LGS Vol2 Indo-European Phylo

5= INDO-EUROPEAN phylosector
Observatoire Linguistique
page 385
Linguasphere Observatory
5=INDO-EUROPEAN phylosector
This phylosector covers 10 sets of languages (= 150 outer languages, comprising 873 inner languages) spoken traditionally
by communities across much of Eurasia, from Iceland and the British Isles in the northwest to Sri Lanka in the south,
constituting the Indo-European intercontinental affinity. During the last half millennium, languages of this phylosector
(principally from zones 51=, 52=, 53= and 59=) have spread to all other continents of the world, and across northern Asia,
and over half the world's population now speaks a language from this phylosector (as either primary or alternate voices).
Zones 50= to 57= cover languages traditionally spoken in Europe, and 58= to 59= cover languages traditionally spoken in
western and southern Asia. Zones are arranged in the approximate geographic order of their traditional areas in Eurasia,
moving from northwestern Europe to southern Asia, and this order has no implication for prehistorical reconstructions:
50= CELTIC phylozone
53= SLAVIC phylozone
56= HELLENIC phylozone
59= INDIC phylozone
51= ROMANIC phylozone

54= BALTIC phylozone
57= ARMENIC phylozone
52= GERMANIC phylozone

55= ALBANIC phylozone
58= IRANIC phylozone
Before consulting the following tables, please see Guide to the Register in Volume One
Additional or improved data on languages and communities covered by this sector will be welcomed
by e-mail at: REGISTER@LINGUASPHERE.ORG, or by letter-post at: LINGUASPHERE PRESS, HEBRON SA34 0XT, WALES (UK).
COLUMN 1 & 2
layers of reference
codes and reference-names
50=
CELTIC
phylozone
COLUMN 3
other nomenclature and notes
covers the "Celtic", "Gaelic+ Welsh" or Gaeilge+ Cymraeg set,

part of the "Indo-European" intercontinental affinity;
comprising 1 set of languages (= 5 outer languages) spoken
by communities in insular and maritime northwestern Europe,
from the Hebridean islands to the Breton peninsula:
COLUMNS 4 & 5
nation-states
(+ provinces)
and
scale of
speakers
France (Bretagne); Ireland; Man;

United Kingdom (Scotland; Wales;
Northern Ireland); with migrations
to Argentina; Australia; Canada;
USA
50-A GAEILGE+ CYMRAEG

The internal unity of the [50] Celtic set appears less close
than that of other sets in this phylosector, and there may be a
case for regarding the [50] Gaeilge+ Gidhlig (Gaelic) and
[50] Cymraeg+ Brezhoneg (Britannic) chains as separate
components of the Indo-European intercontinental affinity.
50-A
50-AA
50-AAA
50-AAA-a
GAEILGE+
CYMRAEG set
GAEILGE+
GIDHLIG chain
GAEILGE+
GIDHLIG net
Gaeilge+ Gidhlig
GAELIC+ WELSH, "celtic", in [50] Gaeilge (Irish): ceilteach, in [50]

Cymraeg (Welsh): celteg
GAELIC, "goidelic", "Q-celtic"; in [50] Cymraeg (Welsh): goedeleg
gaeilge + gidhlig+ ghailckagh, in [50] Cymraeg (Welsh): gaeleg;

including gaeilge, "irish gaelic", "irish" gidhlig, "scottish gaelic"
ghailckagh, "manx" bilingual in [52] English from c.350: Ogham
script; Erse, Celto-Latin script; Latin script #"Gaelic" is pronounced
"Gallic" in Scotland & "Gaylic" in Ireland covering a sequence of
idioms now extending from the Hebrides islands to the south-west
coast of Ireland (originally covering the whole of Ireland and Highland
Scotland, with the Isle of Man) severely reduced and submerged by
[52] English in the rural Highlands of Scotland as a result of the ethnic
th
clearances of the 18 century, and in rural Ireland as a result of the
th
famine-related ethnic clearances of the 19 century.
Ireland (including UK: Northern

Ireland); UK (Scotland); Man; also
migration> Canada; Australia; USA
page 386
The Linguasphere Register
50-AAA-aa
gidhlig-F.
50-AAA-ab
1999 / 2000 edition
"formal scottish gaelic", in [52] Scots: hielans, in [50] Gaeilge (Irish):

gaeilge na hAlban, including "church gaelic" "modern literary scottish
gaelic" Latin script, from c.1650; Church Gaelic is based on an
archaic Perthshire model
Scotland)
gidhlig-NE.
"scottish gaelic"-NE. Caithness Sutherland-E counties: Brora

Golspie Embo coast
(Scotland: Highland-NE.)
50-AAA-ac
gidhlig-CW.
"scottish gaelic"-CW.
(Scotland-W.); also migration>

Canada (Nova Scotia; Prince
Edward Island)
50-AAA-aca
leodhaisach
lewis Leodhais, Lewis island (excluding Harris peninsula) to be

reclassified as an inner-language, with constituent dialects
(Western Isles)
50-AAA-acb
hearadhach
hearadh, harris Na Hearadh, Harris peninsula
(Western Isles)
50-AAA-acc
uibhistach-N.
uist-N. Uibhist-a'Tuath, North Uist island
(Western Isles)
50-AAA-acd
beinn-na-faoghla
benbecula Beinn-na-Faoghla, Benbecula island
(Western Isles)
50-AAA-ace
uibhistach
uist-S. Uibhist-a-Deas, South Uist island
(Western Isles)
50-AAA-acf
barraighach
barra Barraigh, Barra island
(Western Isles)
50-AAA-acg
sgianach
sgitheanach=Skye, Eilean Sgianach, Eilean Sgitheanach island
(Highland-W.)
50-AAA-ach
rhumach+ eiggach
Rum Eigg islands
(Highland-W.)
50-AAA-aci
tyree+ coll
Coll Tiree islands
(Strathclyde-NW.)
50-AAA-acj
mull
Isle of Mull island
(Strathclyde-NW.)
50-AAA-ack
gidhlig-NW.
Sutherland-W Ross-&-Cromarty Inverness-W. counties
(Highland)
50-AAA-acl
gidhlig-C.
Argyll-N Perth-W counties
(Strathclyde-N.; central-N.)
50-AAA-acm
argyll-S.
Argyll-S county
(Strathclyde-SW.)
50-AAA-acn
arran
Arran island
(Strathclyde)
50-AAA-aco
peairt
Perth-SW. county
(Strathclyde)
50-AAA-acp
alba-nuadh
"new albion gaelic" Cap Breton island Prince Edward island
migration> Canada (Nova Scotia;

Prince Edward Island)
50-AAA-ad
gaeilge-L.
"historical literary irish", "old common gaelic", 'erse' from c.350
Ireland; (Scotland); Man
50-AAA-ae
gaeilge-F.
50-AAA-af
gaeilge-NE.*
"traditional irish"-NE. +transitional to Scottish Gaelic (Gidhlig-CW.)
50-AAA-afa
rathlin
Rathlin island
(Antrim-N.)
50-AAA-afb
antrim-glens
Antrim Glens valleys extinct in 1940's
(Antrim-N.)
50-AAA-ag
gaeilge-N.
"traditional irish"-NW.
Ireland (Ulaidh-W., Ulster-W.); UK

(Ireland-N., major part of Ulaidh,
Ulster)
50-AAA-aga
ard-macha
Ard-macha, Armagh county
(Armagh)
50-AAA-agb
dn-na-n-gall-NW.
Dn-na-n-gall-NW., Donegal-NW. county: Toraigh, Tory island

rainn Mhr, Aran island
(Donegal)
50-AAA-ah
gaeilge-C.
"traditional irish"-C.
Ireland (Connachta, Connaught)
50-AAA-aha
maigh-eo
Maigh-eo, Mayo county
(Mayo)
50-AAA-ahb
gaillimh
Gaillimh-W., Galway-W. Maigh-eo-SW., Mayo-SW. counties: Partry (Mayo)

mountains
"formal irish", "modern literary irish", "modern standard irish",

"dublin irish", in [50] Cymraeg (Welsh): gwyddeleg from c.1650
Ireland
(Northern Ireland, major part of
Ulaidh, Ulster: Antrim-N.)
50-AAA-ahc
aran
Clare county: Aran islands
(Clare)
50-AAA-ahd
"mixed" gaeilge-C.+ gaeilge-S. +creation of new mixed dialect

resettled speakers> M, Meath county
(Meath)
50-AAA-ai
gaeilge-S.
"traditional irish"-S.
Ireland (Mumhain, Munster;

Leinster-S.)
50-AAA-aia
ciarra
Ciarra-W., Kerry-W. county: Uibh Rathach Dingle peninsula

Corca Dhuibne
(Kerry)
50-AAA-aib
corcaigh
Corcaigh-W., Cork-W. county: Oilen Chlire, Clear island Bal

tha an Ghaorthaidh Baile Bhirne Cil Aodh
(Cork)
50-AAA-aic
phort-lirge
Phort-lirge-S., Waterford-S. county: An Sean a'Phobal An Rinn
(Waterford)
50-AAA-aj
gaelg
"manx", manaweg, ghailckagh, ghailck, gailck, ghaelg, chengey-nymayrey, "manx gaelic", in [50] Gaeilge (Irish): manainnis, gaeilge
Oilen Mhanann, in [50] Cymraeg (Welsh): manaweg, gaeleg y Manaw
isle of Man
Man
1*
50-AAA-aja
gaelg-L.
"literary manx", including "traditional legal manx" recorded from

c.1650
Man
50-AAA-ajb
manaweg-NW.
"manx"-NW. extinct
50-AAA-ajc
manaweg-SE.
"manx"-SE. extinct +submerged by [52] English
manaweg-S.
50-AAA-ajd
50-AAA-aje
manaweg-F.
submerged by [52] English
Man
Man
"manx"-S. extinct in 1974 +submerged by [52] English
Man
"revived manx" revived from c.1950
Man
1*
page 387
50-AB
CYMRAEG+
BREZHONEG chain
BRITANNIC, "P-celtic", "brythonic", "british", in [50] Cymraeg (Welsh):

brythoneg, in [50] Gaeilge (Irish): briotanach, in [51] Franais:
brittonique #the linguistic term 'Brythonic' avoids confusion with the
modern political use of 'Britannic' (associated with the united crowns of
England and Scotland), but it is appropriate to redefine 'Britannic' as
originally applied to the Celtic communities (and Welsh-related
languages) of the island of Great Britain. originally covering most of
the island of Great Britain (Clydeside Cornwall), but now confined
st
largely to Wales and (as a result of migration in the 1 Millennium) to
Brittany.
50-ABA
CYMRAEG net
Cymraeg
WELSH, "britannic"-N.
50-ABA-a
50-ABA-aa
cymraeg-L.
50-ABA-ab
cymraeg-F.
50-ABA-aba
cymraeg-y-beibl
"bible welsh", including cymraeg-y-pulpud, "conservative pulpit welsh"

(Cymru, Wales)
from 1588 (first translation of Welsh Bible); now being submerged by
Modern Literary Welsh
50-ABA-abb
cymraeg-lenyddol
"modern literary welsh" from c.1650 (reinforced by 1988 new

translation of Bible)
(Cymru, Wales)
50-ABA-abc
cymraeg-safonol
"modern standard welsh", "generalised welsh" a flexible standard

based on Modern Literary Welsh, but with a tolerance of regional
variations; promoted in education and the media.
(Cymru, Wales)
50-ABA-abd
cymraeg-byw
"learners' normalised welsh", "learners' cymric" #cymraeg-byw=living

welsh, from c.1960, since abandoned
(Cymru, Wales)
50-ABA-abe
cymraeg-americanaidd
"american welsh" the Welsh language as cultivated by small

communities and families of Welsh or partial Welsh origin in the USA;
sustained by a network of Welsh-speaking associations and
publications +influenced especially in pronunciation by [52]
Northamerican General English Delta+ Bangor (Pennsylvania)
Evansville (Wisconsin) Oneida (NY) Gallia (Ohio)
USA; also Canada
50-ABA-abf
cymraeg-y-wladfa
"patagonian welsh", in [51] Espaol: gals patagn -bilingual in [51]

Espaol Patagonia, (in Cymraeg) Y Wladfa: Chubut lower valley:
Gaimn Trelew Rawson; Golfo Nuevo coast Puerto Madryn,
Porth Madrun; Chubut, Camwy upper valleys: Leleque Esquel
settlement from different parts of Wales (and Welsh speakers from
Liverpool) between 1865 & 1914
migration> Argentina (Patagonia:

Chubut)
50-ABA-ac
cymraeg-N.
cymraeg y gogledd, "welsh-N.", "cymric"-N., "northwalian welsh",

perjorative 'iaith y gogs', (obsolete) gwyndodeg, "venedotian"
(Cymru-N., Wales-N.); also

migration> Argentina (Patagonia)
50-ABA-aca
iaith-ynys-mn
"angelsey welsh" part of cymraeg-y-gogledd-orllewin, "welsh"-NW.

Mn, Angelsey island
(Sir Mn, Angelsey)
50-ABA-acb
cymraeg
sir-gaernarfon
"caernarvonshire welsh", part of cymraeg-y-gogledd-orllewin, "welsh"NW. Lln, Lleyn peninsula Caernarfon+ Bangor+ Conwy coast
Conwy, Conway valley Eryri, Snowdonia mountains
(Sir Gaernarfon, Caernarvonshire)
50-ABA-acc
iaith-y-cofis
"caernarvon-town welsh", part of cymraeg-y-gogledd-orllewin, "welsh"NW. #iaith-y-cofis=language of the cove +influenced by

[52]English developed when Caernarfon was a medieval port and
English-occupied garrison town Caernarfon town
(Sir Gaernarfon, Caernarvonshire)
50-ABA-acd
cymraeg-NE.
cymraeg-y-gogledd-ddwyrain, "welsh"-NE., "cymric"-NE. Clwyd

valley Rhyl+ Fflint coast Dyfrdwy, Dee valley
(Sir Ddinbych, Denbighshire; Sir y

Fflint, Flintshire)
50-ABA-ace
cymraeg-C.
cymraeg-y-canolbarth, "welsh"-C., "mid-welsh"; (obsolete) powyseg,

(Sir Meirionnydd, Merionethshire;
"powysian", "ordovician" Powys valley Dyfi, Dovey valley
Sir Drefaldwyn, Montgomeryshire);
Tywyn+ Harlech coast +transition between Cymraeg-NE. & Cymraeg- also England (Shropshire border)
CS.
50-ABA-ad
cymraeg-S.
cymraeg-y-de, iaith-y-sowth, "welsh-S.", "southwalian welsh", "cymric"S. with local forms cymrg-y-de, cwmrg-y-de etc., (pejorative) 'iaith yr
hwntws'
Cymru-S., Wales-S.
50-ABA-ada
cymraeg-CS.
cymraeg y canolbarth dde, "welsh"-CS. Wye upper valley: Rheadr

Gwy, Rhayader Llanfair ym Muallt, Builth Wells Aberhonddu,
Brecon
(Sir Faesyfed, Radnorshire;

Brycheiniog, Breconshire)
y gymraeg, iaith gymraeg, "welsh", "cymric", in [50] Gaeilge (Irish):

breatnais, in [51] Franais: gallois, cymrique, kymrique; including a
wide range of local forms of the language-name: cymraig, cymrig,
cwmrg, cymrg, cymrg, etc. -bilingual in [52] English
#the traditional English name "Welsh" is derived from Old English walh
=Celtic or Roman foreigner, and a case can be made for the
promotion of "Cymric" as a more appropriate name in English after
th
strong survival throughout Wales until the 19 century, there was a
steady decline in the number and proportion of Welsh-speakers
th
throughout the 20 century, a trend arrested and reversed in the
younger generation by the institutionalisation of Welsh as a co-official
language in Wales (Welsh Language Act, 1967) and by its strong
promotion in education and the media strong lexical links (cognates
plus loans) with [51] Latin from c.650: Latin script
UK ( Cymru, Wales); Nantmawr

(England: Shropshire border); also
migration> England (Liverpool,
London); Argentina (Patagonia);
USA (Pennsylvania)
"traditional literary welsh", "traditional literary cymric", including "old

welsh" "middle welsh" "early modern" welsh from c.650
(Cymru, Wales; formally ScotlandS.; England)
"book welsh", "unified cymric" including standardised forms of Welsh

for the purposes of preaching, literary composition, formal teaching,
publishing and broadcasting, and as an educational resource for
emigr communities in the Americas
(Cymru, Wales)
page 388
1999 / 2000 edition
50-ABA-adb
cymraeg-W.
cymraeg-y-gorllewin, "welsh"-W., "cymric"-W., "demetian"-NW.,

preseli+ ceredigion, including iaith sir benfro, iaith shir bemro,
"pembrokeshire-welsh"-N., "preseli welsh" iaith ceredigion, iaith
cardi, "cardiganshire welsh"; part of (obsolete) deheubartheg, dyfedeg,
"demetian" St.David's peninsula Preseli hills Tf upper valley
Ceredigion
(Ceredigion, Cardiganshire; Sir

Benfro-N., Pembrokeshire-N.,
adjacent Sir Gaerfyrddin,
Carmarthenshire)
50-ABA-adc
cymraeg-SW.
cymraeg-y-de-orllewin, "welsh"-SW., "cymric"-SW., part of (obsolete)

deheubartheg, dyfedeg, "demetian" Tywi lower, Towy lower
Gwendraeth Nedd, Neath valleys
(Sir Gaerfyrddin, Carmarthenshire;

Sir Morgannwg-W., GlamorganW.)
50-ABA-add
gwenhwyseg
cymraeg-y-de-ddwyrain, "traditional welsh"-SE., "traditional cymric"SE., (obsolete) "gwentian". "silurian" last vestiges in Rhondda
Wysg, Usk valleys following the near-extinction of this idiom,
standard Welsh (Cymraeg-safonol) is being reintroduced in the late
20th century through Welsh-medium schools
(Sir Morgannwg-E., Glamorgan-E.;

Sir Fynwy-W., Monmouthshire-W.;
adjacent Brycheiniog-S.,
Breconshire-S.)
2*
50-ABA-ade
cymlish
cymraeg yr ysgolion cymraeg ="welsh-schools' welsh" +new "mixed"

dialect, with characteristic pronunciation and marked influence from
[52] English in vocabulary, syntax and intonation developed since
1980's among pupils in Welsh-medium secondary schools in southeast
Wales #name created locally from Cym(raeg) plus (Eng)lish
(Sir Morgannwg-E., Glamorgan-E.;

Sir Fynwy-W., Monmouthshire-W.)
50-ABB
BRETON+ CORNISH, "britannic"-S.
50-ABB-a
BREZHONEG+
KERNEWEK net
Kernewek
UK (England: Cornwall)
1*
50-ABB-aa
kernewek-L.
50-ABB-ab
kernewek-F.
"historical cornish" +progressively submerged by [52] English extinct (Cornwall)

from 1777
"revived cornish" revived from c.1900; including competition among
at least three proposed standards; reinforced by vocabulary modelled
on [50] Cymraeg & Brezoneg (Welsh & Breton)
(Cornwall)
50-ABB-b
Brezhoneg
Breton, in [51] Franais: breton, in [50] Cymraeg (Welsh): llydaweg, in

[50] Gaeilge (Irish): briotinis -bilingual in [51] Franaisfrom c.750:
Latin script
France (Bas-Bretagne)
50-ABB-ba
brezhoneg-L.
"pre-modern literary" breton, including "old" "middle" "early

modern" breton from c.750
(Bas-Bretagne)
Cornish, "insular cornish", in [51] Franais: cornouaillais insular

-bilingual in [52] English from c.1450: Latin script
50-ABB-bb
brezhoneg-G.
"general" breton, in [51] Franais: breton harmonis
(Bas-Bretagne)
50-ABB-bba
brezhoneg-beleg
in [51] Franais: breton francis, breton de prtre #brezhoneg

beleg=priest's breton
(Bas-Bretagne)
50-ABB-bbb
brezhoneg-KLT
kerneweg+ leoneg+ tregereg, "standard" breton 1 Leoneg+

Tregereg model #KLT =anagram of kerneweg+ leoneg+ tregereg
(Bas-Bretagne)
50-ABB-bbc
brezhoneg-peurunvan
brezhoneg-ZH, KLT+ gwenedeg, KLTG, 'zedacheg', "standard" breton

2, in [51] Franais: breton interdialectal #brezhoneg-perunvan
=completely unified breton
(Bas-Bretagne)
50-ABB-bbd
brezhoneg-falhuneg
"university" breton, "standard" breton 3, in [51] Franais: breton

universitaire #brezneg-falhuneg =(Father) Falc'hun's Breton
(Bas-Bretagne)
50-ABB-bc
leoneg
brezoneg-NW., "traditional" breton-NW., in [51] Franais: lonais,

lonard Bro-leon, Lon country
(Bas-Bretagne: Finisterre-N.)
50-ABB-bca
batz
Batz island
50-ABB-bcb
leoneg-E.
in [51] Franais: part of haut-loneg Haut-Lon country
50-ABB-bcc
leoneg-C.
Pagan country
50-ABB-bcd
leoneg-W.
in [51] Franais: part of haut-loneg Bas-Lon country
50-ABB-bce
uchant
Uchant, Ouessant island
50-ABB-bcf
molne
Molne island
50-ABB-bd
tregereg+ kerneweg
brezoneg-C., "central traditional" breton, including "continental cornish", (Bas-Bretagne: Ctes-d'Armor-W.;

in [51] Franais: trgorrois+ cornouaillais continental Bro-dreger,
Finistrre-S.)
Trgor country Goelo-NW. country Bro-gerne, Cornouaille country
50-ABB-bda
tregereg-W.
in [51] Franais: petit-trgorrois Petit Trgor country, Queffleut rightbank
50-ABB-bdb
tregereg-C.
Lguer+ Jaudy valleys & coast
(Bas-Bretagne)
50-ABB-bdc
tregereg-SE.
Trieux valley, Plouagat
(Bas-Bretagne)
50-ABB-bdd
goelo
Goelo-NW country, Paimpol
(Bas-Bretagne)
50-ABB-bde
kerneweg-NE.
Quintin-W country, Blavet upper valley
(Bas-Bretagne)
50-ABB-bdf
kerneweg-N.
Poher country, Aulne basin
(Bas-Bretagne)
50-ABB-bdg
kerneweg-NW.
Crozon peninsula
(Bas-Bretagne)
50-ABB-bdh
kerneweg-W.
Cap Sizun peninsula
(Bas-Bretagne)
50-ABB-bdi
snan
Sein island
(Bas-Bretagne)
50-ABB-bdj
kerneweg-SW.
Bigouden country
(Bas-Bretagne)
50-ABB-bdk
kerneweg-SE.
Aven valley Isol valley
(Bas-Bretagne)
50-ABB-bdl
gwenedeg-W.
in [51] Franais: bas-vannetais Bro-wened-W, Bas-Vannetais country, (Bas-Bretagne: Morbihan-W.)

Lorient Pontivy
50-ABB-be
gwenedeg-E.
bezhoneg-SE., breizhoneg-SE., "traditional" breton-SE., in [51]

Franais: haut-vannetais Bro-wened-E, haut-Vannetais country
(Bas-Bretagne: Morbihan-C.)
(Bas-Bretagne)
50-ABB-bea
gwenedeg-F.
"standard" breton-SE., in [51] Franais: haut-vannetais normalis.
50-ABB-beb
vannes
Vannes
50-ABB-bec
groix
Groix island
50-ABB-bed
houat
Houat island
page 389
SHELTA classified for referential purposes within [50] Celtic on basis

of a substantial core of vocabulary derived from [50] Gaeilge.
50-ACA-a
SHELDRUU
notional chain
SHELDRUU net
Sheldruu
"irish travellers' cant", "irish tinkers' cant" (<Irish: caint = speech),

gammon, gammoch, shelta (= the old thing), sheldru, shelru, tarri,
minkyers' tari, minklers' tari, bawconi jib, hinditemeskri jib, 'bog latin';
speakers: mincir, tinncir, mnkyeery, "irish tinkers" +mixed cryptic
language; morphology & syntax from [52] English + cryptic lexicon
partially from [50] Gaeilge -bilingual in [52] English
UK; USA; Canada
4*
50-ACA-aa
sheldruu-W.
"english-shelta", "irish-shelta"
UK (Ireland; Scotland; also

migration> UK (Cymru, Wales;
England); USA; Canada
4*
50-ACA-ab
sheldruuN.
"gaelic-shelta", "scots-shelta"
UK (Scotland-W.)
50-AC
50-ACA
"cryptic anglo-gaelic"
page 390
51=
ROMANIC
phylozone
covers the "Romance" or Italiano+ Romneasca set, part of

the "Indo-European" intercontinental affinity; comprising 1 set
of languages (= 30 outer languages) spoken traditionally by
communities throughout southern Europe, from Portugal to
Moldova, with extensions to all other continents of the world:
51-A ITALIANO+ ROMNEASCA
including 4 arterial languages: Portugus (Portuguese);
Espaol (Spanish); Franais (French); Italiano (Italian)
This phylozone comprises the modern Romance relatives of
Latin (and Latin itself), the only surviving languages of the
"Italic" component of the Indo-European intercontinental
affinity.
The present internal diversity of the Romance idioms in Italy
may reflect an historical influence from other Italic languages
absorbed by Latin during the earliest period of Roman power.
In the same way, the internal diversity among Romance
idioms in northern Italy and further west probably reflects an
influence from the former [50] Celtic ("Gaulish" or Britannicrelated) languages of continental Europe, whose own
relationship with Italic (including Latin) no doubt accelerated
their submersion.
51-A
ITALIANO+
ROMNEASCA set
51-AA
ITALIANO+
ROMNEASCA chain
51-AAA
51-AAA-a
ITALIANO+
PORTUGUS net
Portugus+ Galego
51-AAA-aa
51-AAA-ab
1999 / 2000 edition
Albania; Algeria; Andorra; Angola;

Argentina; Belgium; Belize; Benin;
Bolivia; Bosnia; Brazil; Bulgaria;
Burkina Faso; Central African
Rep.; Cambodia; Cameroon;
Canada; Cape Verde; Chad;
Channel Islands; Chile; China;
Colombia; Comoro Islands; Congo;
Congo-Zaire; Costa Rica; Croatia;
Cuba; Cte d'Ivoire; Djibouti;
Dominican Rep.; East Timor;
Ecuador; Egypt; El Salvador;
Equatorial Guinea; France; French
Guiana; French Polynesia; Gabon;
Greece; Guadeloupe; Guatemala;
Guinea; Guinea-Bissau; Haiti;
Honduras; India; Indonesia; Israel;
Italy (Val d'Aost); Laos; Lebanon;
Macedonia; Madagascar;
Malaysia; Mali; Martinique;
Mauritania; Mauritius; Mexico;
Moldova; Monaco; Morocco;
Netherlands West Indies; New
Caledonia / Kanaky; Nicaragua;
Niger; Panama; Paraguay; Peru;
Philippines; Portugal; Romania;
Ruanda; Runion; San Marino;
Senegal; Seychelles; Singapore;
Slovenia; Spain; Sri Lanka;
St.Lucia; Switzerland; Togo;
Trinidad; Tunisia; Turkey; USA;
Ukraine; Uruguay; Vatican;
Vanuatu; Venezuela; Vietnam;
Virgin Islands; Wallis & Futuna;
Western Sahara.
ROMANCE, "italian+ romanian", in [51] Franais: roman, in [51]

Espaol: romance, in [51] Italiano: romanzo; part of former italic
from c.450: Hellenic script; Etrusco-Italic script; Latin script
ROMANCE-WEST, "italian+ portuguese", in [51] Franais: roman

occidental
Portuguese+ Galician, "wider portuguese", "luso-romance",
"lusitanian", "ibero-romance"-W., in [51] Espaol: portugus
-widespread (translingual) understanding of [51] Espaol
Portugal; Spain; Brazil; Cape

Verde; Angola; Mozambique; etc.
portugus-L.
"pre-modern literary portuguese" from 12th cent.: Latin script
Portugal
galego
galleg, gallego, "galician" -translingual in [51] Espaol
Spain (Galicia); Argentina
"standard galician", "literary galician" Latin script
(Galicia)
51-AAA-aba
galego-F.
51-AAA-abb
galego-W.
La Corua Vigo
(Galicia)
51-AAA-abc
galego-E.
Lugo Orense
(Galicia)
51-AAA-abd
galego-argentina
Buenos Aires
migration> Argentina
51-AAA-ac
portugus-N.
"traditional portuguese"-N.
Portugal
51-AAA-aca
portugus-NE.
+transition to [51] Astur+ Leons
Portugal (Alto-Minho; Trs-OsMontes; Alto Douro)
51-AAA-acb
portugus-CN.
51-AAA-ad
portugus-F.
51-AAA-ada
51-AAA-adb
Portugal (Beira-Baixa; Beira-Alta;

Douro-Litoral; Douro-Minho)
"modern literary portuguese", "standard portugueses"
Portugal; Brazil; Cape

Verde; Guinea Bissau; SoTom; Angola; Mozambique;
Macao; India (Goa); migration>
France; South Africa; Canada
portugal-F.
"standard metropolitan portuguese", "formal metropolitan portuguese"
Portugal.
brasil-F.
"standard brazilian portuguese", "formal" brasileiro
Brazil
51-AAA-ae
portugus-G.
"generalised colloquial luso-portuguese"
Portugal (Algarve; Alentejo;

Ribatejo; Lisba; Estremadura;
Beira-Litoral)
51-AAA-aea
riodonors
rionor +transition to [51] Espaol
Portugal; Spain frontier
51-AAA-aeb
portugus-africa-W.
"west-african" portuguese
Cape Verde; Guinea-Bissau; So

Tom
51-AAA-aec
prtogus
"southern african portuguese" #derived from prto= black+ final

syllable of portugus
Angola; South Africa; Mozambique
51-AAA-aed
portugus-goa
"goan portuguese" Goa
India (Goa)
51-AAA-aee
portugus-maco
Maco
Maco
51-AAA-aef
portugus-timor
Timor-E. island
East Timor
page 391
51-AAA-af
madeirense
"madeiran portuguese"
51-AAA-afa
funchal
Madeira island
(Madeira)
51-AAA-afb
porto-santo
Porto Santo island
(Madeira)
51-AAA-ag
aoriano
"azorian portuguese"
Portugal (Aores)
51-AAA-aga
aoriano-E.
Aores-E. islands
(Aores)
51-AAA-agb
aoriano-C.
Aores-C. islands
(Aores)
51-AAA-agc
aoriano-NW.
Aores-NW. islands
(Aores)
51-AAA-ah
brasileiro-G.
"generalised colloquial brazilian"
Brazil
51-AAA-aha
brasileiro-NE.
"brazilian"-NE. So-Lus Recife coast & hinterland
Brazil (Maranho; Piaui; Ceara;

Rio Grande do Norte; Paraba;
Pernambuco)
51-AAA-ahb
brasileiro-E.
"brazilian"-E.
Brazil (Alagoas; Bahia; Minas

Gerais; Espirito Santo)
51-AAA-ahc
rio-de-janeiro
"generalised" rio Rio de Janeiro
Brazil (Rio de Janeiro)
51-AAA-ahd
so-paolo
"generalised" so paolo So Paolo
Brazil (So Paulo)
51-AAA-ahe
brasileiro-SE.
Curitiba Rio Grande coast & hinterland
Brazil (Parana; Santa Catarina; Rio

Grande do Sul)
51-AAA-ahf
mato-grosso
Mato Grosso plateau
Brazil (Mato Grosso; Mato Grosso

do Sul; Gois)
51-AAA-ahg
amazonas
Amazonas basin
Brazil (Amap; Par; Amazonas;

Acre; Rondonia)
51-AAA-ai
#falares baianos=dialects of Bahia
Brazil (Bahia)
51-AAA-am
falares-baianos
mineiro
carioca
paulista
fronteirio
51-AAA-b
51-AAA-ba
51-AAA-aj
51-AAA-ak
51-AAA-al
51-AAA-bb
51-AAA-bba
51-AAA-bbb
Portugal (Madeira)
Brazil (Minas Gerais)

Rio de Janeiro "popular urban"
Brazil (Rio de Janeiro)
So-Paolo "popular urban" So-Paolo
Brazil (So-Paolo)
fronterizo, "hispano-brazilian" #fronteirio =frontier +transition to

[51] Espaol
Brazil; Uruguay frontier
Espaol
Spanish, "ibero-romance"-C., castellano+ andaluz, "wider castillian"
Spain; Morocco; Cuba; Puerto

Rico; USA; Mexico; {South
America} {Central America};
Equatorial Guinea; Philippines;
{United Nations}
castellano-L.
"pre-modern literary castillian" from 11th century: Latin script
Spain
espaol acadmico, lingua castellana, "formal castillian spanish",

"literary castillian", "standard castillian"
Spain; Morocco; Western

Sahara; Equatorial Guinea;
Cuba; Puerto Rico;
Dominican Rep.; Virgin Islands;
Trinidad & Tobago; Mexico;
Belize; Guatemala; Salvador;
Honduras; Nicaragua;
Costa-Rica; Panama
Venezuela; Colombia;
Ecuador; Peru; Chile;
Bolivia; Paraguay; Uruguay;
Argentina; Philippines
"formal iberian spanish" Castille model
Spain
espaol-F.
castellano-F.
americano-F.
espaol acadmico americano, castellano americano, "formal american {Latin America}

spanish" Mexican model
51-AAA-bc
espaol-G.
castellano vulgar, "generalised castillian" including regional variants
Spain
51-AAA-bca
espaa-G.
"generalised ibero-spanish", "generalised castillian"
Spain
51-AAA-bcb
castilla+ lon
(Castilla y Lon)
51-AAA-bcc
galicia
(Galicia)
51-AAA-bcd
asturias
(Asturias)
51-AAA-bce
cantabrica
(Cantabrica)
51-AAA-bcf
rioja
51-AAA-bcg
vasco
(La Rioja)
+influenced by [40] Euskera (Basque)
(Pais Vasco)
51-AAA-bch
navarra
(Navarra)
51-AAA-bci
madrid
(Madrid)
51-AAA-bcj
la-mancha
(Castilla la Mancha)
51-AAA-bck
estremadura
(Estremadura)
51-AAA-bcl
espaol-aragn
51-AAA-bcm
espaol-valencia
+influenced by [51] Catal+ Valenci
(Valencia)
51-AAA-bcn
espaol-catalua
(Catalunya, Catalua)
51-AAA-bco
espaol-baleares
(Islas Baleares)
51-AAA-bd
andaluz
andalusian
Spain (Andalucia; Murcia;

Gibraltar; CeutaMelilla; Morocco
Tanger)
51-AAA-be
espaol-canario
"canary-islands spanish"
Spain (Canarias)
(Aragn)
page 392

espaol-sahariano
espaol-guineo
americano-S.
"saharan spanish"
Western Sahara
"guinean spanish"
Equatorial Guinea
51-AAA-bha
mexicano
"mexican spanish"
51-AAA-bhb
beliceo
"belize spanish"
Belize
51-AAA-bhc
guatemaltacao
"guatemalean spanish"
Guatemala
51-AAA-bf
51-AAA-bg
51-AAA-bh
1999 / 2000 edition
"generalised latin american spanish" spoken as a primary language by {Latin America}

so-called Ladino ("Latino") communities and widely as an alternate
language by other speech communities
Mexico
51-AAA-bhd
salvadoreo
"salvaldorean spanish"
El Salvador
51-AAA-bhe
hondureo
"honduran spanish"
Honduras
51-AAA-bhf
nicaragense
"nicaraguan spanish"
Nicaragua
51-AAA-bhg
costarricense
costarriqueo, "costarican spanish"
Costa-Rica
51-AAA-bhh
panameo
"panamanian spanish"
Panama
51-AAA-bhi
cubano
"cuban spanish"
Cuba
51-AAA-bhj
dominicano
"dominican spanish"
Dominican Rep.
51-AAA-bhk
puertorriqueo
"puertorican spanish"
Puerto Rico
51-AAA-bhl
virgenense
"virgin-islands spanish"
Virgin Islands
51-AAA-bhm
trinidadeo
"trinidadian spanish"
Trinidad
51-AAA-bhn
venezolano
"venezuelan spanish"
Venezuela
51-AAA-bho
colombiano
"colombian spanish"
Colombia
51-AAA-bhp
ecuatoriano
"ecuadorian spanish"
Ecuador
51-AAA-bhq
peruano
"peruvian spanish"
Peru
51-AAA-bhr
chileno
"chilean spanish"
Chile
51-AAA-bhs
boliviano
"bolivian spanish"
Bolivia
51-AAA-bht
paraguayo
"paraguayan spanish"
Paraguay
51-AAA-bhu
uruguayo
"uruguayan spanish"
Uruguay
51-AAA-bhv
argentino
"argentinian spanish"
Argentina
51-AAA-bhw
filipino
"filipino spanish" in decline during 20th century
Philippines
51-AAA-bi
rioplatense
"italianised south-american spanish" +influenced by [51] Italiano

spoken by immigrant community of Italian origin Rio Plata estuary
Argentina; Uruguay
51-AAA-bia
cocoliche
Montevideo port
Uruguay
51-AAA-bib
lunfardo
lunfa (< lombardo) Buenos Aires port #lunfa <derived from lombardo
(cf.name of [51] Lombardo in Northern Italy)
Argentina
51-AAA-bj
ucayaliano
chicano
peruano ultraoriental, "peruvian vehicular"-E. Ucayali valley
Peru (Loreto; Ucayali)
51-AAA-bk
"united states spanish", "anglo-spanish" +influenced by [52] English
USA
51-AAA-bka
chicano-california
Los Angeles
(California)
51-AAA-bkb
chicano-arizona
(Arizona)
51-AAA-bkc
chicano-new-mexico
(New Mexico)
51-AAA-bkd
chicano-colorado
51-AAA-bke
chicano-texas
51-AAA-bkf
chicano-louisiana
51-AAA-bkg
chicano-tampa
florida "anglo-spanish" Tampa
(Florida)
51-AAA-bkh
chicano-miami
Miami
(Florida)
51-AAA-bki
chicano-DC
Washington D.C.
(Washington D.C.)
51-AAA-bkj
chicano-new-york
New York
(New York)
51-AAA-bkk
chicano-illinois
Chicago
(Illinois)
51-AAA-c
Astur+ Leons
Asturian+ Leonese, "ibero-romance"-N. -translingual in [51] Espaol

Latin script
Spain (Asturias; Len); Portugal

(Bragana)
51-AAA-ca
astur
asturiano, asturianu, 'bable', "asturian" Cordillera Cantabrica

mountains> N.
Spain (Asturias)
(Colorado)
"texan spanish"
(Texas)
(Louisiana)
51-AAA-caa
astur-F.
"literary" asturian, "standard" asturian Oviedo model
(Asturias)
51-AAA-cab
astur-E.
"asturian"-E. Cangas of Ons
(Asturias)
51-AAA-cac
astur-C.
oviedo,"asturian"-C. Uviu, Oviedo
(Asturias)
51-AAA-cad
astur-W.
"asturian"-W. Navia right-bank
(Asturias)
51-AAA-cae
astur-gallaico
gallego-asturiano +transition to [51] Galego Navia left-bank
(Asturias)
51-AAA-cb
+transition to [51] Galego Miranda do Douro
Portugal (Bragana)
51-AAA-cc
mirands
leons
"leonese" Cordillera Cantabrica mountains> S.
Spain (Len)
51-AAA-cca
leons-N.
Lon
(Len)
51-AAA-ccb
leons-S.
Tierra del Vino
(Len)
51-AAA-ccc
leons-W.
Tierra del Pan
(Len)
51-AAA-ccd
leons-E.
Tierra of Campos
(Len)
51-AAA-d
51-AAA-da
51-AAA-db
Aragons+
Benasqus
navarro-aragons
aragons-A.
"Wider"-Aragonese, "ibero-romance"-NE. -translingual in [51]

Espaol from c.950: Latin script
Spain (Aragon)
"pre-modern literary navarro-aragonese" from c.950
(Navarra, Aragon)
fabla aragonesa, "aragonese" #fabla= language
(Aragon: Huesca)
"standard" aragonese
(Huesca)
51-AAA-dba
aragons-F.
51-AAA-dbb
fobano
aragons-SE. Fueva lower valley
(Huesca-CE.)
51-AAA-dbc
semontans
somontano, aragons-CS., including ayerbens; Somontano,

Semontano country (Lo Grau, El Grado+ Balbastro+ Alquezra,
Alquzar+ Uesca, Huesca), including Ayerbe
(Huesca-C.)
51-AAA-dbd
aragons-pre-pirenaico
"pre-pyrenean aragonese", aragons-SW. Sierra of Guara

mountains Anznigo
(Huesca-CW.)
51-AAA-dbe
chaqus
aragons-E. Canal de Berdn+ Aisa valleys Campo de Jaca+

Canfranc valleys Ancha+ Acumer valleys
(Huesca-NE.)
page 393
4
4
51-AAA-dbf
sarrabls
aragons-CW. Tena lower+ Basa+ Serrablo+ Guarga valleys
(Huesca-N.)
51-AAA-dbg
sobrarbs
aragons-CE., including bergots, broto Sobrarbe country Ara

lower (Boltaa+ Fiscal)+ Solana+ Broto valleys Vio+ Purtolas+
Fueva+ Cinca upper valleys (Labuerda upstream)
(Huesca-CN.)
51-AAA-dbh
ribagorzano-W.
baxorribagorzano-W., ribagoran-W., aragons-E., in [51] Catalan:

baix-ribagoran occidental, including estadillano grausino
camps Estadilla sera lower & middle basin: Olvena+ Graus+
Campo+ Seira
(Huesca-E.)
51-AAA-dc
Ans+ Veral upper valleys
(Huesca-NW.)
Hecho, Echo+ Arages valleys
(Huesca-NW.)
51-AAA-de
ansotano
cheso
tensinopandicuto
+transition to [51] Gascou+ Biarns
(Huesca-N.)
51-AAA-dea
tensino
Tena upper valley
(Huesca-N.)
51-AAA-deb
pandicuto
panticuto Caldars valley: Pandicosa upstream
(Huesca-N.)
51-AAA-df
Bielsa+ Pineta, Cinca valleys
(Huesca-N.)
in [51] Espaol: chistabno Gistain valley
(Huesca-NE. )
51-AAA-dh
belsetn
chistabn
benasqus
benasque, benesc, benasc, altorribagorzano-W., in [51] Catal: altribagoran occidental +transition to [51] Catal Benasque valley
(Huesca-NE.)
51-AAA-e
Catal+ Valenci
"Wider"-Catalan, "ibero-romance"-SE., including balear -translingual

in [51] Espaol
Spain; France; Andorra; Italy

migration> France
51-AAA-ea
catal-L.
"pre-modern literary catalan" from 12th cent.: Latin script
Spain
51-AAA-eb
catal
catalan
Spain ( Catalunya); France

(Roussillon); Andorra
51-AAA-eba
catal-F.
catal com, "common catalan", "standard catalan", "modern literary

catalan" Catal-C. model
Spain (Catalunya); France

(Roussillon); Andorra
51-AAA-ebb
catal-C.
catalan-C.
(Barcelona city; Tarragona-E.,

Tarragona-N.; Gerona-C., GeronaN.)
51-AAA-dd
51-AAA-dg
51-AAA-ebc
salat
Costa Brava coast
Spain (Gerona-E.)
51-AAA-ebd
rossellons
catalan-N., catal septentrional, in [51] Franais: roussillonnais

+transition to [51] Lengadocian -translingual in [51] Franais
France (Pyrnes Orientales-C.,

Pyrnes Orientales-E.)
51-AAA-ebe
capcins
+transition to [51] Lengadocian -translingual in [51] Franais

Formiguera, Formigures Qurigut
France (Pyrnes Orientales-W.;

Arige-E.)
51-AAA-ebf
puigcerda
part of catal pireneo, "pyrenean catalan" -translingual in [51]

Franais and/or [51] Espaol
France (Pyrnes Orientales-SW.);

Spain (Gerona-NW.; Lerida-NE.)
51-AAA-ebg
andorrs
"andorran", part of catal pireneo, "pyrenean catalan" -translingual in

[51] Espaol and/or [51] Franais
Andorra
51-AAA-ebh
pallars
part of catal pireneo, "pyrenean catalan" Pallars country: Ferrera+

Tor+ Cards+ Palleresa upper valleys+ Sort
Spain (Lerida-N.)
51-AAA-ebi
barrabs
alt-ribagoran oriental, part of catal pireneo, "pyrenean catalan"

+transition to [51] Aragons Tall Bohi Barrabs valley
Castanesa
Spain (Huesca; Lerida-NW.)
51-AAA-ebj
ribagoran-E.
baix-ribagoran oriental +transition to [51] Aragons Isbena valley

(upstream of Lasquarri) Pont de Suert Areny de Noguera Pont
de Muntanyana
Spain (Huesca-E.; Lerida-E.)
51-AAA-ebk
lliter
in [51] Espaol: lliterano +transition to [51] Aragons Estopin

Peralta of of la Sal Sant Esteve of Litera Tamarit of Litera
Spain (Huesca-SE.)
51-AAA-ebl
catal-NW.
including tortos Segre upper valley (Seo de Urgel downstream.)

