NRF 013 Pemex 2009 English

Document Number
NRF-013-PEMEX-2009

December 21th, 2009
PETRLEOS MEXICANOS AND SUBSIDIARY ENTITIES STANDARDIZATION
COMMITTEE
Page 1 of 63
PEMEX EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION TECHNICAL STANDARDIZATION
SUB-COMMITTEE

DESIGN OF SUBSEA PIPELINES IN THE
GULF OF MEXICO
This reference cancels and replaces NRF-013-PEMEX-2005 of March
18
th
, 2006.

PEMEX EXPLORATION AND
PRODUCTION TECHNICAL
STANDARDIZATION COMMITTEE

DESIGN OF SUBSEA
PIPELINES IN THE GULF
OF MEXICO

NRF-013-PEMEX-2009

Rev.: 10
Page 2 of 63

APPROVAL SHEET

PREPARED BY:

ENG. LUIS ORTIZ HERNNDEZ
WORK GROUP COORDINATOR

PROPOSED BY:

ENG. JESS HERNNDEZ SAN JUAN
VICE PRESIDENT OF PEMEX EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION TECHNICAL
STANDARDIZATION SUB-COMMITTEE

APPROVED BY:

DR. RAL A. LIVAS ELIZONDO
PRESIDENT OF PETRLEOS MEXICANOS AND SUBSIDIARY ENTITIES

PETRLEOS MEXICANOS AND
SUBSIDIARY ENTITIES

DESIGN OF SUBSEA
PIPELINES IN THE GULF OF
MEXICO

NRF-013-PEMEX-2009

Rev.: 0
Page 3 of 63

CONTENTS
CHAPTER PAGE
0. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 7
1. PURPOSE ................................................................................................................................. 9
2. SCOPE ....................................................................................................................................... 9
3. APPLICATION FIELD .............................................................................................................. 9
4. UPDATING .............................................................................................................................. 13
5. REFERENCES ....................................................................................................................... 13
6. DEFINITIONS ......................................................................................................................... 14
7. SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS ..................................................................................... 17
8. DEVELOPMENT ..................................................................................................................... 18
8.1 Subsea Pipeline Design ................................................................................................ 18
8.1.1 Design considerations.................................................................................................. 18
8.1.1.1 User basis ............................................................................................................ 18
8.1.1.2 Design basis ........................................................................................................ 19
8.1.1.3 Route selection ................................................................................................... 20
8.1.1.4 Geophysical and geotechnical studies ............................................................ 20
8.1.1.5 Materials ............................................................................................................... 20
8.1.1.5.1 Pipe ....................................................................................................................... 20
8.1.1.5.2 Accessories ............................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
8.1.1.6 Stress Loads............................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
8.1.1.6.1 Pressure ............................................................................................................... 21
8.1.1.6.2 Live loads ............................................................................................................. 21
8.1.1.6.3 Dead loads ........................................................................................................... 21
8.1.1.6.4 Dynamic loads ..................................................................................................... 21
8.1.1.6.5 Pressure increase due to fluid expansion ....................................................... 21
8.1.1.6.6 Loads due to contraction and thermal expansion .......................................... 21
8.1.1.6.7 Interaction soil-pipe ............................................................................................ 21
8.1.1.7 Riser ..................................................................................................................... 21

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8.1.1.8 Expansion Spool ................................................................................................. 22
8.1.1.9 Connections, accessories, flanges and valves .............................................. 22
8.1.1.10 Monitoring spool and transition piece .............................................................. 23
8.1.1.11 Pig traps ............................................................................................................... 23
8.1.1.12 Minimum separation between regular pipelines ............................................ 23
8.1.1.13 Concrete coating ................................................................................................. 23
8.1.1.14 Burial of the pipeline ........................................................................................... 24
8.1.1.15 Marine growth...................................................................................................... 24
8.1.1.16 Subsea crossing ................................................................................................. 24
8.1.1.17 Free spans ........................................................................................................... 25
8.1.1.18 Vorticity ..................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
8.1.1.18.1 Oscillations in parallel direction to the velocity vector ............................... 27
8.1.1.18.2 Oscillations in perpendicular direction to the velocity vector ................... 27
8.1.1.19 Fatigue ................................................................................................................. 28
8.1.1.20 Expansion and flexibility .................................................................................... 29
8.1.1.21 Branch connections ............................................................................................ 30
8.1.1.22 Hydraulic Analysis .............................................................................................. 30
8.1.1.23 Corrosion.............................................................................................................. 30
8.1.1.23.1 External corrosion ........................................................................................... 30
8.1.1.23.1.1 Anti-corrosive coating ................................................................................... 30
8.1.1.23.1.2 Cathodic protection ....................................................................................... 30
8.1.1.23.2 Internal corrosion ............................................................................................ 31
8.1.2 Subsea pipeline classification ............................................................................... 31
8.1.2.1 Pipelines transmitting flammable and/or toxic gases ................................... 32
8.1.2.2 Pipelines transmitting flammable and/or toxic liquid .................................... 32
8.1.2.3 Pipelines transmitting non-flammable or non-toxic fluids ............................ 32
8.1.3 Mechanical effects .................................................................................................. 32
8.1.3.1 Internal Pressure ................................................................................................ 33
8.1.3.1.1 Required minimum thickness ............................................................................ 34

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8.1.3.1.1.1 Design thickness ............................................................................................. 35
8.1.3.1.1.2 Corrosion tolerance ........................................................................................ 35
8.1.3.1.1.3 Fabrication tolerance ...................................................................................... 35
8.1.3.1.1.4 Thickness for high temperature in fixed restricted pipelines .................... 35
8.1.3.2 Revision of thickness for other conditions ...................................................... 37
8.1.3.2.1 Longitudinal tension (Tu) ................................................................................... 37
8.1.3.2.2 External pressure ................................................................................................ 38
8.1.3.2.2.1 Collapse pressure (Pc): ................................................................................. 38
8.1.3.2.2.2 Buckling propagation (Pp): ............................................................................ 39
8.1.3.2.3 Bending moment (Mu) ....................................................................................... 40
8.1.3.2.4 Global buckling (Cg): .......................................................................................... 41
8.1.3.2.5 Formulation of design for combined load status ............................................ 42
8.1.3.2.5.1 Tension and bending moment (Tu-Mu) ....................................................... 42
8.1.3.2.5.2 Axial load, bending moment and collapse pressure (Tu, Mu-Pc) ........... 42
8.1.4 Hydrodynamic stability ........................................................................................... 43
8.1.4.1 Buoyancy analysis of buried pipeline .............................................................. 46
8.1.4.2.1 Wave height and current velocity ..................................................................... 47
8.1.4.2.2 Swell and current direction ................................................................................ 48
8.1.4.2.2.1 Bay of Campeche and Litoral Tabasco ....................................................... 48
8.1.4.2.2.2 North Zone and Lankahuasa ........................................................................ 48
8.1.4.3 Oceanographic parameters for a return period of 100 years ....................... 49
8.1.4.3.1 Wave height and current velocity ..................................................................... 49
8.1.4.3.2 Direction of the swell and current ..................................................................... 49
8.1.4.3.2.1 Bay of Campeche and Litoral Tabasco ....................................................... 49
8.1.4.3.2.2 North Zone and Lankahuasa ........................................................................ 49
8.1.5 Design document submission ............................................................................... 49
9. RESPONSIBILITIES .............................................................................................................. 50
9.1 Petrleos Mexicanos and subsidiary entities ............................................................. 50
9.2 Pemex Exploration and Production Technical Standardization Sub-committee... 51

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9.3 Contractors ...................................................................................................................... 51
10. COMPLIANCE WITH MEXICAN OR INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS .................... 51
11. BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................................. 51
12. ANNEX ................................................................................................................................. 55
Annex A. Oceanographic information for the Gulf of Mexico. .............................................. 55
Annex B. Conversion of the gas and light oil production in thousands of barrels of heavy
crude oil equivalent. ................................................................................................................... 63

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0. INTRODUCTION
The recent development of oil fields in the Gulf of Mexico has involved an increase in the
temperature and pressure of the fluids collected and transported to the relevant sites,
which has caused an important increment in the compression strengths in straight parts of
the pipeline due to thermic restriction caused by its interaction with the soil. Consequently,
the pipeline tends to release the compression strengths while it experiments a
configuration of secondary balance, i.e. buckling or weaving happens. The conditions on
which the lateral or upheaval buckling happens depend on the various factors, such as soil
strength, submerged weight, characteristics of the cross-section and the final straightness
condition after the pipe is laid.
Consequently, the design methodologies for high temperature (TA) and high pressure (PA)
pipelines differ noticeably from the traditional design of subsea pipelines; therefore, this
reference standard establishes the criteria that engineering designers of subsea pipelines
shall take into account such as: criteria based on stresses, criteria based on buckling and
use of mechanical devices (not expansion joints) to control lateral shifting. This is
applicable to pipelines that operate at: high temperatures up to 150C (302F), pressures
up to 351,5 Kg/cm
2
(5 000 lb/in
2
) and water depth up to 200m (656,17 ft.).
Additionally to the structural design criteria for TA and PA, the oceanographic parameters
for hydrodynamic stability design in the Bay of Campeche, Litoral Tabasco, North Zone
and Lankahuasa were included. In the case of the Bay of Campeche and Litoral Tabasco,
besides updating the parameters, the depth water was extended to 200 m (656,17 ft.) and
in the case of the North Zone and Lankahuasa, only the oceanographic parameters were
updated and the depth continues to be 100m (328,09 ft.).
This reference document was prepared in consideration and adherence to:
Metrology and Standardization Federal Law, and its Regulation
Public Works and Related Services Law, and its Regulation
Acquisitions, Leases and Services for the Public Sector Law, and its Regulation
General Rules for Hiring and Execution of Public Works.
Guide for writing, structuring and presentation of Mexican standards NMX Z-13/1-
1997.
Guidelines for the Issuance of Petrleos Mexicanos and Subsidiary Entities
Reference Standards.
Policies, bases and guidelines in terms of public works and services related to the
same for Petrleos Mexicanos, its Subsidiary Entities and Subsidiary Companies.

