List of Space Observatories - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

23/7/2014 List of space observatories - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_space_observatories 3/21
Name
Space
Agency
Launch
Date
Terminated Location Ref(s)
3rd High Energy Astronomy
Observatory (HEAO 3)
NASA
20
September
1979
29 May 1981
Earth orbit (486.4
504.9 km)
[2][3][3]
Astrorivelatore Gamma ad
Immagini LEggero (AGILE)
ISA
23 April
2007
Earth orbit (524

553 km)
[4][5]
Compton Gamma Ray
Observatory (CGRO)
NASA
5 April
1991
4 June 2000
Earth orbit (362
457 km)
[6][7][8]
Cos-B ESA
9 August
1975
25 April 1982
Earth orbit (339.6
99,876 km)
[9][10][11]
Gamma
USSR,
CNES, RSA
1 July
1990
1992 Earth orbit (375 km)
[12]
Fermi Gamma-ray Space
Telescope
NASA
11 June
2008
Earth orbit (555 km)
[13]
Granat CNRS & IKI
1
December
1989
25 May 1999
Earth orbit (2,000
200,000 km)
[14][15][16]
High Energy Transient
Explorer 2 (HETE 2)
NASA
9 October
2000
2007 ?
Earth orbit (590
650 km)
[17][18][19]
International Gamma Ray
Astrophysics Laboratory
(INTEGRAL)
ESA
17
October
2002
Earth orbit (639

153,000 km)
[20][21]
Low Energy Gamma Ray
Imager (LEGRI)
INTA
19 May
1997
2002 Earth orbit (600 km)
[22][23]
Second Small Astronomy
Satellite (SAS 2)
NASA
15
November
1972
8 June 1973
Earth orbit (443
632 km)
[24][25]
Swift Gamma Ray Burst
Explorer
NASA
20
November
2004
Earth orbit (585

604 km)
[26][27]
X-ray
X-ray telescopes measure high-energy photons called X-rays. These can not travel a long distance through the
atmosphere, meaning that they can only be observed high in the atmosphere or in space. Several types of
astrophysical objects emit X-rays, from galaxy clusters, through black holes in active galactic nuclei to galactic
objects such as supernova remnants, stars, and binary stars containing a white dwarf (cataclysmic variable
stars), neutron star or black hole (X-ray binaries). Some solar system bodies emit X-rays, the most notable
being the Moon, although most of the X-ray brightness of the Moon arises from reflected solar X-rays. A
combination of many unresolved X-ray sources is thought to produce the observed X-ray background.
The Advanced Satellite
for Cosmology and
Astrophysics

An artist's impression of
BeppoSAX

The Einstein
Name
Space
Agency
Launch
Date
1st High Energy Astronomy
NASA
12 August
1977
9 January 1979 Earth orbit (445 km)
[28][29][30]
3rd High Energy Astronomy
NASA
20
September
1979
29 May 1981
Earth orbit (486.4
504.9 km)
[2][3][3]
A Broadband Imaging X-
ray All-sky Survey
(ABRIXAS)
DLR
28 April
1999
1 July 1999
Earth orbit (549
598 km)
[31][32][33]
Advanced Satellite for
Cosmology and
Astrophysics (ASCA)
ISAS &
NASA
20
February
1993
2 March 2001
Earth orbit (523.6
615.3 km)
[34][35]
AGILE ISA
23 April
2007
Earth orbit (524

553 km)
[4][5]
Ariel V
SRC &
NASA
15
October
1974
14 March
1980
[36][37]
Array of Low Energy X-ray
Imaging Sensors (Alexis)
LANL
25 April
1993
2005
Earth orbit (749
844 km)
[38][39][40]
Aryabhata ISRO
19 April
1975
23 April 1975
Earth orbit (563
619 km)
[41]
Astron IKI
23 March
1983
June 1989
Earth orbit (2,000
200,000 km)
[42][43][44]
Astronomical Netherlands
Satellite (ANS)
SRON
30 August
1974
June 1976
Earth orbit (266
1176 km)
[45][46]
BeppoSAX ASI
30 April
1996
30 April 2002
Earth orbit (575
594 km)
[47][48][49]
Broad Band X-ray
Telescope / Astro 1
NASA
2
December
1990
11 December
1990
[50][51]
1990
Chandra X-ray Observatory NASA
23 July
1999
Earth orbit (9,942