Llanos de Urgel Palleresa, Ebro lower valleys (Tortosa)
Spain (Lrida; Tarragona-W.)
51-AAA-ec
alguers
algherois, "sardinian" catalan, in [51] Italiano: algherese -translingual

in [51] Italiano Alghero
Italy (Sardegna)
51-AAA-ed
valenci
eivissenc
"valencian", in [51] Espaol: valenciano
Spain (Valencia)
51-AAA-ee
eivissenca, in [51] Espaol: ibicenco, in [51] Franais: ibizois, part of

balear, in Franais: balarique Ibiza+ Formentera islands
Spain (Baleares)
51-AAA-ef
mallorqu
in [51] Espaol: mallorqun, in [51] Franais: maillorquin, part of balear,

in Franais: balarique Mallorca island
Spain (Baleares)
51-AAA-eg
menorqu
in [51] Espaol: menorqun, in [51] Franais: minorquin, part of balear,

in Franais: balarique Menorca island
Spain (Baleares)
page 394
1999 / 2000 edition
51-AAA-f
Gascou+ Biarns
"Wider"-Gascon, "gallo-romance"-SW.; part of lengua d'oc, oc, "wider" France (Aquitaine; Midi-Pyrnes);
occitan, "gallo-romance"-S., in [51] Franais:(part of) langue-d'oc, gallo- Spain (Catalunya)
roman mridional -translingual in [51] Franais since 12th cent:
Latin script #oc =Old Gallo-Romance-S.yes, in opposition to ol =Old
Gallo-Romance-N.yes
51-AAA-fa
gascou
"gascon"-C., in [51] Franais: gascon des plaines #gascon des plaines

= gascon of the plains
51-AAA-faa
medoquin
in [51] Franais: mdoquin Mdoc country
(Gironde-W.)
51-AAA-fab
bordals
in [51] Franais: bordelais Bordelais-S. country
(Gironde-C.)
51-AAA-fac
bazads
in [51] Franais: bazadais Bazadois country
(Gironde-SE.)
51-AAA-fad
lands
in [51] Franais: landais Landes country
(Landes)
51-AAA-fae
neraqus
in [51] Franais: nracais Nrac
(Lot-et-Garonne-SW.)
51-AAA-faf
gascon-lomagne
Lomagne
(Tarn-et-Garonne-SW.; HauteGaronne-NW.)
51-AAA-fag
armagnaqus
armanhaqus Armagnac country
(Gers-N.)
51-AAA-fah
astaraqus
astarac Astarac country
(Gers-S.)
51-AAA-fb
biarns
"gascon"-SW., in [51] Franais: barnais +transition to [51] Aragons

Barn-E. country (Pau) Ossau+ Aspe valleys
France (Aquitaine)
51-AAA-fba
palois
Pau
(Pyrnes-Atlantiques-NE.)
51-AAA-fbb
biarns-ossau
Ossau valley
(Pyrnes-Atlantiques-SE.)
51-AAA-fbc
asps
Aspe valley
(Pyrnes-Atlantiques-SE.)
51-AAA-fc
bigordan
"gascon"-S., in [51] Franais: bigourdan, bigourdain Bigorre country
France (Midi-Pyrnes)
51-AAA-fca
tarbais
in [51] Franais: bigourdan de la plaine
(Hautes Pyrnes-N.)
51-AAA-fcb
argels
Argels & upstream > Arrens valley Estaing valley Cauterets

valley Gavarnie valley Barrge valley
(Hautes Pyrnes-SW.)
51-AAA-fcc
bagnres
Bagnres-de-Bigorre+ Campan Lesponne valley Gripp valley
(Hautes Pyrnes-S.)
51-AAA-fcd
aure
Aure valley
(Hautes Pyrnes-SE.)
51-AAA-fd
comengs
in [51] Franais: commingeois, part of "gascon"-S Comminges

country: Garonne upper valley Luchon valley Sengouagnet
(Midi-Pyrnes: Haute-GaronneS.; Hautes Pyrnes-S.E.)
51-AAA-fe
couserans
in [51] Franais: couseranais, part of "gascon"-SE. Couserans

country: Orgibet Lez valley Salat upper basin Massat)
(Midi-Pyrnes: Arige-W.)
51-AAA-ff
arans
"gascon"-E., in [51] Franais: aranais, aranois -translingual in [51]

Espaol Arn valley
Spain (Catalunya)
France (Aquitaine; Midi-Pyrnes)
51-AAA-ffa
pujolo
"lower" arans
(Catalunya)
51-AAA-ffb
canejan
"upper" arans Canejan
(Catalunya)
51-AAA-g
Prouvenau+
Lengadocian
part of lengua d'oc, oc, "wider" occitan", "gallo-romance"-S., in [51]

Franais: (part of) langue-d'oc, gallo-roman mridional, in [51] Italiano:
lingua d'oco -translingual in [51] Franais since 10th cent.: Latin
script
France; Spain; Italy
51-AAA-ga
proensal-L.
proensales, lemosi, "historical" oc, "pre-modern literary" provenal,

"old" provenal
(Provence)
51-AAA-gb
lengadocian
lo lengadocian, lengadoucian, "languedocian", in [51] Franais:

languedocien, including guyennais
France (Languedoc-Roussillon;
Midi-Pyrnes)
51-AAA-gba
occitan-F.
occitan "compromise standard", lengadocian "compromise standard"
France-S.
51-AAA-gbb
agens
in [51] Franais: agenais, part of guyennais Agen
(Lot-et-Garonne-NE.)
51-AAA-gbc
brageiragus
in [51] Franais: bergeracois, part of guyennais Bergerac
(Dordogne-S.)
51-AAA-gbd
carcinl
quercinol, in [51] Franais: quercinois, part of guyennais HautQuercy+ Bas-Quercy country
(Lot; Dordogne-SE.; Tarn-etGaronne)
51-AAA-gbe
rorgs
rouergat, rorgat, in [51] Franais: part of guyennais Rouergue

country: Villefranche-de-R. Aubrac Rodez Millau
(Aveyron)
51-AAA-gbf
orlhagus+ carladsenc
aurlhagus+ carlads, in [51] Franais: aurillacois+ carladais Doire

valley Cre upper & middle valley (Aurillac+ Carlat) Cl sources
(Maurs)
(Cantal-SW.)
51-AAA-gbg
barrasenc
in [51] Franais: barresien Mur-de-Barrez
(Aveyron-N.)
51-AAA-gbh
gavaudans
in [51] Franais: gvaudanais, gabalitain, lozrien-NW. Gvaudan

country
(Lozre-NW.)
51-AAA-gbi
lozrien-NE.
+transition to [51]Auvergnat-S. Mercoire forest+ Aroux basin
(Lozre-NE.)
51-AAA-gbj
mendois
in [51] Franais: lozrien-S. Lot (Mende) Tarn upper valleys
(Lozre-S.)
51-AAA-gbk
cebenl
cvenol, cevenl Cvennes country
(Lozre-SE.; (Aveyron-SE.; GardW.; Ardche--S.; Hrault-N.)
51-AAA-gbl
lengadocian-E.
in [51] Franais: bas-languedocien, languedocien mditerranan;

including in Franais: lodvois in Franais: lunellois
monpelhierenc, in Franais: montpellirain agatenc, in Franais:
agadais bezierenc, in Franais: biterrois narbons, in Franais:
narbonnais Lodve Lunel Montpellier + Ste Florensac
Pzenas+ Agde Bziers Narbonne
(Herault; Aude-E.)
51-AAA-gbm
lengadocian-C.
in [51] Franais: languedocien central, including tolosan, tolzan, parlarmondin, in Franais: toulousain in Franais: lauragais in
Franais: carcassonnais in Franais: albigeois Toulouse
Lauragais country Carcassonne Albi
(Haute-Garonne-C.; Tarn; Aude)
51-AAA-gbn
foissenc
in [51] Franais: fuxen, bas arigeois Arige lower valley (Foix)
(Arige-N.)
51-AAA-gbo
ariegs-S.
in [51] Franais: haut arigeois, lengadocien pyrnen Arige upper

basin
(Arige-S.)
51-AAA-gc
prouvenau
page 395
provenal, lou prouvenau, provenal; including prouvenau du

Rose prouvenau-central prouvenau de la mar, in [51] Franais:
provenal rhodanien, provenal du Rhne provenal central
provenal maritime -translingual in [51] Franais
France (Provence-Alpes-Ctesd'Azur; Languedoc-Roussillon

adjacent)
"literary" provenal Rhne model, Mistral model
France-SE.
51-AAA-gca
prouvenau-F.
51-AAA-gcb
coumtadin
comtadin, part of prouvenau du Rose Orange Avignon
(Vaucluse-W.)
51-AAA-gcc
arlaten
arlsien, part of prouvenau du Rose Arles
(Bouches-du-Rhne-W.)
51-AAA-gcd
camarguen
camargais, part of prouvenau du Rose Camargue country
(Bouches-du-Rhne-SW.)
51-AAA-gce
bagnoulen
bagnolais, part of prouvenau du Rose +transition to [51]

Lengadocian Bagnol-sur-Cze
(Gard-NE.)
51-AAA-gcf
nimous
nmois, part of prouvenau du Rose +transition [51] Lengadocian

Vidourle valley Rhne valley: Bollne downstream
(Gard-SE.)
51-AAA-gcg
fourcauquieren+
manousquin
part of prouvenau-central Forcalquier Manosque
(Alpes-de-Haute-Provence-SW.)
51-AAA-gch
aptois
part of prouvenau-central Apt
(Vaucluse-SE.)
51-AAA-gci
sestian
aixois, part of prouvenau-central Aix-en-Provence, z'Aiset
(Bouches-du-Rhne-E.)
51-AAA-gcj
barjoulen+ draguignanen
part of prouvenau-central Barjols Draguignan
(Var-N.)
51-AAA-gck
prouvenau-castellane
part of prouvenau-central +transition to [51] Oc-Cisalpin Castellane (Alpes-de-Hautes-Provence-SE.)
51-AAA-gcl
marsihs
marseillais, part of prouvenau de la mar Marsiho, Marseille
51-AAA-gcm
toulounen
toulonnais, part of prouvenau de la mar Toulounet, Toulon
(Var-SW.)
51-AAA-gcn
maures
part of prouvenau de la mar Maures
(Var-SE.)
51-AAA-gco
grassenc
part of prouvenau de la mar Grasse, Grasso
(Alpes-Maritimes-W.)
51-AAA-gcp
canenc
cannois, canen, part of prouvenau de la mar +transition to [51]

Nissart Cannes, Cano
51-AAA-gd
nissart
nissarte, in [51] Franais: niard, niois, provenal du pays niois, part

of prouvenau de la mar +transition to [51] Ligure
France (ProvenceAlpes-Ctesd'Azur; Alpes-Maritimes)
(Bouches-du-Rhne-SE.)
51-AAA-gda
nissart-U.
niois urbain Nice town
51-AAA-gdb
nissart-N.
in [51] Franais: provenal de l'arrire-pays-niois Nice hinterland
51-AAA-gdc
esteron
Esteron country
51-AAA-gdd
haute-vsubie
Haute-Vsubie country
51-AAA-ge
'oc-cisalpin'
in [51] Franais: provenal alpin oriental, provenal d'Italie, "cisalpine

Italy (Piemonte)
oc" +transition to [51] Lombardo+ Emiliano (Gallo-Italian) & Lyonnais+
Valdtain (Franco-Provenal) -translingual in [51] Piemontese,
Italiano &/or Franais
51-AAA-gea
limunenc
Limone-Piemonte
(Cuneo-S.)
51-AAA-geb
antraigin
Entracque
(Cuneo-S.)
51-AAA-gec
aisonencberbezan
Stura di Demonte, Aisone Bersezio
(Cuneo-E.)
51-AAA-ged
val-grana
Val-Grana
(Cuneo-E.)
51-AAA-gee
val-mira
Val-Mira: Pras, Prazzo
(Cuneo-E.)
51-AAA-gef
val-varita
Val-Varita: Sampyre upstream
(Cuneo-E.)
51-AAA-geg
chisone
Chisone upper valley: Fenestrelle upstream
(Torino-SE.)
51-AAA-gf
gavouot
gavot, including "alpine" gavouot "pre-alpine" gavouot, in [51]

Franais: vivaro-alpin oriental +transition to [51] Lyonnais+ Valdtain
(Franco-Provenal)
France (ProvenceAlpes-Ctesd'Azur)
51-AAA-gfa
brianonnais
part of "alpine" gavouot, part of "upper" durance Durance upper

valley: Brianon
(Hautes-Alpes-NE.)
51-AAA-gfb
queirassenc

valley: Queyras country
(Hautes-Alpes-E.)
51-AAA-gfc
embruns

valley: Embrun
(Hautes-Alpes-S.)
51-AAA-gfd
valeien
part of "alpine" gavouot Barcelonette
(Alpes-de-Haute-Provence-NE.)
51-AAA-gfe
gavuout-tine
part of "alpine" gavouot Tine upper valley
(Alpes-Maritimes-N.)
51-AAA-gff
gavouot-verdon
part of "alpine" gavouot Verdon upper valley
(Alpes- de-Haute-Provence-E.)
51-AAA-gfg
gavouot-var
part of "alpine" gavouot Var upper valley
(Alpes-Maritimes-NW.)
51-AAA-gfh
gavouot-la-blanche
part of "pre-alpine" gavouot La Blanche valley
(Alpes- de-Haute-Provence-N.)
51-AAA-gfi
digns
part of "pre-alpine" gavouot Durance middle valley Digne
(Alpes- de-Haute-Provence-C.)
51-AAA-gfj
sisterouns
part of "pre-alpine" gavouot +transition to [51] Provenal Durance

middle valley: Sisteron
(Alpes- de-Haute-Provence-C.)
51-AAA-gfk
gavouot-bochaine
part of "pre-alpine" gavouot +transition to [51] Vivaro-Dauphinois

Bochaine country
(Hautes-Alpes-SE.)
51-AAA-gfl
gapian
part of "pre-alpine" gavouot Gapenais country: Drac upper valley

Gap
(Hautes-Alpes-CS.)
page 396
51-AAA-gg
'vivaro-dauphinois'
vivaro-alpin occidental +transition to [51] Lyonnais+ Valdtain

(Franco-Provenal) Vivarais country+ Dauphinois-S. country
(Rhne-Alpes)
51-AAA-gga
ardche-SE.
part of vivars-CS., in French: bas vivarois +transition to [51] Cvenol

& Prouvenau Ardche lower valley
(Ardche-S.)
51-AAA-ggb
albenassien
part of vivars-CS., in French: bas vivarois Ardche upper basin

(Aubenas) Coiron plateau
(Ardche-S.)
51-AAA-ggc
privadois
part of vivars-CN., in French: moyen vivarois Privas
51-AAA-ggd
boutierot
part of vivars-CN., in French: moyen vivarois +transition to [51]

Auvergnat-S. Boutires country: Erieux valley
(Ardche-C.)
51-AAA-gge
vernoux+ doux
part of vivars-N., in French: haut-vivarois Vernoux plateau+ Doux

valley
(Ardche-N.)
1999 / 2000 edition

4
51-AAA-ggf
annonen
part of vivars-N., in French: haut-vivarois Annonay
(Ardche-N.)
51-AAA-ggg
valentinois
drmois-NW. Valence
(Drme-N.)
51-AAA-ggh
drmois-NE.
+transition to [51] Gavouot Vercors massif
51-AAA-ggi
drmois-SE.
+transition to [51] Gavouot Diois massif Baronnies massif
51-AAA-ggj
montilien
drmois-SW. Montlimar
(Drme-C.; Drme-S.)
51-AAA-gh
auvergnat-S.
awvernya-S., auvrnhat-S., awergnas-S., "upper" auvergnat

+transition to [51] Lyonnais+ Valdtain (Franco-Provenal) Massif
Central-S. highlands
(Auvergne)
51-AAA-gha
cantals
cantalou, cantalien Cantal-C. Cantal-N. highlands
(Cantal)
51-AAA-ghb
vellave-N.
Velay-N. highlands
(Haute-Loire-C.)
51-AAA-ghc
vellave-S.
Velay-S. highlands
(Haute-Loire-S.; Ardche-W.)
51-AAA-ghd
yssingelais
+transition to [51] Auvergnat-N. Yssingeaux
(Haute-Loire-E.)
51-AAA-gi
auvergnat-N.
awvernya-N., auvrnhat-N., awergnas-N., "lower" auvergnat

+transition to [51] Lyonnais+ Valdtain (Franco-Provenal) Massif
Central-N. highlands
(Auvergne)
51-AAA-gia
forezien
Forez mountains
(Puy-de-Dme-E.)
51-AAA-gib
livradois
Livradois highlands
(Puy-de-Dme-SE.)
51-AAA-gic
clermontois
Limagne de Clermont-Ferrand country
(Puy-de-Dme-C.)
51-AAA-gid
issoirien
Limagne d'Issoire country
(Puy-de-Dme-S.)
51-AAA-gie
brivadois
Limagne de Brioude country
(Haute-Loire-NW.)
51-AAA-gif
monts-dmes
Dmes mountains
(Puy-de-Dme-W.)
51-AAA-gig
combraillais
Combraille plateau
(Puy-de-Dme-N.)
51-AAA-gj
lemozin
limousin, lemosin, limosin, lemouzi, lemouzin Limousin country
(Limousin)
51-AAA-gja
lemozin-N.
part of "upper" limousin, in [51] Franais: haut limousin
(Haute-Vienne; Creuse-W.)
51-AAA-gjb
lemojaud
part of "upper" limousin, in [51] Franais: haut limousin Limoges
(Haute-Vienne)
51-AAA-gjc
millevaches
+transition to [51] Auvergnat-N. Millevaches plateaux
(Creuse-SE.; Corrze-N.)
51-AAA-gjd
corrzien
lemozin-S., "lower" limousin, in [51] Franais: bas limousin Vzr

Corrze Luzge valleys
(Corrze)
51-AAA-gje
sarlads
Sarladais country
(Dordogne-SE.)
51-AAA-gjf
peiregordin
prigourdin +transition to [51] Quercinol Prigord country (former

county)
(Dordogne; Charente-SE.)
51-AAA-gjg
nontrons
nontronnais Nontronnais country
(Haute-Vienne-S.W.; DordogneNE.)
51-AAA-gjh
montberons
Montbron
(Charente-E.)
51-AAA-gji
saint-eutrope
Saint Eutrope (enclave)
(Charente-S.)
51-AAA-gk
marchois
in [51] Franais: parlers du Croissant +transition to [51] Gallo+ Wallon (Limousin-N.; Auvergne-N.)
(Peripheral Ol)
51-AAA-gka
croissant-W.
Saint-Cloud
51-AAA-gkb
marchois-C.
Marche plateaux
(Creuse-N.; Haute-Vienne-N.)
51-AAA-gkc
montluonnais
Montluon
(Allier-SW.)
51-AAA-gkd
croissant-E.
51-AAA-h
Gallo+ Wallon
(Charente-NE.)
(Allier-SE.)
"Peripheral" Ol, "peripheral" langues d'ol; part of gallo-romance-N. France; Channel Islands; Belgium;
idioms listed clockwise in spiral sequence (excluding Central Ol, i.e. Luxemburg; Switzerland;
French), plus "transatlantic" langues d'ol +widely submerged by
migration> Canada; USA
regional forms of [51] Franais -translingual in [51] Franais from
9th cent.: Latin script #ol =Old Gallo-Romance-N.yes, in opposition
to oc =Old Gallo-Romance-S.yes
51-AAA-ha
parlange
poitevin+ saintongeais, poitou+ charentais, ol-SW.
(Poitou-Charentes; Pays-de-Loire)
51-AAA-haa
marachin
Marais Breton (Venden) marshes Noirmoutier island Bocage

Venden country Collines Vendennes hills
(Vende-NW.)
51-AAA-hab
poitevin-N.
+transition to [51] Angevin+ Orlanais Bressuirais+ Thouarsais

country Loudunais+ Chtelleraudais country
(Deux-Svres-N.; Vienne-N.)
51-AAA-hac
poitevin-W.
venden Bocage Venden country+ Vende coast+ Yeu island
(Vende)
page 397
51-AAA-had
poitevin-C.
Parthenaisien+ Gtine-W. country Mirebolais country Poitiers
(Deux-Svres-C.; Vienne-C.)
51-AAA-hae
poitevin-S.
Saint-Maixentais+ Mellois country (Saint-Maixent+ Niort+ Melle)

Civraisien+ Montmorillonais country (Civray+ Montmorillon)
(Deux-Svres-S.; Vienne-S.)
51-AAA-haf
aunisien
including rochelais, rochelois rtais Aunis country (former

province), including La Rochelle Ile-de-R island
(Charente-Maritime-N.)
51-AAA-hag
saintongeais
including santais royannais Saintonge country (former province),

including Saintes Royan
(Charente-Maritime-S.; GirondeNE.)
51-AAA-hah
angoumois
Angoumois country (former county)
(Charente)
51-AAA-hai
gavache
"gasconised" poitevin-saintongeais +influenced by [51] Gascon

Petite Gavacherie, Entre-deux-mers country (enclave)
(Gironde-NE.)
51-AAA-hb
gallo
gallot, gallse, ol-W.
(Bretagne; Pays-de-la-Loire)
51-AAA-hba
malouin
Saint-Malo
(Ille-et-Vilaine-NW.)
51-AAA-hbb
bocage
Bocage Breton country
(Ille-et-Vilaine-N.)
51-AAA-hbc
rennais
+transition to [51] Angevin+ Orlanais Rennes basin
(Ille-et-Vilaine-C.)
51-AAA-hbd
chteaubriantais
+transition to [51] Angevin+ Orlanais Chteaubriant
(Loire-Atlantique-N.)
51-AAA-hbe
nantais
+transition to [51] Poitevin-Saintongeais Pays Nantais country:

Nozay Pays de Retz country Vallet
(Loire-Atlantique)
51-AAA-hc
anglo-normand
insular-norman, "channel islands french", part of ol-NW. -bilingual in Channel Islands

[52] English
51-AAA-hca
dgernsiais-NW.
part of guernesiais Guernsey, Guernesey-NW. island
(Guernsey)
51-AAA-hcb
dgernsiais-S.
part of guernesiais Guernsey, Guernesey-S. island
(Guernsey)
51-AAA-hcc
jrriais-NW.
jrrais-NW., part of jersiais+ sercquais Jersey-NW. island: SaintOuen
(Jersey-NW.)
51-AAA-hcd
jrriais-W.
jrrais-W., part of jersiais+ sercquais Jersey-W. island
(Jersey-W.)
51-AAA-hce
jrriais-E.
jrrais-E., part of jersiais+ sercquais Jersey-E. island
(Jersey-E.)
51-AAA-hcf
sercquais
part of jersiais+ sercquais Sark, Sercq island
(Sark)
51-AAA-hcg
aurigniais
extinct c.1911 Alderney, Aurigny island
(Aurigny, Alderney)
51-AAA-hd
normand
norman, nourmaund, nouormaund, normaund, "norman", part of olNW.
(Normandie)
51-AAA-hda
cotentinais-N.
including haguais, haguard bauptais Cotentin peninsula: Hague

country Bauptois country
(Manche-N.)
51-AAA-hdb
coutanais
cotentinais-S., including coutanais-N. coutanais-S. Countanais

country
(Manche-C.)
51-AAA-hdc
calvadosien
Bessin country Bocage country Cinglais country (ThuryHarcourt) Caen plain Auge country
(Calvados)
51-AAA-hdd
lieuvin+ evrecin
Lieuvin country Ouche country Evreux Neubourg plain
(Eure-W.; Eure-C.)
51-AAA-hde
vexinois
Vexin-normand plateau Fort de Lyons forest Andelle valley
(Eure-NE.)
51-AAA-hdf
roumois
Roumois country Seine lower valley
(Eure-N.; Seine-Maritime-S.)
51-AAA-hdg
cauchois
including grand-cauchois dieppois petit-cauchois Grand-Caux

country Dieppe Petit-Caux
(Seine-Maritime)
51-AAA-hdh
bray
+transition to [51] Picard Bray country
(Seine-Maritime-E.)
51-AAA-he
picard
including picar-S. boulonnais calaisien artsien ch-ti-mi

picar-N., ol-N. officially recognised in francophone Belgium as an
endogenous language (langue endogne)
(Picardie; Nord-Pas-de-Calais);
Belgium (Wallonie; Vlaanderen
adjacent)
51-AAA-hea
laonnois
part of picar-S. =Laonnois country
(Aisne-NE.)
51-AAA-heb
vermandois
part of picar-S. =Vermandois country
(Aisne-NW.)
51-AAA-hec
noyonnais
part of picar-S. =Noyonnais country
(Oise-NE.)
51-AAA-hed
aminois
part of picar-S. Aminois+ Santerre country Beauvaisis-N. country
(Somme; Oise-N.)
51-AAA-hee
vimeu
part of picar-S. Vimeu country
(Somme-W.)
51-AAA-hef
marquenterre
part of picar-S. Marquenterre+ Ponthieu country+ Etaples coast
(Somme-N.; Pas-de-Calais-SW.)
51-AAA-heg
boulonnais-paysan
spoken by farming community Boulonnais country
(Pas-de-Calais-W.)
51-AAA-heh
boulonnais-marin
parler de la beurire spoken by fisherfolk Boulogne-sur-Mer port
(Pas-de-Calais-W.)
51-AAA-hei
calaisien
Calaisis country
(Pas-de-Calais-NW.)
51-AAA-hej
ternois
part of artsien Ternois country
(Pas-de-Calais-C.)
51-AAA-hek
arrageois
part of artsien Arras
(Pas-de-Calais-S.)
51-AAA-hel
ch-ti-mi
including lillois roubaisien+ tourquennois "belgian" ch-ti-mi Lille France (Nord); Belgium
Roubaix+ Tourcoing Warneton
(Vlaanderen-W.)
51-AAA-hem
hennuyer
picar-N., rouchi, including manouy, manou montois borain

maubeugeois avesnois Tournai Ath Soignies Masnuy+
Herchies+ Erbisul Mons Borinage country Pays des Fagnes
country Hainaut Franais country: Maubeuge+ Avesnes-Sur-Helpe
Belgium (Hainaut); France (Nord)
page 398
1999 / 2000 edition
51-AAA-hf
wallon
walon, ol-NE., "walloon", in [52] Nederlands: waalsch officially

recognised in francophone Belgium as an endogenous language
(langue endogne)
Belgium (Wallonie); Luxemburg;

France (Champagne-Ardenne
adjacent)
51-AAA-hfa
wallon-W.
"walloon"-W., wallo-picard +transition to [51] Picard Nivelles

Louvire+ Charleroi+ Thuin Philippeville+ Fagnes-E. country Botte
of Givet-W. enclave (Meuse left-bank)
Belgium (Wallonie: Brabant-S.;

Hainaut-E.; Namur-W.); France
(Champagne-Ardennes: Ardennes
adjacent)
51-AAA-hfb
wallon-C.
"walloon"-C., "wider" namurois, including hesbignon-W. namurws,

namurois "proper" condruzien-W. li famne-W. ardennais
namurois Hesbaye-W. country Namur Condroz-W. country
Dinant Famenne-W. country Ardennes Belges-W. country Botte
of Givet-E. enclave (Meuse right-bank)
Belgium (Wallonie: Namur.C.;

Namur-E.); Frannce (ChampagneArdennes: Ardennes adjacent)
51-AAA-hfc
wallon-E.
"walloon"-E., "wider" ligeois, including hesbignon-E. ldjws, ligeois (Wallonie: Lige)

"proper" condruzien-E vervitois+ hervien malmdien
ardennais ligeois Hesbaye-E. country Lige Condroz-E.
country Verniers+ Pays de Herve country Malmdy country
Ardennes (Belges)-NE. country
51-AAA-hfd
wallon-S.
"walloon"-S., wallo-lorrain, including li famne-E. ardennais

ligeois +transition to [51] Lorrain Famenne-E. country
Ardennes belges-C. country Neufchteau Bastogne
Luxemburg-NW. grand-duchy
51-AAA-hfe
wallon-amricain
part of "transatlantic" langues d'ol Lake Michigan: Green Bay
migration > USA (Wisconsin)
51-AAA-hg
champaignat
champenois, ol-CN.
France (Champagne-Ardenne);
Belgium (Wallonie)
51-AAA-hga
bassignot+ langrois
+transition to [51] Bourguignon Bassigny Langres plateau
(Haute-Marne-S.; Cte d'Or-N.)
51-AAA-hgb
sennonais
Sens
(Yonne-NE.)
51-AAA-hgc
vallage
Vallage country
(Haute-Marne-N.; Aube-E.)
51-AAA-hgd
troyen
Troyes
(Aube)
51-AAA-hge
brid
briard Brie country
51-AAA-hgf
cte-champenoise
51-AAA-hgg
der+ perthois
+transition to [51] Lorrain Der country + Perthois country
(Marne-SE.)
51-AAA-hgh
rmois
Reims country
(Marne-N.)
51-AAA-hgi
argonnais-W.
+transition to [51] Lorrain
(Marne-E.)
51-AAA-hgj
porcien
Porcien country
(Ardennes Franaises)
51-AAA-hgk
ardennais
Charleville+ Mzires
(Ardennes Franaises)
51-AAA-hgl
sugny
Sugny
(Luxembourg Belge)
51-AAA-hh
lorrain
lorrain roman, ol-CE. officially recognised in francophone Belgium as

an endogenous language (langue endogne)
France (Lorraine; ChampagneArdennes); Belgium (Wallonie)
51-AAA-hha
argonnais
Argonne country (Meuse left-bank) Wovre country (Meuse rightbank)
(Ardennes Franaises-E.; Meuse;

Meurthe-et-Moselle)
51-AAA-hhb
longovicien
Longwy+ Longuyon
51-AAA-hhc
gaumais
51-AAA-hhd
nancin
Nancy
51-AAA-hhe
spinalien
Epinal
(Vosges)
51-AAA-hhf
dodatien
Saint-Di
(Vosges-E.)
51-AAA-hi
welche
welsch, ol-E. Romance outliers in Alsace
France (Alsace)
51-AAA-hia
bruche
Bruche upper valley
(Bas-Rhin)
51-AAA-hib
vill
Vill valley
(Bas-Rhin)
51-AAA-hic
lipvre
Lipvre valley
(Haut-Rhin)
51-AAA-hid
kaysersberg
Kaysersberg valley
(Haut-Rhin)
51-AAA-hie
orbey
Orbey valley
(Haut-Rhin)
51-AAA-hj
jurassien
comtois, franc-comtois-N., ol-SE.
France (Franche-Comt);
Switzerland (Jura Suisse)
51-AAA-hja
sane-N.
Sane upper plateau
(Haute-Sane; Haute-Marne-SE.)
51-AAA-hjb
doubs+ ognon
Ognon valley Doubs middle valleys
(Haute-Sane-S.; Jura Franais;

Doubs-N.)
51-AAA-hjc
lomont+ doubs
Lomont massif Doubs upper valley
(Doubs-E.); (Jura Suisse-W.)
51-AAA-hjd
ajulot
Ajoie, Elsgau frontier country Savoureuse valley Sundgau-W.

country Porrentruy
(Territoire-de-Belfort; Haut-Rhin
adjacent); (Jura Suisse-NW.)
51-AAA-hje
vdais
Delmont
(Jura Suisse-NE.)
51-AAA-hjf
taignon
Franches massif
(Jura Suisse-SW.)
51-AAA-hk
bourguignon
part of ol-CS.
France (Bourgogne-E.)
51-AAA-hka
charollais
Charollais mountains
(Sane-et-Loire)
51-AAA-hkb
beaunois
Cte d'Or massif Beaune
(Cte-d'Or-S.)
51-AAA-hkc
auxois
Auxois country
(Cte-d'Or-W.)
51-AAA-hl
morvandiau
morvandeau, part of ol-CS. Morvan mountains
51-AAA-hla
morvandiau-N.
(Yonne-SE.)
51-AAA-hlb
morvandiau-W.
(Nivre-E.)
51-AAA-hlc
morvandiau-SE.
(Sane-et-Loire-NW.)
51-AAA-hld
morvandiau-E.
(Cte-d'Or-SW.)
Belgium (Wallonie: Luxembourg

Belge); Luxemburg
(Seine-et-Marne-E.; Aisne-S.)
(Marne-W.)
(Meurthe-et-Moselle-N.)
(Wallonie: Luxembourg Belge)
(Meurthe-et-Moselle)
France (Bourgogne-C.)
page 399
bourbonnais+
berrichon
ol-S
France (Centre; Auvergne;

Bourgogne)
51-AAA-hma
bourbonnais
Bourbonnais country
(Allier; Cher-S.)
51-AAA-hmb
nivernais
Nivernais country (former province)
(Nivre)
51-AAA-hmc
auxerrois
Auxerrois country
(Yonne-W.)
51-AAA-hmd
haut-berrichon
part of berrichon Haut-Berry country
(Cher-N.; Cher-E.)
51-AAA-hme
bas-berrichon
part of berrichon Bas-Berry country
(Indre; Cher)
51-AAA-hn
angevin+ orlanais
ol-CW.
France (Pays-de-la-Loire; Centre;

Basse Normandie adjacent; Haute
Normandie adjacent)
51-AAA-hna
orlanais
Orlanais country
(Loiret)
51-AAA-hnb
blsois
Blois
(Loir-et-Cher)
51-AAA-hnc
tourangeau
Touraine country
(Indre-et-Loire)
51-AAA-hnd
manceau
Upper-Maine country
(Sarthe)
51-AAA-hne
angevin
+transition to [51] Gallo Anjou country (former province)
(Maine-et-Loire)
51-AAA-hnf
mayennais
+transition to [51] Gallo Bas-Maine country
(Mayenne)
51-AAA-hng
avranchin+ mortainais
part of normand-S.
(Manche-S.)
51-AAA-hnh
virois
part of normand-S. Vire
(Calvados-SW.)
51-AAA-hni
falaisien
part of normand-S. Campagne de Falaise country
(Calvados-S.)
51-AAA-hnj
varenne
part of normand-S. Varenne+ Houlme Passais country
(Orne)
51-AAA-hnk
himoissois
part of normand-S. Himois+ Sois country
(Orne-C.)
51-AAA-hnl
percheron
part of normand-S. Perche upper valley
(Orne-E.)
51-AAA-hnm
saint-andr
part of normand-S. Saint-Andr plain
(Eure-S.)
51-AAA-hnn
thimerais
Thimerais country
(Eure-et-Loire-N.)
51-AAA-hno
chartrain
Chartres
(Eure-et-Loire)
51-AAA-ho
acadjin
acadian, acadien, franais d'Acadie, "traditional acadian french", part

of "transatlantic" langues d'ol -bilingual in [52] English
Canada (Maritime provinces;