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The following Pemex Subsidiary entities and Institutions participated in the preparation of
this document:
Pemex Exploration and Production (PEP)
Petrleos Mexicanos.
Instituto Mexicano del Petrleo (IMP).
Supervisin y Desarrollo de Proyectos Marinos S.A. de C.V.
Sacmag de Mxico, S.A. de C.V.

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1. PURPOSE
To establish the technical and documental requirements that shall be met for hiring the
design engineering services for hydrocarbon transmission subsea pipelines located in the
Gulf of Mexico.
2. SCOPE
This reference standard establishes the minimal requirements for the design of subsea
carbon steel pipelines for the following conditions:
Temperature up to 150C -8302F)
Pressure up to 351, 5 kg/cm
2
(5 000 lb/in
2
)
Depths up to 200 m (656, 17 ft.) in the Bay of Campeche and Litoral Tabasco.
Depths up to 100 m (328, 09 ft.) in North Region and Lankahuasa.

The above applies to pipelines laid either between platforms, or with beach approach as
well as interconnections with existing pipelines or subsea wells in order to guarantee their
integrity from various mechanical and hydrodynamic effects with the purpose to reduce the
possibility of losing human lives, ecological damages, economical losses and physical
damages of the facilities during their service life. It covers general considerations for the
design as well as the classification of the pipelines according to the zone and fluid type
that is transported. The expressions and safety factors that shall be used for the different
requests to which the line is subjected are indicated. It includes the criteria for the
hydrodynamic stability for the installation and operational phase, and the oceanographic
parameters that shall be used according to the different regions in the Gulf of Mexico.
This standard is not applicable for flexible or fabricated pipes made from another material
like plastic reinforced with glass fiber.
3. APPLICATION FIELD
This standard is of general application and compulsory observance when hiring services,
purpose of the same, carried out by work centers of Petrleos Mexicanos and Subsidiary
Entities. Thus, it shall be included in the hiring procedures: public bid, bid call for at least
three people or direct award as part of the requirements to be met by the supplier,
contractor or bidder.

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This standard is applicable in the design of subsea pipelines located in the Gulf of Mexico,
in depths and zones delimited by the coordinates that are indicated below and that are
shown in Figure 1.
Geographic coordinates.
N19 00, W93 30, N18 26 and W92 00 (Litoral Tabasco) to 200m (656, 17 ft.).
N20 10, W92 40, N18 55 and W91 55 (Bay of Campeche) to 200m
(656,17ft.).
N2042, W9731, N2218 and W96 56 (North Zone) to 100m (328, 09 f.).
N20 30, W96 53, N20 40 and W96 39; N20 10, W96 14 and N19 59,
W96 29 (Zone Lankahuasa) to 100m (328,09ft).

UTM coordinates, according to North American Datum of 1927, information based on the
Clarke ellipsoid 1866.
UTM coordinates:
X=447 373, 74; Y=2 100 776, 37; X=605 606, 89; Y= 2 038 297, 81 (Litoral
Tabasco).
X=534 832, 24; Y= 2 229 827, 27; X=614 084, 44; Y= 2 091 831,16 (Bay of
Campeche)
X= 654 482, 43; Y= 2 289 517, 91; X=712 908, 04; Y= 2 467 346, 73 (North Zone)
X= 720 748, 47; Y= 2 268 106, 98; X=744 826, 52; Y=2 286 894, 87;
X=789 192, 66; Y=2 232 200, 77; X= 763 353, 54; Y=2 211 483, 01; (Zone
Lankahuasa).

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Figure 1. Standard application zone

The design guidelines that are established in this document apply for the zoning of subsea
pipeline indicated in Figure 2.

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DETAIL 1
Note: In the absence of pig trap, the subsea pipeline is considered up to the cut-off valve 1
and 3.
Figure 2. Zoning of a subsea pipeline

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4. UPDATING
Suggestions for review and update of this standard will be sent to the Secretary of PEP
Technical Standardization Subcommittee, who will program the updating according to the
appropriateness of the same; and if applicable, he will go through the Petrleos Mexicanos
and Subsidiary Entities Standardization Committee, which will register it in the
Standardization Annual Program of Pemex. However, this standard will be reviewed and
updated at least every 5 years or before, if suggestions and change recommendations are
applicable.
Proposals and suggestions shall be addressed to:
Pemex Exploracin y Produccin
Subcomit Tcnico de Normalizacin
Baha de Ballenas #4, Edificio D, Planta Baja.
Col. Vernica Anzures.
11311 Mxico, D.F.
Direct Telephone: 19-44-92-86
Switchboard: 19-44-25-00, extension: 3-26-90 and 3-80-80.
E-mail: lortizh@pep.pemex.com
5. REFERENCES

NOM-008-SCFI-2002 Sistema general de unidades de medida (General system of
measurement units).
ISO 14723:2001 Petroleum and natural gas industries- Pipeline transportation
systems- Subsea pipeline valves.
NRF-001-PEMEX-2007 Tubera de acero para recoleccin y transporte de
hidrocarburos. (Steel pipeline for collection and transmission
of hydrocarbons).
NRF-005-PEMEX-2000 Proteccin interior de ductos con inhibidores. (Pipeline internal
protection with inhibitors).
NRF-026-PEMEX-2008 Proteccin con recubrimientos anticorrosivos para tuberas
enterradas y/o sumergidas. (Anti-corrosive coating protection
for buried and/or submerged pipelines).

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NRF-030-PEMEX-2006 Diseo, construccin, inspeccin y mantenimiento de ductos
terrestres para transporte y recoleccin de hidrocarburos.
(Design, construction, inspection and maintenance of for
collection and transmission land pipelines).
NRF-033-PEMEX-2003 Lastre de concreto para tuberas de conduccin. (Concrete
ballast for transmission pipelines).
NRF-047-PEMEX-2008 Diseo, instalacin y mantenimiento de los sistemas de
proteccin catdica. (Design, installation and maintenance of
cathodic protection systems).
NRF-053-PEMEX-2006 Sistemas de proteccin anticorrosiva a base de
recubrimientos para instalaciones superficiales. (Coating
based anti-corrosive protection systems for surface facilities).
NRF-096-PEMEX-2004 Conexiones y accesorios para ductos de recoleccin y
transporte de hidrocarburos. (Connections and fittings for
hydrocarbon collection and transmission pipelines).
NRF-178-PEMEX-2007 Trampas de diablos en plataformas marinas. (Pig traps for
offshore platforms).
NRF-211-PEMEX-2008 Vlvulas de compuerta y bola en lneas de transporte de
hidrocarburos. (Gate and ball valves in hydrocarbon
transmission pipelines).
NRF-229-PEMEX-2008 Estudios geofsicos y geotcnicos para la instalacin de
plataformas marinas y lneas submarinas. (Geophysical and
geotechnical surveys for offshore platforms and subsea
pipelines the installation).
6. DEFINITIONS
6.1 Clamps: Fitting used to support the riser to the platform leg.
6.2 Anchor clamp: Fitting that provides completely restriction for shifting and turns in the
riser.
6.3 Guiding clamp: Fitting that does not restrict shifting of the longitudinal axis of the
riser.

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6.4 Subsea manifold: Terminal facility with connection arrangements for additional
facilities (see figure 2).
6.5 Monitoring spool: Pipe section with a shop joint in its central part, which helps to
identify readings of smart pigs.
6.6 Free span: Section or length of the pipe that is not supported by any element that
limits its movement, or on the seabed.
6.7 Subsea crossing: Place where two subsea pipelines cross in their route.
6.8 Expansion spool: Pipe section that connects the riser to the regular pipeline, which
function is to damp the displacements caused by expansion and movement of the
platform (see figure 2).
6.9 Fender: Structure that is fixed to the platform which protects the riser against impacts.
6.10 Pig: Device or equipment that is inserted in the pipeline for cleaning and inspection
purposes.
6.11 Pipeline or line: Pipe system with different components such as: valves, flanges,
fittings, studs, safety or relief devices, among others, subjected to pressure and
through which hydrocarbons are transported (Liquid or Gases) and other fluids.
6.12 Riser: Pipe section that connects a pig trap or pipeline on deck to the expansion
spool (see figure 2).
6.13 Equivalent: National or foreign regulatory document (Regulation, Code,
Specification, Standard, or Recommended Practice) that is not a Mexican Official
Standard (NOM), Mexican Standard (NMX), or International Standard (ISO or IEC)
that includes, as minimum, the parameters and concepts that are required to be
evaluated, and that are established as requirements, besides of values and
characteristics (physical, chemical, physicochemical, mechanical or any other nature)
equal or better than the reference document, to which this standard makes reference.
6.14 Stress: It is the relation between the applied force and the application area
expressed in N/mm
2
or lb/in
2
.
6.15 Specified Minimum Yield Stress (SMYS): It is the resistance to the minimum yield
indicated in the specifications by the pipe manufacturer in N/mm
2
(lb/in
2
).