140,000 km)
[52][53]
Cos-B ESA
9 August
1975
25 April 1982
Earth orbit (339.6
99,876 km)
[9][10][11]
Cosmic Radiation Satellite
(CORSA)
ISAS
6 February
1976
6 February
1976
Failed launch
[54][55]
Einstein Observatory
(HEAO 2)
NASA
13
November
1978
26 April 1981
Earth orbit (465
476 km)
[56][57]
EXOSAT ESA
26 May
1983
8 April 1986
Earth orbit (347
191,709 km)
[58][59][60]
Ginga (Astro-C) ISAS
5 February
1987
1 November
1991
Earth orbit (517
708 km)
[61][62][63]
Granat CNRS & IKI
1
December
1989
25 May 1999
Earth orbit (2,000
200,000 km)
[14][15][16]
Hakucho ISAS
21
February
1979
16 April 1985
Earth orbit (421
433 km)
[64][65][66]
High Energy Transient
Explorer 2 (HETE 2)
NASA
9 October
2000
Earth orbit (590

650 km)
[17][18][19]
International Gamma Ray
Astrophysics Laboratory
(INTEGRAL)
ESA
17
October
2002
Earth orbit (639

153,000 km)
[20][21]
Nuclear Spectroscopic
Telescope Array (NuSTAR)
NASA
13 June
2012
Earth orbit (603.5 km)
[67][68]
ROSAT
NASA &
DLR
1 June
1990
12 February
1999
Re-entry 23 October
2011.
[69]
Formerly Earth orbit
(580 km)
[70][71][72]
Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer
(RXTE)
NASA
30
December
1995
3 January
2012
[73]
[74][75]
Suzaku (ASTRO-E2)
JAXA &
NASA
10 July
2005
[76][77]
Explorer
NASA
20
November
2004
Earth orbit (585

604 km)
[26][27]
Tenma ISAS
20
February
1983
19 January
1989
Earth orbit (489
503 km)
[78][79][80]
Third Small Astronomy NASA 7 May April 1979 Earth orbit (509
[81][82][83]
Third Small Astronomy
Satellite (SAS-C)
NASA 7 May
1975
April 1979 Earth orbit (509
516 km)
[81][82][83]
Uhuru NASA
12
December
1970
March 1973
Earth orbit (531
572 km)
[84][85][86]
XMM-Newton ESA
10
December
1999
Earth orbit (7,365

114,000 km)
[87][88]
Ultraviolet
Ultraviolet telescopes make observations at ultraviolet wavelengths, i.e. between approximately 10 and 320 nm.
Light at these wavelengths is absorbed by the Earth's atmosphere, so observations at these wavelengths must be
performed from the upper atmosphere or from space.
[89]
Objects emitting ultraviolet radiation include the Sun,
other stars and galaxies.
[90]
The Far Ultraviolet
Spectroscopic Explorer

An artist's impression of
GALEX

The Copernicus
Observatory in a clean
room
Name
Space
Agency
Launch
Date
Terminated
Observing
Location
Ref(s)
Astro 2 NASA
2 March
1993
18 March
1993
Earth orbit (349
363 km)
[91][92]
Astron IKI
23 March
1983
June 1989
Earth orbit (2,000
200,000 km)
[42][43][44]
Far Ultraviolet
Camera/Spectrograph
(UVC)
NASA
16 April
1972
23 April 1972
Descartes Highlands
on Lunar surface
[93]
Astronomical Netherlands
Satellite (ANS)
SRON
30 August
1974
June 1976
Earth orbit (266
1176 km)
[45][46]
Broad Band X-ray
Telescope / Astro 1
NASA
2 December
1990
11 December
1990
Earth orbit
(500 km)
[50][51]
Cosmic Hot Interstellar
Spectrometer (CHIPS)
NASA
13 January
2003
11 April 2008
Earth orbit (578
594 km)
[94][95]
Extreme Ultraviolet NASA 7 June 1992 31 January Earth orbit (515
[96][97]
Extreme Ultraviolet
Explorer (EUVE)
NASA 7 June 1992 31 January
2001
Earth orbit (515
527 km)
[96][97]
Far Ultraviolet
Spectroscopic Explorer
(FUSE)
NASA &
CNES &
CSA
24 June
1999
12 July 2007
Earth orbit (752
767 km)
[98][99]
Galaxy Evolution Explorer
(GALEX)
NASA
28 April
2003
28 June 2013
Earth orbit (691
697 km)
.
[100][101][102]
Hisaki (SPRINT-A) JAXA
14
September
2013

[103]
Hubble Space Telescope
NASA &
ESA
24 April
1990
Earth orbit
(586.47
610.44 km)
[104]
Interface Region Imaging
Spectrograph (IRIS)
NASA
27 June
2013
Earth orbit
[105][106]
International Ultraviolet
Explorer (IUE)
ESA &
NASA &
SERC
26 January
1978
30 September
1996
Earth orbit
(32,050
52,254 km)
[107][108]
Korea Advanced Institute
of Science and Technology
Satellite 4 (Kaistsat 4)
KARI
27
September
2003
2007 ?
Earth orbit (675
695 km)
[109][110]
OAO-2 (Stargazer) NASA
7 December
1968
January 1973
Earth orbit (749
758 km)
[111][112]
OAO-3 Copernicus NASA
21 August
1972
February 1981
Earth orbit (713
724 km)
[111]
Orion 1 and Orion 2 Space
Observatories
USSR
19 April
1971 (Orion
1) ; (Orion
2)
December
18, 1973
1971; 1973
Earth orbit (Orion 1:
200222 km; Orion
2: 188247 km)
[113][114]
Explorer (Swift)
NASA
20
November
2004
Earth orbit (585