Qubec); USA (Louisiana)
51-AAA-hoa
acadien-d'acadie
51-AAA-hob
acadien-qubequois
51-AAA-hp
cajun
51-AAA-hpa
'marsh-french'
(Louisiana)
51-AAA-hpb
'prairie-french'
(Louisiana)
51-AAA-hpc
'big-woods-french'
51-AAA-hq
canadien
"traditional canadian french"; part of "transatlantic" langues d'ol
(Canada)
51-AAA-hqa
qubecois
qubecois traditionnel, "traditional quebec french"
(Qubec; Ontario adjacent)
51-AAA-hqb
joual
montralais traditionnel, montreal "traditional urban" Montral
(Qubec)
51-AAA-i
Franais
French, langues d'ol-C., ol-C; part of "gallo-romance"-N., including:

France; Belgium; Switzerland;
"traditional" ol-C. "literary" french "generalised european french" Channel Islands
"overseas french"
51-AAA-ia
franais-L.
"pre-modern literary" french, including "historical" langues d'ol "old

french" "middle french" from 9th cent.: Latin script
51-AAA-ib
francien
France (Ile-de-France: Oise; Val

d'Oise; Yvelines; Essonne; Seineet-Marne)
51-AAA-ic
franais-F.
"traditional" central ol, "traditional" le-de-france, francilien

+submerged by generalised [51] Franais Valois country Thelle
country Pays-de-France country Vexin-franais Yvelines
country Drouais country Hurepoix country Brie-W. country
franais littraire, franais normatif, franais normalis, franais
acadmique, "standard french", "literary french"
France, including overseas

departments & territories; Andorra;
Belgium; Switzerland;
Monaco; Luxemburg; Italy
( Val d'Aosta); ( ) Channel
Islands; Hati; KCanada; USA
(Louisiana); KTunisia; (K)Algeria;
(K)Morocco; (K)Mauritania;
KMali; KSenegal; KGuinea;
KBurkina Faso; KCte d'Ivoire;
KTogo; KBnin; KNiger; KChad;
KCameroon; KCAR; KGabon;
KCongo; Kex-Zaire; KRuanda;
KBurundi; KComores; Mauritius;
KMadagascar; KSeychelles;
(K) former French colonies in
India; (K)Vietnam; (K)Laos;
(K)Cambodia; KVanuatu; Wallis
& Futuna; K{United Nations}
51-AAA-ica
parisien-F.
"formal parisian model"
France
51-AAA-icb
belge-F.
"formal belgian model"
Belgium
51-AAA-icc
suisse-F.
"formal swiss model"
Switzerland
51-AAA-icd
canadien-F.
"formal canadian model"
Canada
51-AAA-hm
Canada (former Acadia, Nova

Scotia; New Brunswick)
migration> (Qubec)
cajan, acadien de Louisiane extension of acadjin, following expulsion deportation> USA -S.
of Acadien-speakers from former French Acadia (now Nova Scotia) and
resettlement in Louisiana Mississippi right-bank: Avoyelles+
Evangeline+ Allen+ Calcasieu parishes & southward -bilingual in [52]
English
6*
(Louisiana)
6
page 400
51-AAA-id

franais-G.
1999 / 2000 edition
franais populaire de France, "generalised french", franco-franais,

France
"franco-french", including les dialectes rgionaux franais, les franais
rgionaux de France, "french regional dialects" northern idioms listed
clockwise in spiral sequence, followed by Franais mridional
(excluding Franais germanique) +transition to [51] Gallo+ Wallon
(Peripheral Ol), Lyonnais+ Valdtain (Franco-Provenal), Prouvenau+
Lengadocian & Gascou+ Biarns (Oc)
51-AAA-ida
franais-A.
"current spoken non-regional french of France"
France
51-AAA-idb
parisien-U.
parisien urbain traditionnel, "traditional parisian urban"
(Paris)
51-AAA-idc
banlieue
parler banlieue, "parisian popular counter-stream", le-de-france

"popular suburban", formerly called banlieusard #banlieusard
=suburbanite; banlieue =suburb
(Ile-de-France)
51-AAA-idd
franais-de-normandie
franais rgional de Normandie, "current regional french of Normandy"
(Normandie)
51-AAA-ide
franais-du-nord
franais rgional du nord, "current regional french of northern France"
(Picardie; Nord-Pas-de-Calais)
51-AAA-idf
franais-du-nord-est
franais rgional du nord-est, "current regional french of north-east

France"
(Champagne-Ardenne; Lorraine;
Alsace-N.)
51-AAA-idg
franais-de-l'est
franais rgional de l'est, "current regional french of east France"
(Alsace-S.; Franche-Comt;
Rhne-Alpes-N.)
51-AAA-idh
franais-de-bourgogne
franais rgional de Bourgogne, "current regional french of Burgundy"
(Bourgogne)
51-AAA-idi
franais-du-centre
franais rgional du centre, "current regional french of central France"
(Centre)
51-AAA-idj
franais-de-l'ouest
franais rgional de l'ouest, "current regional french of west France"
(Poitou-Charente)
51-AAA-idk
franais-du-nord-ouest
franais rgional du nord-ouest, "current regional french of north-west

France"
(Pays-de-la Loire; Haute-Bretagne)
51-AAA-idl
franais-breton
franais rgional brittonique, "regional brythonic french" +overlaps

with French of north-west France; influenced by [50] Breton -bilingual
in [50] Breton
(Basse-Bretagne)
51-AAA-idm
franais-d'auvergne
franais rgional d'Auvergne, "current regional french of Auvergne",

part of franais mridional
(Auvergne)
51-AAA-idn
franais-du-limousin
franais rgional du Limousin, "current regional french of Limousin",

part of franais mridional
(Limousin)
51-AAA-ido
franais-du-sud-ouest
franais rgional du sud-ouest, "current regional french of south-west

France", part of franais mridional
(Aquitaine)
51-AAA-idp
franais-basque
franais rgional basque, "regional basque french", part of franais

mridional +overlaps with French of south-west France +influenced
by and -bilingual in [40] Basque
(Aquitqine-S.)
51-AAA-idq
franais-du-sud
franais rgional du sud, "current regional french of south France", part

of franais mridional
(Midi-Pyrnes; LanguedocRoussillon)
51-AAA-idr
franais-du-sud-est
franais rgional du sud-est, "current regional french of south-east

(Provence-Alpes-Ctes-d'Azur;
Rhne-Alpes-S.)
51-AAA-ids
franais-de-corse
franais rgional du sud-est, "current regional french of south-east

(Corse)
51-AAA-ie
franais-belge
franais rgional de Belgique, "belgian regional french" +transition to

[51] Walloon
Belgium (Wallonie)
51-AAA-if
franais-suisse
franais rgional de Suisse, "swiss regional french" +transition to [51]

Romand
Switzerland
51-AAA-ig
franais-d'aoste
franais rgional dAoste; aosta "regional french" -translingual in [51]

Italiano Val d'Aosta valley
Italy
51-AAA-ih
franais-germanique "germanic french" -bilingual in [52] Deutsch+ Nederlands
51-AAA-iha
franais-flamand
"flemish french" -bilingual in [52] Nederlands
France (Nord-Pas-de-Calais).
Belgium
51-AAA-ihb
franais-francique
"franconian french" -bilingual in [52] Deutsch-C.
Belgium, Luxemburg, France

(Lorraine-N.)
51-AAA-ihc
franais-alsacien
"alsatian french" -bilingual in [52] Deutsch-S.
France (Alsace)
51-AAA-ihd
franais-suisse-allemand
"swiss-german french" -bilingual in [52] Schwytzerttsch
Switzerland
51-AAA-ii
franais-nordamricain
"north american french" -bilingual in [52] English
St.-Pierre & Miquelon; Canada;

USA
51-AAA-iia
franais-de-saint-pierre
51-AAA-iib
franais-du-canada
St.Laurence estuary Canadian prairies
Canada (Quebec, Ontario

westwards)
St.-Pierre & Miquelon
51-AAA-iic
franais-des-maritimes
Canada (Maritimes provinces)
51-AAA-iid
franais-de-nouvelleangleterre
USA (New England)
51-AAA-iie
franais-de-louisiane
louisianais
USA (Louisiana)
page 401
51-AAA-ij
franais-antillais
51-AAA-ija
franais-hatien
Hati
51-AAA-ijb
franais-guadeloupen
Guadeloupe
51-AAA-ijc
franais-martiniquais
Martinique
51-AAA-ijd
franais-guyanais
51-AAA-ik
franais-du-levant
"levantine french"
Greece; Lebanon; Syria; Egypt
51-AAA-ika
franais-de-grce
-bilingual in [56] Helleniki
Greece
51-AAA-ikb
franais-de-liban-syrie
-bilingual in [12] 'Arabiyya
Lebanon; Syria
51-AAA-ikc
franais-d'gypte
-bilingual in [12] 'Arabiyya
Egypt
51-AAA-il
franais-maghrebin
franais-du-Maghreb, "maghribi french" -bilingual in [12] 'Arabiyya

and/or [11] Berber
{Africa-NW.}
51-AAA-ila
franais-tunisien
Tunisia
51-AAA-ilb
franais-algrien
Algeria
51-AAA-ilc
franais-marocain
Morocco
51-AAA-ild
maghrebin-france
migration> France
51-AAA-ile
pied-noir-france
51-AAA-im
franais-d'afrique
"west-indian french" +transition to [51] Gallo-Creole
Hati; Guadeloupe; Martinique;

French Guiana
French Guiana
migration> France
"african french" (excluding "maghribi french") listed in geographic
sequence
{Africa south of Sahara}
51-AAA-ima
franais-de-mauritanie
Mauritania
51-AAA-imb
franais-de-sngal
Senegal
51-AAA-imc
franais-de-mali
Mali
51-AAA-imd
franais-de-guine
Guinea
51-AAA-ime
franais-de-burkina-faso
Burkina-Faso
51-AAA-imf
franais-de-cte-d'ivoire
Cte d'Ivoire
51-AAA-img
franais-de-togo
Togo
51-AAA-imh
franais-de-bnin
Benin
51-AAA-imi
franais-de-niger
Niger
51-AAA-imj
franais-de-cameroun
Cameroun
51-AAA-imk
franais-de-gabon
Gabon
51-AAA-iml
franais-de-congo
Congo
51-AAA-imm
franais-de-tchad
Tchad
51-AAA-imn
franais-de-centrafrique
C.African Rep.
51-AAA-imo
franais-de-zare
ex-Zaire
51-AAA-imp
franais-de-ruandaburundi
Ruanda; Burundi
51-AAA-imq
franais-de-djibouti
Djibouti
51-AAA-imr
franais-des-comores
Comoro Islands
51-AAA-ims
franais-de-madagascar
Madagascar
51-AAA-imt
franais-de-runion
Runion
51-AAA-imu
franais-de-maurice
Mauritius
51-AAA-imv
franais-des-seychelles
Seychelles
51-AAA-imw
africain-france
51-AAA-in
franais-d'inde
51-AAA-ina
franais-de-mah
(Mah)
51-AAA-inb
franais-de-pondichry
(Pondichry)
51-AAA-inc
franais-de-karikal
(Karikal)
51-AAA-ind
franais-de-yanaon
(Yanaon)
51-AAA-ine
franais-dechandernagore
(Chandernagore)
51-AAA-io
franais-du-sudestasiatique
51-AAA-ioa
franais-de-vit-nam
Vietnam
51-AAA-iob
franais-de-laos
Laos
51-AAA-ioc
franais-de-cambodge
51-AAA-ip
franais-d'ocanie
"oceanic french" listed in geographic sequence
New Caledonia / Kanaky; Vanuatu;

Wallis & Futuna; French Polynesia
51-AAA-ipa
franais-caldoche
spoken by community of French settlers in New Caledonia / Kanaky

(or better treated as dialect of [51] Franais-G.)
New Caledonia / Kanaky
51-AAA-ipb
franais-canaque
spoken as alternate language by primary speakers of languages in

37=Kanakic phylozone
migration > France

"indian french" former official language of French possessions in
India; still studied and spoken by small bilingual communities
"south-east-asian french" former official language of French IndoChina; still studied and spoken by small bilingual communities
India
Vietnam; Laos; Cambodia
Cambodia
51-AAA-ipc
franais-de-vanuatu
Vanuatu
51-AAA-ipd
franais-de-wallis-futuna
Wallis & Futuna
51-AAA-ipe
franais-de-polynsie
French Polynesia
page 402
1999 / 2000 edition
Lyonnais+ Valdtain Franco-Provenal, "gallo-romance"-E., arpitan, romand, in French:
France; Switzerland; Italy
51-AAA-ja
franc-comtois
France (Franche-Comt; RhneAlpes; Bourgogne); Switzerland

(Neuchtel; Vaud; Berne)
51-AAA-jaa
neuchtelois
51-AAA-jab
vaudois-NW.
51-AAA-jac
pontissalien
Pontarlier
(Franche-Comt: Doubs-S.)
51-AAA-jad
ain-N.
Ain upper valley
(Franche-Comt: Jura Franais)
51-AAA-jae
valserine
Valserine valley
(Rhne-Alpes: Ain-NE.; FrancheComt; Jura Franais adjacent )
51-AAA-jb
lyonnais
+transition to [51] Auvergnat-N. & Auvergnat-S.
France (Rhne-Alpes; Bourgogne

adjacent; Franche-Comt
adjacent)
51-AAA-jba
bugey
Bugey country
(Ain-SE.)
51-AAA-jbb
bressan
Bresse country & Revermont country
(Sane-et-Loire-E.; Jura-SW.; AinW.)
51-AAA-jbc
mconnais
Mconnais country
(Sane-et-Loire-SE.; Rhne)
51-AAA-jbd
lyonnais-rural
Lyonnais mountains Dombes country+ Balmes country
(Rhne-S.; Ain-SW.; Isre-N.)
51-AAA-jbe
roannais+ stphanois
Roannais country Forez plain St.tienne
(Loire)
51-AAA-jc
dauphinois-N.
+transition to [51] Vivaro-Dauphinois
France (Rhne-Alpes)
51-AAA-jca
dauphinois-rhodanien
Rhne valley (Vienne downstream)
(Rhne-S.; Loire-SE.; Ardche-N.;

Drme-N.; Isre-W.)
51-AAA-jcb
crmieu
Crmieu plateau
(Isre-N.)
51-AAA-jcc
terres-froides
Terres Froides country
(Isre-CN.)
51-AAA-jcd
chambaran
Chambaran plateau
(Isre-CS.)
51-AAA-jce
grsivaudan
Graisivaudan country
(Isre-E.)
51-AAA-jd
savoyard
+transition to [51] Gavouot
France (Rhne-Alpes)
51-AAA-jda
bessanis
bessanais Maurienne country, Arc valley: Bessans
(Savoie-S.)
51-AAA-j
gallo-roman oriental #romand is a potential new cover-name (by

analogy with Suisse Romande=Gallo-Romance Switzerland), to
replace the inappropriate compound 'franco-provenal' -translingual
in [51] Franais from c.1250: Latin script
jurassien-mridional
(Neuchtel)
(Vaud-NW.)
51-AAA-jdb
langrin
Maurienne country, Arc valley: Lanslebourg
(Savoie-S.)
51-AAA-jdc
matchutin
ma'tchuta, valloirin #matchutin = [51] Franais mais coute = but

listen Maurienne country, Arc valley: Valloire
(Savoie-S.)
51-AAA-jdd
tarentaise
including tignard Tarentaise country, Isre uppervalley, including

Tignes
(Savoie-E.)
51-AAA-jde
arly
Arly valley
(Savoie-N.)
51-AAA-jdf
chambrien
Chambry
(Savoie-W.)
51-AAA-jdg
annecien
including viutchos Annecy including Viuz-la-Chisaz
(Haute-Savoie-SW.)
51-AAA-jdh
faucigny
Faucigny country
(Haute -Savoie-SE.)
51-AAA-jdi
chablais+ genevois
Chablais country Genevois hinterland
51-AAA-je
51-AAA-jea
vaudois
vaudois-interlacustre
51-AAA-jeb
gruyre
Gruyre country
(Fribourg-W.)
51-AAA-jec
enupper
Enupper country
(Vaud-E.)
51-AAA-jed
valaisan
valaisan romand
Switzerland (Valais)
51-AAA-jf
valdtain
in [51] Italiano: valdostano -translingual in [51] Franais +transition

to [51] Oc-Cisalpin
Italy (Val d'Aosta, Val d'Aoste)
51-AAA-jfa
val-veni
Doire Balte, Dora Baltea upper valleys
(Val d'Aosta-NW.)
51-AAA-jfb
val-di-ferret
Doire Balte, Dora Baltea upper valleys
(Val d'Aosta-NW.)
51-AAA-jfc
doire-balte-C.
Doire Balte, Dora Baltea middle valleys
(Val d'Aosta-NW.)
51-AAA-jfd
val-du-grand-saintbernard
Val d'Aosta left-bank
(Val d'Aosta-N.)
51-AAA-jfe
val-pelline
(Val d'Aosta-N.)
51-AAA-jff
val-tournanche
(Val d'Aosta-N.)
51-AAA-jfg
ayassin
Val d'Aosta left-bank (Val d'Ayas)
(Val d'Aosta-N.)
51-AAA-jfh
val-de-la-thuile
Val d'Aosta right-bank
(Val d'Aosta-S.)
51-AAA-jfi
val-grisanche
(Val d'Aosta-S.)
51-AAA-jfj
val-de-rhmes
(Val d'Aosta-S.)
51-AAA-jfk
val-savaranche
(Val d'Aosta-S.)
51-AAA-jfl
val-de-cogne
(Val d'Aosta-S.)
51-AAA-jfm
val-de-camporcher
(Val d'Aosta-S.)
(Haute -Savoie-N.)
Switzerland (Vaud; Fribourg)
(Vaud-W.)
page 403
51-AAA-k
Rumantsch+
Grischun
"Wider"-Rumantsch, "rheto-romance"-W., romauntsch, romaunsch,

romonsch, romansch, in [51] Franais: rhtique occidental from
c.1150: Latin script; since 1892, dual-standard official language
(Romantsch+ Grischun) in Grischun; since 1938, dual standard
designated national language in Switzerland -bilingual in [52]
Hochdeutsch & translingual in [51] Italiano
Switzerland (Grischun;
Graubnden; Grisons)
51-AAA-ka
sursilvan
"upper" rumantsch, "upper" romansch, in [52] Deutsch: surselvisch,

obwaldisch, part of oberlndisch Surselva, Sopraselva, BndnerOberland country, VorderrheinTavetsch valley #sursilvan=above the
woods
(K
KGrischun-W.)
51-AAA-kaa
tujetsch
tavetsch, part of "catholic" sursilvan Tujetsch, Tavetsch upper valleys
(Grischun)
51-AAA-kab
medel
part of "catholic" sursilvan Val Medel, Medelserrhein valleys
(Grischun)
51-AAA-kac
cad
part of "catholic" sursilvan Disentis downstream, Cad country
(Grischun)
51-AAA-kad
ilanz
part of "protestant" sursilvan Ilanz upstream
(Grischun)
51-AAA-kae
lumnezia
part of "protestant" sursilvan Lumnezia, Lugnezer valley
(Grischun)
51-AAA-kaf
flims
part of "protestant" sursilvan Flims
(Grischun)
51-AAA-kag
plaun
part of "protestant" sursilvan Plaun country, Vorderrhein+ Domleschg

confluence
(Grischun)
51-AAA-kb
sutsilvan+ surmiran
"lower" rumantsch, "lower" romansch, in [52] Deutsch:

mittelbndnerisch, nidwaldisch, part of oberlndisch Mittelbnden
country #sutsilvan=below the woods
(Grischun-C.)
51-AAA-kba
sutsilvan-N.
part of subsilvan, subselvan, in [52] Deutsch: sutselvisch, sotselvisch

Domleschg valley
(Grischun)
51-AAA-kbb
sutsilvan-S.
part of subsilvan, subselvan, in [52] Deutsch: part of sutselvisch,

sotselvisch Schams valley, Schons country, Andeer
(Grischun)
51-AAA-kbc
surmiran-N.
in [52] Deutsch: part of surmeirisch, surmeierisch Albula lower valley,

Sutss country, Tiefencastel
(Grischun)
51-AAA-kbd
surmiran-C.
in [52] Deutsch: part of surmeirisch, surmeierisch Savognin+

Mulegns Julia, Oberhalbstein valley, Surss country
(Grischun)
51-AAA-kbe
surmiran-S.
in [52] Deutsch: part of surmeirisch, surmeierisch Julia upper valley,

Bivio
(Grischun)
51-AAA-kc
grischun
engadine, puter+ vallader, ladin-W., in [52] Deutsch: engadinisch,

'churwelsch' Engiadina, Engadin country distinct from [51] Grischun
(Ladin-C.)
(K
KGrischun-E.)
51-AAA-kca
bravuogn
bergn, in [52] Deutsch: halbsteinisch, including unterhalbsteinisch

oberhalbsteinisch Albula upper valley, Bravuogn, Bergn
(Grischun)
51-AAA-kcb
putr-S.
in [52] Deutsch: part of oberengadinisch Engiadin'ota-S.,

Oberengadin-S. country, San Murezzan, St.Moritz
(Grischun)
51-AAA-kcc
putr-N.
in [52] Deutsch: part of oberengadinisch Engiadin'ota, OberengadinN. country, Zuoz
(Grischun)
51-AAA-kcd
vallader-W.
in [52] Deutsch: part of unterengadinisch Engiadina bassa,

Unterengadin country-W., Susch
(Grischun)
51-AAA-kce
vallader-E.
in [52] Deutsch: part of unterengadinisch Engiadina bassa-E.,

Unterengadin-E. country, Scuol
(Grischun)
51-AAA-kcf
vallader-SE.
mstair, in [52] Deutsch: mnstertalisch Val Mstair, Mnstertal valley (Grischun)
51-AAA-l
Nones+ Cadorino
Ladin-C., dolomitic ladin, "rheto-romance"-C., in [51] Franais: rhtique Italy (TrentinoAlto-Adige; Veneto)
central, in [52] Deutsch: ladinisch -translingual in [51] Italiano from
c.1650: Latin script distinct from [51] Grischun (Ladin-W.)
51-AAA-la
nones
nones-blot, nonesh, in [52] Deutsch: nonsbergisch +transition to [51]

Lombardo (Trentino) Val di Non, Anaunia, Nonsberg, Noce, Nos
lower valley: Cles
(TrentinoAlto-Adige Trento-NE. )
51-AAA-lb
badio
in [52] Deutsch: badiotisch
(TrentinoAlto-Adige Bolzano)
51-AAA-lba
badia
Valle Badia, Abteital, Gdera, Gadertal valley
51-AAA-lbb
mareo
San Vigilio, Vigiltal valley, Mareo, Marebbe, Enneberg commune
51-AAA-lc
grndno
gardena, gardenesi, in [51] Italiano: agordino, in [52] Deutsch:

gardenisch, grednerisch Valle Gardena, Grdnertal valley
(TrentinoAlto-Adige Bolzano )
51-AAA-ld
fassa+ fiamazzo
51-AAA-lda
fassa
Val di Fassa, Fassatal valley, Vigo di Fassa + Moena
(TrentinoAlto-Adige Trento )
51-AAA-ldb
fiamazzo
+transition to [51] Lombardo (Trentino) Val di Fiemme valley,

Predazzo+ Cavalese
51-AAA-le
cadorino
Cadore country
(Veneto Belluno)
51-AAA-lea
santa-lucia
Colle-Santa-Lucia, Buchenstein-1
(Veneto Belluno)
51-AAA-leb
livinallongo
Pieve-di-Livinallongo, Buchenstein-2, Cordvole upper valley
(Veneto Belluno)
51-AAA-lec
comlico
+transition to [51] Venetan Cortina d'Ampezzo downstream, Boite

valley
(Veneto Belluno)
51-AAA-m
Furlan
Friulian, fril, "frioulian", "rheto-romance"-E., in [51] Franais: rhtique

oriental, frioulan, in [51] Italiano: friulano, in [52] Deutsch: friaulisch
-translingual in [51] Italiano from c.1150:Latin script
Italy (FriuliVenezia-Julia);
adjacent Slovenia
51-AAA-ma
carnico
furlan-N.=Carnia pre-alpine country
(FriuliVenezia-Julia)
51-AAA-maa
degano
Degano valley
51-AAA-mab
fella
Fella valley
51-AAA-mac
tagliamento
Tagliamento valley
page 404
1999 / 2000 edition
51-AAA-mb
furlan-W.
51-AAA-mba
spilimbergo
Spilimbergo
51-AAA-mbb
pordenone
Pordenone
51-AAA-mc
furlan-CE.
51-AAA-mca
udin
Udin, Udine
51-AAA-mcb
cividt
Cividale del Friul
51-AAA-mcc
gurizze
Gurizze, Gorizia
51-AAA-n
Latin script
Italy; Croatia
51-AAA-na
Venetan
istrioto
istriano, "istrian" -translingual in [51] Italiano & bilingual in [53]

Hrvatski Istra-SW., Istria-SW. peninsula
Croatia
51-AAA-naa
rovigno
Rovigno, Rovinj
Croatia
51-AAA-nab
dignano
Dignano
Croatia
51-AAA-nac
sissano
Sissano
Croatia
51-AAA-nb
veneto
"venetan proper", "wider venetian" -translingual in [51] Italiano
Italy (FriuliVenezia-Giulia;
Veneto)
51-AAA-nba
veneto-giuliano
ncuding triestino Trieste
(FriuliVenezia-Giulia-SW.)
51-AAA-nbb
feltrinobellunese
Belluno Feltre
(Veneto Belluno)
51-AAA-nbc
trevigiano
51-AAA-nbd
veneziano-U.
venetian-"proper", "urban venetian" in [51] Franais: vnitien, in [52]

Deutsch: venezianisch Venezia, Venise, Venice, Venedig
(Veneto Venezia)
51-AAA-nbe
veneziano-della-laguna
Laguna Veneta lagoon islands
(Veneto Venezia)
51-AAA-nbf
veneziano-rural
Venezia hinterland
51-AAA-nbg
vicentino+ padovano
51-AAA-nbh
veronese
51-AAA-nbi
rovigo
51-AAA-o
Lombardo+ Emiliano Gallo-Italian, gallo-italiano -translingual in [51] Italiano Latin script
Italy (TrentinoAlto-Adige;
Lombardia; Piemonte; Liguria;
Emilia-Romagna; Marche
adjacent); migration> (Sicilia-NE.);
Switzerland (Ticino; Grisons); San
Marino
51-AAA-oa
trentino
ticinese
(TrentinoAlto-Adige)
51-AAA-ob
(Veneto Treviso)
(Veneto Venezia)
(Veneto Vicenza; Padova)
(Veneto Verona)
+transition to [51] EmilianoRomagnolo
(Veneto Rovigo)
Switzerland (Ticino; Tessin;

Grisons); Italy
51-AAA-oba
lugano
Lugano lake
(Ticino)
51-AAA-obb
bellinazona
Leventina valley Mesolcina+ Calanca valleys
(Ticino; Grisons )
51-AAA-obc
locarno
Maggia valley Maggiore-N. lake
(Ticino)
51-AAA-oc
"alpine lombard"
(Lombardia Brescia-N.; Sondrio)
51-AAA-od
lombardo-alpino
lombardo
"lombard", "lombardian"
(Lombardia-S.; Piemonte Novara)
51-AAA-oda
cremonese
part of lombardo-E.
(Cremona)
51-AAA-odb
bresciano
part of lombardo-E.
51-AAA-odc
bergamasco
(Bergamo)
51-AAA-odd
comasco
(Como)
51-AAA-ode
varese
51-AAA-odf
milanese-U.
51-AAA-odg
milanese-rural
51-AAA-odh
pavese
+transition to [51] Emiliano+ Romagnolo
51-AAA-odi
novarese
+transition to [51] Piemontese
(Novara-S.)
51-AAA-odj
domodossolano
Domodossola
(Novara-N.)
51-AAA-oe
lombardo-siculo
piemontese
"sicilian lombard"
(Migr > Sicilia-NE.)
51-AAA-of
piedmontese, in [51] Franais: pimontais
(Piemonte)
51-AAA-ofa
vercelli
(Brescia-S.; Matova-N.)
(Varese)
"traditional urban milanese" Milano
(Milano)
(Milano)
(Pavia)
(Vercelli)
51-AAA-ofb
canavese
Canavese country
(Torino-N.)
51-AAA-ofc
torino-U.
"traditional urban turinese" Torino, Turin
(Torino-C. )
51-AAA-ofd
dora-riparia
Susa valley
(Torino-W.)
51-AAA-ofe
alto-po
Po upper valley
(Torino-SW.; Cuneo-W.)
51-AAA-off
cuneo
Cuneo
(Cuneo-C. )
51-AAA-ofg
langhe
Langhe country
(Cuneo-E.; Monferrato-S. )
51-AAA-ofh
asti
Asti
(Monferrato )
51-AAA-ofi
alessndria
Alessndria
51-AAA-og
brigasc
brigasque, ligure alpino -bilingual in [51] Gavouot
France (Provence-Cote D'azur

Alpes-Maritimes); Italy (Ligurie)
51-AAA-oga
roya
Roya upper valley, La Brigue
51-AAA-ogb
tanaro
Tanaro upper valley
(Cuneo )
51-AAA-ogc
argentina
Argentina upper valley
(Imperia )
page 405
51-AAA-oh
ligure
ligurian, "wider genoese", in [51] Franais: ligurien
Italy (Ligurie; Sardegna); Monaco;

France (Provence-Alpes-Cote
d'Azur adjacent); migration>
(Corse)
51-AAA-oha
monegasc
in [51] Franais: monegasque
Monaco
51-AAA-ohb
imperia
51-AAA-ohc
savona
51-AAA-ohd
genovesi-rural
"rural genoese", in [51] Franais: gnois rural
(Genova)
51-AAA-ohe
genovesi-U.
"traditional urban genoese", in [51] Franais: gnois urbain Genova,

Gnes, Genoa
(Genova )
51-AAA-ohf
lunigiano
Riviera di Levante coast
(Genova-E.; La Spezia )
51-AAA-oi
genovesi-di-corsica
"corsican genoese", in [51] Franais: gnois de Corse -translingual in

[51] Corsu & [51] Franais
migration (from Genova) > France

(Corse)
(Imperia)
(Savona)
51-AAA-oia
cargese
51-AAA-oib
bonifacien
Bonifaziu, Bonifacio
51-AAA-oj
genovesi-disardegna
"sardinian genoese", in [51] Franais: gnois de Sardaigne

-translingual in [51] Campidanese
51-AAA-oja
carloforte
San Pietro island
51-AAA-ojb
calasetta
Sant Antioco-N. island
51-AAA-ok
emiliano+
romagnolo
"emilian-romagnol", in [51] Franais: milien-romagnol
51-AAA-oka
vogherese
-translingual in [51] Lombardo Voghera-S
51-AAA-okb
mantovano
Mantova
(Matova-S. )
51-AAA-okc
piacenza
part of emiliano-W.
(Piacenza)
migration (from Genova >

Sardegna)
Italy (Emilia-Romagna; Lombardia

Pavia-S.; Mantova-S.)
51-AAA-okd
parma
emiliano-W.
(Parma)
51-AAA-oke
reggio
emiliano-W.
(Reggio Nell Emilia)
51-AAA-okf
modena
part of emiliano-E.
(Modena)
51-AAA-okg
bologna
part of emiliano-E.
(Bologna)
51-AAA-okh
ferrara
part of emiliano-E.
(Ferrara)
51-AAA-oki
ravenna
romagnolo di Ravenna
(Ravenna)
51-AAA-okj
forli
romagnolo di Forl
(Forl)
51-AAA-okk
san-marino
romagnolo di San-Marino
San Marino
51-AAA-okl
marchigiano-N.
+transition to [51] Campano-Molisano
(Marche-N)
51-AAA-p
Corsu
Corsican, lingua corsa, in [51] Franais: corse; part of "italo-romance"C. -translingual in [51] Franais or [51] Italiano Latin script
France (Corse); Italy (SardegnaN.)
51-AAA-pa
corsu-N.
"corsican"-N,
(Corse: Haute-Corse)
51-AAA-paa
cortenais
Corte, Corti
(Haute-Corse)
51-AAA-pab
castagniccia
Castagniccia
(Haute-Corse)
51-AAA-pac
casinca
Casinca
(Haute-Corse)
51-AAA-pad
bastiais
Bastia
(Haute-Corse)
51-AAA-pae
nebbio
Nebbio
(Haute-Corse)
51-AAA-paf
balanin
Balagne country
(Haute-Corse)
51-AAA-pag
galria
Galria
(Haute-Corse)
51-AAA-pb
corsu-C.
"corsican"-C.
(Corse: Corse-du-Sud)
51-AAA-pba
vicu
+transition to [51] Corsu-N. Vico, Vicu
(Corse-du-Sud)
51-AAA-pbb
ajaccien
Ajaccio, Aiacciu
(Corse-du-Sud)
51-AAA-pbc
tavarais
Olmeto, Ulmetu
(Corse-du-Sud)
51-AAA-pbd
petreto-bicchisano
Pitretu-Bicchisgi
(Corse-du-Sud)
51-AAA-pbe
bastelica
51-AAA-pbf
fiumorbais
Fiumorbo
(Corse-du-Sud)
51-AAA-pbg
solenzara
Solenzara
(Corse-du-Sud)
51-AAA-pc
corsu-S.
"corsican"-S. +transition to [51] Gallurese
(Corse-du-S.)
51-AAA-pca
zonza
Zonza
(Corse-du-S.)
51-AAA-pcb
sart
sartenais Sartne
(Corse-du-S.)
51-AAA-pcc
purtivechju
Purtivechju, Porto-Vecchio
(Corse-du-S.)
51-AAA-pd
gallurese
sassarese
Italiano
toscano
gallurien Gallura country
(Sardegna-NE.: Sassari)
sassarien +transition to [51] Ligure Sassari La Nurra country
(Sardegna-NW.: Sassari-S.)
Italian, part of "italo-romance"-C. from 11th cent.: Latin script
Italy, Switzerland
tuscan, lingua toscana "traditional", "tuscan traditional", in [51]

Franais: toscan traditionnel
Italy (Toscana; Lazio-N.)
51-AAA-pe
51-AAA-q
51-AAA-qa
(Corse-du-Sud)
51-AAA-qaa
fiorentino-U.
"traditional urban florentine", Firenze, Florence
(Firenze)
51-AAA-qab
fiorentino-rural
"rural florentine"
(Firenze)
51-AAA-qac
lucca
part of toscano-W.
(Lucca)
51-AAA-qad
pistoia
part of toscano-W.
(Pistoia)
51-AAA-qae
pisa
part of toscano-W.
(Pisa)
51-AAA-qaf
livorno
part of toscano-W.
(Livorno)
page 406
51-AAA-qag
aretino
51-AAA-qah
senese
including chianaiola Arezzo Val di Chiana valley
1999 / 2000 edition
(Arezzo; Siena-E.)
(Siena)
51-AAA-qai
grosseto
51-AAA-qaj
romano-rural
"toscanised rural roman" transition to [51] Umbro-Romanesco
(Grosseto)
51-AAA-qb
italiano-L.
"historical italian", "historical" lingua toscana from 11 century
(Lazio-N.; Viterbo; Roma)
th
51-AAA-qc
italiano-F.
51-AAA-qd
italiano-G.
italiano popolare, "generalised urban italian" #italiano popolare

=popular italian,
51-AAA-qda
italiano-di-torino
Torino, Turin
51-AAA-qdb
italiano-di-genova
Genova, Gnes, Genoa
51-AAA-qdc
italiano-di-milano
Milano, Milan
51-AAA-qdd
italiano-di-venezia
Venezia, Venise, Venice
51-AAA-qde
italiano-di-trieste
Trieste
51-AAA-qdf
italiano-di-roma
Roma, Rome
51-AAA-qdg
italiano-di-napoli
Napoli, Naples
51-AAA-qdh
italiano-di-palermo
Palermo
51-AAA-r
Neapolitan+ Sicilian, "italo-romance"-S. Latin script
Italy; migration>USA
51-AAA-ra
Napoletano+
Siciliano
umbroromanesco
"umbro-romanesque"
(Umbria; Lazio)
51-AAA-raa
umbro
"umbrian", in [51] Franais: ombrien
(Umbria)
51-AAA-rab
romanesco-rural
romanesco autoctono, "traditional rural roman"
(Lazio)
51-AAA-rb
campano+ molisano "wider" napoletano, "wider neapolitan"
(Marche-S.; Abruzzo; Latium

adjacent; Molise; Campania;
Puglia; Baslicata)
51-AAA-rba
marchigiano-S.
(Marche-S.)
51-AAA-rbb
reatino+ aquilano
51-AAA-rbc
abruzzese
51-AAA-rbd
molisano
51-AAA-rbe
campano
campano "rural", part of napoletano "proper", "neapolitan proper"
(Campania)
51-AAA-rbf
napoletano-U.
campano "urban", part of napoletano "proper", "neapolitan proper"

Napoli, Naples
(Campania )
51-AAA-rbg
pugliese-N.
51-AAA-rbh
lucano
"lucanian"
(Basilicata)
51-AAA-rc
Salentina peninsula
(Puglia-S. )
"calabrian"
(Calabria)
51-AAA-re
salentino
calabrese
siciliano-CE.
"sicilian"-C.&-E.
(Sicilia-C.&-E.)
51-AAA-rea
messinese
Messina
(Sicilia)
51-AAA-reb
catanese+ siracusano
Catania Siracusa
(Sicilia)
51-AAA-rec
siciliano-NE.
(Sicilia)
51-AAA-red
siciliano-SE.
(Sicilia)
51-AAA-ree
agrigentino-E.
(Sicilia)
51-AAA-ref
nisseno-ennese
(Sicilia)
51-AAA-reg
siciliano-delle-madone
51-AAA-rf
siciliano-W.
51-AAA-rfa
agrigentino-CW.
51-AAA-rfb
trapanese
Trapani
(Sicilia)
51-AAA-rfc
palermitano
Palermo
(Sicilia)
51-AAA-s
Sardu
logudorese
Sardinian Latin script
Italy (Sardegna)
51-AAA-sa
"sardinian"-N.
(Sardegna)
51-AAA-saa
logudorese-W.
Villanova
(Sardegna)
51-AAA-sab
logudorese-C.
Ozieri
(Sardegna)
51-AAA-sac
logudorese-NE.
Monti
(Sardegna)
51-AAA-sb
nuorese
gennargentese
campidanese
Vegliot+ Ragusan
logudorese-SE. Nuoro
(Sardegna)
Gennargentu mountains
(Sardegna)
Croatia (Dalmatia)
51-AAA-rd
51-AAA-sc
51-AAA-sd
51-AAA-t
51-AAA-ta
51-AAA-tb
vegliot
ragusan
"formal" lingua toscana, "literary" lingua toscana, "literary italian", lingua KItaly; KSwitzerland; Slovenia;
comune, "standard italian", in [51] Latin: lingua vulgaris", in [51]
Croatia; (K)Albania; Malta;
Franais: italien #lingua comune =common language
(K)Libya; (K)Somalia;
(K)Ethiopia; (K)Eritrea;
migration>USA; Australia; France;
Canada; Brazil; Argentina
Reatini+ Abruzzesi mountains
Italy
(Abruzzo-W.; Latium adjacent)