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6.16 Specified Minimum Ultimate Tensile Strength (SMTS): It is the ultimate
resistance to tension indicated in the specifications by the pipe manufacturer in N/nm
2

(lb/in
2
)
6.17 Installation phase: It is the period of time starting from the lay of the subsea
pipeline to the beginning of the fluid transportation.
6.18 Operation phase: It is the period of time from the start of the fluid transportation to
the end of the service life of the subsea pipeline.
6.19 Isolating Joint: Fitting used to insulate electrically the pipeline in the air from the
submerged one.
6.20 Regular pipeline: Pipeline section between the expansion spools (see figure 2).
6.21 Restricted pipeline: Pipeline in which the soil or supports restrict axial or lateral
shifting. Any buried section is considered as a restricted pipeline. The riser and
expansion spool are not considered as restricted pipelines.
6.22 Global buckling: Buckling mode which affects a determined section of the pipeline.
It generally includes many welded joints and it does not imply buckling of the cross-
section of the pipeline.
6.23 Transition piece: Pipe section of a minimal length equal to its diameter and the
same specification of the pipeline material, which is used to join sections of different
thickness.
6.24 High pressure: Pipeline operating pressure starting from 105, 5 kg/cm
2
(1 500
lb/in
2
) to 351, 5 kg/cm
2
(5 000 lb/in
2)
.
6.25 Design pressure: It is the internal pressure to which the pipeline is designed and it
is equal to 1. 1 times the maximum operating pressure.
6.26 Maximum operating pressure: It is the maximum pressure to which a pipeline is
expected to be subjected during its operation.
6.27 Hydrostatic pressure: It is the pressure resulting from the hydrostatic water column
measured from the seabed to the middle sea level plus the filler material on the
pipeline, in cases of buried pipelines.
6.28 Hydrodynamic pressure: It is the pressure resulting from the water column
corresponding to the tide hydrodynamic conditions, plus the 70% of the hydrodynamic
water column due to the swells related to the recurrence period of the accepted
design.

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6.29 External pressure (P
ext
): It is the sum of the hydrostatic pressure plus the
hydrodynamic pressure.
6.30 Internal pressure (P
int
): It is the pressure produced in the internal walls of the
pipeline by the fluid being transported.
6.31 Collapse pressure (Pc): It is the characteristic capability of the pipeline against an
external overpressure.
6.32 Propagation pressure (Pp): It is the characteristic capability to continue the
buckling propagation along the pipeline.
6.33 Branch: Secondary pipeline that is connected to a main pipeline (see figure 2).
6.34 Loading: Static or dynamic load acting in the pipeline which shall be considered in
the design.
6.35 Radial flow tee: A fitting with slots that allows the free passage of a pig.
6.36 High temperature: Operating temperature of the pipeline, higher than 90C (194F)
and up to 150C (302F).
6.37 Deck piping: Pipe on the deck of the platform starting from the pig trap, or from the
first cut-off valve on deck (see figure 2).
6.38 Pig trap (Launcher/Receiver): Equipment used for launching and receiving pigs
(aee figure 2).
6.39 Transition length: Pipe section that connects the buried pipeline to the pipeline on
the seabed (see figure 2).
7. SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS
AGA American Gas Association
API American Petroleum Institute
ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers
ASTM American Society of Testing Materials
CSS Safety and Service Categories (Categoras de Seguridad y Servicio).
IEC International Electrotechnical Commission

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ISO International Organization for Standardization
MBCPED Thousands of Heavy Oil Barrels Daily Equivalent (Miles de Barriles de Crudo
Pesado Equivalente Diario).
NAD27 The North American Datum of 1927, information based on ellipsoid Clarke
1866
NMM Mean Sea Level
NRF Reference Standard
PEMEX Petrleos Mexicanos y Organismos Subsidiarios (Petrleos Mexicanos and
Subsidiary Entities).
PEP Pemex Exploration and Production (Pemex Exploracin y Produccin).
SMTS Specified Minimum Ultimate Tensile Strength in N/mm2 (lb/pulg2 ).
SMYS Specified Minimum Yield Strength in N/mm2 (lb/pulg2 ).
h
Circumferential stress due to fluid pressure in N/mm
2
(lb/in
2
)
l
Longitudinal stress in N/mm
2
(lb/in
2
)
Shear Strength in N/mm
2
(lb/in
2
)
Degree
Minutes
8. DEVELOPMENT
8.1 Subsea Pipelines Design
8.1.1 Design considerations
Subsea pipelines, except for pipeline branches, shall be designed so they can be
inspected with smart pigs, selecting proper fittings for such purpose.
8.1.1.1 User basis. The user area within PEMEX that requests the design of a pipeline
system for the transmission of hydrocarbons shall issue the user basis where the technical

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characteristics and quality parameters for the pipeline shall be indicated. The minimum
information that this document shall contain is:

Work description.
Project scope.
Design service life.
Locations (start and end).
Arrangements for future interconnections.
Operation conditions.
Characteristics of the fluid to be transported.
Volume to transport.
Information about the pipeline route.
Inspection and maintenance requirements.
Instrumentation and safety devices.
Reference standard NRF-001-PEMEX-2007 applicable for the pipe
specifications.
Standards and specifications to be used in the project.
With this information, the designer shall prepare the design basis as per the following
paragraph.
The designer shall request the geophysical and geotechnical surveys of the pipeline route
to PEMEX.
8.1.1.2 Design basis: The minimum information that shall be included in the design basis
and that the contractor shall prepare is the following:

Physical and chemicals characteristics of the fluid (information provided by the
user).
Specifications of the material of the pipe and components.
Pressure and temperature in normal and maximum operating conditions
(information submitted by the user).
Loading conditions on the pipeline during its installation, operation and
maintenance (see 8.1.1.6).
Additional thickness for corrosion.
Operation philosophy.
Protection systems to avoid internal and external corrosion of the pipeline.
Geophysical and geotechnical information of the soil.
Meteorological information (heights and heading of waves, speed and headings
of the current and design storm).

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Additional design requirements for the construction, operation and
maintenance.
Standards and specifications to be used in the project.

8.1.1.3 Route selection: The route of the pipeline shall be selected taking into account the
safety of personnel, the protection of the environment and the probability of damage of the
pipeline and other facilities. For it selection, the following considerations shall be taken into
account, as minimum:

Traffic of vessels.
Fishing activity.
Offshore facilities.
Existing pipelines.
Characteristics of the seabed (unsteady, irregular and others).
Accidents, failures or potential hazards (geotechnical report).
Seismic activity.
Obstructions.
Future development in the area and applicable installation methods.
Ecologically-sensitive and protected areas.

8.1.1.4 Geophysical and geotechnical surveys: Once the pipeline route is defined, the
contractor shall request, to PEMEX, the geophysical and geotechnical information of the
corridor where the pipeline is intended to be constructed, which shall meet number 8.1 of
NRF-229-PEMEX-2008.
8.1.1.5 Materials

8.1.1.5.1 Pipe: The pipe used in the design of subsea pipelines shall meet reference
standard NRF-001-PEMEX-2007, for both sour and non-sour hydrocarbons service.
8.1.1.5.2 Fittings: Flanges, welded connections, studs, nuts, gaskets and other fittings
used for hydrocarbon transmission pipelines shall meet the requirements for chemical
composition, mechanical capacity, fabrication, component, and quality indicated in NRF-
096-PEMEX-2004.
The valves that will be installed under the NMM shall meet the requirements of ISO
14723:2011. The valves that will be installed over the NMM shall comply with requirements
of NRF-211-PEMEX-2008.

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The use of misalignment flanges and flow tees is up to the designers discretion and their
specifications and characteristics shall be as per the manufacturers catalogue and
suitable for the service.
8.1.1.6 Loadings: All loads that may cause or contribute to a failure in the pipeline shall
be identified and taken into account when designing the pipeline, considering at least the
following:

8.1.1.6.1 Pressure: Pipelines shall be designed to support a design internal pressure,
which shall be equal to 1. 1 times the maximum operating pressure (P
om
). The design shall
consider the maximum possible positive differential between the design internal pressure
and external pressure.
8.1.1.6.2 Live loads: They include the weight of the fluid being transported and any other
external material like marine growth that is adhered to the pipeline.
8.1.1.6.3 Dead loads: Dead weights imposed to the pipeline shall be considered, which
include the weight of the pipe itself, the components or fittings, coatings and concrete
mattresses, if existing, and external pressure. Dead loads are very important where there
are pipe sections without supports.
8.1.1.6.4 Dynamic loads: The design shall consider the dynamic loads and the stresses
of them the pipe. These include impact and vibration due to the vortex produced by the
current, swells, seism, and soil movement.
8.1.1.6.5 Pressure increase due to fluid expansion: The design shall take into account
the increase of the pressure caused by the heating of the fluid transported.
8.1.1.6.6 Loads due to contraction and thermal expansion: The necessary measures
shall be taken into account to consider the effects due to expansion and thermal
contraction in the pipe systems.
8.1.1.6.7 Soil-pipe Interaction: In the design, the interaction between the soil of the
seabed and the pipe shall be considered to determine the longitudinal displacement and
deformation of the latter.
The soil-pipe interaction depends on the characteristics of the soil (shear strength and
deformation properties), the pipeline (submerged weight, diameter and roughness of the
surface) and loads.
8.1.1.7 Riser: The riser shall be installed in the external part of the platform and be
supported on clamps (anchor and guiding), which shall be designed for the combination of
critical loads. Installing pipelines in areas for wells and launch cradles shall be avoided. In

