank is reser4ed to tell how many grams in one mole of
ammonia. "o do this we must determine the formula mass of ammonia. "o
do this, 5 write the formula of ammonia, tell how many moles of each
element and then look up the atomic mass of each element on a periodic
chart. "he numer of moles of each element is multiplied y its atomic
mass. "he total masses of each element are then added to find the formula
mass of that element.
3arning: !#(;/R: DO NOT use coefficients in this step. 'oefficients
are only used in the middle lank, which we will discuss later:
<eriodic 'hart (condensed&
9.-9
,
9
=.>?
@i
+
9).-9
'
=
9?.-9
(
A
9B.>>
2
C
9C.>>
D
>
)).>>
(a
99
)?.+9
Eg
9)
)=.>C
#l
9+
+).-=
S
9=
+B.?B
'l
A
+>.9-
F
9>
?-.-C
'a
)-
BB.CB
De
)=
!r. 0arnes8 Stoichiometry gram-gram tutorial
)
)--.- g (,
+
666666666 66666666 6666666666 7 g ,
)
!etermination of formula mass:
(,
+
,
)
( 7 9 1 9?.-9 7 9?.-9 , 7 ) 1 9.-9 7 ).-)
, 7 + 1 9.-9 7 +.-+ 6666666666666666666
66666666666666666666 ).-) g/mol
9A.-? g/mol
(e1t, the formula masses are used in the e$uation:
)--.- g (,
+
9 mol (,
+
666666666 2.02 grams H
2
7 g ,
)
17.04 g NH
3
9 mol ,
)
(ote that the molar mass of (,
+
is placed on the bottom in the left lank.
2n the leftmost lank, 9 mole of (,
+
is written on top.
(otice on the rightmost lank that the grams statement is placed on top and
the 9 mole of ,
)
is placed on the ottom. "his top and ottom pattern of
placement is how we alays do the gram-gram stoichiometry prolems.
2n the right, ).-) grams of ,
)
is placed on top and 9 mole of ,
)
is placed on
ottom. (otice that the ).-) grams of ,
)
carries the same unit as what we
want in the answer: grams of ,
)
.
<lease rememer that the left most lank elongs to the chemical on the left
and the rightmost lank elongs to the chemical on the right.
!r. 0arnes8 Stoichiometry gram-gram tutorial
+
(e1t, we must complete the middle lank, the lank that we use to allow for
the coefficients in the alanced e$uation.
)--.- g (,
+
9 mol (,
+
66666666666 ).-) grams ,
)
7 g ,
)
9A.-? g (,
+
9 mol ,
)
left lank middle lank right lank
formula molar formula
mass coefficient mass
N
2
! 3H
2
2NH
3
5n the middle lank, the top elongs to the right chemical, in this case ,
)
. 5n
the middle lank, the ottom elongs to the left chemical, in this case (,
+
.
So, to complete the top lank, find the numer in front of ,
)
in the alanced
e$uation (3H
2
&. "he numer is + so write + moles of ,
)
in the top lank.
)--.- g (,
+
9 mol (,
+
3 moles of H
2
).-) grams ,
)
7 g ,
)
9A.-? g (,
+
9 mol ,
)
3e will now complete the ottom lank of the middle ridge. "he
chemical on the left is (,
+
so we will put the molar coefficient from the
alanced e$uation in this ottom of the middle lank or ridge. 3hen we
look at the alanced e$uation:
N
2
! 3H
2
2NH
3
3e notice that (,
+
has a ) in front of it (2NH
3
&. 3e therefore will write )
moles of (,
+
in the ottom lank of the middle ridge.
)-- g (,
+
9 mol (,
+
+ mol ,
)
).-) grams ,
)
7 g ,
)
9A.-? g (,
+
2 mol NH
3
9 mol ,
)
!r. 0arnes8 Stoichiometry gram-gram tutorial
?
(otice that g (,
+
in the gi4en information cancels with the ottom g (,
+
in
the left lank.
(otice that the mol (,
+
on the top of the left lank cancels with the mol
(,
+
on the ottom of the middle lank or ridge.
(otice that the mol ,
)
on the top of the middle ridge or lank cancels with
the mol ,
)
on the ottom of the right ridge or lank.
Gse your writing tool and cancel these units in the e$uation elow.
)--.- g (,
+
9 mol (,
+
+ mol ,
)
).-) grams ,
)
7 g ,
)
9A.-? g (,
+
) mol (,
+
9 mol ,
)
@astly we ha4e to plug the numers into a calculator and let it crank out an
answer:
"urn your calculator on. ,it clear (usually the ' utton& se4eral times.
<unch the )--.- into your calculator, multiply y + and then multiply y
).-). ,it the e$uals key. Hou should get 9)9). <ress the di4ided y
utton, enter 9A.-?, hit the e$uals utton and you should see
A9.9)=A=-B=(or something like it&. <ress the di4ided y utton, enter ),
hit the e$uals utton and you should see +B.B=++C-)C (or something
like it&.
3e will round this to four significant figures, only retaining the same
amount of significant figures as we see in the original numer ()--.-&.
5n the end, we will retain the numer +B.B= as our answer.
)--.- g (,
+
9 mol (,
+
+ mol ,
)
).-) grams ,
)
7 +B.B= g ,
)
9A.-? g (,
+
) mol (,
+
9 mol ,
)
!r. 0arnes8 Stoichiometry gram-gram tutorial
B
"his answer, resulting from a long prolem, tells us that it will take +B.B=
grams of ,
)
to make )--.- grams of (,
+
.
Stoichiometry is a way to figure how much of this stuff we ha4e to react
with that stuff to get a product. 5t8s kinda like a recipe for cooking.
!r. 0arnes8 Stoichiometry gram-gram tutorial
=