(Abruzzo Maritime)
(Molise)
(Puglia-N.&-C.)
(Sicilia)
"sicilian"-W.
(Sicilia-W.)
(Sicilia)
"sardinian"-S. Cagliari
Dalmatian +transition to [51] Romneasca+ Armneasca (East
Romance); now extinct
th
Krk, Veglia island extinct in 19 cent.
(Dalmatia)
Dubrovnik, Ragusa extinct c.1700
(Dalmatia)
51-AAB-a
LATINE+ LADINO
notional net
Latine
51-AAB-aa
latine-A.
51-AAB-aaa
latin-L.
51-AAB
51-AAB-aac
latin-F.
latin-V.
51-AAB-ab
latino-sine-
51-AAB-aab
page 407
notional net, covering Latin and other West Romance vehiculars

Latin, lingua latina #parlare latine=to speak (in) Latin; lingua latina
=Latin language from c.-150: Latin script
KVatican {international}
latin "proper", "inflected" latin, extinct as a natural spoken language,

but still cultivated on a small scale, especially within the Catholic
church, as an international written and spoken vehicular
{Europe international}
"historical" latin, including "early"+ "classical"+ "medieval" latin
(K) {former Roman Empire}
"christian liturgical" latin especially in formalised Christian prayer
{international}
"modern vehicular" latin, including "church vehicular" latin + "scientific"

latin
{international}
interlingua, "simplified" latin #latino sine flexione =Latin without

inflection artificial vehicular invented in 1903 by Giuseppe Peano
{international}
3*
Judeo-Romance, "hebraicised romance" +influenced by [12] Ivrit

(Hebrew) Hebrew script
{Mediterranean}
5*
Spain; Portugal
51-AAB-b
flexione
Ladino+ Djudezmo
51-AAB-ba
ladino
"liturgical judeo-spanish" from c.1350
51-AAB-bb
hakitia
tetauni
djudezmo
haketiya, part "judeo-spanish"
Morocco
part of "judeo-spanish", in [51] Franais: judo-roman oranais
Algeria
"vernacular" ladino, balkan "judeo-romance", dzhudezmo, espanyoliko,

spanyol, sefardi, part of "judeo-spanish"
(formerly Spain; Portugal);

exodus end 15th cent.> Turkey;
Greece; Macedonia; migration
20th cent.> USA; Argentina; Israel
Greece; Turkey
51-AAB-bc
51-AAB-bd
3*
51-AAB-bda
djudezmo-F.
"modern literary ladino" +influenced by [51] Franais
51-AAB-bdb
djudezmo-krkira
Krkira, Corfu island +influenced by [51] Judeo-Veneziano
Greece (Inio Nsoi)
51-AAB-bdc
djudezmo-thessalonki
Thessalonki, Saloniki, Salonique
Greece
51-AAB-bdd
djudezmo-trkiye
Istanbul Edirne Izmir
Turkey
51-AAB-bde
djudezmo-sofiya
Sofiya
Bulgaria
51-AAB-bdf
djudezmo-skopje
Skopje
51-AAB-bdg
djudezmo-bosnia+ serbia Sarajevo Beograd
51-AAB-bdh
djudezmo-new-york
New York
51-AAB-bdi
djudezmo-buenos-aires
Buenos Aires
Argentina
51-AAB-bdj
djudezmo-israel
Tel Aviv
Israel
51-AAB-be
judeo-veneziano
italkian
Lingua-Franca
lingua-franca
part of judeo-italian Venezia, Venise, Venice extinct
Italy
part of judeo-italian Livorno
Italy
Sabir
{Mediterranean}
51-AAB-bf
51-AAB-c
51-AAB-ca
USA (New York)
pan-Mediterranean vehicular, probably of Roman origin but reinforced {Mediterranean}

th
during the Crusades and in use until the late 19 century now extinct
51-AAB-da
Esperanto+
Novial
esperanto
51-AAB-db
ido
51-AAB-dc
novial
51-AAC
51-AAC-a
CRIOULO+ CROLE CREOLE-ROMANCE Latin script

net
Crioulo
Luso-Creole, "creole-portuguese"
51-AAC-aa
caboverdense
51-AAC-aaa
barlavento
51-AAB-d
Macedonian
Bosnia; Yugoslavia (Serbia)
{international}
esperanto "proper", lingvo internacia artificial vehicular,

predominantly Romance-based, invented in 1887 by L.Zamenhof
{international}
# ido = in [51] Esperanto derived from artificial vehicular derived

from Esperanto in 1928 by Louis de Beaufront
{international}
#nov-i-a-l =new (nova)+ international+ auxiliary+ language artificial

vehicular derived from Esperanto in 1928 by Otto Jespersen
{international}
"capeverdian luso-creole"
Cape Verde; Guinea-Bissau; SoTom; Equatorial-Guinea; Brazil;

India; Sri Lanka; Malaysia;
Indonesia
Cape Verde
Cape Verde
51-AAC-aab
sotavento
51-AAC-ab
guineense
"guinean luso-creole", "guinean" kriol, "guinean" kriyol
Guinea-Bissau; Senegal-S.;
migration>Gambia
51-AAC-aba
guineense-N.
Cacheu+ Zinguinchor
Guinea-Bissau; Senegal
(Casamance)
51-AAC-abb
guineense-bissau
Bissau+ Bolama coast
Guinea-Bissau
51-AAC-abc
guineense-bijago
Bijago islands
Guinea-Bissau
51-AAC-abd
guineense-C.
Bafat
Guinea-Bissau
51-AAC-ac
so-tomense
principense
so-tom+ prncipe "luso-creole"
So-TomPrncipe
51-AAC-aca
forro
so-tomense So-Tom island
So-TomPrncipe
51-AAC-acb
principense
lun'gwiye Princip island
So-TomPrncipe
51-AAC-ad
angolar
ngola, so-tom "bantuised luso-creole" +influenced by [99] Bantu

languages So-Tom island
So-TomPrncipe
51-AAC-ae
fa-d'ambu
cafundo
"annobonese luso-creole" Annobn island
Equatorial-Guinea (Annobon)
"brazilian bantuised luso-creole" Cafundo
Brazil (Minas GeraisSo Paolo

frontier)
51-AAC-af
Cape Verde
5
page 408
1999 / 2000 edition
51-AAC-ag
indo-portugus
"indian luso-creole", "indo-portuguese"
India; Sri Lanka
51-AAC-aga
diu
Diu
India (Daman & Diu )
51-AAC-agb
daman
Daman
India (Daman & Diu)
51-AAC-agc
korlai
Korlai
India
51-AAC-agd
cochin
Cochin
India (Kerala)
51-AAC-age
ceilo
"ceylonese luso-creole" Batticaloa;=Colombo;=Trincomalee
Sri Lanka
51-AAC-ah
malaio-portugus
"malayo-portuguese", "malaysian luso-creole"
Malaysia; Singapore; Indonesia
51-AAC-aha
malaquense
malaquiero, malaquenho, malaqus, papia-kristang, kristang, serani,

bahasa-serani, bahasa-geragau, malaccan, malacca "portuguese",
"moluccan luso-creole"
Malaysia (Malacca)
51-AAC-ahb
singapore
singapore "luso-creole"
Singapore
51-AAC-ahc
sumatra
"sumatran luso-creole"
Indonesia (Sumatera)
51-AAC-ahd
java
jakarta, pekan-tugu, "batavian luso-creole" Jakarta
Indonesia (Java)
51-AAC-ahe
flores+ adonara
Flores Solor Adonara islands
Indonesia
51-AAC-ahf
timor-E.
bidau
Indonesia; East Timor
51-AAC-ahg
maluku
"moluccan proper"
Indonesia (Maluku)
51-AAC-ahh
ternateo
Ternate island
Indonesia (Maluku)
51-AAC-ahi
sulawesi
"celebes luso-creole"
Indonesia (Sulawesi)
51-AAC-ahj
borneo
51-AAC-ai
makista
Indonesia (Borneo; Malaysia

Sarawak; Sabah); Brunei
macauenho, macaense, maco "luso-creole"
China (Maco; migration> HongKong)
51-AAC-aia
makista-maco
extinct
(Maco)
51-AAC-aib
makista-hong-kong
Hong-Kong
(Hong-Kong)
51-AAC-b
Criollo
Hispano-Creole, "creole spanish"
Philippines; Colombia; Venezuela;

Netherlands West Indies
51-AAC-ba
chabacano
chabakano, chavacano, "philippines hispano-creole"
Philippines
51-AAC-baa
caviteo
Philippines
51-AAC-bab
cotabato-chabacano
51-AAC-bac
ternateo-chabacano
ternateo 2
Philippines
Philippines
51-AAC-bad
davao-chabacano
davaoeo, espaol-abakay
Philippines
51-AAC-bae
zamboangueo
zamboanga
Philippines
51-AAC-baf
ermitao
ermiteo
51-AAC-bag
chabacano-sabah
51-AAC-bb
chocoano
palanquero
part of "colombian hispano-creole" -translingual in [51] Espaol
Colombia-W. (Choc)
51-AAC-bc
part of "colombian hispano-creole" -translingual in [51] Espaol

San Basilio of Palenque
Colombia Bolivar):
51-AAC-bd
criollo-de-bobures
"venezuelan hispano-creole" -translingual in [51] Espaol

Bobures Maracabo lake
Venezuela-NW.
51-AAC-be
papiamento
papiamentu, papiements, papyamentu, papiam, "west-indian hispanocreole" +influenced by [52] Nederlands
Netherlands West Indies
51-AAC-bea
curassese
curaoleo Curaao island
(Curaao )
51-AAC-beb
aruba
Aruba island
(Aruba)
51-AAC-bec
bonaire
Bonaire island
(Bonaire )
Philippines
migration>Malaysia (Sabah)
51-AAC-bed
maz
Maz islands
Nicaragua
51-AAC-c
Crole
Gallo-Creole, "creole french", kweyol, 'patois' d'outre-mer
USA; Antilles; French Guiana;

Ocan Indien; migration> France
51-AAC-ca
louisianais
gombo, louisiana "gallo-creole" -bilingual in [52] English
USA (Louisiana; Texas; migration>

California)
51-AAC-caa
saint-martin
St.Martin parish (St.Martinville+ Breaux Bridge+ Cecilia)
(Louisiana)
51-AAC-cab
"new-roads"+ edgard
New Roads+ Edgard
(Louisiana )
51-AAC-cac
houma
houma community +community descended partly from Amerindian

speakers of [68] Choctaw
(Louisiana )
51-AAC-cad
gombo-texas
51-AAC-cae
gombo-california
Sacramento
(California )
51-AAC-cb
hatien
"haitian gallo-creole", ayisyen
Hati
51-AAC-cba
port-au-prince
Port-au-Prince
Hati
4*
(Texas-E.)
51-AAC-cbb
fablas
Hati
51-AAC-cbc
plateau-haitien
Hati
51-AAC-cbd
haitien-N.
Hati
page 409
antillais
"west-indian gallo-creole", crole des Antilles, antiye
Guadeloupe; Dominica;
Martinique; Saint-Lucia; Grenada;
Trinidad & Tobago
51-AAC-cca
saint-barthlemy
saint-barthlemy "gallo-creole" Saint-Bathlemy island
Guadeloupe
51-AAC-ccb
grande-terre
part of guadeloupen, "guadeloupean gallo-creole" Grande-Terr

island
Guadeloupe
51-AAC-ccc
basse-terre
part of guadeloupen, "guadeloupean gallo-creole" Basse-Terre

island
Guadeloupe
51-AAC-ccd
marie-galante
part of guadeloupen, "guadeloupean gallo-creole" Marie-Galante

island
Guadeloupe
51-AAC-cce
dominiquais
"dominica gallo-creole" now in competition with [52] Leeward

(Dominica) Anglo-Creole
Dominica
51-AAC-ccf
martiniquais
"martiniquan gallo-creole" Martinique island
Martinique
51-AAC-ccg
sainte-lucien
"saint-lucian gallo-creole" now in competition with expanding [52]

Leeward (Saint Lucia) Anglo-Creole St.Lucia island
Saint-Lucia
51-AAC-cch
panamanen
"panamanian crole" -translingual in [51] Espaol originally Saint

Lucia island; Isla del Rey island (San Miguel) migration from St.Lucia,
in 19th cent
migration> Panama
51-AAC-cci
carriacou
part of "grenadan gallo-creole" Carriacou island
Grenada
51-AAC-ccj
grenadien
part of "grenadan gallo-creole" Grenada island +largely submerged

by [52] Grenadan Anglo-Creole
Grenada
51-AAC-cck
trinidadien
"trinidadian gallo-creole" Trinidad island +largely submerged by [52] Trinidad & Tobago (Trinidad)
Trinidadian Anglo-creole & [52] Trinidadian English
51-AAC-cd
guyanais
"guianese gallo-creole"
51-AAC-cda
guyanais-C.
Cayenne
French Guiana
51-AAC-cdb
guyanais-NW.
+influenced by [51] Antillais (Guadeloupen & Martiniquais)

St.Laurent-du-Maroni Mana Iracoubo
French Guiana
51-AAC-cc
French Guiana; & adjacent Brazil

(Amap)
51-AAC-cdc
guyanais-SE.
St.Georges-de-l'Oyapock Rgina Kaw
French Guiana
51-AAC-cdd
karipna
"brazilian gallo-creole", caripna
Brazil (Amap); French Guiana

frontier
51-AAC-ce
mauricien+
seychellois
"mauritian+ seychellese gallo-creole", morisyen+ seselwa
KSeychelles
51-AAC-cea
seychellois
crole seychellois=Mah Praslin islands
Seychelles
51-AAC-ceb
aldabra
Aldabra islands
Seychelles
51-AAC-cec
mauricien
"mauritian gallo-creole", morisyen, morisi, crole mauricien
Mauritius
51-AAC-ced
rodriguais
Rodrigues island
Mauritius
51-AAC-cee
agalega
zilwa-W. Agalega islands #zilwa =of the islands
Mauritius
51-AAC-cef
chagos
zilwa-E. Chagos islands #zilwa =of the islands speakers

displaced to Mauritius in early 1970's, after sale of islands to USA
former British Indian Ocean

Territory
51-AAC-cf
runionnais
tayo
"reunion gallo-creole", runion
Runion
"new caledonian gallo-creole", kanaky "gallo-creole"
ROMNEASCA+
ARMNEASCA net
Jeiani+ Susnjevica
jeiani
susnjevica
Armneasca+
Meglenitsa
ROMANCE-EAST
51-AAD-ba
limba-armneasca
armna, aromna, aromuna, armina, aroman, aromoune, macedoromna, macedo-romn, tsintsari, "vlachian", "aromanian", in [56]
Greek: vlach, vlah, 'kutzo-valach', in [51] Franais: macdo-roumain,
vlaque, koutzo-valaque; armn person
51-AAD-baa
bitolia
Bitolia country: Bitola Monastir Ohrida
Macedonia-SW. ex-Yugoslavia
51-AAD-bab
vlor+ berat
Vlor, Valona+ Berat
Albania-CW.
51-AAD-bac
muscopola
Muscopola
Albania-SE.
51-AAD-bad
pindhos
Pindhos, Pindus mountains
Greece (Ipiros; Thessala)
51-AAD-bae
olympo-vlach
Caterina-SW., Katerni-SW. Olympus, Olimbos massif
Greece (Thessala)
51-AAD-baf
alikmon
Alikmon basin: Veria, Vroia
Greece (Makedhonia)
51-AAD-bb
meglenitsa
vlachi-meglenitsi, "megleno-romanian", in [51] Franais: meglnite,

meglnitique, meglno-roumain, valaque meglnite Meglena valley
Greece (Makedhonia)
51-AAC-cg
51-AAD
51-AAD-a
51-AAD-aa
51-AAD-ab
51-AAD-b
Istro-Romance Latin script
Slovenia; Croatia (Istria)
zejane, jeisane Istria-N. peninsula
Slovenia; Croatia
cicarija, valdarsa Istria-S. peninsula
Croatia
Aromanian, in [51] Franais: aroumain Greek script; Latin script
Macedonia ex-Yugoslavia; Albania;

Greece; dispersed> Bulgaria;
Romania.; migration> France;
Germany; USA
page 410
1999 / 2000 edition
Romneasca+
Moldova
limbaromneasca-F.
Daco-Romance from 16th cent.: Cyrillic script; from 19th cent.: Latin
script
KRomania; KMoldova; Serbia;

Bulgaria; Ukraine
"formal" limba romneasca, "standard romanian", "standard

roumanian" +influenced by [51] Franais & [51] Latine
Romania; Moldova
51-AAD-caa
romania-F.
Latin script: Romania model
Romania
51-AAD-cab
moldova-F.
Cyrillic script: Moldova model
Moldova
51-AAD-cb
limba-romneasca-G. "generalised" limba romneasca, "generalised romanian", "generalised Romania; Moldova
51-AAD-c
51-AAD-ca
roumanian", including bucureti "urban" chiinau "urban"

Bucureti, Bucharest Chiinau
51-AAD-cc
muntenia
"muntenian", "walachian traditional"-E., in [51] Franais: valaque-E.

Muntenia country
(Walachia: Muntenia )
51-AAD-cd
oltenia
"walachian traditional"-W,, in [51] Franais: valaque-W. Oltenia

country
(Walachia: Oltenia)
51-AAD-ce
banat
transilvania-S.
transilvania-N.
criana
maramure
bucovina
moldova
"banat traditional" Banat country
(Timi)
"transylvanian traditional"-S. Transylvania-S. country
(Transylvania-S.)
"transylvanian traditional"-N. Transylvania-N. country
(Transylvania-N.)
"criana traditional" Criana country
(Criana)
51-AAD-cf
51-AAD-cg
51-AAD-ch
51-AAD-ci
51-AAD-cj
51-AAD-ck
"maramure traditional" Maramure country
(Maramure)
"bukovina traditional" Bucovina country
Ukraine
"moldavian traditional", including "standard moldovian" Cyrillic script

still in use
Moldova; Romania (Moldavia)
52=
GERMANIC
phylozone
covers the "Germanic" or Norsk+ Frysk set, part of the "IndoEuropean" intercontinental affinity; comprising 1 set of
languages (= 25 outer languages) spoken traditionally by
communities in Europe, extending from Iceland to eastern
Europe, with extensions to all other continents of the world:
52-A NORSK+ FRYSK
including 2 arterial languages: English; Deutsch (German).
Historically, the Germanic set was tripartite, represented by
the [52-A] Nordic, [52-C] Continental West Germanic & [52-D]
extinct Gothic chains. [52-B] Anglic (English+ Anglo-Creole)
is now better treated as a fourth chain, having diverged from
the languages of [52-C] under influence from [51] Romance,
esp. French, and also [52-A] Nordic (see also note below
under [52-C] Frysk+ Frasch).
This zone and set include (1) the language spoken in Europe
west of Russia by the largest number of primary voices, i.e.
German, and (2) the language spoken on the planet by the
largest number of alternate voices, i.e. English.
52-AAA-a
NORSK+ FRYSK set

NORSK+ SVENSKA
chain
NORSK+ SVENSKA
net
slensk+ Froysk
52-AAA-aa
52-A
52-AA
52-AAA
page 411
English is represented by
communities of primary and/or
alternate speakers and learners in
virtually every country in the world.
Other Germanic languages (of
which German is the most widely
distributed) are spoken by
communities in:
Argentina; Australia; Austria;
Bahamas; Belgium; Bolivia; Brazil;
Canada; Colombia; Czech Rep.;
Denmark; Estonia; Faroe Islands;
Finland; France; Germany;
Hungary; Iceland; Italy; Lesotho;
Liechtenstein; Lithuania;
Luxemburg; Mexico; Namibia;
Netherlands; Netherlands West
Indies; Norway; Poland; Russia;
Slovakia; Slovenia; South Africa;
Surinam; Swaziland; Sweden;
Switzerland; USA; Ukraine;
Uruguay.
GERMANIC, from 8th cent.: Runic, Futhark script Latin script

NORDIC, "north-germanic", "scandinavian", nordisk, "norse", in [51]
Franais: norois, norrois
from 8th cent.: Runic, Futhark script Latin script
Icelandic+ Faeroese, part of "north-sea nordic", "nordic"-W. carried
by Viking migrations from Scandinavia, westwards to the British Isles,
Iceland, Greenland and northeast North America, southwards to
Normandy and the Mediterranean; also eastwards to Russia (including
divergence of Dansk+ Svenska from North Sea Nordic, from c.1000)
Iceland; Faeroes
slensk
icelandic, slenzk, islendzk, in [52] Danish: islandsk
KIceland; also modern migration>

Canada
52-AAA-aaa
slensk-L.
Iceland
52-AAA-aab
slensk-F.
"old norse", gamalnorsk, "old icelandic", "pre-modern literary icelandic"

from c.1200
"standard icelandic", "literary icelandic" relexified in the 19th century,
by replacement of loanwords with Norse-derived vocabulary
Iceland
52-AAA-aac
slensk-G.
"generalised icelandic ", including reykjavik "urban"
Iceland
52-AAA-aad
slensk-W.
Olafsvik
Iceland
52-AAA-aae
slensk-NW.
safjrdhur north-west fjords
Iceland
52-AAA-aaf
slensk-N.
Akureyri
Iceland
52-AAA-aag
slensk-E.
Hsavik Neskaupstadhur
Iceland
52-AAA-aah
slensk-S.
south coast Vestmanna-eyjar islands
Iceland
52-AAA-aai
slensk-SW.
Selfoss
Iceland
52-AAA-aaj
slensk-manitoba
"canadian icelandic"
migration> Canada (Manitoba)
52-AAA-ab
froysk
faeroese, "faroese", fryskt, foeryskt, in [51] Franais: fron, in [52]

Danish: frsk, in [52] Deutsch: frisch -translingual in [52] Danish
KFaeroes
52-AAA-aba
froysk-F.
"formal" froysk, "literary faeroese"
Faeroes
52-AAA-abb
froysk-G.
"generalised" froysk, including trshavn "urban"
Faeroes
52-AAA-abc
nordhuroysk
Nordhuroyar islands
Faeroes
52-AAA-abd
eysturoysk-N.
Eysturoy-N. island
Faeroes
52-AAA-abe
eysturoysk-S.
Eysturoy-S. island
Faeroes
52-AAA-abf
streymoysk-N.
Streymoy-N. island: Westmanna
Faeroes
52-AAA-abg
streymoysk-S.
Streymoy-S. island
Faeroes
52-AAA-abh
vgarsk
Vgar island
Faeroes
52-AAA-abi
sandoysk
Sandoy island
Faeroes
52-AAA-abj
sudhuroysk-N.
Sudhuroy-N. island
Faeroes
52-AAA-abk
sudhuroysk-S.
Sudhuroy-S. island
Faeroes
52-AAA-ac
norn
#=northern, norse extinct since 19th cent. in Shetland (earlier

elsewhere) +progressive convergence, prior to extinction, towards
[52] Anglic (Scots and English) Shetland & Orkney islands
Caithness mainland Hebrides islands
formerly Scotland (Faeroes)
page 412
1999 / 2000 edition
Norwegian-W.+ New-Norwegian, part of "north-sea nordic"
Norway; Denmark (Jylland)
vestnorsk, "norwegian traditional"-W.
Norway-W.
52-AAA-ba
Norsk-W.+ Nynorsk
norsk-W.
52-AAA-baa
norsk-SW.
(Vest-Agder; Aust-Agder
Stesdal; Telemark-W.; Rogaland;
Hordaland-S.)
52-AAA-bab
norsk-NW.
(Hordaland-N.; Sogn; Fjordane;

Romsdal)
52-AAA-bb
midlands-norsk
midlandsnorsk, "norwegian traditional"-C.
(Vestfold; Telemark-E.; Buskerud;

Oppland)
52-AAA-bc
trndelags-norsk
nordlands-norsk
ny-norsk
trndelagsnorsk, "norwegian traditional"-CN.
(Sr-Trndelag; Nord-Trndelag)
nordlandsnorsk, "norwegian traditional"-N.
(Nordland)
"new norwegian proper", nynorsk, landsml, landsmaal, "standardised

traditional norwegian", "neo-norwegian" #ny-norsk =new norwegian;
th
landsml =country language established in 19 century by Ivar
Aasen, modelled on Norsk-W. +transition to [52] Dano-Norwegian
KNorway
52-AAA-b
52-AAA-bd
52-AAA-be
52-AAA-bea
nynorsk-F.
"standard new norwegian", "literary new norwegian"
Norway
52-AAA-beb
nynorsk-G.
"generalised new norwegian"
(majority language in: Mre-ogRomsdal; Sogn-og-Fjordane;

Hordaland; Rogaland) (important
minority language in: SrTrndelag; Nord-Trndelag;
Oppland; Telemark; Aust-Agder;
Vest-Agder)
52-AAA-bf
jysk-W.*
vest-jysk, "jutlandish traditional"-W., "jutish traditional"-W., in [52]

Deutsch: west-jtisch +transition to generalised [52] Danish
Denmark (Jylland: Viborg

Ringkbing Veyle Ribe
Snderjylland); Germany
(Schleswig-Holstein-N.)
52-AAA-bfa
thy+ mors
Thy Mors
(Ringkbing-N.)
52-AAA-bfb
harsyssel+ salling
Harsyssel Salling
(Ringkbing-C.&-S.; Viborg-W.)
52-AAA-bfc
vejle
52-AAA-bfd
als
Als island
(Snderjylland)
52-AAA-bfe
slesvigsk-N.
Nordslesvig country
(Snderjylland)
52-AAA-bff
slesvigsk-S.
-bilingual in [52] Deutsch (High German & North German)
(Schleswig-Holstein Flensburg;
Nordfriesland)
52-AAA-c
Svenska+ Dansk
Swedish+ Danish, "nordic"-E., "baltic-sea nordic", stnordisk,
Denmark; Norway; Sweden;

Finland
52-AAA-ca
dansk-L.
"pre-modern literary danish", "old danish" from c.1200
52-AAA-cb
riks-dansk
Denmark; formerly Norway;

Sweden-S.
riksdansk, "formal" dansk, "formal danish" #riks-dansk =danish of the

kingdom
KDenmark; Germany (SchleswigHolstein); KFaeroes;

KGreenland; (K)Iceland
52-AAA-cc
dansk-G.
Denmark, Faeroes Greenland
52-AAA-cd
norsk-F.
"generalised" dansk, "generalised danish", including kbenhavnsk,

"copenhagen urban" with regional variations
(Vejle)
"standardised urban norwegian", dansk-norsk, "formal dano-norwegian" KNorway; migration> USA

+transition to [52] Nynorsk (New Norwegian)
52-AAA-cda
bok-ml
bokml, bokmaal #=book language official model
Norway
52-AAA-cdb
riks-ml
riksml, "king's norwegian" conservative model
Norway
52-AAA-ce
by-ml
byml, "generalised urban norwegian", including oslo "urban"

#=language of the town; with regional variations
Norway
52-AAA-cf
amerikansk-norsk
"american dano-norwegian" -bilingual in [52] English
USA (Illinois; Wisconsin;

Minnesota; Dakotas)
52-AAA-cg
norsk-E.
jysk-E.
stnorsk, stlandet, "norwegian traditional"-E.
Norway-E.
52-AAA-ch
stjysk, jysk-E., "jutlandish traditional"-E., "jutish traditional"-E., in [52]

Deutsch: ost-jtisch
(Jylland-NE.)
52-AAA-cha
les
Les island
(Nordjylland)
52-AAA-chb
vendsyssel
Vendsyssel island
(Nordjylland-N.)
52-AAA-chc
himmerland
Himmerland country
52-AAA-chd
viborg
52-AAA-che
rhus
52-AAA-ci
en-dansk
endansk, "island danish traditional" #=island danish +transition to

generalised [52] Danish
52-AAA-cia
samsk
Sams island
(rhus)
52-AAA-cib
fynsk
Fyn island
(Fyn)
52-AAA-cic
rsk
r island
(Fyn)
52-AAA-cid
langelandsk
Langeland island
(Fyn)
52-AAA-cie
sjllandsk-W.
Sjlland-W. island
(Fyn)
(Nordjylland-S.)
(Viborg-E.)
(rhus)
Denmark
52-AAA-cif
sjllandsk-S.
Sjlland-S. island
(Storstrm)
52-AAA-cig
lollandsk
Lolland island
(Storstrm)
52-AAA-cih
falstersk
Falster island
(Storstrm)
52-AAA-cii
mnsk
Mn island
(Storstrm)
52-AAA-cj
bornholmsk
svenska-S.
Bornholm island
Denmark (Bornholm)
sdersvenska, stdansk, sydsvenska ml, "swedish traditional"-S.,

"dano-swedish", "danish"-E.
Sweden
sderhallndska
(Halland-S.)
52-AAA-ck
52-AAA-cka
sknska
52-AAA-ckb
hallndska-S.
52-AAA-ckc
blekingska
52-AAA-ckd
smlndsk
52-AAA-cl
svenska-L.
page 413
(Skne)
(Blekinge)
(Smland)
"pre-modern literary swedish", "old swedish" from c.1200
Sweden
hgsvenska, rikssprk, "formal" svenska, "formal" svenskt, "formal

swedish" #=high swedish; rikssprk= language of the kingdom
KSweden; KFinland
52-AAA-cm
hg-svenska
52-AAA-cn
tal-sprk
talsprk, "generalised swedish", including stockholmsk, "stockholm

urban" #talsprk =colloquial language +with regional variations,
influenced by traditional idioms
Sweden, Finland
52-AAA-co
bohuslnska
part of "swedish+ norwegian transition" +transition to generalised [52]

Svenska (Swedish) & traditional Norsk-E. (East Norwegian)
(Bohusln)
52-AAA-cp
gtaml
"swedish traditional"-CS. +transition to generalised [52] Svensk

(Swedish)
Sweden-CS.
52-AAA-cpa
dalslndska
(Dalsland)
52-AAA-cpb
gteborgska
(Gteborg)
52-AAA-cpc
hallndska-N.
(Halland-N.)
52-AAA-cpd
vstgtska
(Vstergtland)
52-AAA-cpe
smlndska-N.
(Smland-N.)
52-AAA-cpf
stgtska
(stergtland)
52-AAA-cpg
lndska
52-AAA-cq
vrmlndska

Talsprk (Swedish) & traditional Norsk-E. (East Norwegian)
Sweden (Vrmland)
52-AAA-cr
sveaml
"swedish traditional"-CN. +transition to generalised [52] Talsprk

(Swedish)
Sweden CN.
52-AAA-cra
hlsingeml
(Hlsingland)
52-AAA-crb
vstmanlndska
(Vstmanland)
52-AAA-crc
upplndska
52-AAA-cs
dalml
darlanasvenska, part of "swedish+ norwegian transition" +transition to Sweden (Dalarnas ln)

generalised [52] Talsprk (Swedish) & traditional Norsk-E. (East
Norwegian)
52-AAA-ct
svenska-E.
stersvenska, finnlands-svenska, "swedish"-E. +transition to

generalised [52] Talsprk (Swedish) -bilingual in [41] Suomi (Finnish)
and/or Eesti (Estonian)
(land)
(Uppland; Uppsala)
Finland; Estonia
52-AAA-cta
sterbottniska
Finland (Vasa; Vaasa)
52-AAA-ctb
lndska
Finland (land Is.)
52-AAA-ctc
bolndska
Finland (boland; Turku)
52-AAA-ctd
helsingforsiska
52-AAA-cte
estlndska
"estonian swedish"
Estonia (Dag; Hiumaa island)
52-AAA-cu
jmtska

Svenska (Swedish) & traditional [52] Trndelags-norsk (Central North
Norwegian)
Sweden (Jmtland)
52-AAA-cua
hrjedalska
52-AAA-cub
jmtska-N.
52-AAA-cv
norrlndska
52-AAA-cva
medelpadska
(Medelpad)
52-AAA-cvb
ngermanlndska
(ngermanland)
52-AAA-cvc
vsterbottniska
(Vsterbotten)
52-AAA-cvd
norrbottniska
52-AAA-cw
gotlndska
Finland (Helsingfors; Helsinki)
(Jmtland-S.)
(Jmtland-N.)
norrlandssvenska, "swedish traditional"-N. +transition to generalised
[52] Svenska (Swedish)
Sweden
(Norrbotten)
gotland "traditional" +transition to generalised [52] Svenska (Swedish) Sweden (Gotland)
Gotland island
page 414
1999 / 2000 edition
52-AB
ENGLISH+ ANGLOCREOLE chain
ANGLIC, romanised+ nordicised west-germanic +comprising parallel

English and Anglo-Creole nets, now reconverging from 5th century:
Runic, Futhark script; from 8th century: Latin script
52-ABA
ENGLISH net
wider english, wider anglo-saxon +influenced (esp. in northern Great

Britain) by [52] Nordic from 9th century, and massively by [51]
Franais from 11th century.
The English net is treated below as four outer-languages:
[52-ABA-a] Scots-Northumbrian traditional English (evolved from Old
Northumbrian dialect of Old English from 11th/12th centuries, now
largely submerged by Global English);
[52-ABA-b] Anglo-English traditional English (in British Isles from
11th/12th centuries, now largely submerged by Global-English); and
[52-ABA-c] Global-English (from 17th/18th century, comprising all
other non-creole forms of English).
The English-based creoles (derived lexically from Anglo-English from
17th/18th centuries and now reconverging towards Global English)
are classified below within a separate [52-ABB] Anglo-Creole net.
52-ABA-a
Scots+
Northumbrian
northern british isles traditional english, northumbrian+ scots

traditional english north of line: Humber estuary to Morecambe Bay
coast +largely submerged by Global English and British-Midland)
{United Kingdom} Scotland;

England-N.; migration> Ireland;
Canada; New Zealand
52-ABA-aa
scots
traditional scots, lowland scots, 'scottish', 'scotch', 'scoatch', obsolete

scottis, scotis + submerged by Global-English (Scottish English)
from 1603 onwards (Union of the Crowns of England and Scotland)
Scotland
52-ABA-aaa
scots-L.
pre-modern literary scots, including older literary scots (from 12th
(K) Scotland
century) revived literary scots (from 18th century)

52-ABA-aab
lallans
lallan, recent literary scots, 'synthetic' scots, 'plastic' scots #lallans

=lowlands developed as revived archaic medium by Scottish
Renaissance writers from 1920's
Scotland
52-ABA-aac
buchan-doric
scots-NE. "literary" #"doric" in sense of rustic language based on

spoken Buchan
(Grampian)
52-ABA-aad
shetlandic
shetland scots, part of northern isles scots, island scots Shetland

islands including variation from island to island, and within Mainland
island +strong substratum influence from the now extinct [52] Norn
(Shetland)
52-ABA-aae
orcadian
orkney scots, part of northern isles scots Orkney islands including

variation from island to island +strong substratum influence from the
now extinct [52] Norn
(Orkney)
52-ABA-aaf
caithness
part of northeast scots Thurso Wick
(Highland: Caithness)
52-ABA-aag
helmsdale
part of northeast scots Helmsdale
(Highland: Sutherland-E.)
52-ABA-aah
black-isle
part of northeast scots Black Isle peninsula
(Highland: Ross & Cromarty-E.)
52-ABA-aai
nairn
part of northeast scots
(Highland: Nairn)
52-ABA-aaj
moray
part of northeast scots Elgin
(Grampian: Moray)
52-ABA-aak
buchan
part of northeast scots Buchan country
(Grampian: Banff-N.; Aberdeen-N.)
52-ABA-aal
aberdonian
part of northeast scots Aberdeen Dee valley
(Grampian: Aberdeen-S.;
Kincardine-N.)
52-ABA-aam
mounth
transitional northeast+ central scots Mounth mountains Braes of

Angus
(Grampian: Kincardine-W.;
Tayside: Angus-N.)
52-ABA-aan
central-scots
part of central+ southwest scots south of line: Clyde mouth Esk

mouth
(Tayside: Angus-S. Perth-E.+S;

Kinross; Grampian: Kincardine-S.;
Fife; Central: Stirling;
Clackmannan; Lothian; Borders)
52-ABA-aao
glesca
glaswegian, glasgow scots, clydeside scots, urban counterstream

scots, 'weegie', 'gutter scots' Clydeside, Glasgow Clydeside
serves as focal point for Popular Urban Counterstream Scots in
central Scotland, cf. rle of Sarfeast (Wider Cockney) in southeast
England
(Strathclyde)
52-ABA-aap
southwest-scots
part of central+ southwest scots Kirkudbright Wigtown
(Dumfries+Galloway: Dumfries-W.)
52-ABA-aaq
border-scots
scots-S. Teviotdale valley Ettrick valley Nithsdale+ Annandale

valleys Solway Firth estuary north-bank
(Borders: Roxburgh Selkirk;

Dumfries+Galloway: Dumfries-CE.)
52-ABA-aar
donegal
part of ulster scots, hiberno-scots, 'scotch-irish' 17th-18th century

migration
migration> {Ireland} Ulster

(Donegal-E.)
th
th
52-ABA-aas
derry+ antrim
part of ulster scots, hiberno-scots, 'scotch-irish' 17 -18 century

migration
migration> {Ireland} Ulster (DerryN.; Antrim-CN.)
52-ABA-aat
county-down
part of ulster scots, hiberno-scots, 'scotch-irish' Stangford lough

th
th
17 -18 century migration
migration> {Ireland} Ulster (DownNE.)
52-ABA-aau
madeleine-scots
La Madeleine islands 19th century migration
52-ABA-aav
otago-scots
southland scots 19 century migration; now extinct +submerged by

New Zealand English
th
migration> Canada (Qubec)

New Zealand / Aotearoa
(Southland: Otago)
52-ABA-ab
northumbrian
north england traditional english Humber valley northward to

Scotland border +submerged by British Colloquial (British-Midland)
England
52-ABA-aba
northumberland
northumberland rural traditional
(Northumberland)
52-ABA-abb
geordie
tyneside urban, part of northumbrian urban counterstream

Newcastle/Tyne Gateshead
(Tyne & Wear)
52-ABA-abc
wearside
wearside urban, part of northumbrian urban counterstream

Sunderland
(Tyne & Wear)
52-ABA-abd
tees-side
tees-side urban, part of northumbrian urban counterstream

MiddlesbroughStockton-on-Tees
(Cleveland)
page 415
5
52-ABA-abe
durham-county
(Durham)
52-ABA-abf
swaledale+ wensleydale
(North Yorkshire-W.)
52-ABA-abg
yorkshire-moors
(North Yorkshire-E.)
52-ABA-abh
humberside-N.
52-ABA-abi
lyne
part of cumbrian traditional Lyne valley
(Cumbria: Cumberland-N.)
52-ABA-abj
carlisle
part of cumbrian traditional Carlisle Solway Firth estuary >S.
(Cumbria: Cumberland-N.)
52-ABA-abk
vale-of-eden
part of cumbrian traditional Vale of Eden valley: Penrith Appleby
(Cumbria: (Cumberland-E.;
Westmorland-E.)
52-ABA-abl
lakeland-N.
part of cumbrian traditional Lake district north, Keswick
(Cumbria: Cumberland-C.)
52-ABA-abm
lakeland-S.
part of cumbrian traditional Lake-S. district, Ambleside Furness

country Morecambe Bay Camforth northward
(Cumbria: old Lancashire-NW.;

Westmorland-W.)
52-ABA-b
Anglo-English
southern british-isles traditional english (including old anglo-irish)

#the term anglo-english is used here to distinguish the written and
spoken idioms of localised traditional English (in England with parts of
Wales and Ireland) which evolved from and submerged Old English
extension from England to South Wales from end 11th century and
to Ireland from end 12th century +progressively submerged in its
turn by the less varied dialects of Global English (British Colloquial,
Cambrian English and Hiberno-English)
England; Wales; Ireland
5*
52-ABA-ba
transitional-
pre-global english, including middle-english (12th to 14th centuries)

early-modern english, pre-standardised english, shakespearean
english (15th to early 17th centuries) +evolved from and submerged
Old English by 11th/12th centuries, under influence of [52] Nordic and
[51] Franais, and evolved into Global English from 16th/17th
centuries, providing the foundations of modern Standard English (18th
century onwards)
52-ABA-bb
midlands-angloenglish
mercian english, british midlands traditional english +submerged by

British Colloquial (British Midland) south of line: Morecambe Bay
coast to Humber estuary; north of line: Wash coast to Severn middle
valley
England-C.; also Wales adjacent
5*
52-ABA-bba
pennines-C.
Ribble upper valley Airedale valley
(North Yorkshire-W.)
52-ABA-bbb
lancashire-N.
Lancaster
(Lancashire-N.)
52-ABA-bbc
lancashire-C.
Preston Accrington
(Lancashire-CS.)
52-ABA-bbd
lancashire-S.
Rochdale
(Greater Manchester, old

Lancashire-S.)
52-ABA-bbe
scouse
liverpool urban counterstream, liverpudlian Merseyside: Liverpool...