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case it is necessary the installation of two or more risers in the same leg, a relevant
loading analysis shall be carried out. An insulating material shall be applied in the anchor
and guiding clamps to avoid contact between the riser and the platform. The separation
and design of the clamps shall be defined based on the structural analysis, considering:
weight of the riser itself, pressure, temperature and strength produced by the swell and
current, and a vortex analysis, both for the installation and operation phases.
A protection system shall be installed to mitigate the temperature in the splash zone, which
shall be extended to 4,00 m (13, 13 ft.) in the open air area and 3,00 m (9, 85 ft.) in the
submerged area considering the NMM. The system might be from metallic and non-
metallic material and it shall meet the requirements of Technical Specification
P.2.0721.04-2008.
The joint between the riser and the expansion spool shall be designed as a simple
connection, but that it guarantee the tightness and structural integrity under the specified
load circumstances.
The riser shall be protected against vessel impacts (crew boat or supply vessels) with a
structure (fender) fixed to the platform in the splash zone fabricated with ASTM A 36, API
5 L Grade B steel or equivalent.
8.1.1.8 Expansion Spool: The design of the expansion spool shall guarantee enough
flexibility to absorb the loads in conditions produced during the operation and in conditions
of storm in the platform. It may have a Z or L configuration. The expansion spool includes
a straight pipe section superficial to the seabed of 30 meters after the last horizontal
elbow, plus a transition length where the buried pipe starts until joining with the regular
pipeline. This transition length shall be obtained through the allowable radius curvature for
not exceeding the 18% of the SMYS. Besides, it shall be checked that it does not exceed
the allowable combined stress.
Stiffeners elements shall be designed for the expansion spool when it is required by the
structural analysis. The engineering drawing shall indicate, with a note, that these shall be
removed once the expansion spool is installed and connected to the riser and the regular
pipeline.
8.1.1.9 Connections, fittings, flanges and valves: All connections, accessories, flanges
and valves shall have the same internal diameter as the pipe. Likewise, all the valves shall
be full-bore.
In case that the internal diameters of the pipe and connection, fitting or valve to join are
different, the design of the welded joint shall be done as per indicated in section 8.2.12.1
of NRF-030-PEMEX-2006. If the specified minimum yield stress of the fitting is different to

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the pipe, the welding material shall have mechanical properties, at least, equal to the
element with higher strength.
The gaskets of the flanges shall resist the maximum pressure and the installation forces to
which they are exposed.
The contractor shall conduct a study of the pipeline operation philosophy to determine the
need to install the sectioning valve in places required by the operating conditions and
maintenance.
The valves that to be installed in the seabed shall be protected with a metallic structure
fabricated in ASTM A 53 Grade B, API 5L Grade B steel or equivalent to avoid damages
by the anchors.
SDV valves shall be installed in such way that the pipeline operates safely and that
damages to the environment and the installations in case of emergency can be avoided.
The valves shall be in easy access locations protected with a metallic structure fabricated
in ASTM A 53 Grade B, API 5L, Grade B steel or equivalent, located preferably between
the riser and the pig trap, or connection to the process pipeline.
8.1.1.10 Monitoring spool and transition piece: A monitoring spool shall be installed
each kilometer to identify the location of the smart pig readings. Said spool consists of a
pipe section with a fabricated joint at the middle of the same, which shall not have
polyurethane filler or steel sheet, only the anti-corrosive coating in order to ease their
localization.
The transition piece to join the regular pipeline with the pipeline in zone B shall have a
minimum length equal to one diameter. The wall thickness of the piece shall be equal to
the pipe with the greater wall thickness and have its ends beveled. The transition piece
shall be used only when the wall thickness difference between the pipelines to join is
greater than 2. 38 mm (3/32 in). The transition piece will be fabricated with the same
specification of the pipe material.
8.1.1.11 Pig traps: The design, components of the package, and dimensions necessary
for the pig launcher and receiver shall meet the requirements in NRF-178-PEMEX-2007.
8.1.1.12 Minimum separation between regular pipelines: The minimum distance that
shall exist between two pipelines with parallel route is 20 m (65, 62 ft.).
8.1.1.13 Concrete coating: A hydrodynamic stability analysis shall be carried out as per
the section 8.1.4 to determine the concrete coating thickness. Expansion spools shall have
concrete coating up to the beginning of the vertical elbow up to the platform. The minimum
thickness of the concrete coating is 25.4 mm (1in) with a maximum tolerance of +6, 35 mm

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(0.25 in) and the concrete characteristics shall meet the requirements stated in NRF-033-
PEMEx-2003.
8.1.1.14 Burial of the pipeline: The contractor shall bury the pipeline in the seabed in
such a way that it is 100% covered with filler material to protect it against the
hydrodynamic strengths and external damages. The soil protection layer over the pipe
shall be minimum 1,00m (3, 28 ft.).
The hydrodynamic stability shall be reviewed for the installation phase as per section
8.1.4. Only in those cases where the burial of the pipe is not possible; for example, a very
short section, when near existing installations do not allow the burial, or as a result of the
flexibility analysis, the pipeline is allowed to be installed superficially. Then, the
hydrodynamic stability shall be verified for the operation phase as per section 8.1.4.
The pipelines arriving at the coast, in case there are not particular surveys of the site, shall
be buried at a minimum of 3.00 m (9, 84 ft.) starting from water depths of 5.00 m (16, 4 ft.)
towards the beach coast.
8.1.1.15 Marine growth: The effect of hard marine growth around the riser shall be taken
into account for vortex and loads analysis in storm conditions, which shall be considered
as the average of the measurements recorded in the last five inspections reports for
different heights shall be considered, which also applies for new pipelines.
8.1.1.16 Subsea crossing: In a crossing of two pipelines, the minimum vertical separation
from the top of one pipeline and the bottom of the other, considering the concrete coating,
shall be 1.00 m (3,28 ft.). The angle between two pipeline crossings shall be as close as
possible to 90, not less than 30 preferably. Crossings in an expansion spool zone shall
be avoided, in case it is not possible, restriction shall be avoided and the flexibility of the
existing pipeline shall be revised.
Optionally, prior feasibility analysis, the level of burial depth of the existing pipeline shall be
greater, in such way that it complies with the minimum separation between the top of one
pipeline and the bottom of the other pipeline and meet the requirement of 1.00m (33m28
ft.) of burial depth for the new pipeline.
In the event there are limitations to lower the existing pipeline, the crossing may be
executed by curvature radius or by the design of a bridge piece formed by elbows and
straight sections in order to have the minimum separation of 1.00 (3,28 ft.) between the
two pipelines. For bridge pieces, a bed of sand- cement sacks , or concrete coated mesh
shall be placed to support both elbows (start and end of the bridge piece); also between
the two pipelines and above the bridge piece in such a way that the fluid transported do
not cause the pipeline to lift. A detailed hydraulic analysis shall be carried out to define the
effect that this will have in the behavior of fluid. The elbows used in the bridge piece shall

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be of minimum 3 diameter radius so as to allow the run of the smart pig. For the curvature
radius case, the final configuration of the pipeline shall not cause, under any circumstance,
stress higher than 18% of the specified minimum yield stress. Besides, it shall be verified
that it does not exceed the allowable combined stress.
8.1.1.17 Free spans: The length of the free-spans shall be limited, both for the regular
pipeline and the riser, in such way that the allowable circumferential and longitudinal
stresses are met, as well as the buckling, vortex and fatigue criteria indicated in this
document. For analysis purposes, the following shall be considered as minimum:

Supporting conditions (limits) in the ends.
Interaction with adjacent free spans.
Vibrations induced by the wind, swell and current.
Pipeline tension.
Erosion of soil adjacent to the pipeline.
Depression of the seabed.

8.1.1.18 Vortices: The vorticity caused by the cross flow of the sea acting in a free section
induces waves, both normal and perpendiculars to the flow vector, which may lead to the
creation of large amplitude oscillations (resonance) if the vorticity frequency is close to the
natural frequency of the free span vibration. The vorticity frequency shall be obtained
through the following formula.

1
Where:
fv Vortices frequency, Hz.
St Strouhal Number= 0, 2
V Velocity of flow perpendicular to the axis of the pipeline, m/sec (ft./s.).
D Total outside diameter including the marine growth, m (ft.).

For the calculation of the flow velocity, the maximum wave height for Zone B and
significant wave height for Zone A shall be considered. The vorticity shall be reviewed for
return periods of 10 and 100 years.
The frequency of excitation caused by vorticity shall not be between the range 0, 8 Fn and
1, 2 Fn, being Fn the natural frequency of the pipeline, which shall be obtained from the
following expression:

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(
) (

2
Where:
C Constant that depends of the support conditions.
For simply supported sections and 3, 50 for restricted sections.
L
span
Span length, cm (in)
E Steel modulus of elasticity, kg/cm
2
(lb/in
2
)
I Steel moment of inertia, cm
4
(in
4
)
m
e
Effective mass per unit length kg/cm (slug/ft.)
To determine the velocity ranges where oscillation can be produced by the vorticity, the
following two parameters shall be used:

4
Where:
Vr Reduced velocity, m/s (ft./s)
Fn Natural frequency of the pipeline, Hz.
Ks Stability parameter.
Logarithmic decrement by structural damping.
Water density, kg/m
3
(lb/ft
3
).
The effective mass per unit length of pipeline is obtained through the following formula:

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) 5
Where:
W
t
Pipe weight, (kg/m) (lb/ft.).
W
r
Weight of anti-corrosive coating, (kg/m) (lb/ft.).
W
cm
Weight of marine growth, (kg/m) (lb/ft.).
W
l
Weight of concrete coating, (kg/m) (lb/ft.).
W
c
Weight of content, (kg/m) (lb/ft.).
W
a
Weight of water, (kg/m) (lb/ft.).
C
m
Coefficient of added mass as per figure 3.
g Gravity, m/s
2
(ft./s
2
)

8.1.1.18.1 Oscillations in parallel direction to the velocity vector: The vorticity can
cause oscillations that make the pipeline to enter into resonance when Vr values exist
between 1, 0 and 3, 5 and Ks 1, 8.
8.1.1.18.2 Oscillations in perpendicular direction to the velocity vector: Perpendicular
oscillations may occur perpendicular to the speed vector when Ks 16 and when Vr is in
maximum and minimum values defined in figure 4.
In case of obtaining Vr and Ks values like in section 8.1.1.18.1 and 8.1.1.18.2, it shall be
modified the separation of the clamps (riser) or reduced the free spans (subsea pipeline).