604 km)
[26][27]
Venus Spectral Rocket
Experiment
NASA
26
November
2013
reusable
suborbital to
300 km
[115]
UV ranges listed at Ultraviolet_astronomy#Ultraviolet_space_telescopes.
Visible
The oldest form of astronomy, optical or visible-light astronomy extends from approximately 400 to 700
nm.
[116]
Positioning an optical telescope in space means that the telescope does not see any atmospheric effects
(see astronomical seeing), providing higher resolution images. Optical telescopes are used to look at stars,
galaxies, planetary nebulae and protoplanetary disks, amongst many other things.
[117]
The Hubble Space
Telescope

The Kepler Spacecraft
Mission
Name
Space
Agency
Launch
Date
COROT
CNES &
ESA
27 December
2006
2013
Earth orbit (872
884 km)
[118][119]
Hipparcos ESA
8 August
1989
March 1993
Earth orbit (223
35,632 km)
[120][121][122]
Hubble Space
Telescope
NASA
24 April
1990
Earth orbit (586.47

610.44 km)
[104]
Kepler Mission NASA
6 March
2009
Earth-trailing
heliocentric orbit
[123][124][125]
MOST CSA 30 June 2003
Earth orbit (819
832 km)
[126][127]
Swift Gamma Ray
Burst Explorer
NASA
20
November
2004
Earth orbit (585

604 km)
[26][27]
Gaia mission
(astrometry)
ESA
19 December
2013
Sun-Earth L
2
Lagrange
point
[128]
Infrared and Submillimetre
Infrared light is of lower energy than visible light, hence is emitted by cooler objects. As such, the following can
be viewed in the infrared: cool stars (including brown dwarves), nebulae, and redshifted galaxies.
[129]
Artist's impression of the
Herschel Space
Observatory

Artist's impression of
IRAS

Artist's impression of the
James Webb Space
Telescope
Name
Space
Agency
Launch
Date
AKARI JAXA
21
February
2006
24 November
2011
[130]
Earth orbit (586.47
610.44 km)
[131][132]
Herschel Space
Observatory
ESA &
NASA
14 May
2009
[133]
29 April
2013
[134]
Sun-Earth L
2
Lagrange point
[135][136][137]
IRAS NASA
25 January
1983
21 November
1983
Earth orbit (889
903 km)
[138][139]
Infrared Space
Observatory (ISO)
ESA
17
November
1995
16 May 1998
Earth orbit (1000
70500 km)
[140][140][141]
Infrared Telescope in
Space
ISAS &
NASDA
18 March
1995
25 April 1995 Earth orbit (486 km)
[142][143]
Midcourse Space
Experiment (MSX)
USN
24 April
1996
26 February
1997
[144]
Spitzer Space Telescope NASA
25 August
2003
Solar orbit (0.981.02

AU)
[145][146]
Submillimeter Wave
Astronomy Satellite
(SWAS)
NASA
6
December
1998
Last used in
2005
Earth orbit (638
651 km)
[147][148]
Wide Field Infrared
Explorer (WIRE)
NASA
5 March
1999
no observations
Re-entered May 10,
2011
[149]
[150]
Wide-field Infrared Survey
Explorer (WISE)
NASA
14
December
2009
(hibernation
Feb 2011-Aug
2013)
[151][152][153]
Microwave
Orbital Vsat
At microwave frequencies, photons are plentiful, but they have very low energy so lots of them need to be
collected. At these frequencies, the Cosmic Microwave Background can be measured, as well as point sources
and the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect, as well as synchrotron radiation and Bremsstrahlung from our own galaxy.
Cosmic Background
Explorer (COBE)