Birkenhead
(Lancashire-CS.)
52-ABA-bbf
mancunian
manchester urban, part of midlands-N. urban counterstream

Manchester
(Greater Manchester)
52-ABA-bbg
cheshire
(Cheshire)
52-ABA-bbh
pennines-S.
(Derbyshire-N.&-W.; Staffordshire
adjacent)
52-ABA-bbi
potteries
Potteries country: Stoke-on-Trent
(Staffordshire-N.&-E.)
52-ABA-bbj
brummie
birmingham urban, part of midlands-S. urban counterstream Severn

middle valley
(Cleveland)
english
(Humberside-N.)
52-ABA-bbk
salop
52-ABA-bbl
severn+ avon
Worcester Stratford-on-Avon, between Severn & Avon rivers
(Salop, Shropshire-N.&-W.)
(Worcestershire-N.&-E.;
Warwickshire-N. &-W.)
52-ABA-bbm
rugby+ leicester
Rugby Leicester
(Leicestershire; Warwickshire-W.)
52-ABA-bbn
lincolnshire-S.
52-ABA-bbo
lincolnshire-N.
52-ABA-bbp
derwent+ sherwood
52-ABA-bbq
humber-basin
(Lincolnshire-C.&-S.)
(Lincolnshire-N.)
Derwent river Sherwood forest
(Derbyshire-E.; NottinghamshireW.)
(Humberside-S.; South Yorkshire;
West Yorkshire; North YorkshireS.&-W.)
page 416
1999 / 2000 edition
52-ABA-bc
southern-angloenglish
52-ABA-bca
severn+ wye
52-ABA-bcb
gower
gower traditional english Gower peninsula
52-ABA-bcc
pembrokeshire
pembrokeshire-S. traditional english close to extinction; distinct

(Dyfed: Pembrokeshire-S.; also
from Cambrian-English; significant as first colonial extension of the
Carmarthenshire SW. adjacent)
English language beyond England & Scotland, from end 11th century
(along-side use of [51] Franais as the language of the AngloNorman lite) "little England beyond Wales" country, south & east
of the Landsker linguistic divide, marked by northward line of English
place-names in Pembrokeshire: Newgale Hayscastle Wolf's
Castle Ambleston New Moat Bletherston Robeston
WathenTavernspite
52-ABA-bcd
devon+ cornwall
(Cornwall-E.; Devon; Somerset

extreme west)
52-ABA-bce
somerset+ dorset
(Somerset; Dorset; also Devon-E.)
52-ABA-bcf
avon+ southampton
(Avon; Gloucestershire-S.; Wiltshire;

Hampshire-W.)
52-ABA-bcg
wight
52-ABA-bch
sussex
52-ABA-bci
kent+ surrey-E.
virtually extinct
(East Sussex-E.; Kent; Surrey-E.)
52-ABA-bcj
thames+ wey
virtually extinct Thames middle south-bank, Wey valleys
(Berkshire; Wiltshire-E.; HampshireN.&-E.; Surrey-W.)
52-ABA-bck
chilterns+ cotswolds
Chiltern-S. Thames middle & upper valley Cotswold hills
(Buckinghamshire-S.; Oxfordshire;
Gloucestershire-E.)
southern british isles traditional english +largely submerged by

British Colloquial (British Southern) south and southwest of line:
Wash-S. coast Severn middle valley
England-S.; Wales-S.
5*
(Salop-S.&-W.; Worcestershire-S. &W.; Herefordshire; Powys adjacent;

Gwent-C.&-E.)
Isle Of Wight island
(Swansea)
(Hampshire-S.)
(Hampshire-S.&-E.; West SussexEast Sussex)
52-ABA-bcl
northamptonshire
52-ABA-bcm
chilterns+ fens
(Northamptonshire)
52-ABA-bcn
suffolk+ essex-N.
52-ABA-bco
norfolk
52-ABA-bcp
cockney-traditional
"broad" cockney, cockney "proper" +transition to Sarfeast, now

functioning as southern British urban counterstream English
52-ABA-bd
old-anglo-irish
introduced by English-speaking settlers following Anglo-Norman

Ireland
invasion from late 12th century; almost extinct by end 16th century
+submerged by [50] Gaeilge and from 17th cent. by New AngloIrish or Plantation English, introduced by a second wave of English
settlers or 'planters' The Pale country, Anglo-Norman and Englishoccupied eastern Ireland, centered on Dublin (Wexford Dublin
Drogheda)
52-ABA-c
Global-English
52-ABA-ca
standard-english
modern english, linglish, in [51] Franais: l'anglo-amricain

{all continents}
progressive expansion from Great Britain, comprising: first Englishspeaking circumnavigation of globe in 16th cent.; permanent
extension from 17th to Ireland (after decline of earlier Old AngloIrish), North America, the Caribbean and Africa, and from 18th to
Asia and Australasia; televised globally from late 20th #the
proposed form linglish, abbreviated from (globa)l english, has the
advantage of stressing this language's role as a global "lingua
franca" rather than as the language of a specific country
treated as 23 inner-languages
Chiltern Hills-N. hills The Fens marshlands
(Hertfordshire; Bedfordshire;
Cambridgeshire)
(Suffolk; Essex-N.)
(Norfolk)
formal english, modern literary english as established from 18th

century
(London-E.)
KUK; KIreland; KCanada; KUSA;

KPuerto Rico; KBelize; KJamaica;
KBahamas; KBermuda; KSt.Lucia;
KGrenada; KTrinidad & Tobago;
KGuyana; KBarbados; KSaint
Helena; KTristan da Cunha;
KFalkland Is.; KGibraltar; KMalta;
(K)Cyprus; Egypt; (K)Sudan;
(K)Israel+ Palestine; (K)Jordan;
(K)Iraq; (K)Kuwait; KBahrain;
(K)United Arab Emirates; (K)Yemen;
KGambia; KSierra Leone; KLiberia;
KGhana; KNigeria; KCameroon;
(K)Somalia; KEthiopia; KUganda;
KRwanda; KKenya; KTanzania;
KSeychelles; KMauritius; KMalawi;
KZambia; KZimbabwe; KBotswana;
KNamibia; KLesotho; KSwaziland;
KSouth Africa; KAustralia; KNew
Zealand / Aotearoa; KPapua-NG.;
KSolomon Is.; KVanuatu; KFiji;
KNauru; KCaroline Is.; KKiribati;
KTuvalu; KSamoa; KTonga;
KCook Is.; KPitcairn Is.; KMarshall
Is.;KIndia; KPakistan Nepal
Bhutan; KBangladesh Sri Lanka;
(K)Burma; (K)Malaysia;
KSingapore; KChina (Hong Kong)
page 417
52-ABA-caa
scottish-formal
including morningside+ kelvinside accent Edinburgh model
Scotland
52-ABA-cab
central-british-formal
north england+ midlands formal english
England; Man
52-ABA-cac
southern-british-formal
king's english, queen's english, b.b.c.-english, oxford-english, received

pronunciation, (abbreviated) r.p., southern england formal english, in
Cockney: tawkin-posh #b.b.c. =British Broadcasting Corporation
Southeast England middle-class model, replacing former publicschool model
England
52-ABA-cad
welsh-formal-english
+influenced by [50] Cymraeg (Welsh)
Wales
52-ABA-cae
irish-formal-english
including ascendency accent r.t.e. standard received ulster

pronunciation #r.t.e. =Radio Telefis Eireann +influenced by [50]
Gaeilge
Ireland, including Northern Ireland
52-ABA-caf
canadian-formal
Ottawa model
Canada
52-ABA-cag
general-american-formal
american network-standard American television newreaders' model
USA
52-ABA-cah
southern-states-formal
southern states formal english
USA-SE.
52-ABA-cai
black-american-formal
african-american formal english Martin Luther King model
USA
52-ABA-caj
anglo-caribbean-formal
ex-british west indies formal english
Jamaica
52-ABA-cak
americo-caribbean-formal
Puerto Rico
52-ABA-cal
australian-formal
Australia
52-ABA-cam
new-zealand-formal
52-ABA-can
bantu-formal-english
black southern+ east-african formal english Nelson Mandela model
South Africa; Lesotho; Swaziland;

Namibia; Zimbabwe; Zambia;
Malawi; Kenya; Uganda;
Tanzania
52-ABA-cao
anglo-african-formal
ex-british southern african formal english
South Africa (Cape province;

Natal; Witwatersrand) Zimbabwe
52-ABA-cap
afrikaner-formal-english
afrikaans-bilingual formal english
South Africa
52-ABA-caq
west-african-formal
west-african formal english
Cameroon; Nigeria; Ghana; Sierra

Leone; Gambia
52-ABA-car
south-asian-formal
south-asian formal english
India; Nepal; Pakistan;

Bangladesh; Sri Lanka; South
Africa
52-ABA-cas
east-asian-formal
east-asian formal english
Singapore; Hong Kong
52-ABA-cat
oceanian-formal
oceanian formal english
Papua-New Guinea; Fiji
52-ABA-cb
british-colloquial
british generalised english +transition between Standard English and {United Kingdom: Great Britain}
the traditional Englishes of Great Britain (Northumbro-Scots and AngloEnglish)
52-ABA-cba
scottish-english
anglicised scots, scottish generalised english +having largely

submerged and absorbed traditional Scots, while retaining some
variations corresponding to the traditional regional dialects of Scots;
with influence (in Highlands and Hebrides) from [50] Gidhlig (Scottish
Gaelic)
52-ABA-cbb
british-midland
midland british generalised english +having largely submerged and

England-C.; Wales-N.
absorbed traditional Northern Anglo-English (Northumbrian &
Cumbrian) and Midlands Anglo-English, while retaining some variations
corresponding to their traditional dialects north of line: Wash coast to
Severn middle valley
52-ABA-cbc
british-southern
southern british generalised english +having largely submerged and

England-S.; Wales-S.
absorbed traditional Southern Anglo-English, while retaining some
variations corresponding to its traditional dialects south of line: Wash
coast to Severn middle valley; plus Wales-S. coastal enclaves
52-ABA-cbd
sarfeast
wider cockney, estuary english, southern british urban counterstream

England-SE.
including generalised london cockney, london popular urban #sarfeast=
south-east +transition between Cockney traditional and British
Southern Generalised
52-ABA-cc
cambrian-english
welsh colloquial english, 'anglo-welsh' colloquial +influence from [50]

Cymraeg (Welsh)
Wales
52-ABA-cca
northwalian-english
+influence from Midland Anglo-English; transition to British Colloquial
Wales-N.
52-ABA-ccb
southwalian-english
including cardiffian +influence from Southern Anglo-English; transition Wales-C. (Powys)

to British Colloquial
52-ABA-cd
hiberno-english
irish colloquial english, "wider" hiberno-english +influenced by [50]

Gaeilge
Ireland, including Northern Ireland
52-ABA-cda
new-anglo-irish
irish traditional rural english, plantation-english, brogue distinct from

[52] Old Anglo-Irish (see above)
Ireland
52-ABA-cdb
mid-ulster
mid-ulster english, part of ulster traditional english, ulster-english

+transition to [52] Ulster Scots
Ireland (Ulster), including Northern

Ireland
52-ABA-cdc
ulster-S.
part of ulster traditional english, ulster-english
(Ulster-S.; Leitrim-N.; Cavan-N.;

Monaghan; Louth-N.)
52-ABA-cdd
irish-english-G.
generalised irish english, including irish-midlands
Ireland
52-ABA-cde
belfast-urban
Belfast
Belfast
52-ABA-cdf
dublin-urban
Dublin
Dublin
52-ABA-cdg
gaelic-english
"narrow" hiberno-english, including southwest irish english

+influenced by [50] Gaeilge in present-day Gaeltacht, and in areas
which were bilingual in [50] Gaeilge before 1900
Ireland
Scotland
page 418
1999 / 2000 edition
52-ABA-ce
canadian-traditional
canada traditional+ extended traditional english including the forms of Canada

English established and developed in Canada from the 17th century,
and the subsequent westward extension of English to the Pacific coast
+transition to Northamerican General
52-ABA-cea
newfoundland
newfoundland traditional english, 'newfie' Long Range peninsula

Newfoundland-S. coast Avalon peninsula, St.John's
Canada (Newfoundland; Terre

Neuve)
52-ABA-ceb
maritime
maritime provinces traditional english
Canada (New Brunswick, Prince

Edward Island, Nova Scotia)
52-ABA-cec
ottowan
ottawa-river traditional english Ottawa river +influence from Hiberno- (OntarioQuebec frontier)
English
52-ABA-ced
ontario-S.
Windsor Kingston, between Huron Erie Ontario lakes
52-ABA-cee
ontario-W.
(Ontario-C. &-W.)
52-ABA-cef
canadian-prairies
(Manitoba; Saskatchewan; Alberta)
52-ABA-ceg
british-columbia
(British Columbia)
52-ABA-ceh
canadian-arctic
(Yukon; Northwest Territories;

Qubec-N.)
52-ABA-cei
canadian-franco-english
-bilingual in [51] Franais
Canada (New Brunswick; Prince

Edward Island; Nova Scotia;
Qubec; Ontario adjacent)
52-ABA-cf
northern-statestraditional
northern united states traditional+ extended traditional english

including the forms of English established in New England from the
17th century, and the subsequent westward extension of English from
New England to the Pacific coast +transition to Northamerican
General
USA-NE.+ westward migration
52-ABA-cfa
new-england
new england traditional english, yankee english, including bostonian

english martha's-vineyard english +transition to Northamerican
General
USA (Maine; New Hampshire;

Vermont-E.; Massachusetts;
Rhode Island; Connecticut)
52-ABA-cfb
newyorkese
newyork urban counterstream, including brooklynese +transition to

Northamerican General; influences among component communities
from [51] Napoletano-Siciliano, Italiano & Espaol (Puerto Rico), [52]
Yiddish, etc. New York City & environs
USA (New York-S., New Jersey

adjacent)
52-ABA-cfc
hudson-river
submerged traditional dialect Hudson river: Hudson town

downstream
USA (New York-E.)
52-ABA-cfd
inland-northeastamerican
52-ABA-cfe
north-central-american
52-ABA-cff
northwest-american
52-ABA-cg
midland-statestraditional
midland united states traditional+ extended traditional english

including the forms of English established in the Middle Atlantic
States from the 17th century, and the subsequent westward extension
of English from the Middle Atlantic States to the Pacific coast;
+transition to 52-Northamerican General
USA-E.+ westward migration
52-ABA-cga
mid-coast american
"middle atlantic" Delmarva peninsula Delaware lower river

Susquehanna lower river
(New Jersey-S.; Pennsylvania-SE.;

Delaware; Maryland)
(Ontario-S.&-E.)
USA (Vermont-W.; New York

upstate)
including detroit urban chicago urban minneapolis urban
USA (Ohio-N.; Michigan; IndianaN.; Illinois-N.; Iowa; Wisconsin;

Minnesota; North Dakota, South
Dakota)
USA (Montana; Idaho; Oregon;
Washington)
52-ABA-cgb
pennsylvanian-W.
(Pennsylvania-W.)
52-ABA-cgc
central-midland-american including mid-west american
(Ohio-S.; Indiana-S.; Illinois-S.;

Missouri; Nebraska; Kansas;
Oklahoma; Texas-W.; New
Mexico; Colorado; Utah; Wyoming)
52-ABA-cgd
southwest-american
(Arizona; Nevada; California)
52-ABA-ch
southern-statestraditional
southern united states traditional+ extended traditional english,

USA-SE.+ westward migration
southern speech, 'dixie' english including the forms of English
established in the Southern States from the 17th century, and the
subsequent westward extension of English from the Southern States to
the Rio Grande +transition to [52] Northamerican General and TalkinBlack
52-ABA-cha
appalachian-N.
'hillbilly'-N. +transition to [52] Northamerican General AppalachianN. mountains
(West Virginia; Virginia adjacent;

Pennsylvania adjacent; Kentucky
adjacent)
52-ABA-chb
appalachian-S.
'hillbilly'-S. +transition to [52] Northamerican General and Dixie

Appalachian-S. mountains
(Virginia-SW., North Carolina-W.,

Kentucky; Tennessee; Alabama
extreme-N.; Georgia extreme-N.)
52-ABA-chc
virginia-piedmont
Piedmont country
(Virginia)
52-ABA-chd
tidewater
Tidewater coast
(Virginia)
52-ABA-che
albemarle+ neuse
Albemarle sound Neuse valley
(North Carolina-N.&-E.)
52-ABA-chf
wilmington
Wilmington
(North Carolina-S.&-E.)
52-ABA-chg
charleston
Charleston
(South Carolina-S.&-E.)
52-ABA-chh
georgia+ florida
(Georgia-S.; Florida)
52-ABA-chi
gulf
(Alabama; Mississippi; Louisiana;

Texas)
page 419
52-ABA-ci
talkin-black
tawkin-blak, black-american english, afro-american, african-american

english, ebonics +influence from languages brought from Africa by
forced immigrants, especially from within 9=Transafrican phylozone;
transition to [52] Caribbean Anglo-Creole and Northamerican General
#black is used here as a linguistic term, since patterns of linguistic
solidarity have been a response within communities exposed for more
than 3 centuries to major social discrimination based only on the
relative pigmentation of the human skin (involving forced deportation
from Africa; deprivement of freedom, personal name, language, culture
and all personal possessions; enslavement and forced labour in the
Americas; and frequent denial of basic human rights until modern
times) including northward and westward migration within North
th
th
America during 19 and 20 cent. from rural to urban areas
52-ABA-cia
black-rural-SE.
african-american-SE. rural +transition to [52] Dixie English
52-ABA-cib
black-urban-SE.
Atlanta; Miami
52-ABA-cic
black-urban-E.
Washington; Baltimore
52-ABA-cid
black-urban-NE.
+transition to [52] Newyorkese New York+ Boston
(New York)
52-ABA-cie
black-urban-N.
Chicago; Detroit
(Illinois)
52-ABA-cif
black-urban-W.
Los Angeles; San Francisco
(California)
52-ABA-cig
black-canadian-urban
Toronto
(Ontraio)
52-ABA-cih
black-canadian-rural
Amber valley
(Alberta)
52-ABA-cj
northamericangeneral
general canadian english+ general american +transition between

Standard English and the traditional Englishes of North America
(Canadian; Northern States; Midland States; Southern States; and
Talkin-Black)
Canada
52-ABA-cja
canadian-general
general canadian english, generalised canadian
(Canada)
52-ABA-cjb
inland-american
(Maine to Oregon)
52-ABA-cjc
midland-american
(Pennsylvania to California)
52-ABA-cjd
southeast-american
(Virginia to Texas)
52-ABA-cje
hawaian-american
52-ABA-ck
hispanic-americanenglish
spanglish
Mexico; Puerto Rico; USA
52-ABA-cka
mexican-american
chicano english -bilingual in [51] Espaol
Mexico; USA (California; Arizona;

New Mexico; Texas)
52-ABA-ckb
puerto-rican-american
-bilingual in [51] Espaol
Puerto Rico; USA
52-ABA-ckc
cuban-american
-bilingual in [51] Espaol
Cuba; USA (Florida)
52-ABA-cl
caribbean-english
+transition to [52] Caribbean Anglo-Creoles
52-ABA-cla
belizean-english
Belize City +absorbing [52] Belizean Creole
Belize
52-ABA-clb
bay-islands-english
+absorbing [52] Bay-islands Creole
Honduras (Islas de la Bahia)
52-ABA-clc
nicaraguan-english
+absorbing [52] Miskito-Coastal Creole
Cayman Isles
52-ABA-cld
cayman-islands-english
+absorbing [52] Cayman Creole
Cayman Isles
52-ABA-cle
jamaican-english
+absorbing [52] Jamaican Creole
Jamaica
52-ABA-clf
british-jamaican-english
+transition to [52] Cockney; absorbing [52] London-Jamaican Creole
migration> England
52-ABA-clg
bahamian-english
+absorbing [52] Bahamian-Creole
Bahamas
52-ABA-clh
turks-&-caicos-english
+absorbing [52] Turks and Caicos Creole
Turks & Caicos
52-ABA-cli
british-virgin-islandsenglish
+absorbing [52] Virgin Islands Creole
British Virgin Islands
52-ABA-clj
american-virgin-islandsenglish
+absorbing [52] Virgin Islands Creole
American Virgin Islands
52-ABA-clk
leeward-english
leeward islands english +absorbing [52] Leeward Anglo-Creole
{Leeward Islands}
52-ABA-cll
dominican-english
+influenced by [51] Dominiquais (Dominican Gallo-Creole)
Dominica
52-ABA-clm
saint-lucian-english
+influenced by [51] Saint-Lucien (Saint Lucian Gallo-Creole)
Ste.Lucia
52-ABA-cln
saint-vincentian-english
+absorbing [52] Vincentian Creole
St.Vincent
52-ABA-clo
grenadan-english
+absorbing [52] Grenadan Creole
Grenada
52-ABA-clp
tobagonian-english
+absorbing [52] Tobagonian Creole Tobago island
Trinidad & Tobago
52-ABA-clq
trinidadian-english
Trinidad island +influenced by [51] Trinidadien (Trinidadian GalloCreole)
Trinidad & Tobago
52-ABA-clr
guyanese-english
+transition to [52] Guyanese Anglo-Creole
Guyana
52-ABA-cls
barbadian-english
+having largely absorbed [52] Bajan Barbados island
Barbados
52-ABA-clt
saman-english
saman bay black-american, part of black-american migr-english

Saman bay
Dominican Rep.
52-ABA-cm
south-atlanticenglish
52-ABA-cma
ascension-english
Ascension island
St.Helena (Ascension)
52-ABA-cmb
saint-helena-english
'yamstalk' St. Helena island
St.Helena
52-ABA-cmc
tristan-da-cunha-english
Tristan da Cunha island
Tristan da Cunha
52-ABA-cmd
falklands-english
Falkland islands
Falkland Is.
USA; Canada
(Hawaii)
7
{South Atlantic islands}
page 420
1999 / 2000 edition
52-ABA-cn
mediterranean+
west-asian-english
(notional)
+a geographic grouping, with widespread influence from [12]

'Arabiyya
Gibraltar United Arab Emirates
52-ABA-cna
gibraltarean-english
+influenced by [51] Espaol
Gibraltar
52-ABA-cnb
maltese-english
+influenced by [12] 'Arabiyya (Maltiya)
Malta
52-ABA-cnc
cypriot-english
+influenced by [56] Helleniki and/or [41]Trke
Cyprus
52-ABA-cnd
egyptian-english
+influenced by [12] 'Arabiyya
Egypt
52-ABA-cne
sudanese-english
Sudan
52-ABA-cnf
israeli-english
+influenced by [12] Ivrit
Israel
52-ABA-cng
transjordanian-english
including palestinian english jordanian english +influenced by [12]

'Arabiyya
Palestine; Jordan
52-ABA-cnh
gulf-english
Iraq; Kuwait; Bahrain; United Arab

Emirates; Oman
52-ABA-cni
yemeni-english
Yemen
52-ABA-co
west-african-english +transition to [52] West-Coast Anglo-Creole
52-ABA-coa
gambian-english
52-ABA-cob
sierra-leonean-english
52-ABA-coc
liberian-english
+transition to [52] Americo-Liberian
Liberia
52-ABA-cod
americo-liberian
liberian settlers' english, part of black-american migr-english;

americo-liberian, merico community Monrovia
Liberia
7
Gambia
Sierra Leone
52-ABA-coe
ghanaian-english
Ghana
52-ABA-cof
nigerian-english
Nigeria
52-ABA-cog
cameroonian-english
Cameroon
52-ABA-cp
east-african+ indian- a geographic grouping

ocean-english
(notional)
52-ABA-cpa
somali-english
+influenced by [14] Somaali
Somali
52-ABA-cpb
ethiopian-english
+influenced by [12] Amarinya
Ethiopia; Eritrea
52-ABA-cpc
ugandan-english
+influenced by [99] Bantu
Uganda
52-ABA-cpd
rwandan-english
Rwanda
52-ABA-cpe
kenyan-english
Kenya
52-ABA-cpf
tanzanian-english
Tanzania
52-ABA-cpg
seychelles-franco-english +influenced by [51] Seselwa
52-ABA-cph
mauritian-franco-english
+influenced by [51] Morisyen; transition> [52] Mauritian-Asian-English
52-ABA-cq
southern-africanenglish
+influenced by [99] Bantu languages
52-ABA-cqa
malawian-english
Malawi
52-ABA-cqb
zambian-english
Zambia
52-ABA-cqc
zimbabwean-english
Zimbabwe
52-ABA-cqd
botswanan-english
Botswana
52-ABA-cqe
namibian-english
Namibia
52-ABA-cqf
lesotho-english
Lesotho
52-ABA-cqg
swaziland-english
Swaziland
52-ABA-cqh
bantu-south-africanenglish
South Africa
52-ABA-cqi
coloured-south-africanenglish
South Africa; Namibia
52-ABA-cr
euro-south-africanenglish
52-ABA-cra
52-ABA-crb
Seychelles
Mauritius
+transition to [52] Southern African English (Bantu-influenced) and

South African Asian-English
South Africa
anglo-african-english
+transition to [52] British Colloquial
(Cape; Kwazulu-Natal)
rhodesian-english
settlers' rhodesian english +transition to [52] British Colloquial
Zimbabwe (former Rhodesia);

Zambia; Malawi
52-ABA-crc
afrikaans-english
+influenced by [52] Afrikaans
52-ABA-cs
antipodean-english
52-ABA-csa
strine
broad australian, australian english; including inner-sydney popular

urban, australian urban counterstream +influenced by [52] Cockney
52-ABA-csb
australian-general
general australian, generalised australian
52-ABA-csc
new-zealand-general
general new zealand, generalised new zealand, including pakeha

english #pakeha in [39] Maori= whiteman

Australia; New Zealand / Aotearoa
Australia
52-ABA-ct
oceanian-english
+transition to [52] Antipodean English & Oceanian Anglo-Creole
52-ABA-cta
black-australian-english
'aborigine' english
52-ABA-ctb
maori-english
52-ABA-ctc
papua-new-guineaenglish
Papua-New Guinea
Australia
52-ABA-ctd
solomon-islands-english
52-ABA-cte
vanuatu-english
Solomon Islands
52-ABA-ctf
fiji-english
Fiji
52-ABA-ctg
nauru-english
Nauru
new hebrides english
Vanuatu
52-ABA-cth
kiribati-english
gilbert islands english
Kiribati
52-ABA-cti
tuvalu-english
ellice islands english
Tuvalu
52-ABA-ctj
samoa-english
Samoa
52-ABA-ctk
tonga-english
Tonga
52-ABA-ctl
cook-islands-english
Cook Is.
52-ABA-ctm
pitcairn-islands-english
Pitcairn Is.
52-ABA-ctn
marshall-islands-english
52-ABA-cu
south-asian-english
page 421
Marshall Is.
"wider" indian english, indo-english
India; Nepal; Bhutan; Pakistan;

Bangladesh; Sri Lanka; migration>
South Africa; Kenya; Uganda;
England; Fiji
India-N.&-C.; Bhutan
52-ABA-cua
indian-english-N.
indo-aryan english +influenced by [59] Indo-Aryan
52-ABA-cub
indian-english-S.
dravidian english +influenced by [46] Dravidian
India-S.; Sri Lanka-N.
52-ABA-cuc
anglo-indian-english
"chee-chee" english
India
52-ABA-cud
pakistani-english
Pakistan
52-ABA-cue
nepali-english
Nepal
52-ABA-cuf
bangladeshi-english
Bangladesh
52-ABA-cug
sri-lankan-english
52-ABA-cuh
burgher-english
euro-lankan english
Sri Lanka
52-ABA-cui
babu-english
'boxwallah' english, 'butler' english, south-asian semi-creole vehicular
India; Pakistan; Bangladesh; Sri

Lanka
52-ABA-cuj
midlands-asian-english
part of british indo-english
migration> England
52-ABA-cuk
london-asian-english
part of british indo-english
migration> England (London)
52-ABA-cul
trinidadian-asian-english
migration> Trinidad & Tobago
52-ABA-cum
guyanese-asian-english
migration> Guyana
52-ABA-cun
gulf-states-asian-english
migration> Bahrein; United Arab

Emirates; Oman; Yemen
52-ABA-cuo
east-african-asianenglish
migration> Kenya; Uganda
52-ABA-cup
south-african-asianenglish
migration> South Africa
52-ABA-cuq
mauritian-asian-english
migration> Mauritius
52-ABA-cur
fijian-asian-english
52-ABA-cv
east-asian-english
(notional)
Sri Lanka
migration> Fiji
a geographic grouping
52-ABA-cva
singaporean-english
+influenced by [79] Han-yu (=wider Chinese) & [31] Malayu
Singapore
52-ABA-cvb
singlish
singapore semi-creole +influenced by [79] Han-yu & [31] Malayu
Singapore
52-ABA-cvc
malaysian-english
+influenced by [31] Malayu
Malaysia, Brunei
52-ABA-cvd
hong-kong-english
+influenced by [79] Yue-hai (=Cantonese)
Hong Kong
52-ABA-cve
hong-kong-mix
hong-kong mixed cantonese-english +transition to [79] Yue-hai

(=Cantonese)
Hong Kong
52-ABA-cvf
mainland-chinese-english chinglish +influenced by [79] Han-yu (=wider Chinese)
52-ABA-cvg
korean-english
+influenced by [45] Hankukmal (=Korean)
52-ABA-cvh
japanese-english
japlish +influenced by [45] Nihon-go (=Japanese)
Japan
52-ABA-cvi
philippine-english
filipino-english +influenced by [31] Tagalog
Philippines
52-ABA-cw
transnationalenglish (notional)
EFL, english as an alternate ('foreign') language established as a

notionial category for forms of English learned as a foreign language, in
countries without an English-language tradition, and subdivided for
reference purposes by continent
52-ABA-cwa
alternate-english-europe
{Europe}
52-ABA-cwb
alternate-english-asia
{Asia}
52-ABA-cwc
alternate-english-africa
{Africa}
52-ABA-cwd
alternate-english-latinamerica
{Latin America}
52-ABA-cwe
alternate-english-oceania
{Oceania}
52-ABB
ANGLO-CREOLE net comprising the wide range of English-based creoles and so-called
China
South Korea
'pidgins', which evolved from 17th/18th century (in the context of the
etholinguistic upheavals caused by slave-trading and colonisation) but
many of which are now reconverging in the direction of Global English
#the postulated historical sequence of pidgin and creole, and the
contrasted use of these terms, is irrelevant to the classification of
established modern idioms; previous applications of 'pidgin' are treated
below as creole (with alias pijin). Latin script (also Ndjuka script)
west-indian anglo-creole, part of atlantic anglo-creoles +transition to
[52] Wes-Kos (West-Coast Anglo-Creole)
USA; {West Indies; Central

America}; migration> England
52-ABB-aa
Caribbean-AngloCreole
gullah-creole
'geechee', 'geedgee', 'goolah', sea islands creole Sea Islands islands

and adjacent coast
USA-S. (Carolina; Georgia;

Florida)
52-ABB-aaa
south-carolina-creole
South Carolina coast & islands
(South Carolina)
52-ABB-aab
georgia-creole
Georgia coast & islands
(Georgia)
52-ABB-aac
florida-creole
Florida eastern coast
(Florida)
52-ABB-a
page 422
1999 / 2000 edition
52-ABB-ab
ghenna-creole
USA (Louisiana; Texas)
52-ABB-aba
louisiana-ghenna
(Louisiana)
52-ABB-abb
texas-ghenna
(Texas)
52-ABB-ac
afro-seminole-creole
USA (Oklahoma; Texas); Mexico

(Coahuila)
52-ABB-aca
oklahoma-afro-seminole
(Oklahoma)
52-ABB-acb
texas-afro-seminole
(Texas)
52-ABB-acc
mexico-afro-seminole
52-ABB-ad
belizean-creole
52-ABB-ada
belize-creole-urban
52-ABB-adb
belize-creole-vehicular
52-ABB-ae
(Coahuila)
dafuha, dafwegilong, creola, belizean kriol
Belize
bay-islands-creole
weka, bay islands english, honduran creole Islas de la Bahia, Bay

islands
52-ABB-aea
guanaja-creole
Guanaja island
52-ABB-aeb
roatn-creole
Roatn island
52-ABB-aec
utila-creole
Utila island
52-ABB-aed
calabash-bight-creole*
52-ABB-af
mskito-coastalcreole
nicaraguan creole, Miskito coast creole Miskito coast
Nicaragua
52-ABB-afa
bluefields-creole
Bluefields
Nicaragua
52-ABB-afb
rama-cay-creole
52-ABB-ag
limn-coastal-creole
san-andrs+
providencia-creole
costa rican creole, mekitelyu Limn
Costa Rica
colombian islands creole
Colombia
52-ABB-aha
san-andrs-creole
San Andrs island
Colombia
52-ABB-ahb
providencia-creole
Providencia island
Colombia
52-ABB-ai
part of panamanian creole Coln
Panama
part of panamanian creole Rio Abajo
Panama
part of panamanian creole Bocas del Toro
Panama
52-ABB-al
coln-creole
rio-abajo-creole
bocas-del-toro-creole
cayman-creole
colonised from Jamaica c.1734
Cayman Is.
52-ABB-ala
grand-cayman-creole
Grand Cayman island
Cayman Is.
52-ABB-alb
little-cayman-creole
Little Cayman island
Cayman Is.
52-ABB-alc
cayman-brac-creole
Cayman Brac island
Cayman Is.
52-ABB-ah
52-ABB-aj
52-ABB-ak

Honduras
4
Nicaragua
52-ABB-am
jamaican-creole
52-ABB-ama
jamaican-W.
Montego Bay
52-ABB-amb
jamaican-E.
Kingston
52-ABB-amc
maroon-creole-W.
52-ABB-amd
maroon-creole-E.
Moore Town
Jamaica
52-ABB-ame
london-jamaican-creole
London-S. +influenced by [52] Sarfeast
migration> England
Jamaica
Jamaica
Jamaica
Jamaica
52-ABB-an
bahamian-creole
52-ABB-ana
grand-bahama-creole
Grand Bahama island
Bahamas
52-ABB-anb
great-abaco-creole
Great Abaco island
Bahamas
52-ABB-anc
andros-creole
Andros island
Bahamas
52-ABB-and
new-providence-creole
New Providence island: Nassau
Bahamas
52-ABB-ane
eleuthera-creole
Eleuthera island
Bahamas
52-ABB-anf
long-creole
Long island
Bahamas
52-ABB-ang
inagua-creole
Inagua islands
Bahamas
52-ABB-ao
turks+ caicos-creole
Turks and Caicos islands
Turks and Caicos
52-ABB-aoa
caicos-creole
52-ABB-aob
turks-creole
52-ABB-ap
leeward-creole
leeward-islands creole Leeward islands
American Virgin Is.; Brit. Virgin Is.
52-ABB-apa
saint-thomas-creole
part of virgin-island creole Saint Thomas island: Charlotte Amelie
American Virgin Is.
52-ABB-apb
saint-john-creole
part of virgin-island creole Saint John island
American Virgin Is.
52-ABB-apc
saint-croix-creole
part of virgin-island creole Saint Croix island: Frederiksted

Christiansted
American Virgin Is.
52-ABB-apd
tortola-creole
part of virgin-island creole Tortola island: Road Town
British Virgin Is.
52-ABB-ape
virgin-gorda-creole
part of virgin-island creole Virgin Gorda island
British Virgin Is.
Bahamas
Turks and Caicos

Turks and Caicos
4
52-ABB-apf
anguillan-creole
Anguilla island
Anguilla
52-ABB-apg
saint-martin-creole
sint-maarten creole Sint Maarten, St.Martin island
Netherlands Antilles; St.Martin

(France)
52-ABB-aph
saba-creole
Saba island: Windy Side
Netherlands Antilles
52-ABB-api
sint-eustatius-creole
Sint Eustatius island: Oranjestad
Netherlands Antilles
52-ABB-apj
kittitian-creole
Saint Christopher, Saint Kitts island: Basse-Terre
52-ABB-apk
nevis-creole
Nevis island: Charlestown
52-ABB-apl
barbuda-creole
Barbuda island: Dulcina Codrington
Antigua
52-ABB-apm
antigua-creole
Antigua island: St. John's
Antigua
page 423
52-ABB-apn
montserrat-creole
black irish exodus to Antigua and elsewhere in 1990's, following

volcanic activity
Montserrat; migration> Antigua;

Guadeloupe
52-ABB-apo
dominica-creole
Dominica island Leeward creole has spread to this island in

competition with the longer established [51] Antillais Gallo-Creole
(Dominiquais)
Dominica
52-ABB-app
saint-lucia-creole
Saint-Lucia island Leeward creole has spread to this island in

competition with the longer established [51] Antillais Gallo-Creole
(Sainte-Lucien)
Saint-Lucia
52-ABB-aq
vincentian-creole
vincentian islands creole +transition between [52] Leeward (Kittitian &

Antigua) & Bajan
Saint-Vincent & Grenadines
52-ABB-aqa
saint-vincent-islandcreole
Saint Vincent island: Kingstown Georgetown
52-ABB-aqb
grenadines-creole
Grenadines islands: Ashton Bequia island
Saint-Vincent & Grenadines
52-ABB-ar
bajan
badian, bajun, barbadian island creole +largely submerged by [52]

Barbadian English Barbados island
Barbados
52-ABB-as
grenadan-creole
grenada island-creole Grenada Carriacou islands +having largely Grenada

submerged [52] Antillais (Grenadien)
52-ABB-at
tobagonian-creole
trinidadian
tobago island creole Tobago island
Trinidad & Tobago
trinidad island creole +influenced by [51] Trinidadien (Trinidadian

Gallo-Creole); submerged by [52] Trinidadian English Trinidad island
Trinidad & Tobago
52-ABB-av
guyanese
creolese, guianese+ caribbean transitional creole
Guyana
52-ABB-ava
guyanese-urban
+influenced by [52] Sranan-tongo
migration> Surinam
Surinam-N coast.; migration>
Netherlands
52-ABB-au
52-ABB-avb
guyanese-rural
52-ABB-avc
surinam-guyanese
52-ABB-avd
rupununi
52-ABB-aw
sranan-tongo
taki-taki, in [52] Nederlands: surinaams, in [52] English: surinamese

#tongo = language
52-ABB-ax
saramacca-tongo
lusitanised+ bantuised anglo-creole, part of saramaccan #tongo =

Surinam-C.; > (Paramaribo);
language +influenced by [51] Portuguese and [99] Bantu languages migration> French Guiana
52-ABB-axa
saramacca-river
Saramacca river
52-ABB-axb
suriname-river
Suriname upper river
52-ABB-axc
matawai
matoewari, matawari Saramacca river
Surinam-C.:
52-ABB-ay
ndjuka
aukaans, aucaans, djuka, djoeka Marowijne Tapanahonij Cottica

rivers Ndjuka syllabic script
Surinam-E.:
52-ABB-aya
opo
part of ndjuka proper
52-ABB-ayb
bilo
part of ndjuka proper
52-ABB-ayc
kwinti
Coppename upper river
52-ABB-ayd
aluku
aloekoe, boni
52-ABB-aye
paramaccan
52-ABB-b
Wes-kos
west-coast anglo-creole, west-african anglo-creole, wider krio, part of

{Africa-W.}
atlantic anglo-creoles #wes-kos =west-coast transition to [52]
Caribbean Anglo-Creole the relative homogeneity of this creole
reflects the employment (19th and early 20th cent.) of Krio-speakers
from Freetown in administrative and other posts along the West African
coast, from the Gambia to Fernando Poo.
52-ABB-ba
aku
gambian creole spoken as a primary language by the Aku community, Gambia

and to a limited extent as an alternate language by others Banjul
52-ABB-bb
krio
sierra leonean creole spoken as a primary language by the Krio

community (Freetown Creole) and widely as an alternate language by
speakers of other languages in Sierra Leone
Sierra Leone; migration>

Cameroon; Equatorial Guinea
52-ABB-bba
freetown-creole
krio community Freetown
Sierra Leone
52-ABB-bbb
sierra-leone-V.
52-ABB-bbc
victoria-creole
Victoria
migration> Cameroon
52-ABB-bbd
fernando-po-creole
Fernando Po island
migration> Equatorial Guinea
52-ABB-bc
kru-english, liberian coastal creole
Liberia coast
52-ABB-bf
kroo-english
liberian-inland-creole
ghanaian-creole
enpi
52-ABB-bfa
52-ABB-bd
Guyana
Surinam-C.:
Surinam+ French Guiana frontier
Surinam
Sierra Leone
liberian interior english
Liberia interior
'ghanaian pijin', ghanaian anglo-creole
Ghana
'nigerian pijin', n.p., nigerian anglo-creole #the form enpi, from the
locally used abbreviation n.p. (=nigerian pijin) is preferable to the
misleading term 'pidgin'
Nigeria
'rivers'-enpi
rivers pijin spoken since 18th cent. +influenced by [98] Efik

Niger delta: Calabar Port Harcourt
Nigeria-S.
52-ABB-bfb
enpi-'mid-west'
Benin City +influenced especially by [98] Edo
Nigeria (Bendel)
52-ABB-bfc
enpi-W.
Lagos Ibadan +influenced especially by [98] Yoruba
Nigeria-W.
52-ABB-bfd
enpi-N.
Kano Zaria Jos +influenced especially by [19] Hausa
Nigeria-N.
52-ABB-bfe
enpi-E.
Enugu Onitsha +influenced especially by [98] Igbo
Nigeria-E.
52-ABB-be
page 424
52-ABB-bg
kamtok
cameroonian anglo-creole, cameroons pijin #kam-tok =Cameroontalk, a term recently used in the Cameroonian media, avoiding use of
the unsatisfactory term pijin +influenced by [52] Enpi (Nigerian AngloCreole) from the west and by [51] Franais from the east
Cameroon
52-ABB-bga
kamtok-G.
generalised cameroonian anglo-creole
Cameroon-S.
52-ABB-bgb
kamtok-U.
urban cameroonian creole, including yaound street-wise creole, in [51] Cameroon-S.