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Figure 3. Values recommended for the added mass coefficient, C
m
for pipeline.
8.1.1.19 Fatigue: A fatigue analysis shall be carried out to the regular pipeline and riser
depending on the length of the free spans subject to cyclic loads produced by vortex
vibrations, hydrodynamic loads, and pressure and temperature cyclic variation, among
others. In a general case, where stress variation is present due to the fluctuation of cyclic
loads, the hypothesis of the linear damage or Miners rule can be used, which considers a
stress histogram in function of the load amplitude. The design fatigue life calculated using
this method shall be at least 10 times the service life. The fatigue criteria then is expressed
as:

6
Where:
D
FAT
Cumulative fatigue damage.
n
Number of cycles held in i - th stress amplitude.

N
Number of cycles to the failure in i- th stress amplitude.

i Number of stress amplitude i=1s.

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Figure 4. Reduced velocity vs. Reynoldss Number
8.1.1.20 Expansion and flexibility: All the stresses shall be checked for expansion and
flexibility in critical zones like: riser, expansion spool, crossings, interconnections and
others. For the flexibility analysis, the gradient temperature along the pipe shall be
considered, taking into account the burial depth.
The equivalent stress shall be calculated using the following expression based on the
combined Von Mises stress.

7

Where:
h
Circumferential stress due to fluid pressure, in N/mm
2
(lb/in
2
)
I
Longitudinal stress, in N/mm
2
(in
2
)
T Shear stress, in N/mm
2
(lb/in
2
).
The maximum equivalent stress shall not exceed:

8

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Where f
eq
is the design factor for equivalent stress.
f
eq
= 1, 00 (Installation)
f
eq
= 0, 90 (Operation)
SMYS = Specified Minimum Yield Strength in N/mm
2
(lb/in
2
).
8.1.1.21 Branch connections: Subsea branches and manifold connections shall be
designed as Zone A, forming part of the regular pipeline as per figure 2. This shall be
always fabricated in Zone A, be superficial and have concrete mats depending on the the
hydrodynamic stability study. To guarantee enough flexibility to absorb the movements
caused by expansion, the installation of an expansion spool shall be considered, which
shall be formed by long radius elbows.
The branch connections shall be done using flow tees. They shall meet reference standard
NRF-096-PEMEX-2004 and have valves to guarantee the operation and safety conditions
and cage protection.
8.1.1.22 Hydraulic Analysis: A hydraulic analysis shall be carried out to guarantee that,
under the operating critical circumstances, the pipeline keeps a proper mechanical-
structural behavior during its service life.
8.1.1.23 Corrosion

8.1.1.23.1 External corrosion: The piping and accessories that make up the subsea
pipeline and that are submerged shall have systems that minimize the external corrosion,
which shall have the following:
8.1.1.23.1.1 Anti-corrosive coating: The environment where the regular pipeline,
expansion spool and riser, up to the splash zone are to be installed shall be considered
when selecting the coating system, as well as the design service specified in the user
basis.
For submerges zone, the anti-corrosive protection selected shall meet the requirements of
NRF-026-PEMEX-2008.
For the open air zone between the splash zone and the pig traps, the anti-corrosive
coating shall met the requirements of NRF-053-PEMEX-2006.
8.1.1.23.1.2 Cathodic protection: All subsea pipelines shall have a cathodic protection
system to protect the system against corrosive effects caused by an anti-corrosive failure
during its application, or during installation and operation of the pipeline. The design and
installation of the cathodic protection systems shall be executed as per NRF -047-PEMEX-

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2007. The cathodic protection shall be applied using galvanized aluminum anodes and
designed for the whole service life of the pipeline.
To guarantee the efficiency of the cathodic protection of the subsea pipelines, the following
criteria shall be complied:
a) A potential pipe/soil protection (cathodic) minimum of -800 millivolts, measured in
regard to a silver/silver chloride (Ag/AgCI) reference electrode. for surface
pipelines on the seabed.
b) A potential pipe/soil protection (cathodic) of -900 millivolts, when the surrounding
area of the pipeline is in anaerobic conditions and sulfate-reducing bacteria exist
(buried pipelines).
The subsea systems that are connected with other existing pipelines shall have a
compatible cathodic protection system.
For concrete coated pipeline, the anode thickness shall be equal or less than the concrete
coating thickness. Anodes shall be bracelet type and welded for continuous electricity with
the pipeline. For pipeline without concrete coating, the anode shall be protected properly in
the ends to avoid damages during the laying.
At least one sacrificial anode shall be installed in the expansion spool, and another in the
riser; however, the total amount shall be defined by the design of the protection system.
An insulating joint shall be installed above the anchor clamp in the open air area to aisle
electrically the subsea pipeline from the platform structure or the land facilities; this, in
compliance with numbers 8.2.1.2 and 8.2.1.6 of NRF-047-PEMEX-2007 and number 8.6 of
NRF-096-PEMEX-2004.
8.1.1.23.2 Internal corrosion: Subsea pipelines for transmission of liquid or gas
hydrocarbons and other services that contain aggressive or corrosive agents shall have
internal protection systems based on corrosion inhibitors, as well as the equipment and
devices to be fitted in the pipeline. The systems based on corrosion inhibitors shall comply
with the requirements stated in NRF-005-PEMEX-2000.
8.1.2 Subsea pipeline classification
It has been established three Safety and Service Categories (CSS) for the design of a
pipeline according to the fluid type, the zoning and the volume of the product transported.
In order to choose the proper design factor, which includes the risk conditions of the
pipeline, said categories are: Very high, High and Moderate.
The zoning of the pipeline is defined as follows (See figure 2):
Zone A. It involves the regular pipeline and branches.

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Zone B. It involves the riser and expansion spool.
Regarding the type of fluid transmitted, two groups shall be considered:
Gas Flammable and/or toxic gases besides hydrocarbon mixtures (oil and gas
pipeline).
Liquid Flammable and/or toxic liquids.
The categorization of a specific pipeline transmitting gas, or oil and gas mixture shall be
obtained by estimating a volume in Thousands of Heavy Oil Barrels Daily Equivalent
(MBCPED) as per Annex B. This categorization may be raised to a higher category based
on a risk quantitative estimate and failure consequences.
8.1.2.1 Pipelines transmitting flammable and/or toxic gases: The CSS for subsea
pipelines transmitting flammable and/or toxic gases shall be selected as per table 1.
PRODUCTION NUMBER ZONE A ZONE B
0-300 MBCPED HIGH VERY HIGH

Table 1. Safety and Service Categories for subsea pipelines transmitting
flammable and/or toxic gases.

8.1.2.2 Pipelines transmitting flammable and/or toxic liquid: The CSS for subsea
pipelines transmitting flammable liquids shall be selected as per table 2.

PRODUCTION LEVEL ZONE A ZONE B
0-100 MBCPED MODERATE MODERATE
101-1000 MBCPED VERY HIGH HIGH
Table 2. Safety and Services Categories for subsea pipelines transmitting flammable
and/or toxic liquids.
8.1.2.3 Pipelines transmitting non-flammable or non-toxic fluids: The pipelines
transmitting non- flammable or non-toxic fluids (water, nitrogen and others) shall be
categorized as Moderate.
8.1.3 Mechanical effects

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8.1.3.1 Internal Pressure: The pipeline and its components shall be designed to resist the
design internal pressure (P
int
) and the external pressure (P
ext
) due to the hydrostatic load,
which shall not be less than the internal pressure at any point of the pipeline in a static
condition.
The thickness required for the internal pressure in the design of subsea pipelines
transmitting liquid or gas, is obtained by the following formula:

9
Where:
Zone A
10

Zone B
11
P
i
Internal pressure,

in N/mm
2
(lb/in
2
).
P
int
Design internal pressure, in N/mm
2
(lb/in
2
).
P
ext
Hydrostatic external pressure acting in the pipeline, in N/mm
2
(lb/in
2
) .
D Nominal outside diameter of the pipeline, in mm (in).
t Steel wall thickness of the pipe for internal pressure, in mm (in).
SMTS Specified Minimum Ultimate Tensile Strength, in N/mm
2
(lb/in
2
).
F
Pb
Design factor for internal pressure indicated in Table 3.
F
t
Temperature factor indicated in Table 4.

