ThescienceandTechnologyof

Energy
Introduction
History of Energy Technology HistoryofEnergyTechnology
Archimedes screw Archimedesscrew
(around240BC)was
used as a tool to pump usedasatooltopump
waterforirrigation
purposes and clear purposesandclear
waterfromflooded
mines mines
History of Energy Technology HistoryofEnergyTechnology
This was followed by Thiswasfollowedby
theinventionofthe
water wheels which waterwheelswhich
convertedtheenergyof
falling or moving water fallingormovingwater
intomechanicalenergy.
Initial designs were Initialdesignswere
inefficientbutthey
gradually improved graduallyimproved.
History of Energy Technology HistoryofEnergyTechnology
In1827,BenoitFourneyron, , y ,
builtthefirstturbine.This
turbineincludesasetof
guiding vanes (stator) that guidingvanes(stator)that
directedthejettowardsthe
bladesoftherotatingwheel
( ) h d (rotor).Thispermittedto
capturethekineticenergy
ofthejetmoreefficiently j y
andachievedhigher
efficiencies(upto85%).
History of Energy Technology HistoryofEnergyTechnology
Heros steam engine Hero ssteamengine
wasthemostancient
steam engine invented steamengineinvented
inthefirstcentury.It
consisted of a hollow consistedofahollow
metalspheresupported
by two pivots bytwopivots.
Industrialrevolution
History of Energy Technology HistoryofEnergyTechnology
The earliest attempts to Theearliestattemptsto
designaninternal
combustion engine combustionengine
wereintheXVIIcentury
with Gottfried Leibniz withGottfriedLeibniz
andHenriPapinusing
gunpowder in a gunpowderina
cylindricalchamber.
History of Energy Technology HistoryofEnergyTechnology
Gunpowderbeing p g
uncontrollable,itwas
replacedwithsteam.
Newcomen (in 1712) Newcomen (in1712)
improvedthedesignby
directingajetofcold
waterinsidethecylinder.
Watt(in1769)minimized
the losses by condensing thelossesbycondensing
waterinaseparate
chamber.
History of Energy Technology HistoryofEnergyTechnology
Faradayslaws:
Acurrentissetupinaclosed
circuitbyachangingmagnetic
fieldandalsoinaloopofwire
whenmovedthrougha
stationarymagneticfield
Asteadycurrentisinduced
acrossarotatingcopperdisc
betweenthepolesofastring
magnet
Thisledtotheinventionofthe
dynamo.
History of Energy Technology HistoryofEnergyTechnology
Incandescentlampsinvented
byEdison(1880)wereoneof
thefirstusefulapplicationsof
electricity.
Theproductionofelectricity
thengraduallydeveloped
fromhydroelectrictocoal
fi d d l firedandnuclear.
Themultipleaccidents
associatedwithnuclearpower
d d th f t renderedtheresafety
questionable(mostrecentlyin
Fukushima,Japan,2011).
History of Energy Technology HistoryofEnergyTechnology
Followingtheoilcrisisof g
1970s,researchers
startedlookinginto
various alternative variousalternative
energytechnologies.
Renewableenergyis
gainingmoresupportas
theeffectofgreenhouse
emissions and global emissionsandglobal
warmingisbecoming
moredetrimental.
Global Energy Trends GlobalEnergyTrends
Theglobalpopulationispredictedtobe9.2billionby2050
compared to 7 billion in 2011 and 2 5 billion in 1950 comparedto7billionin2011and2.5billionin1950.
Demandforenergyisprojectedtoincreaseby40%by2030
(from12000to16500Mtoe)
Global Energy Trends GlobalEnergyTrends
Primaryenergyconsumptionin2010byfueltype
By2030,energyproducedbyfossilfuelswillincreaseby
30% with a shift away from coal to gas and renewables by 30%withashiftawayfromcoaltogasandrenewables by
500%.
Theshareofrenewables amongelectricitygenerationwill
increase to 10% compared with 3% in 2008 increaseto10%comparedwith3%in2008.
Global Energy Trends GlobalEnergyTrends
Global Warming GlobalWarming
Overthe20
th
century,theaverageglobaltemperature
increased by 0 60 2C increasedby0.60.2 C.
Themostoptimistictothemostpessimisticpredictionson
temperatureincreaseduetoglobalwarmingby2100range
between 1 1C and 6 4C between1.1 Cand6.4 C.
Global Warming GlobalWarming
Life Cycle Analysis LifeCycleAnalysis
TheLifeCycleAnalysis(LCA)isamethodtomeasurethe
impact of project or process on the environment impactofprojectorprocessontheenvironment.
Severalimpactcategories:Energyresourcesdepletion,
greenhouseeffect,acidificationofwater,biodiversity
reduction etc reduction,etc
Implications of Global Warming ImplicationsofGlobalWarming
Globalwarmingcouldhaveadevastatingimpacton
weather, ocean currents and sea levels, biodiversity weather,oceancurrentsandsealevels,biodiversity
andwateravailability.
Limitingthetemperatureriseto2C(equivalentto
[Co2] < 450 ppmV) reduces the risk considerably [Co2]<450ppmV)reducestheriskconsiderably.
Thiscouldbeachievedbyfuelswitchingtorenewable
sourcesandcarboncapturepowerplants.
Improvingenduseefficiencyisalsoanimportant
factortoconsider(Heatpumps,LEDlights,hybridor
electriccars,etc) , )
TheKyotoProtocolwasthefirstinternationalattempt
toreduceGHGemissions(compliance?Effectiveness?)
Energy Units and Capacity Factors EnergyUnitsandCapacityFactors
Systemofdimensions:MLTofFLT.Sometimethetemperature isincluded.
Differentsystemofunitsexist,themostfamousaretheSI(systme International)
d ( l ) andIP(Imperialunits).
Thecapacityfactorofaplantistheaverageannualpoweroutputasafractionof
theratedpower.Ex:FossilFuelPowerPlant(75%),Nuclear(90%),Wind(20
40%),Solar(20%)