Franais: pidjin maqueraux (=pimps' pijin) Yaound
52-ABB-bgc
grafi
grassfields creole +influenced by [99] Bamileke
52-ABB-bgd
limbe-krio
Limbe, Victoria also used in African Baptist Church in Cameroon
52-ABB-c
Oceanian-AngloCreole
australian-creole
52-ABB-ca
australian kriol, black-fella talk
1999 / 2000 edition

6
(Ouest-N.)
(Sud-Ouest)
Australia; {Pacific} Papua New
Guinea to USA (Hawaii)
Australia (Queensland; Northern

Territories; W. Australia)
52-ABB-caa
fitzroy-valley-creole
Fitzroy River valley
(Queensland-E.)
52-ABB-cab
barkly-creole
barkly kriol Barkly Tableland plateau
(Northern Terr.-E.; Queensland-W.)
52-ABB-cac
roper-river-creole
roper-river kriol Roper River Mission
(Northern Territories-N.)
52-ABB-cad
bamyili-creole
Katherine: Bamyili Aborigine Location
(Northern Terrritories-N.)
(Northern Terrritories-N.)
52-ABB-cae
daly-river-creole
daly river kriol Daly valley
52-ABB-caf
neo-nyunga
"neo"-nyungar, "post"-nyunga "creole"
(West Australia-S.)
52-ABB-cb
torres-strait-creole
'broken'
Australia (Queensland)
52-ABB-cba
ap-ne-ap
Torres Strait islands
52-ABB-cbb
langgus-creole
"post"-kala-lagau-langgus creole Torres Strait islands
52-ABB-cbc
cape-york-creole
Cape York-N. peninsula
52-ABB-cbd
lockhart-creole
Cape York-E. peninsula: Lockhart River Mission
52-ABB-cc
tok-pisin-creole
solomonic-creole
bislama
tok-boi, papua-new guinea pijin, neo-melanesian, melanesian pijin
KPapua New Guinea
solomon pijin, neo-solomonic
Solomon Islands
beach-la-mar, bichlamar, bichelamar, gallicised anglo-creole, in [51]

Franais: bche-la-mer
KVanuatu; migration> New

Caledonia / Kanaky
Pacific-Creoles*
(notional)
china-coast-creole
notional classification of several relatively disparate Anglo-creoles in

the Pacific area
China (Hong Kong); {vehicular use

in Pacific Ocean}
hong-kong pijin, china-coast pijin, 'chinese pijin' former Pacific

vehicular extinct by 1990's
formerly China (Hong Kong)
52-ABB-cd
52-ABB-ce
52-ABB-d
52-ABB-da
52-ABB-dc
nauruan-creole *
hawaiian-creole
52-ABB-dca
hawai'i-island
52-ABB-dcb
52-ABB-db
nauru pijin
carried from China coast> Nauru
da-kine, hawaii pijin, polynesian english
USA (Hawaii)
maui
Maui island & adjacent islands
USA (Hawaii)
52-ABB-dcc
oahu
Oahu island, Honululu
USA (Hawaii)
52-ABB-dcd
kauai
Kauai island
USA (Hawaii)
52-ABB-dd
pitcairnese
pitcairn+ norfolk creole, bounty mutineers' creole community

established by HMS Bounty mutineers and Tahitian women in 1790
Pitcairn island > Norfolk island
52-ABB-dda
pitcairn-island-creole
Pitcairn island
Pitcairn island
52-ABB-ddb
norfolk-island-creole
deported in 1859> Norfolk island
Norfolk island
52-AC
FRYSK+ DEUTSCH
chain
CONTINENTAL-WEST-GERMANIC, "frisian"+ "teutonic" +for the

separation of modern West Germanic languages into separate
English+ Anglo-Creole and Frysk+ Deutsch chains, see notes under
[52] English+ Anglo-Creole above, and [52] Frysk+ Frask below #for
note on the term "teutonic" see [52] Deutsch+ Nederlands below
52-ACA
FRYSK+ FRASCH
net
FRISIAN, in [51] Franais: frison, in [52] Nederlands: fries, friesch, in

[52] Deutsch: friesisch historically, the Frisian languages were closer
to Old English than to the forerunners of Dutch and German (Old
Saxon and Old High German) +but the subsequent influence of Dutch
and Low German on Frisian, and the nordicisation and romanisation of
English, make it now more appropriate to classify Frisian with Deutsch+
Nederlands rather than with English+ Anglo-Creole (see also note
under 52=Germanic) from 5th cent.: Runic script; Latin script
52-ACA-a
Frysk-L.
"old frisian"
52-ACA-aa
frysk-L.
preserved especially in 9th cent. legal texts (Lex Frisionum)
52-ACA-b
Frysk-W.
frysk-F.
land-frysk
westfrysk, "frisian"-W. -translingual in [52] Nederlands
Terschelling-W. island
Netherlands (Fryslan; Friesland)
Terschelling-E. island
52-ACA-c
terschelling-W.
terschelling-E.
schiermonnikoog
Frysk-E.
52-ACA-ca
52-ACA-cb
52-ACA-ba
52-ACA-bb
52-ACA-bc
52-ACA-bd
52-ACA-be
USA (Hawaii)
present-day Netherlands; Germany

"modern literary" frysk, "standardised frisian"-W.

"rural mainland" frysk, in [52] Nederlands: land-fries distinct from [52]
Nederlands (Stad-fries) #landfrysk =rural Frisian; contrast stadfries
=town frisian Frysln, Friesland country
Schiermonnikoog island
seeltersk, "frisian"-E., in [52] Deutsch: ost-friesisch -translingual in

[52] Deutsch-N. & Deutsch-C. submerged by [52] Schisch-N. from
15th century
Germany (Niedersachsen)
seeltersk
seelter-frysk, in [52] Deutsch: seelter-friesisch Saterland country:

Cloppenburg
wangeroogsk
extinct c.1930 Wangerooge island
page 425
52-ACA-d
Frysk-NW.
friisk-NW., "insular frisian"-NW., part of "frisian"-N., in [52] Deutsch:

nord-friesisch -translingual in [52] Deutsch-N. & Deutsch-C.
Germany (Schleswig-HolsteinNord-Friesland)
52-ACA-da
slring
salreng, sl'ring Sylt island
52-ACA-db
mrang+ fering
in [52] Deutsch: amringisch+ fhringisch Amrum+ Fhr islands
52-ACA-dba
mrang
Oomram, Amrum island
52-ACA-dbb
oldsum-fering
in [52] Deutsch: west-fhringisch, part of fering, ferring Feer, Fhr

island: Oldsum
52-ACA-dbc
oevenum-fering
in [52] Deutsch: ost-fhringisch, part of fering, ferring Feer, Fhr

island Oevenum
52-ACA-dbd
borgsum-fering
in [52] Deutsch: sd-fhringisch, part of fering, ferring Feer, Fhr

island Borgsum
52-ACA-dbe
helgoland
in [52] Deutsch: helgolndisch Helgoland island
52-ACA-e
Frasch
friisk-NE., "mainland frisian"-NE., part of "frisian"-N., in [52] Deutsch:

nord-friesisch +influenced by [52] Deutsch-N. and [52] Dansk
-translingual in [52] Deutsch-N. & Deutsch-C.
Germany (Schleswig-Holstein:Nord-Friesland)
52-ACA-ea
wieding+ mooring
Wieding+ Bking Mooring, Moring, Moringa
52-ACA-eaa
wieding
Wiedingharde country, Horsbll
52-ACA-eab
bking
Bkingharde country, Dagebll
52-ACA-eac
mooring-W.
westmoring, westmoringa Niebll
52-ACA-ead
mooring-E.
ostmoring, ostmoringa Lindholm
52-ACA-eae
karrharde
Karharde country
52-ACA-eaf
oland
part of hallig-friesisch Halligen islands: Langeness island
52-ACA-eag
langeness
part of hallig-friesisch Halligen islands: Oland island
52-ACA-eah
grde
part of hallig-friesisch Halligen islands: Grde island
52-ACA-eai
goesharde-N.
Goesharde country: Langenhorn
52-ACA-eaj
goesharde-C.
Goesharde country: Drelsdorf
52-ACA-eak
goesharde-S.
Goesharde country: Hattstedt
52-ACA-eb
pellworm+
nordstrand
52-ACA-eba
pellworm
Pellworm island
52-ACA-ebb
nordstrand
Nordstrand island
52-ACB
DEUTSCH+
NEDERLANDS net
GERMAN+ DUTCH, deutsch+ "dutch", 'teutonic' The modern spoken

and recorded idioms of this net are classified below within the following
outer-languages: [52-ACB-a] Nederlands+ Vlaams for traditional and
standardised idioms of Dutch, spoken or recorded in the Low
Countries; [52-ACB-b] Afrikaans+ Creool for semi-creolised and
creolised idioms of Dutch spoken by communities outside Europe; [52ACB-c] Deutsch-N. (Norddeutsch) for traditional and standardised
idioms of 'Low' German (in the geographic sense, excluding Dutch);
[52-ACB-d] Deutsch-C. (Mitteldeutsch) for traditional and standardised
idioms of Central German (including New 'High' German in the cultural
sense); [52-ACB-e] Deutsch-S. (Sddeutsch+ sterreichisch) for
traditional non-Swiss idioms of 'Upper' German (in the geographic
sense, including the medieval literary language known as Middle 'High'
German, in both the geographic and cultural sense); [52-ACB-f]
Schwytzerttsch for the distinctive southwestern idioms of Upper
German spoken in the Swiss cantons and adjacent areas; [52-ACB-g]
Yiddish for the Hebraicised idioms of German; [52-ACB-h]
Auswanderungsdeutsch for idioms of German developed and
maintained by a diaspora of migr communities throughout the world;
and finally [52-ACB-i] Yenish (Rotwelsch or German cant).
+There has been, and continues to be, widespread transition and
influence among individual idioms of Deutsch+ Nederlands (both
among and within the voices of individual speakers), but with a
predominanting influence from the principal standardised idioms, [52]
Hochdeutsch-F. and [52] Algemeen-Nederlands. #the term 'teutonic'
(cognate with deutsch and dutch, and no longer used as a synonym of
Germanic as a whole) would provide an appropriate single name for
this net, but may still retain some unacceptable cultural overtones.
from c.750: Latin script
page 426
52-ACB-a

Nederlands+ Vlaams "Wider" Dutch, "netherlandic", "wider" nederlands, "wider"
nederlandsch, nederfrankisch, "wider dutch", "lower franconian", in [51]

Franais: nerlandique, bas-francique, in [52] Deutsch: niederlndisch,
niederfrnkisch from 12th cent.: Latin script
1999 / 2000 edition
Netherlands; Belgium; France;

Germany; Netherlands West
Indies; Surinam; South Africa;
Namibia
KNetherlands; KBelgium;
KSurinam; KNetherlands West
Indies; (K)South Africa;
(K)Indonesia
52-ACB-aa
nederlands-L.
52-ACB-ab
algemeen-
52-ACB-aba
nederlands-F.
algemeen-beschaafd-nederlands (= ABN), nederlandse standaardtaal,

"standard dutch", "formal dutch" #algemeen-beschaafd(-nederlands)
=general cultivated Dutch; standaardtaal =standard language
52-ACB-abb
nederlands-G.
nederlandse omgangstaal, "generalised dutch" with national and

regional variations #omgangstaal =colloquial language
Netherlands; Belgium; Surinam;

Netherlands West Indies;
Indonesia
52-ACB-ac
hollands
"traditional hollandish", in [51] Franais: hollandais proprement dit
Netherlands (Zuid-Holland; NoordHolland)
52-ACB-aca
rotterdams
Rotterdam
(Zuid-Holland)
52-ACB-acb
haegsch
haags Den Haag
(Zuid-Holland)
52-ACB-acc
leids
Leiden
(Zuid-Holland)
52-ACB-acd
amsterdams
Amsterdam
(Noord-Holland)
52-ACB-ace
haarlems
Haarlem
(Noord-Holland)
52-ACB-acf
kennemerlands
noord-holland "central coastal"
(Noord-Holland)
52-ACB-acg
zaans
Zaandam
(Noord-Holland)
52-ACB-ach
waterlands
Volendam
(Noord-Holland)
52-ACB-aci
westfries+ noordhollands
Alkmaar
(Noord-Holland-N.)
52-ACB-ad
vries-hollands
fries-hollands, "frisian dutch" +influenced by [52] Frisian
(Friesland)
52-ACB-ada
bildts
Oude+ Niuewe Bidtdijk
(Friesland)
52-ACB-adb
stad-fries
stadfries, stedsk #stadfries =town frisian; distinct from [52] LandFrysk {landfries) =rural frisian Leeuwarden Franeker
Harlingen Dokkum Bolsward Sneek
(Friesland)
52-ACB-adc
midslands
Terschelling island centre: Midsland
(Friesland)
52-ACB-add
amelands
Ameland island
(Friesland)
52-ACB-ae
utrechts+
alblasserwaards
lek "traditional" Lek river-plain
Netherlands (Utrecht; ZuidHolland-SE.)
52-ACB-aea
utrechts-U.
utrecht "urban"
(Utrecht town)
52-ACB-aeb
utrechts-rural
Lek right-bank
(Utrecht)
52-ACB-aec
alblasserwaards
Lek left-bank
(Zuid-Holland-S.&-E.)
52-ACB-af
zeeuws+ westhoeks
"zeelandish"
Netherlands (Zeeland; ZuidHolland & Noord-Brabant adjacent)
nederlands
"pre-modern literary netherlandic" including middelnederlands from

th
th
late 12 to 16 centuries
"netherlandic proper", "modern" nederlands+ vlaams, "dutch+ flemish",
"formal & generalised dutch", in [51] Franais: hollandais au sens large
th
#algemeen-nederlands =general Dutch from 17 cent.
52-ACB-afa
westhoeks
52-ACB-afb
overflakkees
Overflakkee island
(Zuid-Holland-S.&-W.)
52-ACB-afc
schouwens+ duivelands
Schouwen+ Duiveland island
(Zeeland)
52-ACB-afd
tholens
Tholen island
(Zeeland)
52-ACB-afe
walcherens+ bevelands
Walcheren+ Beveland islands
(Zeeland)
52-ACB-ag
westvlaemsch
flemish-W., west-vlaemsch, west-vlaamsch, west-vlaams, "flemish"W., in [51] Franais: ouest-flamand
Belgium (-W.-Vlaanderen);
Netherlands (Zeeland); France-N.
52-ACB-aga
zeeuws-vlaams
Zeeuws-Vlaanderen country
(Zeeland-S.)
52-ACB-agb
brugs
in [51] Franais: brugeois Brugge; Bruges
(West Vlaanderen-N.&-E.)
52-ACB-agc
oostendsch
Ostende; Oostende
(West Vlaanderen-N.&-W.)
52-ACB-agd
duinkerksch
dunkerquois Dunkerque, Duinkerk
(Nord-N.)
52-ACB-age
westhoeksch
westhoeks 2 Hazebrouck Steenvoorde
(Nord-C.)
52-ACB-agf
iepersch
Ypres, Ieper
(West Vlaanderen-S.&-W.)
52-ACB-agg
roeselarsch
Roulers, Roeselare
(West Vlaanderen-C.)
(Noord-Brabant-W.)
52-ACB-agh
kortrijksch
Courtrai, Kortrijk
(West Vlaanderen-S.&-E.)
52-ACB-ah
oostvlaandersch
flemish-E., oost-vlaandersch, oost-vlaams, "flemish"-E.,

in [51] Franais: est-flamand
Belgium (Oost-Vlaanderen)
52-ACB-aha
ronse
Ronse, Renaix
(Oost-Vlaanderen-S.)
52-ACB-ahb
maldegemsch
Maldegem
(Oost-Vlaanderen-N.&-W.)
52-ACB-ahc
gentsch
gantois Gand, Gent
(Oost-Vlaanderen-C.)
52-ACB-ahd
sint-niklaas
Sint-Niklaas
(Oost-Vlaanderen-N.&-E.)
52-ACB-ahe
alost
Alost; Aalst
(Oost-Vlaanderen-E.)
52-ACB-ai
brussels
"brussels franco-flemish urban", in [51] Franais: bruxellois, francoflamand de Bruxelles, brabanon urbain francis +influenced by [51]
Franais Brussel, Bruxelles
Belgium (Brussel, Bruxelles)
52-ACB-aj
antwerps
in [51] Franais: anversois Antwerpen, Anvers
Belgium (Antwerpen, Anvers)
page 427
brabants
brabants+ noord-limburgs, brabanon
Belgium (Antwerpen; Brabant;

Brussel; Bruxelles; Limburg);
Netherlands (Noord-Brabant;
Noord-Limburg)
52-ACB-aka
asse
Asse
(Brabant-N.&-W.)
52-ACB-akb
brabants-C.
Brussel environs
(Brabant-C.)
52-ACB-akc
vilvoorde
Vilvoorde
(Brabant-N.)
52-ACB-akd
hagelands
Hageland
(Brabant-N.&-E.)
52-ACB-ake
mechelens
Mechelen, Malines
(Antwerpen-S.)
52-ACB-akf
herentals
Herentals
(Antwerpen -C.&-S.)
52-ACB-akg
kempenlands
in [51] Franais: parlers de la Campine Eindhoven Kempenland;

Campine country
(Antwerpen-N.& -E.; Limburg-N.,

-E.&-S.; Noord-Brabant-S.)
52-ACB-akh
roosendaals
Roosendaal
(Noord-Brabant-S.&-W.)
52-ACB-aki
breda+ tilburg-
Breda Tilburg
(Noord-Brabant-C.)
52-ACB-akj
's-hertogenbosch
's-Hertogenbosch
(Noord-Brabant-N.)
52-ACB-akk
peels
Peel country
(Noord-Brabant-E.; NoordLimburg-N.)
52-ACB-akl
genneps
Genep
(Noord-Limburg-N.)
52-ACB-al
westplatt
limburgesch+ bergisch, in [52] Deutsch: limburgisch+ bergisch,

sdrheinmaas-frnkisch, in [52] Nederlands: zuidrijnmaasfrankisch,
part of platdutsch, including limburgs, in [52] French: rhno-mosanmridional, including limbourgeois #Westplatt is proposed here as a
new designation for this hitherto awkwardly named language
+transition between [52] Nederlands and [52] Deutsch-N.&-C.
Belgium (Limburg; Liege);

Netherlands (Noord-Limburg);
Germany (Nordrhein-Westfalen)
52-ACB-ala
limburgesch-W.
west-limburgesch Sint-Truiden; St.Trond Hasselt KempenlandE. Weert
(Limburg-S.&-W.); (Noord-Limburg
adjacent)
52-ACB-alb
limburgesch-C.
centraal-limburgesch Tongeren, Tongres Maaseik Panningen>S. (Limburg-E.); (Noord-Limburg

adjacent)
52-ACB-alc
limburgesch-S.
zuud-limburgesch, in [51] Franais: limbourgeois-sud +transition to

[52] Ripwarisch Sint-Maartens-Voeren Hombourg Hergenrath
Epen
(Limburg-S.&-E.; Lige-N.&-E.);
(Noord-Limburg-S.&-E.)
52-ACB-ald
limburgesch-E.
oost-limburgesch, in [51] Franais: limbourgeois-est HertogsVoeren Valkenburg Sittard Roermond Heinsberg

Wassenberg Viersen Krefeld
(Limburg-S.&-E.; Lige); (NoordLimburg-S.&-C.); (NordrheinWestfalen-W.)
52-ACB-ale
bergisch
"bergian" DsseldorfSolingen
(Nordrhein-Westfalen-W.)
52-ACB-am
zuidgeldersch
zuid-geldersch, in [52] Deutsch: nordrheinmaas-frnkisch, in [52]

Nederlands: noordrijnmaasfrankisch, part of platdutsch, in [51]
Franais: gelderlandais-sud, rhno-mosan-septentrional
Netherlands (Gelderland-S.);
Germany (Nordrhein-WestfalenW.)
52-ACB-ama
waals
Waal fluvial plain: including Herwijnen
(Gelderland-S.)
52-ACB-amb
nijmegens
Nijmegen
(Gelderland-S.)
52-ACB-amc
arnhems
Arnhem
(Gelderland-S.)
52-ACB-amd
zevenaars
Zevenaar
(Gelderland-S.)
52-ACB-ame
klevisch+ weselisch
Kleve; Wesel
(Nordrhein-Westfalen-W.)
52-ACB-an
pella-dutch
spoken by descendants of immigrants from Netherlands to Iowa from

1847, retaining linguistic & social links with Zuidgeldersch (around
Herwijnen) -bilingual in [52] English Marion-NE.+ Mahaska-NW.
counties: Pella
USA (Iowa)
52-ACB-b
Afrikaans+ Creool
"creolised and semi-creolised dutch" Latin script
South Africa; Namibia; Virgin

Islands; Guyana
52-ACB-ba
afrikaans+ kaaps
obsolete 'plat-hollands', kaaps-hollands, "cape-dutch" a semicreolised from of Dutch developed in the region of the Cape (of Good
Hope) from 1652 associated with the arrival of mainly Nederlandsspeaking settlers, but evolving as the idiom of a new mixed community
(the so-called 'Coloured' community, including individuals with mixed
African, European and/or Asian ancestry). Afrikaans-speaking settlers
of European ancestry migrated further northeastwards (as far as
Traansvaal) from the 1830's.
52-ACB-baa
afrikaans-F.
"literary" afrikaans, "standard" afrikaans replaced [51] Nederlands in

1925 as the co-official language of South Africa, with [52] English
KSouth Africa; (K)Namibia
52-ACB-bab
kaaps
"cape-dutch proper", cape-afrikaans
South Africa (Cape-W.); NamibiaS.
52-ACB-bac
afrikaans-C.
"rural" afrikaans-C.
South Africa (North-West; OrangeFree-State)
52-ACB-bad
afrikaans-U.
"urban" afrikaans Johannesburg Pretoria
South Africa (Gauteng)
52-ACB-bae
afrikaans-NW.
transvaal afrikaans
South Africa (Eastern Transvaal;

Northern Province)
52-ACB-baf
namibia-afrikaans
+influence from [52] Deutsch-C.
Namibia
52-ACB-bb
oorlans
negerhollands
"creolised" afrikaans +influenced by [99] Bantu
South Africa
part of "creool, dutch-creole" St.Thomas island in danger of

extinction
American Virgin Islands
berbice
skepi
part of "creool, dutch-creole" +influenced by [52] Guyanese
Guyana
part of "creool, dutch-creole" Essequibo valley
Guyana
52-ACB-ak
52-ACB-bc
52-ACB-bd
52-ACB-be
page 428
1999 / 2000 edition
52-ACB-c
Deutsch-N.
Low-German, nord-deutsch, niederdeutsch, plattdeutsch, "german"-N.,

in [52] Nederlands: nederduits, in [51] Franais: bas-allemand
+transitional to [52] Nederlands & [52] Deutsch-C. Latin script
-translingual in [52] Deutsch-C. (Hochdeutsch-G.)
Germany-N.; also Netherlands;

Denmark; Poland-N.; migration>
Lithuania; Russia; Ukraine;
Canada; USA; Mexico; {Central
America}; {South America}; South
Africa
52-ACB-ca
mittel-
mittel-niederdeutsche schriftsprache, "standard middle low german",

hansesprache used as an administrative and also literary idiom from
c.1200-1650, based on the confederation of cities in the Hanseatic
League +subsequently submerged by [52] Hochdeutsch-F. (High
German) as official standard language in North Germany Hamburg;
Bremen; Lbeck (with usage closest to Lbeck, cf.modern
Lbeckisch)
Germany-N., with usage extending

to other {North Sea & Baltic} ports
52-ACB-cb
schsisch-N.
lower-saxon, nord-schsisch, nord-niederschsisch, sachsensprache,

in [52] Nederlands: noord-nedersaksisch
Netherlands (Friesland; Groningen;

Drente); Germany (Niedersachsen;
Bremen; Hamburg; SchleswigHolstein)
52-ACB-cba
kollumerlands
-translingual in [52] Nederlands Kollumerland country
(FrieslandGroningen;)
52-ACB-cbb
gronings+ noorddrents
gronings + noord-drents Groningen Assen -translingual in [52]

Nederlands
(Groningen; Drente-N.)
52-ACB-cbc
groningisch-E.
ost-groningsch Groningen eastwards
(Niedersachsen)
52-ACB-cbd
ostfriesisch
"post-frisian" +substratum influence from [52] Frysk-E. (East Frisian),

th
progressively replaced by Nordschsisch from 15 cent.
(Niedersachsen)
niederdeutsch
52-ACB-cbe
jeverlndisch
Jeverland country
(Niedersachsen)
52-ACB-cbf
emslndisch-N.
nord-emslndisch Emsland-N. country
(Niedersachsen)
52-ACB-cbg
oldenburgisch
Oldenburg
(Niedersachsen;)
52-ACB-cbh
bremerisch
Bremen
(Bremen)
52-ACB-cbi
diepholzisch
Diepholz
(Niedersachsen)
52-ACB-cbj
hannoversch-N.
nord-hannoversch, lneburgisch Lneburg
(Niedersachsen)
52-ACB-cbk
hamburgisch
hamburg "urban" Hamburg
(Hamburg)
52-ACB-cbl
missingsch
hamburg "mixed urban" +influenced by [52] Hochdeutsch-G.

Hamburg
(Hamburg)
52-ACB-cbm
dithmarsch
Heide Marne
(Schleswig-Holstein-W.)
52-ACB-cbn
eiderstedtisch
Eiderstedt country
(Schleswig-Holstein-W.)
52-ACB-cbo
plattdnisch
+influenced by [52] Jysk & Dansk
(Schleswig-Holstein-N. frontier)
52-ACB-cbp
anglisch
Angeln country: Kappeln #through its extension to Great Britain,

with the establishment of the Angles in what came to be known as
England in the 1st millennium, this local and formerly ethnic name is
now also associated with the most widely spoken language in the
world.
(Schleswig-Holstein-N.&-E.)
52-ACB-cbq
schleswigsch
Schleswig
52-ACB-cbr
kielsch
Kiel
52-ACB-cbs
holsteinisch
Holstein country: Oldenburg-in-Holstein Neustadt-in-Holstein
52-ACB-cbt
lbeckisch
Lbeck
52-ACB-cc
mecklenburgisch+
pommersch
"mecklenburg-pommeranian"
Germany (MecklenburgWestpommern; Niedersachsen)
52-ACB-cca
wendlndisch
Wendland country: Jeetze lower river
(Niedersachsen-E.)
52-ACB-ccb
mecklenburgisch
Ludwigslust Schwerin Rostock Mritz lake
(Mecklenburg-Westpommern)
52-ACB-ccc
westpommersch
neuvorpommersch Rgen island Stralsund Greifswald

Usedom island
(Mecklenburg-Westpommern)
52-ACB-ccd
strelitzisch
former Mecklenburg-Strelitz territory: Neustrelitz northeastwards
52-ACB-cd
ijssels
ijssellndisch, part of "ijssels+ westphalian", ijssellndisch+ westflisch
52-ACB-cda
graafschaps+ twents
Doetinchem Enschede Vreden Bocholt
(Schleswig-Holstein-SW.)
Netherlands (Gelderland;
Overijssel; Drente; Friesland);
Germany (Nordrhein-Westfalen;
Niedersachsen)
(Gelderland-E.; Overijssel-E.;
Nordrheinland-Westfalen adjacent)
52-ACB-cdb
veluws
Veluwe country
(Gelderland-W.)
52-ACB-cdc
twents
Zwolle
(Overijssel)
zuid-drents Hoogeveen
(Drente-S.)
52-ACB-cdd
stellingwerfs
52-ACB-cde
zuiddrents
(Drente-W.; Friesland-S.)
52-ACB-cdf
middendrents
midden-drents Assen Emmen
(Drente)
52-ACB-cdg
emslndisch-S.
Meppen Rheine
(Niedersachsen-W.;
Nordrheinland-Westfalen border)
52-ACB-ce
westflisch
westphalian, part of "ijssels+ westphalian traditional", ijssellndisch+

westflisch +in an area (together with Ostflisch) of complex
phonological and morphological transition, within which the delimitation
of traditional idioms is to some extent arbitrary idioms are listed in
anti-clockwise sequence
52-ACB-cea
osnabrckisch
Osnabrck
(Niedersachsen)
52-ACB-ceb
mnsterlndisch
mnsterlnder platt Mnsterland country
(Nordrheinland-Westfalen-N.)
52-ACB-cec
mrkisch+ sauerlndisch
part of "wider westphalian", westflisch Dortmund Sauerland-W.

country (Olpe)
(Nordrheinland-Westfalen)
page 429
52-ACB-ced
engrisch-W.
west-engrisch, "west-engrian" Soester Brde country Winterberg

hills
52-ACB-cee
waldecksch
Waldeck northwestwards
(Hessen; Nordrheinland-Westfalen
border)
52-ACB-cef
paderbornisch
Paderborn
52-ACB-ceg
rietbergisch
Rietberg
52-ACB-ceh
strombergisch
Stromberg
52-ACB-cei
ravensbergisch
Bielefeld
52-ACB-cf
ostflisch
"wider" eastphalian, including ost-engrisch, "engrian"-E. +in an area

(together with Westflisch) of complex phonological and morphological
transition, within which the delimitation of traditional idioms is to some
extent arbitrary idioms are listed in anti-clockwise sequence
(Nordrheinland-Westfalen;
Niedersachsen-SE.; Hessen-N.)
52-ACB-cfa
mindisch
Minden
52-ACB-cfb
lippisch
Lippe valley transitional to Westflisch
52-ACB-cfc
gttingisch+ sollingsch
Gttingen Solling country
(Niedersachsen)
52-ACB-cfd
ostflisch-C.
Hildesheim Goslar
(Niedersachsen)
52-ACB-cfe
elbostflisch
Braunschweig Halberstadt Bode valley +transition to

Brandenburgisch; also influenced by Deutsch-C. (Magdeburgisch)
(Niedersachsen; Sachsen-Anhalt)
52-ACB-cff
papenteichisch
Aller+ Oker confluence
(Niedersachsen)
52-ACB-cfg
hannoversch-S.
calenbergisch Bckeburg Hannover
(Niedersachsen)
52-ACB-cfh
hamelnsch
Hameln
(Niedersachsen)
52-ACB-cg
markbrandenburgisch
"brandenburgish", mrkisch +influenced by [52] Schsisch-N., and

now largely overlaid and submerged by [52] Deutsch-C. (BerlinBrandenburgisch) idioms are listed in clockwise sequence #the term
mark-brandenburgisch is introduced to clarify the distinction between
the traditional Brandenburg idioms and berlin-brandenburgisch
(Sachsen-Anhalt-E.; Brandenburg;
Mecklenburg-Westpommern);
Poland
52-ACB-cga
altmrkisch
part of brandenburgisch-N. Altmark country: Salzwedel Stendal

Genthin
(Sachsen-Anhalt)
52-ACB-cgb
prignitzisch-W.
west-prignitzisch, part of brandenburgisch-N. Prignitz country:

Lenzen Wittstock
(Brandenburg)
52-ACB-cgc
prignitzisch-E.
ost-prignitzisch, part of brandenburgisch-N. Prignitz country:

Lwenberg Templin
(Brandenburg)
52-ACB-cgd
westmittelpommersch
west-mittel-pommersch, "pommeranian"-CW., uckermrkisch

Uckermark country: Prenzlau Uckermnde
(Brandenburg; MecklenburgWestpommern)
52-ACB-cge
ostmittelpommersch
ost-mittel-pommersch, "pommeranian"-CE. Oder lower valley:

Szczecin, Stettin Szczeciski, Stargard most speakers dispersed
westwards in or after 1945
Poland (Szczeciskie, exPommern)
52-ACB-cgf
neumrkisch
Schwedt Gorzw-Wielkapolski, Landsberg most speakers east of

Oder dispersed westwards in or after 1945
Germany (MecklenburgWestpommern); Poland

(Szczeciskie; Zielonogrskie / exPommern; Brandenburg-E.)
52-ACB-cgg
barnimsch
part of brandenburgisch-C. east of Berlin: Mncheberg Oder river
(Brandenburg)
52-ACB-cgh
brandenburgisch-S.
Berlin>S.& SE.: Frankfurt-a.d.Oder Frstenwalde Luckau
(Brandenburg)
52-ACB-cgi
flmingisch
part of brandenburgisch-C. Berlin>S.& SW., including Flming hills:

Jterbog Wittenberg Zerbst
(Brandenburg; Sachsen-Anhalt
border)
52-ACB-cgj
havellndisch
part of brandenburgisch-C. Berlin>W.: Havelland country
(Brandenburg)
52-ACB-ch
hinterpommersch+
westpreussisch
"pommeranian-E.+ prussian-W." most speakers dispersed westwards

in or after 1945
Poland (Szczeciskie;
Zielonogrskie; Koszaliskie;
Poznaskie; Bydgoskie; Gdaskie
/ ex-Pommern; Westpreussen; also
Brandenburg)
52-ACB-cha
hinterpommersch-W.
including netzetal-pommersch Koobrzeg, Kolberg Notec, Netze

valley
(Poznaskie; Koszaliskie;
Szczeciskie; Zielonogrskie)
52-ACB-chb
bublitzisch
Bobolice, Bublitz dialectal enclave
(Koszaliskie)
52-ACB-chc
hinterpommersch-E.
Supsk, Stolp Szczecinek, Neustettin
(Koszaliskie; Gdaskie adjacent)
52-ACB-chd
pomerellisch
pommerellisch Pomorze, Pomerellen, Pommerellen country:

Chojnice, Konitz Kocierzyna, Berent
(Bydgoskie; Gdaskie; also

Koszaliskie)
52-ACB-che
westpreussisch
"west-prussian", including werdesch weichsel Gdynia, Gdingen

Gdask, Danzig Wisa, Weichsel, Vistula lower valley Bydgoszcz,
Bromberg Toru, Thorn
(Gdaskie; Bydgoskie)
52-ACB-ci
ostpreussisch
"east-prussian" most speakers dispersed westwards in or after 1945
Poland (Olsztynskie); Russia

(Kaliningrad); Lithuania / exOstpreussen
52-ACB-cia
natangisch
Braniewo, Braunsberg Ktrzyn, Rastenburg
Poland (Olsztynskie)
52-ACB-cib
samlndisch
Kaliningrad, Knigsberg
Russia (Kaliningrad)
52-ACB-cic
litauisch-deutsch
Sovetsk, Tilsit
Russia (Kaliningrad); Lithuania

adjacent
page 430
1999 / 2000 edition
52-ACB-d
Deutsch-C.
Middle-German, mitteldeutsch, "german"-C. including traditional

Central or Middle German dialects, the Berlin-Brandenburg "urban
counterstream", and modern standard German (Hochdeutsch)
+transitional to [52] Deutsch-N. and [52] Deutsch-S. Latin script
Rheinland-Pfalz; Saarland; BadenWrttemberg); Belgium (Lige);
Luxembourg (Belge), Luxemburg;
France (Alsace; Lorraine); Czech
Rep.; Poland; {Baltic States};
Belorus; Russia; Ukraine; Slovakia;
Moldavia; Romania; Kazakhstan;
Kirgizstan; Tajikistan; Israel; USA;
Canada; {South America}; Namibia;
South Africa; Australia
52-ACB-da
ripwarisch
ripuarian, ripuarisch, ripuarisch-frnkisch, mittel-frnkisch, klsch, in

[51] Franais: francique central, francique ripuarien
Rheinland-Pfalz); Belgium (Lige)
52-ACB-daa
stadt-klsch
Kln, Cologne town
(Nordrhein-Westfalen)
52-ACB-dab
land-klsch
Kln, Cologne rural environs
(Nordrhein-Westfalen;)
52-ACB-dac
ahrlndisch
Ahr valley
(Rheinland-Pfalz; Kreis Koblenz)
52-ACB-dad
aachenisch
Aachen, Aix-La-Chapelle
(Nordrhein-Westfalen)
52-ACB-dae
bllingisch
Bllingen; Bullange
(Lige)
52-ACB-db
letzebrgesch
Luxemburg; Belgium
(Luxembourg); France (Lorraine)
52-ACB-dba
letzebrgesch-F.
luxembourgeois, ltzeburgesch, luxemburgisch, luxembourgish,

"luxemburgish", luxemburg-mosel-frnkisch, in [51] Franais: francique
mosellan francis -bilingual in [51] Franais
"literary luxemburgish", "standardised luxemburgish"
KLuxemburg
52-ACB-dbb
slingisch
sling country
Luxemburg-N.
52-ACB-dbc
gutlndisch
Gutland country
(Luxemburg-S.)
52-ACB-dbd
sankt-vithisch
Saint-Vith country
Belgium (Luxembourg
52-ACB-dbe
arelisch
Arelerland country: Arlon
Belgium (Luxembourg);
52-ACB-dbf
lothringisch-N.
Thionville
(Lorraine; Moselle, ex-Lothringen