Content
ZONE A ZONE B
MODERATE HIGH VERY HIGH MODERATE HIGH VERY HIGH
Gas N/A 0,60 N/A N/A N/A 0,44
Oil 0,63 N/A 0,57 0,52 0,47 N/A

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Table 3. Internal pressure design factors (F
pb
)

TEMPERATURE
TEMPERATURE FACTOR
C F Ft
121 or less 250 or less 1,000
130 266 0,989
140 284 0,977
150 302 0,966
Note: Intermediate temperatures shall be interpolated.
Table 4. Temperature factor (f
t.
) for steel pipes
8.1.3.1.1 Required minimum thickness: The minimum thickness required to support the
stress produced by internal pressure is determined through the following formula:
12
Where:
t
r
Minimum thickness required by Internal pressure, in mm (in)
t Design thickness for internal pressure (See 8.1.3.1.1.), in mm (in)
t
c
Corrosion Tolerance (See 8.1.3.1.1.2), in mm (in)
For the design of subsea pipelines, the commercial thickness shall be selected starting
from the minimum required thickness (tr). The percentage of fabrication tolerance shall be
subtracted from this commercial thickness (See 8.1.3.1.1.3); this difference shall be higher
or equal to the minimum required. On the contrary, the greater following that is fabricated
shall be selected.

13
Where:
T
com
Commercial thickness for internal pressure, in mm (in.)
T
fab
Fabrication tolerance (See 8.1.3.1.1.3), in mm (in.)

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8.1.3.1.1.1 Design thickness: The design thickness for internal pressure (t) is calculated
using the formulas 9 to 11.
8.1.3.1.1.2 Corrosion tolerance: A corrosion range shall be used based on the statistical
results of handling of product that will be transported. This information that shall be
provided by PEMEX. If this information is not available, an additional weight of 0,159 mm
(6, 25 mil) per year for regular pipeline (Zone A) and 0,254 mm (10 mil) per year for riser
(Zone B) shall be used.
Additionally, the study and design of the respective cathodic protection system shall be
considered as well as the anti-corrosive protection systems with coatings for submerged
and open air zones; likewise, the internal anti-corrosive protection using corrosion
inhibitors when the handled fluid requires it, based on operating conditions and statistical
results of similar systems and on the possible integration with other installations.
8.1.3.1.1.3 Fabrication tolerance: The fabrication tolerance thickness shall be obtained
regarding the tolerance percentage value shown in Table 5.
OUTSIDE DIAMETER MM (IN.) AND PIPE
TYPE
PERCENTAGE OF TOLERANCE
(%) GRADE X42 OR HIGHER
73,0 (2,875) and less, seam or seamless 12,5
Higher than 73,0 (2,875) but less than 508,0
(20), seam or seamless
12,5
508,0,(20) and higher, seam 8,0
508,0 (20) and higher, seamless 10,0
Table 5. Percentage of the fabrication tolerance in the wall thickness
8.1.3.1.1.4 Thickness for high temperature in fixed restricted pipelines: The thickness
of the pipe shall be enough to bear the stress created by thermal loads. The thickness
calculation by this effect for restricted pipelines (regular pipeline) shall be as per the
following formula:

)
[
)]

14
Where:
T
t
Pipe steel wall thickness due to internal pressure, in mm (in)

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P
int
Design internal pressure, in N/mm
2
(lb/in
2
)
P
ext
Hydrostatic external pressure acting on the pipeline, in N/mm
2
(lb/in
2)

D Nominal outside diameter of the pipe (in)
SMYS Specified Minimum Yield Strength in N/mm
2
(lb/in
2
)
Ft Temperature factor indicated in Table 4.
E Modulus of elasticity of the pipe steel indicated in Table 6 in N/mm
2
(lb/in
2
)
Thermic expansion coefficient in mm/mm/C (in/in/F)
T
1
Installation temperature in C (F); Unless there is a measured or statistical
value for the bottom temperature, this shall be 15 C.
T
2
Design temperature in C (F).
TEMPERATURE MODULUS OF ELASTICITY
C F lb/in
2
x 10
6

21 70 29,5
90 194 28,8
110 230 28,6
130 266 28,5
150 302 28,3
Note: Intermediate temperatures shall be interpolated.

The commercial thickness shall be selected as the immediate above to the calculated for
temperature. The fabrication tolerance percentage shall be subtracted from this
commercial thickness (see 8.1.3.1.1.3); this difference shall be equal or higher than the
required temperature thickness. On the contrary, the immediate above fabricated shall be
selected.
The commercial thickness selected for the regular pipeline shall be the greater between
the required for high temperature, in accordance to this paragraph, and the required for
internal pressure, as per 8.1.3.1.

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In case the commercial thickness selected for the regular pipeline is greater than the
commercial thickness selected for the riser and the expansion spool, the thickness for
these two elements shall be equal to the regular pipeline.
The temperature thickness calculated for restricted straight sections shall not be less than
the value 20 in the D/t ratio. Otherwise, the material grade can be increased taking into
account the limitations indicated in NRF-001-PEMEX-2007, or the superficial installation of
the pipeline can be considered with a configuration based on induced horizontal
curvatures. In such case, the hydrodynamic stability shall be checked for the operating
condition as per 8.1.4.
8.1.3.2 Revision of thickness for other conditions: The required wall thickness for
internal pressure or temperature shall be suitable to support other possible effects
resulting from stress loads to which the riser may be subject during the installation or
operation including expansion and flexibility. The following shall be considered:

a) Installation:

15

b) Operation: t

16
Where:
t Thickness used for the review of ther effects, in mm (in)
t
com
Commercial thickness obtained for internal pressure, in mm (in)
t
fab
Fabrication tolerance (See 8.1.3.1.1.3), in mm( in)
t
c
Corrosion tolerance (See 8.1.3.1.1.2), in mm (in)

8.1.3.2.1 Longitudinal tension (Tu): In order to consider this effect, the longitudinal
stresses in the installation or operation phase shall be taken into account. The capacity of
the pipeline is given by the following expression:
17
Where:

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Tu Ultimate longitudinal tension, in N (lb)
SMYS Specified Minimum Yield Stress, in N/mm
2
(lb/in
2
)
As Nominal area of the steel pipe cross section, in mm
2
(in
2
)
The allowable capacity of longitudinal tension (t
cp
) shall be calculated using any of the
following expressions, depending on the design phases:
(Installation Phase) 18

(Operation Phase) 19
Where: T
cp
in N (lb)
8.1.3.2.2 External pressure: During the installation and operation phases, subsea
pipelines are subject to external pressure conditions. The pressure differential regarding
the internal pressure acting on the pipeline may cause a collapse of the pipeline. A review
of the collapse pressure effects and buckling propagation shall be done to guarantee an
adequate strength of the pipeline taking into account the variations of the geometric
properties, ovality, stresses and external pressures (P
ext
).
8.1.3.2.2.1 Collapse pressure (Pc): The capacity at net collapse pressure (Pc) shall be
calculated using the expression:

(
) [(
] (
)
20
Where:
P
c
Collapse pressure, in N/mm
2
(lb/in
2
)
P
y
Collapse fluency pressure =
()

21

P
e
Collapse elastic pressure:

22

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F
o
Ovality factor =

23

SMYS Specified Minimum Yield Strength, in N/mm
2
(lb/in
2
).
E Elastic module of the steel pipe, in N/mm
2
(lb/in
2
).
v Poissons ratio= 0,30 for steel.
D Nominal diameter of the pipe, in mm (in).
D
max
Maximum diameter of the cross-section of the pipe, in mm (in).
D
min
Minimal diameter of the cross-section of the pipe, in mm (in).
t Pipe wall thickness as per number 8.1.3.2, in mm (in).
Allowable capacity of the pipe subject to external pressure shall be calculated with the
expression:
24
Where:
P
CDE
Allowable capacity of collapse pressure in the subsea pipeline, in N/mm
2
(lb/in
2
).
Allowable collapse pressure calculated with the expression 24, shall guarantee that:
25

8.1.3.2.2.2 Buckling propagation (Pp): The buckling propagation in pipelines shall be
calculated using the following expression:

26

Where:

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P
p
Propagation pressure, in N/mm
2
(lb/in
2
).
2
(lb/in
2
).
t Pipe wall thickness calculated as per 8.1.3.2, in mm (in).
The allowable capacity of the pipe before the buckling propagation effect shall be
calculated with the expression:

P
pc
=0, 73P
p
27

where:

P
pc
Propagation pressure allowable capacity, in N/mm
2
(lb/in
2
).
The allowable propagation pressure calculated with the expression 27 shall guarantee
that:

28
For the external pressure calculation, the maximum wave height shall be considered for a
return period of 10 years for the installation condition. For the operation condition, a review
of the propagation pressure i shall be performed considering the storm wave height for a
return period of 100 years.
8.1.3.2.3 Bending moment (Mu): In order to consider this effect, the sum of all bending
stresses that are presented in the installation or operation phase shall be taken into
account. The cross-section bending capacity is given by the following expressions:

[
)]
29
Where:
Mu Ultimate cross-section bending moment for design, in N. mm (lb/in).
SMYS Specified Minimum Yield Strength), in N/mm
2
(lb/in
2
).