Artist's impression of
WMAP
Name
Space
Agency
Launch
Date
Cosmic Background
Explorer (COBE)
NASA
18
November
1989
23 December
1993
[154][155]
Odin
Swedish
Space
Corporation
20
February
2001
[156][157]
Planck ESA
14 May
2009
October 2013
Sun-Earth L
2
Lagrange
point(mission)
Heliocentric (Derelict)
[136][158][159]
WMAP NASA
30 June
2001
October 2010
Sun-Earth L
2
Lagrange
point
[160]
Radio
As the atmosphere is transparent for radio waves, radio telescopes in space are of most use for Very Long
Baseline Interferometry; doing simultaneous observations of a source with both a satellite and a ground-based
telescope and by correlating their signals to simulate a radio telescope the size of the separation between the two
telescopes. Observations can be of supernova remnants, masers, gravitational lenses, starburst galaxies, and
many other things.
Name
Space
Agency
Launch
Date
Highly Advanced
Laboratory for
Communications and
Astronomy (HALCA, or
VSOP)
ISAS
12
February
1997
30 November
2005
Earth orbit (560
21,400 km)
[161][162][163]
RadioAstron ASC LPI May 2011
Earth orbit (10,000
390,000 km)
[164][165][166]
Particle detection
Spacecraft and space-based modules that do particle detection, looking for cosmic rays and electrons. These
can be emitted by the sun (Solar Energetic Particles), our galaxy (Galactic cosmic rays) and extragalactic
sources (Extragalactic cosmic rays). There are also Ultra-high-energy cosmic rays from active galactic nuclei.
Name
Space
Agency
Launch
Date
3rd High Energy
Astrophysics Observatory
(HEAO 3)
NASA
20
September
1979
29 May 1981
Earth orbit (486.4
504.9 km)
[2][3][3]
Alpha Magnetic
Spectrometer 01 (AMS-01)
NASA
2 June
1998
12 June 1998 Earth orbit (296 km)
[167]
Alpha Magnetic
Spectrometer 02 (AMS-02)
NASA
16 May
2011
[168]
IBEX NASA
19
October
2008
Earth orbit
[169]
Payload for Antimatter
Matter Exploration and
Light-nuclei Astrophysics
(PAMELA)
ISA, INFN,
RSA, DLR &
SNSB
15 May
2006
Earth orbit (350

610 km)
[170][171]
SAMPEX NASA / DE
3 July
1992
30 June 2004 Earth orbit
[172]
Gravitational waves
A proposed new type of telescope is one that detects gravitational waves; ripples in space-time generated by
colliding neutron stars and black holes.
To be launched
Not in space yet:
Name
Space
Agency
Launch
Date
Astrosat ISRO 2015 Earth orbit (650 km)
[173][174]
LISA Pathfinder NASA/ESA 2015 L1 orbit
[175]
James Webb Space
Telescope
NASA/ESA/CSA TBA
On Earth. Planned for
Sun-Earth L
2
Lagrange point
[176]
Tel Aviv University
Ultraviolet Explorer
(TAUVEX)
Israeli Space
Agency
TBA
[177]
Hard X-ray Modulation
Telescope (HXMT)
CNSA
2014-
2016

[178]
DArk Matter Particle
Explorer (DAMPE )
CNSA
2015-
2016

[179]
See also
List of proposed space observatories
List of solar telescopes
References
1. ^ "Gamma rays" (http://science.hq.nasa.gov/kids/imagers/ems/gamma.html). NASA. Retrieved 2008-03-01.
2. ^
a

b

c
"NASA - NSSD - Spacecraft - Trajectory Details (HEAO 3)"
(http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftOrbit.do?id=1979-082A). NASA. Retrieved 2008-02-27.
3. ^
a

b

c

d

e

f
"NASA - NSSDC - Spacecraft - Details (HEAO 3)"
(http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1979-082A). NASA. Retrieved 2008-02-27.
4. ^
a

b
"NASA - NSSD - Spacecraft - Trajectory Details (AGILE)"
5. ^
a

b
"NASA - NSSDC - Spacecraft - Details (AGILE)" (http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?
id=2007-013A). NASA. Retrieved 2008-02-27.
6. ^ "NASA - NSSD - Spacecraft - Trajectory Details (Compton Gamma Ray Observatory)"
(http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftOrbit.do?id=1991-027B). NASA. Retrieved 2008-02-27.
7. ^ "NASA - NSSDC - Spacecraft - Details (Compton Gamma Ray Observatory)"
(http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1991-027B). NASA. Retrieved 2008-02-27.
8. ^ "CGRO Science Support Center" (http://cossc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/cgro/index.html). NASA. Retrieved 2008-
02-27.
9. ^
a

b
"NASA - NSSD - Spacecraft - Trajectory Details (COS-B)"
10. ^
a

b
"NASA - NSSDC - Spacecraft - Details (COS-B)" (http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?
id=1975-072A). NASA. Retrieved 2008-02-27.

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23/7/2014 List of space observatories - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Earth orbit (524

Earth orbit (639

Earth orbit (585

Earth orbit (524

Earth orbit (9,942

Earth orbit (590

Earth orbit (639

Earth orbit (585

Earth orbit (7,365

Earth orbit (585

Earth orbit (586.47

Earth orbit (585

Solar orbit (0.981.02

Earth orbit (350

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