1871-1918 & 1940-45)
52-ACB-dc
moselfrnkisch
moselle-franconian, deutsch-moselfrnkisch, in [51] Franais:

francique mosellan central
Germany (Rheinland-Pfalz-N.;
Nordrhein-Westfalen-SE.;
Saarland-W.)
52-ACB-dca
trierisch
Trier; Trves
(Rheinland-Pfalz
52-ACB-dcb
eifelisch
Eifel massif
(Rheinland-Pfalz)
52-ACB-dcc
untermosellanisch
Moselle lower valley
(Rheinland-Pfalz)
52-ACB-dcd
west-westerwldisch
Westerwald-W. forest
(Rheinland-Pfalz)
52-ACB-dce
siegerlndisch
Siegerland country
(Nordrhein-Westfalen-SE.)
52-ACB-dd
lothringisch
lothringer-platt, "lorrainian", part of sd-rheinfrnkisch, in [51] Franais: France (Lorraine; Moselle, exfrancique de Lorraine, lorrain francique, part of francique rhnan du sud Lothringen 1871-1918; 1940-45);
Alsace Bas-Rhin (ex-Elsass 1871-bilingual in [51] Franais
1918; 1940-45)
52-ACB-dda
niedisch
Nied valley
(Moselle)
52-ACB-ddb
obersaarlndisch
Saar upper valley: Saarebourg Sarreguemines; Saargemnd
(Moselle-E.; Bas-Rhin adjacent)
52-ACB-ddc
bitscherlndisch
Bitche, Bitscherland country
(Moselle-NE.)
52-ACB-ddd
krummes-elsass
Krummes Elsass, Alsace Bossue country Petite Pierre
(Alsace: Bas-Rhin-N.&-W.)
52-ACB-de
westpflzisch
west-pflzisch, sd-hinterpflzisch, "west-palatine traditional", part of

sd-rheinfrnkisch, in [51] Franais: part of francique rhnan du sud
Germany (Rheinland-Pfalz;
Saarland)
52-ACB-dea
saarlndisch
sarrois Saarbrcken
(Saarland)
52-ACB-deb
westrichisch
Westrich country
(Saarland-E.)
52-ACB-dec
pflzer-berglndisch
Pflzer-Bergland country
(Rheinland-Pfalz)
52-ACB-ded
pflzer-wldisch
nordwest-pflzisch Pflzer-Wald country
(Rheinland-Pfalz)
52-ACB-dee
schwarzwlderhochwldisch
Schwarzwlder- Hochwald country
(Rheinland-Pfalz)
52-ACB-def
idarwldisch
Idarwald country
(Rheinland-Pfalz)
52-ACB-deg
hunsrckisch
Hunsrck country
(Rheinland-Pfalz)
52-ACB-deh
nahelndisch
Nahe valley
(Rheinland-Pfalz)
52-ACB-dei
rheinhessisch
Alzey
(Rheinland-Pfalz;
52-ACB-df
vorderpflzisch
ostpflzisch, "palatine-E. traditional", part of sd-rheinfrnkisch, in [51]

Franais: part of francique rhnan du sud
Germany (Rheinland-Pfalz
Vorderpfalz); France (Alsace: BasRhin; Elsssisches; Unterland)
52-ACB-dfa
elsssisch-pflzisch
in [51] Franais: palatin d'Alsace Wissembourg Outre-Fort

Elsssisches Unterland country
(Bas-Rhin-N.;)
52-ACB-dfb
haardtgebirgisch
Haardtgebirge country
(Rheinland-Pfalz)
52-ACB-dfc
speyerisch-landauisch
Landau; Speyer Mittelrhein left-bank plain
(Rheinland-Pfalz)
52-ACB-dfd
ludwigshafnerisch
Ludwigshafen
(Rheinland-Pfalz)
(Rheinland-Pfalz)
52-ACB-dfe
wrmserisch
Worms town
52-ACB-dg
nordbadisch
mittelrheinische bergangssprache, "middle-rhine transitional", part of

Germany (Baden-Wrttemberg-N.;
sd-rheinfrnkisch, in [51] Franais: badois-N., part of francique rhnan Hessen adjacent)
du sud +transition to [52] German-S.
52-ACB-dga
karlsruhisch
Karlsruhe
(Baden-Wrttemberg-N.)
52-ACB-dgb
kraichguisch
Kraichgau country
52-ACB-dgc
mannemerisch
mannheimerisch Mannheim; Mannem
(Baden-Wrttemberg-N.;)
page 431
52-ACB-dgd
unterneckarlndisch
heidelbergisch Unter-Neckar lower valley: Heidelberg
52-ACB-dge
odenwldisch
Odenwald country
(Baden-Wrttemberg-N.; Hessen
adjacent)
52-ACB-dh
hessisch+
nassauisch
zentralhessisch+ sdhessisch, "upper hessian", part of nordrheinfrnkisch, in [51] Franais: hessois-C.&-S., part of francique
rhnan du nord
Germany (Hessen; RheinlandPfalz adjacent; Bayern-N.&-W.)
52-ACB-dha
hessisch-S.
sdhessisch, "hessian"-S., in [51] Franais: hessois-S. Neckar valley: (Hessen; Bayern-N.&-W.;)

Darmstadt
52-ACB-dhb
mainzerisch
Mainz
(Rheinland-Pfalz-E.)
52-ACB-dhc
taunuslndisch-W.
Wiesbaden
(Hessen; Taunus country-W.)
52-ACB-dhd
untermainlndisch
Unter-Main valley
(Hessen)
52-ACB-dhe
frankfurterisch
Frankfurt-Am-Main
(Hessen)
52-ACB-dhf
wetterauisch
Wetterau country
(Hessen)
52-ACB-dhg
nassauisch
Nassau country
(Hessen)
52-ACB-dhh
westerwaldisch-E.
Westerwald-E. country
(Hessen)
52-ACB-dhi
oberhessisch
Marburg Giessen
(Hessen)
52-ACB-di
niederhessisch
nordrheinfrnkisch, "lower hessian", part of nord-rheinfrnkisch, in [51]

Franais: bas-hessois, hessois-N.&-E., part of francique rhnan du
nord
Germany (Hessen)
52-ACB-dia
hessisch-N.
Kassel-S.
(Hessen-N.)
52-ACB-dib
hessisch-E.
Fulda
(Hessen-E.)
52-ACB-dj
ostfrnkisch
east-franconian, ost-frnkisch, in [51] Franais: francique de l'est
Germany (Bayern-N.&-W.; BadenWrttemberg-N.; Hessen-E.;

Thringen-S.; Sachsen-S.)
52-ACB-dja
grabfeldisch
Grabfeld country
(Bayern)
52-ACB-djb
hennebergisch
HennebergMeiningen
(Thringen)
52-ACB-djc
unterfrnkisch
Unterfranken country, Main middle valley
(Bayern)
52-ACB-djd
taubergrndisch
Tauber lower valley
(Bayern; Baden-Wrttemberg)
52-ACB-dje
hohenlohisch
Schwbisch-Hall
(Baden-Wrttemberg)
52-ACB-djf
ansbachisch
Ansbach
(Bayern)
52-ACB-djg
oberfrnkisch
Oberfranken country: Bayreuth
(Bayern)
52-ACB-djh
bambergisch
Unterfranken country: Bamberg Kronach
(Bayern)
52-ACB-dji
itzgrndisch
Itz valley
(Bayern)
52-ACB-djj
vogtlndisch
Plauen +part of transition to [52] Thringisch+ Oberschsisch

(Meissnisch)
(Sachsen); formerly Czech Rep.

frontier (ex-Sudetenland)
52-ACB-djk
vor-vogtlndisch
"pre"-vogtlndisch +part of transition to Thringisch+ Oberschsisch

(Meissnisch) Glauchau
(Sachsen)
52-ACB-djl
vor-erzgebirgisch
"pre"-erzgebirgisch +part of transition to Thringisch+ Oberschsisch

(Meissnisch) Chemnitz
(Sachsen)
52-ACB-djm
erzgebirgisch-W.
+part of transition to Thringisch+ Oberschsisch (Meissnisch)

Erzgebirge-W. mountains: Lssnitz (formerly) Horn Blatn, Platten
(Sachsen); also Czech Rep.

frontier (ex-Sudetenland)
52-ACB-djn
erzgebirgisch-E.
Erzgebirge-C. mountains +part of transition to Thringisch+

Oberschsisch (Meissnisch)
(Sachsen)
52-ACB-dk
thringisch+
oberschsisch
thuringian+ upper-saxon
Germany (Thringen; SachsenAnhalt; Niedersachsen; Sachsen)
52-ACB-dka
eichsfeldisch
Eichsfeld country: Heiligenstadt
(Thringen)
52-ACB-dkb
thringisch-N.
nord-thringisch Harz mountains Unstrut upper valley
(Thringen: Sachsen-Anhalt;
Niedersachsen)
52-ACB-dkc
thringisch-W.
west-thringisch Eisenach Salzungen
(Thringen; )
52-ACB-dkd
thringisch-C.
zentral-thringisch Thringer Wald highlands Erfurt Unstrut

middle valley
(Thringen)
52-ACB-dke
thringisch-NE.
nordost-thringisch Bernburg Unstrut lower valley
(Thringen; Niedersachsen)
52-ACB-dkf
ilm-thringisch
including obere schwarza Unstrut lower right-bankIlm valley

(Weimar)Schwarza upper valley
(Thringen)
52-ACB-dkg
thringisch-E.
ost-thringisch Unstrut mouth Pleisse valley
(Thringen; Sachsen)
52-ACB-dkh
thringisch-SE.
sdost-thringisch Thringer Wald highlandsPleisse source
(Thringen; Sachsen)
52-ACB-dki
osterlndisch
nord-oberschsisch, including nordost-osterlndisch sdwestosterlndisch, leipzigisch sdost-osterlndisch schraden a

linguistic crossroads, with internal variations from north to south and
west to east Halle Leipzig Bad Liebenwerda
(Sachsen; Sachsen-Anhalt;
Brandenburg adjacent)
52-ACB-dkj
anhaltisch
including sdmrkisch elbe-elsterisch +transition to [52] Deutsch-N. (Sachsen-Anhalt; Sachsen border;

(Mark-Brandenburgisch) Elbe+ Schwarze Elster valley: Saale
Brandenburg border)
confluence Herzberg
page 432
1999 / 2000 edition
52-ACB-dkk
meissnisch
including nord-meissnisch west-meissnisch sd-meissnisch ost- (Sachsen)

meissnisch, meissen+ dresden a key area in the historical
development of formal and generalised German (see Hochdeutsch-F.
and Hochdeutsch-G. below). +as settlers speaking northern, central
and southern idioms of German (see Deutsch-N., Deutsch-C., DeutschS.) converged in Saxony during the eastward colonisation of Slavspeaking areas, the Elbe valley around Meissen and Dresden became
a focal-point for the development of a compromise written and spoken
form of the German language in the late Middle Ages. Mulde valley
(Grimma Lunzenau) Elbe valley (Meissen Dresden Pirna)
52-ACB-dkl
bhmisch-N.
"bohemian german"-N. Erzgebirge-E. mountains: Chomutov,

Komotau Dn, Tetschen most speakers dispersed to Germany in
or after 1945
Czech Rep. (Severoesk)
52-ACB-dl
hochdeutsch-F.
high-german, "formal german", "standard german", gepflegtes

hochdeutsch (=cultivated high german), deutsche schriftsprache
(=german written language), deutsche hochsprache (=german high
language), deutsche literatursprache (=german literary language),
bhnendeutsch (=stage german), deutsche standardsprache
(=german standard language); einheits-sprache (= unity
language), part of neu-hochdeutsch, "new high german" +the
development of a compromise speech-form (Ausgleichssprache) based
on converging forms of German in Thringen and Sachsen culminated
th
in the 14 cent. written language of the imperial chancellery in Prague,
which was in turn consolidated in the written language of the Meissen,
Dresden and other Saxon and Thringian chancelleries, and of the
universities of Leipzig and Wittenberg. The determining event for the
establishment of modern standard German was the publication of
th
Luther's translation of the Bible in the early 16 cent. To the "national"
idioms listed below should be added the written idioms of Hochdeutsch
(often archaic or influenced by other German or non-German idioms)
which correspond to many of idioms of Auswanderungsdeutsch
(migr German). Idioms are listed below for the countries where
German is currently an official language
KGermany; KAustria; formerly

7
also (K) Austro-Hungarian Empire;
Italy (KSdtirol; Alto-Adige);
KSwitzerland; KLiechtenstein;
KLuxemburg; Belgium (KLigeE.); formerly also France
(K)Alsace; (K) Lorraine-N.)
52-ACB-dla
bundesdeutsch+
reichsdeutsch-F.
"formal german of Germany", including present-day bundesdeutsch,

Germany
"federal german", "formal german of German Federal Republic" and
recent d.d.r.-deutsch, "g.d.r. german"; "formal german of East
Germany", and preceded historically by n.s.-deutsch, "national-socialist
german" weimar-deutsch, "german of the weimar republic
reichsdeutsch, "pre-1919 imperial german"
52-ACB-dlb
wiener-hochdeutsch-F.
"formal german of Austria", known immediately after 1945 as

Austria
unterrichtssprache, preceded before 1919 by k.u.k.-deutsch, "austrohungarian imperial german" #k.u.k. =kaiserlich und kniglich =imperial
and royal"; unterrichtssprache =teaching language (as euphemism,
to avoid use of deutsch) +influenced by [52] Deutsch-S.
52-ACB-dlc
sdtirolisch-F.
"formal german of South Tirol" (since 1919) +influenced by [51]

Italiano
Italy (TrentinoAlto-Adige)
52-ACB-dld
grossratsdeutsch
schweizerisches bundes-deutsch, "formal german of Switzerland and

Liechtenstein" #grossrats-deutsch =minister's german +influenced
by [52] Schwyzerttsch
Switzerland; Liechtenstein
52-ACB-dle
belgisch+ luxemburgisch- "formal german of Belgium & Luxemburg" +influenced by [51]

F.
Franais
Belgium (Lige-E.); Luxemburg
52-ACB-dm
hochdeutsch-G.
"generalised" hochdeutsch, allgemein-deutsch, deutsche

umgangssprache, part of neu-hochdeutsch, "new high german"
#allgemein-deutsch =general german; deutsche umgangssprache
=german colloquial language
Germany; Austria; Switzerland;

Liechtenstein; Luxemburg;
Belgium; France; Czech. Rep.;
migration> Hungary; Romania;
{Baltic states}; Russia; Ukraine;
{Central Asian Republics};
migration> USA; Canada; Chile;
Bolivia; Brazil; Paraguay; Uruguay;
Argentine; South Africa; Namibia;
Australia
52-ACB-dma
bundesdeutscheumgangsprache
binnendeutsche gemeinsprache, "federal republic colloquial high

german"
Germany
52-ACB-dmb
sterreichischeumgangsprache
"austrian colloquial high german"
Austria
52-ACB-dmc
schweizerischeshochdeutsch-G.
"swiss colloquial high german"
Switzerland; Liechtenstein
52-ACB-dmd
belgischischeshochdeutsch-G.
"belgian colloquial high german" -bilingual in [51] Franais
Belgium (Lige-E.)
52-ACB-dme
luxemburgischeshochdeutsch-G.
"luxemburg colloquial high german" -bilingual in [51] Franais
Luxembourg
52-ACB-dmf
elsass-lothringerhochdeutsch-G.
"alsace-lorraine colloquial high german" -bilingual in [51] Franais

sharp decline in use since 1945
France
52-ACB-dmg
norditalienischeshochdeutsch-G.
"north-italian colloquial high german" -bilingual in [51] Italiano
Italy (TrentinoAlto-Adige)
52-ACB-dmh
bhmischeshochdeutsch-G.
"bohemian colloquial high german" -bilingual in [53] etina (Czech)

most speakers dispersed westwards in or after 1945
Czech Rep. (ex-Sudetenland)>

expulsion to Germany in or after
1945
52-ACB-dmi
polnisches-hochdeutschG.
"polish colloquial high german" -bilingual in [53] Polski most

speakers dispersed westwards in or after 1945
Poland (ex-German territories)>

expulsion to Germany in1945
3*
page 433
52-ACB-dmj
rumnischeshochdeutsch-G.
"romanian colloquial high german" -bilingual in [51] Romneasca

+influenced also by [41] Magyar no ethnic clearance after 1945, but
considerable emigration and assimilation
52-ACB-dmk
mittelasiatischeshochdeutsch-G.
former sowjetisches hochdeutsch, "central asian colloquial high

Kazakhstan; Russia (Siberia);
german" -bilingual in [51] Russkiy although most speakers of
Kyrghyzstan; Uzbekistan;
German idioms in the European Soviet Union were dispersed in or after Tajikistan
1945, there has been a limited survival of German-speaking
communities in former-Soviet Asia, especially in Kazakhstan and
Siberia (including the continued use of migr idioms, see [52]
Auswanderungsdeutsch)
52-ACB-dml
sdamerikanischeshochdeutsch-G.
"south-american colloquial high german" - bilingual in [51] Espaol

and/or [51] Portugus +sometimes influenced by migr idioms of
German still spoken in South America (Mennoniten-plaut, etc., see [52]
Auswanderungsdeutsch)
Paraguay; Uruguay; Bolivia; Chile;

Argentine; Brazil
52-ACB-dmm
sdwester-deutsch
"namibian colloquial high german" -translingual in [52] Afrikaans and

bilingual in [52] English
Namibia
52-ACB-dmn
gastarbeiter-deutsch
abbreviated g.a.d. (=migrant workers' german), semi-creolised high

german -bilingual in [44] Trke
Germany; Austria
52-ACB-dn
berlinbrandenburgisch
"greater berlin urban counterstream" including the northward spread

of Central German idioms to Berlin (and Magdeburg), which have
subsequently made wider inroads into the traditional area of North
German (Deutsch-N., notably Mark-Brandenburgisch, see above).
Germany (Berlin; Brandenburg)
52-ACB-dna
berlinerisch
Berlin & environs
(Berlin)
52-ACB-dnb
magdeburgisch
Magdeburg
(Brandenburg)
52-ACB-dnc
neu-altmrkisch
Altmark country
(Sachsen-Anhalt)
52-ACB-dnd
neu-mecklenburgisch
Uckermark country Prenzlau
(Brandenburg)
52-ACB-do
ostmitteldeutsch
ost-mitteldeutsch, "german"-CE., including lausitzisch+ schlesisch

-bilingual (outside Germany) in [53] etina (Czech) and/or [53]
Polski most speakers (in areas outside present-day Germany)
dispersed westwards in or after 1945
Poland (ex-Schlesien, Silesia; exWestpreussen, West Prussia);

Germany (Sachsen; Brandenburg);
Czech Rep.; Slovakia
52-ACB-doa
lausitzisch-W.
"lausatian"-W. Bernsdorf Bischofswerda
Germany (Sachsen)
52-ACB-dob
neulausitzisch
"new lausatian" Bautzen Hoyerswerda Weisswasser
Germany (Sachsen)
52-ACB-doc
oberlausitzisch
"upper lausatian" Neukirch Zittau
Germany (Sachsen); also Czech

Rep. (Severoesk)
52-ACB-dod
lausitzisch-E.
"lausatian"-E. Niesky Grlitz Luba, Lauban
Germany (Sachsen); Poland

(Wrocawskie)
52-ACB-doe
niederlausitzisch
"lower lausatian" Cottbus Zary, Sorau Sulechv, Zllichau
Germany (Sachsen); Poland

(Zielonogrskie)
52-ACB-dof
neiderlndisch
Odra, Oder valley: Zielona Gra, Grnberg Wrocaw, Breslau
Poland (Zielonogrskie;
Wrocawskie)
52-ACB-dog
oberlndisch
Zotoryja, Goldberg Nysa, Neisse
Poland (Wrocawskie; Opolskie)
52-ACB-doh
riesengebirgisch
Riesengebirge mountains: Liberec, Reichenberg Broumov,

Braunau
Czech Rep. (Severoesk,

Vchodoesk)
52-ACB-doi
gltzisch
Kodzko, Glatz
Poland (Wrocawskie)
52-ACB-doj
schnhengstgau
Schnhengstgau country, Schnhengst highlands: Lankroun,

Landskron Svitavy, Zwittau Bezov, Brsau Mohelnice, Mglitz
Czech Rep. (Vchodoesk,

Severomoravsk)
52-ACB-dok
iglauisch
Jihlava, Iglau +convergence with [52] Donau-sterreichisch
Czech Rep. (Jihormoravsk)
52-ACB-dol
mhrenschlesisch
mhren-schlesisch, "moravian silesian", formerly sterreichischschlesisch (in former Austrian Silesia) Olomouc, Olmtz
+convergence with [52] Donau-sterreichisch
Czech Rep. (Severomoravsk)
52-ACB-dom
oberschlesisch
ober-schlesisch, "upper-silesian" Opole, Oppeln
Poland (Opolskie)
52-ACB-don
preussen-schlesisch
ermlndisch-E., "prussian silesian"
Poland (Olsztynskie)
52-ACB-e
Deutsch-S.
Upper-German (less Swiss German), sddeutsch+ sterreichisch,

oberdeutsch "less" schwytzerttsch, "german"-S., in [51] Franais:
allemand mridional -translingual in [52] High German from 8th
cent.: Latin script #the spelling bayrisch is used below to cover
"Bavarian" in the modern sense of Bavaria, whereas (mittel-)bairisch is
used in the wider historical sense of "Bavarian", extending further south
Germany; Czech Rep.; France;

Austria; Italy; Slovenia; Hungary;
Russia; Ukraine; Moldavia;
Romania; Kazakhstan; Kirgizstan;
Tadjikistan
52-ACB-ea
bayrisch-N.
bavarian-N., nord-bayrisch, oberpflzisch, "bavarian"-N.; most

speakers in former Czechoslovakia dispersed or expelled in or after
1945
Germany (Bayern-N.&-E.); Czech

Rep. (Zpadoesk, exSudetenland)
52-ACB-eaa
nrnbergisch
+transition to [52] Deutsch-C. (Ostfrnkisch) NrnbergFrth

PegnitzRednitz valleys
Bayern
52-ACB-eab
fichtelgebirgisch
Fichtelgebirge massif
Bayern
52-ACB-eac
bhmisch-W.
west-bhmisch, egerlndisch, "bohemian-german-W." A, Asch

Cheb, Eger elezn Ruda, Eisenstein
Czech Rep. (Zpadoesk)
52-ACB-ead
oberpflzerwldisch
Oberpflzerwald forest
(Bayern)
52-ACB-eae
bayrischerwldisch
Bayrischerwald forest
(Bayern)
52-ACB-eaf
oberpflzisch
"upper palatine" Oberpfalz country
(Bayern)
52-ACB-eb
donau-bayrisch
bavarian-C., donaubayrisch "traditional", "bavarian proper", "danube

bavarian", part of mittel-bairisch
Germany (Bayern-C.&-S.); Austria

adjacent; Czech Rep. adjacent
Romania
52-ACB-eba
mnchnerisch
Mnchen
(Bayern)
52-ACB-ebb
oberbayrisch
"upper-bavarian"
(Bayern: Oberbayern)
52-ACB-ebc
niederbayrisch
"lower-bavarian"
(Bayern: Niederbayern)
52-ACB-ebd
unterinnisch
Inn lower river
(Bayern)+ (Obersterreich) frontier
6*
page 434
52-ACB-ebe
unterinntalisch
Inn lower valley, Innsbruck: Kufstein
(Tirol-N.&-E.)
52-ACB-ebf
nordsalzburgisch
Flachgau country
(Salzburg)
1999 / 2000 edition
52-ACB-ebg
obersterreichisch-W.
52-ACB-ebh
bhmerwldisch
Bhmerwald-S.&-W. forest: Gross-Falkenstein massif Hochwald

massif
(Obersterreich-W.)
Czech Rep. (Jihoesk)
52-ACB-ec
donausterreichisch
wienerisch+ untersterreichisch "traditional", part of mittel-bairisch,

donaubayrisch, "danubian german"
Austria (Obersterreich;
Niedersterreich; Wien); Czech
Rep. adjacent
52-ACB-eca
weanerisch-F.
wienerische 'herrensprache', schnbrunner deutsch, "bourgeois

viennese", part of wienerisch Wien, Vienna
52-ACB-ecb
weanerisch-U.
"popular urban viennese", part of wienerisch Wien, Vienna
52-ACB-ecc
weanerisch-G.
wienerischer verkehrs-dialekt, "generalised viennese", part of

wienerisch Wien, Vienna
Austria-N.&-E.
52-ACB-ecd
niedersterreichisch
niedersterreichisch "rural"
(Niedersterreich)
52-ACB-ece
obersterreichisch-E.
LinzWels towns; Enns Steyr valleys
(Obersterreich)
52-ACB-ecf
salzkammergutisch
Hallstatt
(Obersterreich+ Steiermark
border)
52-ACB-ecg
oberennstalisch
Oberenns valley
(Steiermark-N.&-W.;)
52-ACB-ech
burgenlndisch-N.
Neusiedler lake
(Burgenland-N.)
52-ACB-eci
burgenlndisch-S.
Bad Tatzmannsdorf
(Burgenland-S.)
52-ACB-ecj
heanzenisch
heinzenisch; heanzen, heinzen community migration from Central

Germany; substratum of Ostfrnkisch
(Steiermark-E.; Burgenland);
Hungary
52-ACB-eck
mhrisch-deutsch
iglauisch-S., "moravian german" -bilingual in [53] Czech

+convergence with [52] Ostmitteldeutsch Jihlava Iglau
Czech Rep.
Slovakia-W.
52-ACB-ecl
slovakisch-deutsch
"slovakian german" -bilingual in [53] Czech
52-ACB-ecm
ungarisch-deutsch-NW.
"hungarian german"-NW. -bilingual in [41] Magyar (Hungarian)
Hungary-N.&-W.
52-ACB-ecn
ungarisch-deutsch-S.
"hungarian german"-S. -bilingual in [41] Magyar (Hungarian)
Hungary-S.
52-ACB-ed
steirisch
styrian, steierisch
Austria (Steiermark; SalzburgKrnten adjacent); Slovenia
52-ACB-eda
mrztalisch
part of obersteirisch Mrz valley
(Steiermark-N.)
52-ACB-edb
murtalisch
part of obersteirisch Mur valley: Bruck upstream
(Steiermark-W.:;)
52-ACB-edc
lungauisch
obermurtalisch Lungau country: Mur upper valley
(Salzburg-S.&-E.)
52-ACB-edd
oberlavanttalisch
Lavanttal upper valley
(Krnten-E.)
52-ACB-ede
untersteirisch
"lower styrian" Deutschlandsberg Frstenfeld
(Steiermark-S.&-E.)
(Steiermark)
52-ACB-edf
grazerisch
Graz town
52-ACB-edg
steirisch-S.
"styrian"-S. Maribor; Marburg
Slovenia (ex-Sdsteiermark)
52-ACB-ee
krntnerisch
carinthian, krtnisch, krtnerisch+ osttirolisch
Austria (Krnten; Osttirol); Italy

(FriuliVenezia-Giulia)
52-ACB-eea
unterkrntnerisch
"lower carinthian", ostkrtnerisch Lavanttal lower valley
(Krnten)
52-ACB-eeb
mittelkrtnerisch-SE.
sdkrtnerisch, "carinthian"-S. +influenced by [53] Slovenski

(Koroshko) Karawanken mountains: Jauntal Rosental valleys
(Krnten)
52-ACB-eec
mittelkrntnerisch-C.
zentralmittelkrntnerisch, gemeinkrtnerisch, stadtkrtnerisch,

"carinthian"-C. Klagenfurt+ Villach+ St.Veit triangle
(Krnten)
52-ACB-eed
mittelkrntnerisch-N.
Krappfeld country; Gurktal Metnitztal Grtschitztal valleys
(Krnten)
52-ACB-eee
mittelkrntnerisch-W.
krntnerisch-CW. Unterdrautal Maltatal Liesertal valleys
(Krnten)
52-ACB-eef
untergailtalerisch
part of krtnerisch-SW. +influenced by [53] Slovenski (Koroshko)

Austria (Krnten); Italy (Friuli
Untergailtal valley: Hermagor downstream Kanaltal valley (Tarvisio, Venezia-Giulia, ex-Krnten to
Tarvis)
1918);
52-ACB-eeg
obergailtalerisch
part of krtnerisch-SW. Lesachtal Obergailtal valleys: Hermagor

upstream
(Krnten)
52-ACB-eeh
oberkrntnerisch
"upper carinthian" Lurnfeld country; Oberdrautal valley: Greifenburg

downstream Mlltal valley
(Krnten)
52-ACB-eei
ost-pustertalisch
westkrntnerisch+ ost-tirolisch, "carinthian"-W.+ "tirolean"-E. Iseltal

Pustertal-E. Oberdrautal valleys: Greifenburg upstream
(Krnten; Osttirol)
52-ACB-ef
karnisch
carnian, part of "romanised bavarian" -bilingual in [51] Italiano & [51]

Venetan or [51] Frioulan Karnische Alpen; Carnian Alps mountains
migration from Carinthia (Krnten) in 13th cent.
Italy (Veneto; FriuliVeneziaGiulia)
52-ACB-efa
karnisch-W.
"carnian"-W. Belluno Bladen, Pladen; Sappada
(Veneto)
52-ACB-efb
karnisch-S.
"carnian"-S. Zahre, Sauris
52-ACB-efc
karnisch-E.
"carnian"-E. Tischlwang, Timau
52-ACB-eg
zimbrisch
cimbrian, zimberisch, part of "romanised bavarian"; zimbern

community -bilingual in [51] Italiano & [51] Venetan or [51]
Lombardo+ Emiliano migration from Tirol & Upper Bavaria
th
th
(Oberbayern) in 12 -16 cent.
Italy (TrentinoAlto-Adige: Trento;

Veneto)
52-ACB-ega
vicenza-zimbrisch
siebengemeinden (=seven communes), in [51] Italiano: sette comuni

th
migration from north in 12 cent. Vicenza Roana Mezzaselva
Italy (Veneto)
52-ACB-egb
verona-zimbrisch
dreizehngemeinden (=thirteen communes), in [51] Italiano: tredici

th
comuni migration from north in 13 cent. Monte Lessini mountains:
Gliegen, Giazza
Italy (Veneto: Verona)
52-ACB-egc
trento-zimbrisch
Felsental Lusern; Luserna migration from north in 16th cent
Italy (TrentinoAlto-Adige: Trento)
page 435
52-ACB-eh
sdtirolisch
tirolean-S., mcheni, "romanised bavarian" -bilingual in [51] Italiano

& [51] Venetan or [51] Lombardo+ Emiliano
52-ACB-eha
pustertalisch-W.
Pustertal-W., Pusteria Ahrntal; Aurina valleys
52-ACB-ehb
wipptalisch-S.
obereisacktalisch Eisacktal, Isarco upper valley
52-ACB-ehc
untereisacktalisch
Brixen, Bressanone Bozen, Bolzano Eisacktal, Isarco lower

valley
52-ACB-ehd
beretsch+ unterlndisch Etsch, Adige middle valley: Meran downstream
52-ACB-ehe
vintschguisch
Italy (TrentinoAlto-Adige:
Bolzano)
Vintschgau country: Etsch; Adige upper valley
52-ACB-ehf
passiertalisch
Passiertal, Passiria valley
52-ACB-ei
tirolisch
tirolean, in [51] Franais: tyrolien
Austria (Tirol); Italy (TrentinoAltoAdige-N.); Switzerland (Grisons;

Graubnden adjacent)
52-ACB-eia
mittel-inntalisch
Inn middle valley: Innsbruck upstream
(Tirol)
52-ACB-eib
oberinntalisch
Inn upper valley: Landeck upstream
(Tirol; Graubnden adjacent)
52-ACB-eic
oberlechtalisch
Lech upper valley
(Tirol)
52-ACB-eid
rosannatalisch
Rosanna valley
(Tirol)
52-ACB-eie
paznauntalisch
Paznaun valley
(Tirol)
52-ACB-eif
pitztalisch
Pitz valley
(Tirol)
52-ACB-eig
tztalisch
tz valley
(Tirol)
52-ACB-eih
wipptalisch-N.
Sill valley
(Tirol)
52-ACB-ej
schwbisch
swabian, randalemannisch, "peripheral allemanic", in [51] Franais:

souabe, almanique priphrique
Germany (Baden-Wrttemberg;
Bayern-W.)
52-ACB-eja
schwbisch-E.
Augsburg westwards.
(Baden-Wrttemberg; Bayern-W.)
52-ACB-ejb
schwbisch-C.
Tbingen eastwards
(Baden-Wrttemberg)
52-ACB-ejc
stuttgartisch
Stuttgart
(Baden-Wrttemberg)
52-ACB-ejd
schwbisch-NW.
Enz valley
(Baden-Wrttemberg)
52-ACB-eje
oberwestschwbisch
Freudenstadt eastwards
(Baden-Wrttemberg)
52-ACB-ejf
unterwestschwbisch
part of schwbisch-alemannisch Schwenningen Tuttlingen
(Baden-Wrttemberg)
52-ACB-ejg
schwbisch-S.
part of schwbisch-alemannisch +transition to [52] Schweizerish-NE.

Ravensburg westwards.
(Baden-Wrttemberg
52-ACB-ek
badisch
mittelbadisch, "black-forest traditional", schwarzwldisch, nordostalemannisch, niederalemmanisch-E., in [51] Franais: badois, basalmanique-E.
Germany (Baden-Wrttemberg-W.) 6
52-ACB-eka
freiburgerisch
Breisgau country
(Freiburg)
52-ACB-ekb
schwarzwald-C.
52-ACB-ekc
schwarzwald-N.
52-ACB-el
elssser-ditsch
alsatian, elssserditsch, elsasser-ditsch, elsssisch, nordwestalemannisch, west-niederalemmanisch, "alsatian traditional", in [51]

Franais: alsacien, almanique-NW., bas-almanique-W. -bilingual in
[51] Franais
France (Alsace: Bas-Rhin; HautRhin)
52-ACB-ela
unterelsssisch
in [51] Franais: bas-alsacien
(Bas-Rhin)
52-ACB-elb
strossburjer-ditsch
in [51] Franais: strasbourgeois Strasbourg town
(Bas-Rhin)
52-ACB-elc
ober-elsssisch
in [51] Franais: haut-alsacien
(Haut-Rhin)
52-ACB-f
Schwytzerttsch
Swiss-German, schweizerdeutsch, schweizerisch, ober-alemannisch,

sd-alemannisch, in [51] Franais: suisse-almanique, suisseallemand, haut-almanique, almanique du sud -translingual in [52]
High-German Latin script
Switzerland; France; Italy;

Germany; Austria; Liechtenstein
Switzerland
4
5
(Schwarzwald-C.)
(Schwarzwald-N.)
52-ACB-fa
schwytzerttsch-G.
schwyzerttsch, "swiss-german generalised vehicular"
52-ACB-faa
schwyzerttsch-W.
schwyzerdtsch, schwyzerdytsch, "swiss-german vehicular"-W. +Ble Switzerland-W.

& Berne models, influenced by [51] Franais to the west of the
Brnig Napf-Reuss line
52-ACB-fab
schwyzerttsch-E.
"swiss-german vehicular"-E. Zrich model to the east of the

Brnig Napf-Reuss line
Switzerland-E.
52-ACB-fb
basel-dytsch
part of "traditional swiss-german"-W., in [51] Franais: blois

+transition to [52] Alsatian; influenced by [51] Franais
Switzerland (Basel-Stadt; BaselLand; Aargau-N.&-W.; Solothurn);

France (Alsace extreme-S.&-E.);
Germany (Baden-WrttembergS.&-W.)
(Basel-Stadt)
52-ACB-fba
basel-stadt
"ble urban" Basel, Ble town
52-ACB-fbb
basel-land
"ble rural" Basel, Ble environs
(Basel-Land)
52-ACB-fbc
aargau-NW.
Aare lower valley westwards
(Aargau-N.&-W.)
52-ACB-fbd
solothurn
Solothurn northwards
(Solothurn, Soleure)
52-ACB-fbe
sundgau
Sundgau country
(Alsace: Haut-Rhin-S.&-E.)
52-ACB-fbf
breisgau-S.
Breisgau-S. country
(Baden-Wrttemberg)
52-ACB-fbg
hotzenwald
Hotzenwald country
(Baden-Wrttemberg)
52-ACB-fc
brn-dtsch
brndtsch, "bernese", part of "traditional swiss-german"-W., in [51]

Franais: bernois +influenced by [51] Franais
Switzerland (Bern; Fribourg)
52-ACB-fca
berner-seeland
Seeland country: Bieler See lake
(Bern)
52-ACB-fcb
freiburg-N.
Freiburg, Fribourg
(Freiburg, Fribourg-N.)
52-ACB-fcc
brndtsch
"bernese urban" Bern, Berne town
(Bern)
page 436
1999 / 2000 edition
52-ACB-fcd
emmentaler
Emmental valley
(Bern)
52-ACB-fce
berner-mittelland
"bernese rural" Bern, Berne environs
(Bern: Mittelland)
52-ACB-fcf
berner-oberland-W.
West Oberland country; Simmen Kander valleys
(Bern)
52-ACB-fcg
berner-oberland-E.
East Oberland country: Brienz Meiringen
(Bern)
52-ACB-fd
walserisch
walserdeutsch, "valaisan german", "traditional swiss-german"-S.

-bilingual in [51] Italiano & [51] Gallo-Italian
Switzerland (Valais; Ticino); Italy

(Valle d'Aosta; Piemonte)
52-ACB-fda
hochwalserisch
"upper valaisan"
(Valais-E., Wallis-E.)
52-ACB-fdb
tessin-walserisch
Bosco Gurin
(Ticino)
52-ACB-fdc
aosta-walserisch
Lystal river: Gressoney valley & village
(Valle d'Aosta)
52-ACB-fdd
vercelli-walserisch
Vercelli>N.
(Piemonte)
52-ACB-fde
novara-walserisch
Novara>N.
(Piemonte)
52-ACB-fe
luzern-ttsch
luzernttsch, lucernois, part of "traditional swiss-german"-E.
Switzerland (Luzern; Aargau-S.&W.; Bern extreme-N.)
52-ACB-fea
entlebuch
Entlebuch country
(Luzern)
52-ACB-feb
luzernttsch-U.
"luzern urban" Luzern
(Luzern)
52-ACB-fec
luzerner-gu
"luzern rural" Luzern environs
(Luzern-N.&-E.)
52-ACB-fed
aargau-SE.
Aare lower valley southwards
(Aargau-S. &-E.)
52-ACB-fee
ober-aargau
Ober-Aargau country
(Bern)
52-ACB-fef
willisauer-mittelland
Willisau
(Luzern)
52-ACB-ff
schwyzer-ttsch-A.
schwyzerttsch "proper", urkantonenschweizerisch, part of "traditional

swiss-german"-E.
Switzerland (Schwyz;
Unterwalden; Uri)
52-ACB-ffa
schwyzerisch
Schwyz Drrenboden
(Schwyz-W. &-S.)
52-ACB-ffb
risch
Altdorf Andermatt
(Uri)
52-ACB-ffc
nidwldisch
Stans Wolfenschiessen
(Unterwalden Nidwalden)
52-ACB-ffd
sarnerisch
Sarnen Kaiserstuhl
(Unterwalden: Obwalden-W.)
52-ACB-ffe
engelbergisch
Melchtal valley
(Unterwalden: Obwalden-E.)
52-ACB-fg
zri-ttsch
"wider" zrittsch, zri-ttsch, zrichdeutsch+ aargaisch, part of

"traditional swiss-german"-E., in [51] Franais: zurichois
Switzerland (Zrich; Aargau;

Schwyz-N.); Germany (BadenWrttemburg adjacent)
52-ACB-fh
glarnerttsch
glarner-deutsch, glaronais, part of "traditional swiss-german"-E.