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t Pipe wall thickness calculated as per 8.1.3.2 in mm (in).
The permissible capacity that the pipe will have shall be calculated by the following
expression:

30
Where:
Mu
c
Allowable bending moment capacity, in N. mm (lb.in).
f
M
Design

factor for cross-section bending indicated in Table 7.
ZONE OPERATION INSTALLATION
A 0,57 0,67
B 0,53
Table 7. Design factor by Bending Moment (f
M
).
8.1.3.2.4 Global buckling (Cg): Global buckling in straight sections subject to pure
compression strengths that may exist in free spans and crossing shall be reviewed.
The global buckling capacity shall be calculated using the following expression:
[ (
)] 31
Where:
Cg Compression load by global buckling, in N (lb).
2
(lb/in
2
).
Slenderness ratio =

32
K Effective length factor that depends on the support conditions in the section ends.
For fitted ends K=0, 5 and articulated ends K=1,0.
L Section length, mm (in).
R Radius of gyration =

33
I Moment of inertia of the pipe steel section, in nm
4
(pul
4

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As Cross-section area of steel pipe, in mm
2
(in
2
).
E Elasticity modulus of pipe steel, in N/mm
2
(lb/in
2
).
The allowable capacity that the pipe will have shall be calculated with the expression:
34
Where:
Cg
p
Global buckling allowable capacity for design, in N (lb).
For pipelines cases in superficial or buried straight sections, the calculation of the global
buckling capacity shall take into account the effect of the lateral and/or vertical restriction
of the soil.
8.1.3.2.5 Formulation of design for combined load status: During the pipe lay or
installation phase, the requirements indicated next shall be followed for the load
combination effects.
8.1.3.2.5.1 Tension and bending moment (Tu-Mu): The capacity of the pipeline to
support the combined strengths of Tension and Bending Moment shall be verified through
the following expression:
*(

35
Where:
F
TM
Design factor for combination of Tension and Bending Moment = 0,54.
Mu Cross-section bending ultimate moment, in N.mm (lb.in) (Eq.29).
Tu Ultimate longitudinal tension, in N( lb) (Eq. 17).
M Applied bending moment, in N.mm (lb.in).
T Applied axial load, in N (lb)
8.1.3.2.5.2 Axial load, bending moment and collapse pressure (Tu, Mu-Pc): The
pipeline capacity to support the combined stresses Axial Load, Bending Moment and
Collapse Pressure shall be verified using the following expression:

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*(

36
Where:
P External acting pressure, in N/mm
2
(lb/in
2
).
Pc Collapse pressure, in N/mm
2
(lb/in
2
). (Eq.20).
M Applied bending moment, in N.mm (lb.in).
Mu Design ultimate cross-section bending moment, in N.mm (lb.in). (Eq.29).
T Applied axial load, in N(lb).
Tu Ultimate longitudinal tension, in N (lb) (Eq.17).
F
TMPc
Design factor for combination of tension, bending moment and collapse pressure
=0,80.
8.1.4 Hydrodynamic stability
A hydrodynamic stability analysis shall be carried out to verify that the horizontal stability
factors of the pipeline comply with what it is indicated in this section. This analysis shall be
carried out for installation and operation conditions of the pipeline, using the levels 2
and/or 3 of the program AGA Analysis for Subsea Pipeline on-Bottom Stability. It
shall be considered the vertical and horizontal forces acting simultaneously, as well as the
direction of the swell and current. The weight of the submerged pipeline can be controlled
by the combination of thickness and density of the concrete coating.
The analysis for the installation condition shall be carried out with the regular pipeline
exposed, empty and for a 10 years storm period. The design parameters for this condition
are indicated in Table 8.
For the operation condition, the hydrodynamic stability analysis shall be carried out only if
the regular pipeline, or a section of this, is not buried for any of the reasons indicated in
8.1.1.14. The analysis of this phase shall be carried out with the pipeline exposed, filled
with fluid and for a 100 year storm period. The design parameters considered for the
operation phase are indicted in Table 9.
a) A sea bottom velocity (U
1/100
), for a 4 hour period of storm development.
b) A sea bottom velocity (U
1/1,000
), for a 3 hour period of storm completely developed.

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The two stability factors calculated for the two sea bottom velocities shall be equal or
higher than the stability factor indicated in Tables 8 and 9, as the case may be.
The oceanographic parameters that shall be considered in the analysis are indicated in
sections 8.1.4.2 for return periods of 10 years; and 8.1.4.3, for a return period of 100
years.
It shall be checked that the pipelines are vertically stable in the empty condition
(installation), for which it shall be verified that the submerged weight of the pipeline is 1.10
times the rising force , as minimum for conditions a) and b) mentioned above.
The buried condition of the pipelines shall be reviewed regarding sinking and buoyancy.
Both, for gas and liquid pipelines, sinking shall be evaluated assuming that the pipeline is
filled with water, and buoyancy shall be evaluated assuming that the pipeline is empty.
If the specific submerged weight of the pipeline filled with water is less than the
submerged soil, any other analysis for sinking is not required. If according to the
characteristics of the soil liquation may be present, it shall be checked that the sinking
depth of the pipeline does no produce stresses higher than 18% of the MYS as a
consequence of the curve.
If the specific submerged weight of the pipeline empty is less than the submerged soil,
then the shear strength of the soil shall be reviewed as to indicate it is appropriate to avoid
buoyancy.
If the stability of the pipeline cannot be guaranteed with the concrete coating and the
burial, using an anchor system, concrete mesh or path modification of the pipeline shall be
considered as an option.

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DESIGN PARAMETERS INSTALLATION PHASE
Initial burial of the pipeline. Superficial to seabed
(1)
.
Horizontal stability factor. FE= 1,1
Consideration of the fluid weight. Empty pipe.
Soil characteristics.
To take data of the corridor geotechnical survey
carried out with static and dynamic tests, as per
section 8.1.1.4.
Significant wave height. Annex A (2) data corresponding to a return period of
10 years.
Current velocity at 95% of depth. Annex A (2) data corresponding to a return period of
10 years.
Wave peak period for Bay of Campeche and Litoral
Tabasco.
11,3 s.
Wave peak period for the North Zone and
Lankahuasa.
11,9 s.
Minimum specific gravity 1,2
(1) A different burial depth from the superficial depth may be proposed depending on the analysis of
instantaneous settlement caused by the pipeline installation activities.
(2) The direction of the swell and the current shall be taken into account as per section 8.1.4.2.2.

Table 8. Design parameters for horizontal hydrodynamic stability of subsea
pipelines in the installation phase

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DESIGN PARAMETERS OPERATION PHASE
Pipeline burial Superficial to seabed
(1)
.

Horizontal stability factor
CSS FE gas FE oil
MODERATE ---- 1,1
HIGH 1,0 ----
VERY HIGH --- 1,3

Fluid weight consideration Filled pipe
Soil characteristics Obtaining data of the corridor geotechnical survey
carried out with static and dynamic tests, as per
section 8.1.1.4
Significant wave height Annex A
(2)
data corresponding to a return period of
100 years.
Current velocity at 95% of depth Annex A
(2)
data corresponding to a return period of
100 years.
Wave peak period for the Bay of Campeche and
Litoral Tabasco
13,0 s.
Wave peak period for North Zone and Lankahuasa 12,3 sec.
(1) A burial depth different from the superficial depth may be obtained depending on the analysis of
instantaneous settlement caused by the pipeline installation activities.
(2) The direction of the swell and the current shall be taken into account as per the section 8.1.4.2.2.

Table 9. Horizontal hydrodynamic stability design parameters of subsea pipelines
in operation phase
8.1.4.1 Buoyancy analysis of buried pipeline: When the pipeline is buried it tends to
float or sink in storm conditions. This phenomenon depends on the pipeline weight
(including the content), density of the seabed and its strength to shear stress.
The buoyancy revision of the buried pipelines shall be carried out of as follows:
1) Soil strength plus the additional strength for the soil weight over the pipeline.
) (
)
37

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Where:
R
s
Soil resistance strength to sinking or buoyancy per volume unit of the pipeline, in
lb/ft
3
.
C
s
Shear stress strength of non-drained soil, in N/m
2
(lb/in
2
).
D
t
Total pipeline outside diameter including concrete coating in m (ft.).
s Submerged weight of seabed in N/m
3
(lb/ft
3
).
H
c
Seabed thickness above the pipeline in m (ft.).
A
t
Cross-sectional area of the pipeline, including concrete coating in m
2
(ft
2
).

2) Buoyancy force.

38
Where:
F Buoyancy force, in N/m
3
(lb/ft
3
).
W
s
Dry weight of the pipeline per length unit, in N/m (lb/ft.). It includes the sum of the
weights of the pipeline, content, concrete coating and anti-corrosive coating.
W
a
Weight of the water drained by the pipeline, in N/m (lb/ft.).
A
t
Cross-section of the pipeline in m
2
(ft
2
), it includes the concrete coating thickness.
The following inequality shall be complied:

39
The previous review shall be done considering the shear resistance of the remodeled soil
(reduced).

8.1.4.2 Oceanographic parameters for return period of 10 years

8.1.4.2.1 Wave height and current velocity: Wave heights and current velocities for
different zones in the Gulf of Mexico for a return period of 10 years are indicated in figures
A-1 to A-4 of Annex A.

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8.1.4.2.2 Swell and current direction: For the hydrodynamic stability analysis, the
incidence angle of the swell and the current with the subsea pipeline shall be taken into
account.
8.1.4.2.2.1 Bay of Campeche and Litoral Tabasco: Heading of the swells shall be
considered along with the most probable wave direction. A heading of S 11 15 E, while
the current velocity is parallel to the bathymetry (See figure 5). The bathymetry is
considered uniform and regular.
Figure 5. Direction of swells and current for the 10 and 100 year return period in Bay
of Campeche and Litoral Tabasco.
8.1.4.2.2.2 North Zone and Lankahuasa: The heading of the swell shall be considered
along with the most probable wave direction. A heading of 33 45 E, while the direction of
the current velocity is parallel to the bathymetry (See figure 6). The bathymetry is
considered uniform and regular.

Figure 6. Direction of swells and current for a 10 year return period in the North
Zone and Lankahuasa

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8.1.4.3 Oceanographic parameters for a return period of 100 years

8.1.4.3.1 Wave height and current velocity: The height of the waves and current
velocities for the different zones in the Gulf of Mexico for a return period of 100 years are
indicated in figures A-5 to A-8 of Annex A.
8.1.4.3.2 Direction of the swell and current

8.1.4.3.2.1 Bay of Campeche and Litoral Tabasco: The heading of the swell shall be
considered with the most probable wave direction. A heading of S 11 15 E, while the
speed direction is parallel to the bathymetry (See figure 5). The barometry is considered
uniform and regular.
8.1.4.3.2.2 North Zone and Lankahuasa: The heading of the swell shall be considered
with the most probable wave direction. A heading of S 78 45 W, while the current velocity
direction is parallel to the bathymetry (See figure 7). The barometry is considered uniform
and regular.

Figure 7. Direction of the swell and current for a return period of 100 years in North
Zone and Lankahuasa

8.1.5 Design deliverable documentation
As minimum, three sets of copies shall be submitted at the end of the design project, both
in print and electronic version (AutoCAD and Window environment) to the requesting
Pemex area, as minimum the following:
Design bases:

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Basic information that involves all the aspects considered in the design:
Calculation reports.
o Determination of thickness for internal pressure, high temperature and
review for other effects.
o Flexibility analysis (riser, free span, crossings, interconnections, among
others).
o Vortices analysis.
o Hydrodynamic stability analysis.
o Cathodic protection.
o Riser clamps design.
Flowcharts.
Particular specification sheets.
Project drawings (when the operating conditions are higher than 90C, a note shall
be attached to each drawing indicating the following: after the pipeline construction
is finished, a detailed geophysical survey shall be carried out, which provides the
profile of the pipeline along the corridor as to detect free spans and irregularities for
relevant stress analysis and avoid of upheaval or lateral buckling problems).
Isometrics
Work volume.
Requisitions.
In addition, the user or PEMEX shall specify the technical basis of the bidding, the
documentation and additional scope of the deliverable documentation and information.
9. RESPONSIBILITIES
9.1 Petrleos Mexicanos and subsidiary entities

9.1.1 Submitting the information required by this reference Standard to the design services
provider for the development of the hired activities.
9.1.2 Granting the necessary document approvals before, during and at the end of the
activities required by this reference Standard.
9.1.3 Carrying out or ensuring that the verification of compliance with the requirements of
the reference Standard is carried out in a documented manner.

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9.2 Pemex Exploration and Production Technical Standardization Sub-
Committee
Receiving, analyzing and attending comments and improving suggestions to the
requirements established in this standard to keep its content and requirements updated;
with the purpose to make sure that the operations carried out for the design of the subsea
pipeline are executed in a precise, reliable and safe way.
9.3 Contractors
9.3.1 The contractor of the design services for subsea pipelines shall demonstrate that the
company is experienced in the development of designs for similar project.
9.3.2 If applicable, it shall prove that it has qualified or specialist personnel available in the
design of subsea pipelines area.
9.3.3 The contractor shall have sufficient equipment, instrumentation and appropriate
infrastructure available for executing the activities and obligations required by this
standard.
9.3.4 The contractor shall provide, to PEMEX representative, access to the facilities and
information related with the activities required by this NRF during the validity of the
contract.
10. CONCORDANCE WITH MEXICAN OR INTERNATIONAL
STANDARDS
This standard is not in concordance with any Mexican or international standard.
11. BIBLIOGRAPHY
This standard is based on the technical bibliographic references indicated below:
ISO 13623:2000 Petroleum and natural gas
industries-pipeline
transportation systems, First
edition, April 2000.

American Gas Association
(AGA)
Submarine Pipeline on
bottom stability, 1993

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API SPEC. 5L /ISO 3183 Specification for Line Pipe.
Forty-Fourth Edition,
October 2007.

API RP 1111-1999 Recommended Practice for
Design, Construction
Operation and Maintenance
of Offshore Hydrocarbon
Pipelines Limit State
Design. Third edition, July
1999.

API RP 1111-1993 Recommended Practice for
Design, Construction,
Operation and Maintenance
of Offshore Hydrocarbon
Pipelines. Second edition,
November/1993.

ASME B31.G. Manual for Determining the
Remaining Strength of
Corroded Pipelines, 1991.

ASME B31. 4-2006 Pipeline Transportation
Systems for Liquid
Hydrocarbons and other
Liquids.

ASME B31. 8-2207 Gas Transmission and
Distribution Piping Systems.

ASTM A 36/1 36M-05 Standard Specification for
Carbon Structural Steel,
2005.

ASTM A 53/A 53M-06a Standard Specification for
Pipe, Steel, Black and Hot-
Dipped, Zinc Coated,
Welded and Seamless,
2006.

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Bea Robert Risk based criteria for
Design and Requalification
of Pipelines and Risers in
the Bay of Campeche.

Det Norske Veritas (DNV) (Rules for Submarine
Pipeline Systems, 1981/
1996).

OFFSHORE STANDARD
DNV-OS-F101
Submarine Pipeline
Systems, October 2007.

Diavaz, S.A. de C.V. Inspecciones a ductos
ascendentes en 1996, para
Pemex Exploracin y
Produccin.
(Riser Inspections, 1996 for
Pemex Exploration and
Production).
IMP Obtencin de factores de
diseo por esfuerzos
permisibles (f) para los
posibles efectos actuantes
en lneas submarinas
(Fases de Operacin e
Instalacin).Proyecto F-
00926, febrero de 2001.
(Obtaining allowable
stresses design factors (f)
for the possible effects
acting on the subsea
pipelines (operation and
installation phases)). Project
F-00926, February 2001.
IMP Evaluacin a ductos
ascendentes y lneas
submarinas del Activo
Cantarell. Proyecto FA-
4934, enero de 1997.
(Evaluation of risers and
subsea pipelines of
Cantarell Oil Field. Project
FA-4934, January 1997).
IMP Anlisis de riesgo para
lneas submarinas
superficiales.
Proyecto FA-2325, marzo
de 1991.
(Risk analysis for shallow
subsea pipelines).
Project FA-2325, March
1991.
Informacin metaocenica
para el diseo de lneas
submarinas en la Sonda de
Campeche. Octubre de
(MetaOcean information for
the design of subsea
pipelines in Campeche

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1997. Bay. October 1997).
Oceanweather Update of Meteorological
and Oceanographic
Hindcast Data and Normal
and Extremes, Bay of
Campeche). Oceanweather,
November / 1996.

Oceanweather Update of MetaOcean
Design Data for Zone North
and Bay of Campeche,
Oceanweather, July / 2006.

Especificacin Tcnica
P.2.0721.04-2009
Sistemas de proteccin del
ducto ascendente en la
zona de mareas y oleaje
para temperatura alta.
(Riser protection system in
splash and wave zone for
high temperatures.

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12. ANNEX
Annex A. Oceanographic information for the Gulf of Mexico.

Figure A-1. Velocities of current on the surface at 50% and 95% depth for Bay of
Campeche and Litoral Tabasco (Return period of 10 years)

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Figure A-2. Velocities of current on the surface at 50% and 95% depth for North
Zone and Lankahuasa (Return period of 10 years)

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Figure A-3. Maximum and significant wave height for Bay of Campeche and Litoral
Tabasco (Return period for 10 years)

Note: Only applicable for hydrodynamic stability.

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Figure A-4. Maximum and significant wave height for North Zone and Lankahuasa
(Return Period of 10 years)
Note: Only applicable for hydrodynamic stability.

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Figure A-5. Velocities of current on the surface at 50% and 95% depth for Bay of
Campeche and Litoral Tabasco (Return period of 100 years)

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Figure A-6 (Velocities of current on the surface at 50 and 95% depth for north Zone
and Lankahuasa (Return period of 100 years)

SUBSIDIARY ENTITIES

DESIGN OF SUBSEA
MEXICO

NRF-013-PEMEX-2009

Rev.: 0
Page 61 of 63

Figure A-7. Maximum and significant wave height of Bay of Campeche and Litoral
Tabasco (Return period of 100 years)

NOTE: Only applicable for hydrodynamic stability.

SUBSIDIARY ENTITIES

DESIGN OF SUBSEA
MEXICO

NRF-013-PEMEX-2009

Rev.: 0
Page 62 of 63

Figure A-8. Maximum and significant wave height for North Zone and Lankahuasa
(Return period of 100 years)

NOTE: Only applicable for hydrodynamic stability.

SUBSIDIARY ENTITIES

DESIGN OF SUBSEA
MEXICO

NRF-013-PEMEX-2009

Rev.: 0
Page 63 of 63

Annex B. Conversion of the gas and light oil production in Thousands of Heavy Oil
Barrels Daily Equivalent.

1) The production of the gas pipelines shall be converted into Thousands of Heavy Oil
Barrels Daily Equivalent using the following formula:

1 MBCPED= 139,798 m3 (4, 937 million cubic feet) of gas per day.

2) The production of the light oil pipelines shall be convert into Thousands of Heavy
Oil Barrels Daily Equivalent using the following formula:

1 MBCPED = 140,83m
3
(140, 83 m
2
) 0,886 thousands of barrels) of light oil per
day.

NRF 013 Pemex 2009 English

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