Glarus Linthal
Switzerland (Glarus; Glaris)
52-ACB-fi
bndner-deutsch
"grison german", part of "traditional swiss-german"-E. Chur

southwards & eastwards
Switzerland (Graubnden;
Grisons)
52-ACB-fj
schweizerisch-NE.
"lake-constance german", part of "traditional swiss-german"-E.

+transition to [52] Deutsch-S. (Schwbisch)
Switzerland (Appenzell; St.Gallen;

Thurgau; Schaffhausen); Austria
(Vorarlberg-N.); Germany (BadenWrttemberg adjacent; Bayern
adjacent)
52-ACB-fja
appenzellisch
Urnsch Appenzell Trogen
(Appenzell)
52-ACB-fjb
sanktgallisch
Sankt Gallen; Saint Gall
(St.Gallen)
52-ACB-fjc
thurguisch
Thurgau; Thurgovie
(Thurgau)
52-ACB-fjd
schaffhausenisch
schaffuuserisch Schaffhausen
(Schaffhausen)
52-ACB-fje
heguisch
Hegau country
(Baden-Wrttemberg-S.)
52-ACB-fjf
linzgaisch
Linzgau country
(Baden-Wrttemberg-S.)
52-ACB-fjg
allguisch
Allgu country
(Bayern-S.&-W.)
52-ACB-fjh
vorarlbergisch-NW.
Bregenz
(Vorarlberg-N.&-W.)
52-ACB-fk
vorarlbergisch+
liechtensteinisch
part of "traditional swiss-german"-E.
Austria (Vorarlberg); Liechtenstein
52-ACB-fka
vorarlbergisch-S.
Feldkirch Bludenz
(Vorarlberg)
52-ACB-fkb
liechtensteinisch
Vaduz
Liechtenstein
52-ACB-g
Yiddish
mame-loshn (=mother-tongue), yidish, jidisch, jiddisch, yidi, jidich,

jdisch-deutsch, "hebraicised german", "judeo-german", "ashkenazi
german" -plurilingual in diverse languages +transition to [52]
Deutsch-C./Central German & Deutsch-S./Upper German; developed
and used by the Jewish diaspora in Europe from a German base on the
th
Middle Rhine from around 9 cent., substantially influenced by [12] Ivrit
(Hebrew) and Aramaic, and subsequently by [53] Slavic. The majority
of speakers in continental Europe were dispersed or massacred in the
decade up to 1945, with a reduction in total number of speakers from
approx.12 million in the 1920's, principally in Europe, to approx. 4-5
million in the 1990's, principally in the Americas (esp.USA and Latin
America) and Asia (esp.former Soviet Union and Israel). from 11th
cent.: Hebrew script
Germany; Belgium; Netherlands;

Luxembourg; France; Switzerland;
Austria; Italy; Slovenia; Hungary;
Czech Rep.; Slovakia; Poland;
{Baltic States}; Belarus; Russia;
Ukraine; Moldavia; Romania;
Kazakhstan; Kirgizstan; Tajikistan;
Israel; {North America}; {South
America}; etc.
52-ACB-ga
yiddish-W.
west-jiddisch the indigenous German and (until 19th cent. also literary)
th
idiom of Yiddish, from which Yiddish-E. developed from 14 cent;
Yiddish-W., which spread southwards to Lombardy in 15th cent. and
northwards to the North Sea and Baltic ports, is now close to extinction.
Germany (Hessen); France

(Alsace; Lorraine); Switzerland;
Italy; Netherlands; Slovakia;
Hungary
3*
52-ACB-gaa
yiddish-L.
"historic yiddish", "old literary yiddish", including "earliest yiddish" (from

c.1050) "old yiddish" (from c.1250) "middle yiddish" (from
c.1500) "early modern yiddish" (from c.1700) progressively
replaced from c.1800 by Yiddish-F. from 11th cent.: Hebrew script
Germany; former AustroHungarian Empire; Poland;

Russia
52-ACB-gab
hessen-yiddish
"traditional central german yiddish" Frankfurt am Main
Germany (Hessen)
page 437
52-ACB-gac
elssser-yiddish
"alsatian yiddish" Strasbourg, Strassburg Metz
France (Alsace; Lorraine)
52-ACB-gad
schwytzer-yiddish
Basel, Ble Zrich
Switzerland; formerly also Italy-N.
52-ACB-gae
amsterdamer-yiddish
"dutch yiddish", in [52] Nederlands: amsterdamer-joods Amsterdam
Netherlands
52-ACB-gaf
donau-yiddish
Vienna, Wien eastwards
Austria; Slovakia; Hungary-N.
52-ACB-gb
yiddish-E.
ost-jiddisch, "judeo-german"-E., part of "expatriate german"

developed from Yiddish-W. after the beginning of the eastward
th
migrations of speakers into [53] Slav speaking areas from 14 cent.
Germany; Poland; Hungary;

Lithuania; Latvia; Belarus; Ukraine;
Russia; migration> USA; Israel;
France; United Kingdom;{South
America}; South Africa; Australia
52-ACB-gba
yiddish-F.
"modern literary yiddish", "modern standard yiddish" from c.1800;

phonology & spelling (standardised in 1937) based largely on YiddishNE., grammar on Yiddish-C. from early 19th cent.: Hebrew script
52-ACB-gbb
yiddish-NE.
"yiddish"-N. number of speakers in Europe has fallen by 1990's to

around 35,000 (from c. 250,000 in 1920's).
Lithuania; Latvia; Belarus
52-ACB-gbc
yiddish-C.
part of "yiddish"-S. number of speakers in Europe has fallen by 1990's Poland

to less than two thousand (from 2.5 million in 1920's).
52-ACB-gbd
yiddish-SE.
part of "yiddish"-S. number of speakers in Europe & Asia has probably Hungary; Romania; Moldavia;
fallen by 1990's to less than one million (from over 4 million in 1920's). Ukraine; Georgia; Russia
The Yevreyskaya Autonomous Division (oblast), in Khabarovsk Terr. on (including Siberia)
the Siberian frontier with China, was designated in 1928 as an area for
the resettlement of Jews in USSR, but only a small minority of the
population is currently Jewish (of which only some are Yiddishspeaking).
5*
52-ACB-gbe
yiddish-G.
"generalised yiddish" +including the recent fusion of eastern idioms

from Europe, esp. in the United States and Israel; influenced by [52]
English and by [12] Ivrit (modern spoken Hebrew)
USA; Israel
52-ACB-h
Auswanderungsdeutsch (notional)
part of "expatriate german" this notional outer-language represents a

socio-linguistic category. The component communities share (with
[52]Yiddish-E.) a common history of German primary language
maintenance in an expatriate environment, with frequent exchanges
and links among themselves, and with a commonly occurring duality
between the conservation of traditional spoken idioms (and
amalgamations of traditional idioms) and the cultivation of formal
written German (Hochdeutsch). The overlap and interchange among
forms of North, Central, South and Swiss German (see [52] DeutschN., Deutsch-C., Deutsch-S. and Schwytzerttsch) make it more
convenient to treat these expatriate idioms (and communities) together,
listing them in the approximate chronological order of their original
departure from the German-speaking heartland. Most speakers of
German idioms in eastern Europe (excluding Romania) were displaced
in or after 1945, with many fleeing to Germany. Latin script
Romania; Moldova; Croatia; Czech

Rep.; Slovakia; Poland; Ukraine;
Russia; Georgia; Kazakhstan;
Kirghizstan; Uzbekistan; Tajikistan;
USA; Canada; Mexico; Costa-Rica;
Argentina; Brazil; South Africa;
Australia; Papua-New Guinea;
exodus from 1945 of members of
many communities in eastern
Europe, especially to Germany
52-ACB-ha
siebenbrgerschsisch
siebenbrgersachsen community -bilingual in [51] Romneasca

(Romanian) migration from North & Central Germany (Westfalen to
Thringen) in 12th cent., reinforced in 18th cent. by settlers from
German-speaking Austria Siebenbrgersachsen country
Romania (Transilvania)
52-ACB-haa
nsnergau
Nsner-Gau country: Bistria
(Bistria-Nsud)
52-ACB-hab
knigsboden
Knigsboden country: Sibiu, Hermannstadt
(Sibiu)
52-ACB-hac
burzenland
Burzenland country: Braov, Kronstadt,
(Braov)
52-ACB-hb
zipfer-schsisch
zipfer-sachsen community Spi, Zips, Szepes country, Poprad,

th
Popper upper valley migration from Saxony in 13 cent.; most
speakers dispersed in or after 1945
Slovakia (formerly Hungary)
52-ACB-hba
ober-zips
Oberzips country, Poprad, Popper upper valley: Kemarok,

Ksmark Levoa, Leutschau +idiom is largely Deutsch-C./Central
German (from Luxemburg/Rhineland, with influence from Silesia)
Slovakia
52-ACB-hbb
grndlerisch
Zipfer Unterland country: Gel'nica, Gllnitz +largely DeutschS./Upper German (Bayrisch) with Deutsch-C./ Central German
influence
Slovakia
52-ACB-hc
hutterer-deutsch
-bilingual in [52] English migration of members of the Hutterer

religious community from Tirol & Krnten.to Moravia, Romania
th
(Siebenbrgen) and Ukraine (16 cent.), and subsequently (20th cent.)
to USA and then Canada; idiom is largely Deutsch-S./Upper German,
based on forms in Carinthia and Tirol (Krtnerisch & Tirolisch).
Moravia> Romania> Ukraine;

exodus> USA (Dakota; Montana);
Canada (Alberta; Manitoba;
Saskatchewan)
52-ACB-hd
mennoniten-plaut
mennoniten-platt, mennonitisch, mennoniten-plattdeutsch, mennonitenniederdeutsch, "low-german mennonite" originally spoken in

Westpreussisch speaking-area by the northern Mennonite communities
th
established from the late 16 cent. on the lower Vistula by migrants
from the Netherlands (Friesland). Carried in 18th cent by Mennonite
communities eastwards to the then Russian Empire, subsequently from
1870's to North America and from 1920's also to Mexico and South
America. +based on [52] Westpreussisch; influenced consecutively by
[52] Nederlands, [53] Slavic & [54] Lietuvishkai (Lithuanian), [52]
English and [51] Espaol. Not inter-intelligible with [52] PennsylvanischDietsch, notwithstanding their parallel histories.
Germany; Ukraine; Russia; USA;

Canada; Mexico; Costa-Rica;
Argentina; Brazil
page 438

th
1999 / 2000 edition
52-ACB-hda
russland-mennonitisch
migration in 18 cent. to the Russian Empire under Catherine the

Great (see also Schwarzmeerdeutsch below); emigration to the
Americas from 1920's.; surviving in scattered locations in ex-USSR,
including Kazakhstan Alma Ata, and Uzbekistan Tashkent>E.
Russia (Altaic Rep.; Siberia);

Kazakhstan; Uzbekistan
52-ACB-hdb
nordamerikamennonitisch
"north-american mennonite", part of chortitza-mennonitisch -bilingual

in [52] English arrived from Eastern Europe (esp.Ukraine) from 1870's
(with onward migration of some communities to Mexico and South
America from 1920's) colonies in Winnipeg (Manitoba) environs;
Hillsboro (Kansas); Reedley (Calif.); Corn (Oklahoma)
Canada (Quebec; Ontario;

Manitoba; Saskatchewan; Alberta;
British Columbia); USA (Kansas;
California; Oklahoma)
52-ACB-hdc
mexiko-mennonitisch
"mexican mennonite" -bilingual in [51] Espaol arrived in Mexico

from Canada from 19 [22] 24; with colonies in Cuauhtmoc
(Chihuahua); Durango; Zacatecas; Tampico (Tamaulipas) further
migration from 1957 to Belize, with colonies in Blue Creek (Mexico
border) Shipyard; Belmopn; and to Costa Rica Sarapiqui
Mexico (Chihuahua; Durango;

subsequently Tamaulipas;
Zacatecas); Belize; Costa-Rica
52-ACB-hdd
sdamerika-mennonitisch including altkolonistisch, chortitza-mennonitisch neukolonistisch,

molotschna-mennonitisch -bilingual in [51] Espaol arrived in
Paraguay from North America, Mexico, Brazil (altkolonistisch) and
direct from USSR (neukolonistisch), (colonies in Paraguay-W )
Filadelfia environs: Menno Fernheim Neuland; (in Paraguay-E.)
Rio Verde; Volendam; Friesland; Nueva Durango; Bergthal;
Sommerfeld; (in Bolivia) Santa Cruz environs; (in Uruguay) El Omb;
Gartental; Delta; Montevideo
Paraguay (Boquern; Alto Paran;

Caaguaz, San Pedro;
Concepcin); Bolivia (Santa Cruz);
Uruguay; also Argentina; Brazil
52-ACB-he
pennsylvanischdietsch
pennsilfaanisch, pennsylvanish, "pennsylvania-german", 'pennsylvaniadutch', including (1) "old order" amish, part of "plain" pennsilfaanisch
(2) "old order" mennonite, part of "plain" pennsilfaanisch (3) "fancy"
pennsilfaanisch -bilingual in [52] English migration from Rhineland
and adjacent German-speaking areas (incl. Alsace, Swabia and
th
Switzerland) from 1727 until 19 cent +based on Sdrheinfrnkisch,
with influence from other traditional idioms, and with internal differences
of idiom within the United States depending on the location and
religious community concerned
USA (Pennsylvania; Ohio; Indiana;

also Illinois; Iowa: Nebraska;
Kansas; Oklahoma; Virginia;
Florida); Canada (Ontario)
52-ACB-hf
esserisch
essekerisch, osijek "urban vernacular" a Deutsch-S./Upper German

idiom, +influenced by [53] Hrvatski (Croatian), [41] Magyar and/or
[52] Yiddish formed in the context of a former Austrian garrison town,
established at a focal point on the River Drava after 1687 (Austrian
occupation terminated in 1918, and most speakers dispersed after
1945) Osijek, Esseg
Croatia (Slavonija)
52-ACB-hg
galizisch-pflzisch
-bilingual in [53] Russkiy and/or Ukrainska migration from Pfalz in

th
18 cent.; most speakers dispersed in or after 1945
Ukraine
52-ACB-hh
banater-schwbisch
banater-deutsch, banater "swabian"; banater-schwaben community

-bilingual in [51] Romneasca (Romanian) migration from several
parts of western Europe at the initiative of Maria Theresa in mid-18th
cent. +predominant linguistic influence from Rheinpfalz/Franken and
from Lorraine
Romania (Arad; Timi; Cara

Severin)
52-ACB-hha
banater-schwbisch-N.
Arad Timioara
(Arad; Timi)
52-ACB-hhb
banater-schwbisch-S.
banater-berglndisch Banatului, Banater Gebirge mountains
(Cara Severin)
52-ACB-hi
oberwischauisch
migration in 18th cent.from Bavaria, Austria and Silesia. +based on a Romania (Maramure)
convergence of Deutsch-S. (Mittelbairisch) and Deutsch-C.
(Ostmitteldeutsch) idioms Carpathian mountains: Vieu de Sus,
Oberwischau valley
52-ACB-hj
sathmarisch
sathmarerschwaben community, "magyarised swabian" -bilingual in

[51] Romneasca (Romanian) and/or [41] Magyar (Hungarian)
th
migration from Germany (esp.Wrttemberg) in 18 cent. Satu
Mare>SE.
Romania (Satu Mare)
3*
52-ACB-hk
bukowina-deutsch
migration in 18th and 19th cent. from Germany and Austria; area of
settlement divided between Romania and USSR (Ukraine) in 1945
+includes convergence of [52] Deutsch-C. (Sdrheinfrnkisch) and
Deutsch-S. (Bhmerwldisch) Bukovina, Bukowina country: Rdui,
Radautz Chernovtsy, Tschernowitz
Romania (Suceava; Botoani);

Ukraine (Chernivtsi)
52-ACB-hl
schwarzmeerdeutsch
"black-sea german" migration to Black Sea from 1787 at the initiative Ukraine; Russia; Georgia;
of Alexander I, initially Mennonites from West Prussia (see Mennoniten- migration> Argentine
plaut above) but subsequently also from South Germany; subsequent
partial migrations to Central Asia and Siberia and to Argentina
52-ACB-hla
odessa-deutsch
-bilingual in [53] Russkiy and/or [53] Ukrainska Odessa
Ukraine (Odessa)
52-ACB-hlb
krim-deutsch
"crimean german" -bilingual in [53] Russkiy and/or [53] Ukrainska
Ukraine (Crimea)
52-ACB-hlc
dnjepr+ donetz-deutsch
-bilingual in [53] Russkiy and/or [53] Ukrainska Dnepr+ Donetz

interfluvial: Donetsk
Ukraine (Kherson; Zaporizhya;

Donetsk)
52-ACB-hld
bessarabien-deutsch
-bilingual in [53] Russkiy and/or [53] Ukrainska migration partly from Ukraine (Odessa-S.); also Moldova
Crimea Tarutyne, Tarutino Sarata environs (incl. Leipzig
Klstitz Katzbach settlements)
52-ACB-hle
caucasus-deutsch-N.
-bilingual in [53] Russkiy Krasnodar Armavir Stavropol
Russia (Krasnodarskiy Terr.

eastwards)
52-ACB-hlf
caucasus-deutsch-S.
-bilingual in [53] Russkiy and/or [42] Kharthuli (Georgian) migration

from Swabia from 1820's Tbilisi, Tiflis environs
Georgia
52-ACB-hlg
argentinischesschwarzmeer-deutsch
-bilingual in [51] Espaol (formerly in [53] Russkiy) migration from

Black Sea Colonel Surez Baha Blanca
Argentina (Prov. Buenos Aires)
4*
4*
page 439
52-ACB-hm
wolga-deutsch
-bilingual in [53] Russkiy migration, mainly from West Central

Russia; Argentina
Germany, to the Volga in 1764-67, at the initiative of Catherine the
Great, with many descendants migrating again to Argentina and Brazil
(and elsewhere in the Americas) from 1880. Speakers remaining on the
Volga occupied the former Republic of the Russian Germans (Republik
der Wolgadeutschen) until the Second World War, being largely
dispersed in and after 1945
52-ACB-hma
saratowisch
-bilingual in [53] Russkiy Volga, Wolga river: Marks, Marxstadt

Rovnoye, Seelmann
Russia (Saratov, ex- Republik der

Wolgadeutschen)
52-ACB-hmb
paran-wolga-deutsch
-bilingual in [51] Espaol between Paran Uruguay lower rivers;

Paran upper river
Argentina (Entre-Ros); Brazil

(Paran)
52-ACB-hn
mittelasiatischesdeutsch
-bilingual in [53] Russkiy +including migration and convergence of

idioms from Black Sea and Volga (Schwarzmeer-Deutsch & WolgaDeutsch) number of speakers perhaps still exceeds one million
(including over 650,000 in Kazakhstan in 1970's)
Kazakhstan; Russia (Siberia);

Kirghizstan; Uzbekistan; Tajikistan
52-ACB-ho
-bilingual in [52] Spanish migration from Switzerland to Argentina in

19th cent. Esperanza
Argentina (Santa F)
52-ACB-hp
argentinienschwyzerttsch
brazilinien-deutsch
teuto-brasileiro, "brazilian german" -bilingual in [51] Portuguese

migration to Brazil from 1824, from Central & Southern Germany &
former Austro-Hungarian empire +includes convergences of [52]
Pommersch, Schsisch, Pflzisch, Donau-Bairisch and Donausterreichisch
Brazil
6*
52-ACB-hpa
'espirito-santo'
many German-speaking settlements from Serra de Aimors

highlands southwards
Brazil (Espirito Santo)
52-ACB-hpb
paran+ rio-grande
many German-speaking settlements from Serra de Apucarana

highlands Lagoa dos Patos lagoon
Brazil (Paraa; Santa-Catarina;

Rio-Grande-do-Sul)
52-ACB-hq
lagunen-deutsch
chile-deutsch -bilingual in [51] Espaol migration of speakers of

Upper German/Deutsch-S. and Middle German/Deutsch-C. idioms to
Chile in 19th cent. resulting in a new compromise idiom Llanquihue
lake environs
Chile (Los Lagos)
52-ACB-hr
texasdeutsch
-bilingual in [52] English +convergence of idioms spoken by

migrants arriving in 1840's from the Rhineland, Alsace and Hessen
Fredericksburg New Braunfels
USA (Texas)
3*
52-ACB-hs
amana-deutsch
kolnie-deitsch, kolonie-deutsch -bilingual in [52] English Iowa river:

seven Amana villages migration from Upper Saxony (from area of
Friedrichsgrn Rittersgrn) to Iowa in 1855 including some
dialectal variation among the 7 American villages
USA (Iowa)
2*
52-ACB-ht
natalerdeutsch
nataler-deutsch, nataler-platt, "natal low-german" -bilingual in [52]

th
English migration, partly from North Germany, in 19 cent. (including
German-speaking mercenaries employed by Great Britain in the
Crimean War) [52] Deutsch-N. idioms progressively replaced by
(archaic form of) Hochdeutsch
South Africa (Natal; also Eastern

Cape)
52-ACB-hu
unser-deutsch
unserdeutsch, rabaul "german creole", vunapope #unser-deutsch=our Papua-New Guinea (New

th
Britain); migration> Australia
german German-based creole developed in 19 cent. during period
of German colonial rule in New Guinea by mixed-race Catholic
(Queensland)
community; now close to extinction New Britain, Neu-Pommern
island (Gazelle peninsula): Rabaul
52-ACB-hua
unserdeutsch-N.
-bilingual in [52] Tok-pisin & [52] English Gazelle Peninsula;

Rabaul
Papua-New Guinea (New Britain,

ex-Neu-Pommern-W.)
52-ACB-hub
unserdeutsch-S.
-bilingual in [52] English
Australia (Queensland-S.&-E.)
52-ACB-hv
templer-schwbisch
"australian swabian"; templer community -bilingual in [52] English

migration in 1868 of Templer religious community
(Tempelgesellschaft) from Wrttemberg to Palestine (Haifa, etc.);
subsequently expelled to Australia in 1941; based on Schwbisch
(Stuttgartisch) +influenced by [12] 'Arabiyya
Palestine; deported> Australia

(Victoria)
52-ACB-i
Yenish
rotwelsch German cant, based predominantly on Deutsch-S.

+influenced by [51] Romance-West, [52] Yiddish and [59] Sinti
(Romani)
Germany; France; Switzerland;

Austria
3*
52-ACB-ia
yenish
jenisch, jenische sprache, chessen-loschen, kochemer-loschen,

kaloschen sprache, deutsche gaunersprache=german rogues'
language, rotwelsch, yeniche
Germany; France; Switzerland;

Austria
52-AD
'GOTHIC' chain
'GOTHIC' net
'Crimean-Gothic'
'crimean-gothic'
EAST-GERMANIC
52-ADA
52-ADA-a
52-ADA-aa
"late gothic", in [52] Deutsch: krimgotisch 16th century: Latin script

extinct by 17th cent. 16th century: words and phrases recorded in
Constantinople in 1560's: Latin script; related to Visigothic (Old West
Gothic) preserved in the Biblical translation by Ulfilas (died 383), in the
Moeso-Gothic script
Ukraine (Crimea)
page 440
53=
SLAVIC
phylozone
1999 / 2000 edition
covers the "Slavonic" or Slovenina+ Slovensko set, part of

the "Balto-Slavic" grouping within the "Indo-European"
intercontinental affinity; comprising 1 set of languages (= 8
outer languages) spoken by communities in eastern Europe
and northern Asia, from the Alps to the Bering Sea:
Albania; Armenia; Austria;

Azerbaijan; Belarus; Bosnia;
Bulgaria; Croatia; Czech Rep.;
Estonia; Georgia; Greece; Italy;
Kazakhstan; Latvia; Lithuania;
Macedonia; Moldova; Poland;
Romania; Russian Fed.; Slovenia;
53-A SLOVENINA+ SLOVENSKO
Turkmenistan; Ukraine;
including 2 arterial languages: Russkiy (Russian); Uzbekistan; Yugoslavia; with
migrations to Canada; USA; Israel;
Ukrainska (Ukrainian) with Belarusskaya (Belarussian)
Australia
There is partial intelligibility among most of the Slavonic

languages, with Slovenina (Slovakian) at the geographic
"centre-of-gravity" of this linguistic network. There may be
more variation among the idioms of Slovensko (Slovenian)
than among several of the closely related official national
Slavonic languages of some nation-states, such as Poland,
the Czech Republic and Slovakia, for example.
53-AAA-a
SLOVENINA+
SLOVENSKO set
SLOVENINA+
SLOVENSKO chain
SLOVENINA+
SLOVENSKO net
Slavonski
53-AAA-aa
slavonski-L.
"church slavonic", including "old church slavonic" "russian church

slavonic" "serbian church slavonic" "bulgarian church slavonic"
53-AAA-b
Serbska+ Serbina
Sorbian, "sorb", "wendish", "lekhitic"-W., in [51] Franais: sorabe,

wende, in [52] Deutsch: sorbisch, wendisch, lausitzisch, in [53] Polski:
uHica, part of "slavonic"-W.; serjbja, serby community from 15th
cent.: Latin script -bilingual in [52] Deutsch uica, uyca, Lausitz
country: Spree upper valley
Germany (Brandenburg; Sachsen)
53-AAA-ba
dolno-serbska-rc
"lower sorbian", in [52] Deutsch: nieder-sorbisch, nieder-wendisch,

nieder-lausitzisch, in [53] Polski: dolna-uHica
Germany (Brandenburg
Niederlausitz country; Sachsen
Oberlausitz country)
53-AAA-baa
dolno-serbska-F.
"lower sorbian standard"
53-AAA-bab
lubow
Lubow, Lbbenau
(Brandenburg)
53-AAA-bac
chebuz
Chebuz, Cottbus
(Brandenburg)
53-AAA-bad
rogow
Rogow
(Brandenburg)
53-AAA-bae
zy-komarow
Zy Komarow, Senftenberg
(Brandenburg)
53-AAA-baf
bukojna+ kynka
Senftenberg-S.&-E.
(Brandenburg)
53-AAA-bag
grodk
Grodk, Spremberg
(Brandenburg)
53-AAA-bah
slepe
Slepe; Schleife
(Sachsen)
53-AAA-bb
hornjo-serbina
"upper sorbian", in [52] Deutsch: ober-sorbisch, ober-wendisch, oberlausitzisch, in [53] Polski: grna- uHica
Germany (Sachsen Oberlausitz

country; Brandenburg
Niederlausitz country)
53-A
53-AA
53-AAA
SLAVONIC
"slavonic", "slav", in [53] Polski: sowiaski, in [52] Deutsch: slawisch, in

[51] Franais: slavique
Church-Slavonic based on Slavonic-S.; survives as liturgical
th
language of the Eastern Orthodox Church from 9 cent.: Old
Bulgarian Cyrillic script; Modern Cyrillic script
{Europe-E.}
53-AAA-bba
hornjo-serbina-F.
"upper sorbian standard"
53-AAA-bbb
koynauta
uta, Lauta
(Brandenburg)
53-AAA-bbc
budyin
Budyin, Bautzen
(Sachsen)
53-AAA-bbd
prejcy
prejcy, Spreewitz
(Sachsen)
53-AAA-bbe
telnowochozy
Nochten
(Sachsen)
53-AAA-bbf
muakow
Muakow, Bad Muskau
(Sachsen; Brandenburg adjacent);

Poland adjacent
53-AAA-bc
po-labski
poabski, "polabian", in [52] Deutsch: polabisch extinct in 18th cent.

#po-labski derived from Labe=Elbe river Elbe lower river: Lchow
53-AAA-c
Polski+ Kaszubi
Polish+ Kashubian, "lekhitic"-E., part of "slavonic"-W.
Poland; also Russia; Belarus;

Lithuania; migration> France,
Germany; USA
53-AAA-ca
sowicki
kaszubi
slovinski, "slovincian" extinct
Poland (Supskie)
53-AAA-cb
kashubian, kaszuby, kaszubski, "cashubian", "cassubian" including

dialects, to be added
Poland (Gdask; Supskie

adjacent)
53-AAA-cc
polski
polish, jzyk polski, polszczyzna, in [51] Franais: polonais, in [52]

Deutsch: polnisch +further idioms to be identified, including
transitional forms to [53] Russkiy, [53] Bielorusskiy, [53] Ukrainska and
[53] etina (Czech)
Poland; also Lithania-SE.; Slovakia

adjacent
53-AAA-cca
polski-L.
historical polish, old polish from 14th cent.; Latin script
Poland
53-AAA-ccb
polski-F.
53-AAA-ccc
polski-G.
polski jzyk literacki, "formal polish", "literary polish"
Poland
"generalised polish", including nowe dialekty mieszane #nowe dialekty

mieszane =new mixed dialects +including fusion of idioms in
peripheral areas settled/resettled after 1945 the following traditional
idioms are listed in approximate anti-clockwise sequence
Poland
page 441
53-AAA-ccd
bory
Tuchola environs
(Bydgoskie)
53-AAA-cce
kociewie
Wisa, Vistula lower left-bank
(Gdask; Bydgoskie)
53-AAA-ccf
krajna
Notec middle right-bank
(Pilskie; Bydgoskie)
53-AAA-ccg
kujawy
Kujawy country: Inowrocaw Wocawek
(Bydgoskie; Wocawskie)
53-AAA-cch
wieko-polska
"posnanian", "great-poland traditional" to be divided into constituent

idioms Wieko-Polska country: Warta valley: Pozna
(Pilskie, Pozna, Koni)
53-AAA-cci
lczyckie
Lczyca
(Pock)
53-AAA-ccj
sieradzkie
Sieradz
(Sieradz)
53-AAA-cck
ski
"silesian" lsk, Silesia country: Oploe Racibrz Katowice
(Oploe; Katowice)
53-AAA-ccl
orawa-N.
orava-N., part of tatry-N. Tatry, Tatra mountains: Oravsk Polhora

+transition to [53] Sloventina (Slovak: Orava-S.)
Slovakia; (Nowosadecskie)
53-AAA-ccm
podhale
part of tatry-N. Tatry, Tatra mountains: Zakopane
(Nowosadecskie)
53-AAA-ccn
spisz-N.
spi-N., part of tatry-N. Tatry, Tatra mountains: Spisk Bel

northwards +transition to [53] Sloventina (Slovak)
Slovakia; (Nowosadecskie border)
53-AAA-cco
mao-polska
"cracovian" to be divided into constituent idioms Maopolska

country: Cracow Lublin
Poland-SW.
53-AAA-ccp
mazowiecki
mazowsze, "mazovian" to be divided into constituent idioms

+transition to [53] Bielorusskiy Mazowsze country
(Ciechanow; Ostrockie;
Warszawskie; Siedleckie)
53-AAA-ccq
podlasie
"podlasian" +transition to [53] Bielorusskiy Biaa Podlaska Moki
(Bialskopodlaskie; Biaostockie)
53-AAA-ccr
mazury
"mazurian" Mazury, Mazuria country
(Suwalskie; Olsztyn)
53-AAA-ccs
warmia
Ostrda Olsztyn
(Olsztyn)
53-AAA-cct
chemisko- dobrzyska
Ziemia Chemisko-Dobrzyska country
(Toru)
53-AAA-ccu
polski-amerikanski
"american polish" spoken by part of a large Polish diaspora (over 2.5

million speakers) in the USA and Canada +influenced by [52]
Northamerican General English
USA; also Canada
53-AAA-d
Slovenina+ etina Czech+ Slovak, part of "west slavonic"
Czech Rep; Slovakia; Austria; USA
53-AAA-da
etina
czech, including "bohemian", "czech proper" moravsk,

"moravian" lasky, "silesian"-S. further idioms to be identified
Czech Rep. (echy; Morava)
53-AAA-daa
etina-L.
"historical czech", "old literary czech" from 13th cent.; Latin script
(echy; Morava)
Czech Rep.
53-AAA-dab
etina-F.
"formal czech", "literary czech"
53-AAA-dac
etina-G.
obecna etina, "generalised czech", "bohemian colloquial standard"
Czech Rep. (Bohemia)
53-AAA-dad
etina-W.
"czech"-W. Plze
Czech Rep. (Zapadoesk; also

Severoesk; Stedoesk)
53-AAA-dae
etina-S.
"czech"-S. Pisk Kamenice southwards
53-AAA-daf
doudlebski
"czech far-south " Doudleby Kaplice

Czech Rep. (Stedoesk)
53-AAA-dag
etina-C.
"czech"-C. oba Vltava lower valleys
53-AAA-dah
praha-U.
"prague urban" Praha, Prague
Czech Rep. (Praha)
53-AAA-dai
etina-NE.
"czech"-NE., including przejsciowy Turnov amberk Chotbo
Czech Rep. (Vychodoesk)
53-AAA-daj
esko-moravsk
"czecho-moravian transitional" Jihlava Nyklovice +transitional

between [53] Moravsky & etina
53-AAA-dak
hank
hanck, "moravian"-C., part of moravsky, "moravian" Znojmo

Brno Olomouc
Czech Rep. (Jihormoravsk;

Severomoravsk)
53-AAA-dal
dolsky
"moravian"-SE., part of moravsky, "moravian" Kyjov
53-AAA-dam
lasky
lask, lach, yalach, "silesian"-S. +transition to [53] Polski Branica

(Poland) Opava Frydlant
Czech Rep. (Slezsko-S.,

Schlesien-S., Silesia-S.); also
Poland
53-AAA-db
slovenina
slovak, in [53] etina (Czech): sloventina linguistically and

geographically, the most central of the modern Slavonic languages
-probably the most widely inter-comprehensible with other languages
in the Slavonic net
Slovakia; also Czech Rep.,

Hungary
53-AAA-dba
slovenina-F.
th
th
"formal" slovak, "literary" slovak from 17 cent.; standardised in 19
cent., on basis of Slovak-C.; Latin script
Slovakia; also Czech Rep.
53-AAA-dbb
slovenina -G.
"generalised" slovak, including bratislava "urban"
Slovakia
53-AAA-dbc
moravsko- slovenina
+transition between [53] Moravsky & Slovenina; to be divided into

constituent idioms Podivn Ronov
Czech Rep. (Jihormoravsk;

Severomoravsk)
53-AAA-dbd
doln-morava
"lower moravian", part of "slovak"-W. Mal Karpat, Little Carpathian

mountains
Slovakia-W.
53-AAA-dbe
trenn-N.
part of "slovak"-W. Vah middle valley: Trenin downstream
Slovakia-W.
53-AAA-dbf
trenn-S.
part of "slovak"-W. Vah middle valley: Trenin upstream
Slovakia-W.
53-AAA-dbg
orava-S.
orawa-S., part of "slovak"-C., part of tatry-S. transition to [53] Polski

(Orawa-N.) Tatry, Tatra mountains: Tvrdon
Slovakia-C.
53-AAA-dbh
liptov
part of "slovak"-C., part of tatry-S. +transition to [53] Polski Tatry,

Tatra mountains: Liptovsk Hrdok
Slovakia-C.
53-AAA-dbi
turiec
part of "slovak"-C. Turie Martin
Slovakia-C.
53-AAA-dbj
zvole
part of "slovak"-C. Hron valley: Zvole upstream
Slovakia-C.
53-AAA-dbk
tekov
part of "slovak"-C. Novy Tekov upstream
Slovakia-C.
page 442
1999 / 2000 edition
53-AAA-dbl
hont
part of "slovak"-C. Hont: Hungarian frontier northwards
Slovakia-C.; Hungary frontier
53-AAA-dbm
novohrad
part of "slovak"-C. Luenec Tornal'a
Slovakia-C.
53-AAA-dbn
gemer
part of "slovak"-C. Gemersk Milhost'
Slovakia-C.
53-AAA-dbo
spi-S.
spisz-S., part of "slovak"-E. +transition to [53] Polski Spisk Nov

Ves
Slovakia-E.
53-AAA-dbp
ari
part of "slovak"-E. Mal ari
Slovakia-E.
53-AAA-dbq
zemplin
part of "slovak"-E. Ondava valley: Zemplin upstream
Slovakia-E.
53-AAA-dbr
+transition to [53] Rusyn & [53] Ukrainska U, Uzh valley
Slovakia-E.; Ukraine frontier
53-AAA-dbs
slovenina-amerika
"american slovak" +influenced by [52] Northamerican General English USA; Canada
53-AAA-e
Russkiy+ Ukrainska
Russian+ Ukrainian, "slavonic"-E.
{Russian Federation}; Belarus;

Ukraine; Moldavia; {Baltic states};
{Caucasian states}; {Central Asian
states}; Canada; USA; Israel;
{United Nations}
53-AAA-ea
russkiy-jazik
russian, russki, veliko-russkiy, "great russian"
{Russian Federation}; also {Central

Asia}; Ukraine; Belarus; {Baltic
States}
53-AAA-eaa
russkiy-L.
"historical russian", "old literary russian" +influenced by Slavonski

(Church Slavonic) from 11th cent.; standardised in 18th cent., with
shift from Church Slavonic variety to Russian "civil" variety
=grazhdnskaya zbuka; Soviet model replacing Tsarist model from
1917; Cyrillic script
53-AAA-eab
russkiy-F.
"formal russian", "literary russian", "standard russian", including tsarist

model soviet model.
{Russian Federation}
53-AAA-eac
russkiy-G.
"generalised colloquial russian" +now widespread throughout the

former Soviet Union, with local influences reflecting the traditional
language(s) or former language(s)
{Russian Federation}
53-AAA-ead
arkhangel'skiy
part of "russian"-N. Archangelsk
Russia (Arkhangel'sk)
53-AAA-eae
olonetskiy
part of "russian"-N. Pietrozawodsk
Karelia
53-AAA-eaf
novgorodskiy
part of "russian"-N. Novgorod
Russia (Novgorod; St.Peterburg)
53-AAA-eag
vologdo-viatkiy
part of "russian"-N. Vologda Kirov
Russia (Vologda; Yaroslavl; Kirov

eastwards)
53-AAA-eah
povolzhskiy
part of "russian"-N. Tver' Nizhniy Novgorod
Russia (Tver'; Moskva; Yaroslavl;

Vladimir; Ivanovo; Nizhiy)
53-AAA-eai
sankt-peterburgskiy
"saint-petersburg popular urban" St.Petersburg, former Leningrad
Russia (St.Peterburg)
53-AAA-eaj
moskovskiy
"muscovite popular urban" Moskva, Moscow
Russia (Moskva)
53-AAA-eak
pskovskiy
part of "russian"-C. Pskov Valdai hills
Russia (Pskov, Tver')
53-AAA-eal
russkiy-CW.
part of "russian"-C. Krutets Valdai hills
Russia (Pskov border; Novgorod,

Tver')
53-AAA-eam
russkiy-CE.
part of "russian"-C. Moskva-E. Moksha valley Tatishchevo
Russia (Moskva; Vladimir;

Ryazan', Penza; Saratov);
Mordovia
53-AAA-ean
bryanskiy
part of "russian"-S. Gagarin Bryansk Sevsk
Russia (Smolensk; Kaluzhsk;

Bryansk; Orlovsk; Kursk border)
53-AAA-eao
tulskiy
part of "russian"-S. Kaluga Tula
Russia (Kaluzhsk; Tula)
53-AAA-eap
orlovskiy
part of "russian"-S. Orel Kursk
Russia (Orlovsk; Kursk)
53-AAA-eaq
tambovskiy
part of "russian"-S. Ryazan' Volograd, ex-Stalingrad Astrakhan
Russia (Ryazan'; Tambov; Penza;

Saratov; Voronezh; Volgograd;
Astrakhan)
53-AAA-ear
donskiy
part of "russian"-S. Don+ Donets lower valleys Terek valley
Russia (Volgograd; Rostov;

Stavropol Terr.); Chechnya
53-AAA-eas
doukhobor-emigr
migration of Doukhobor religious community (Russian-speaking

peasants) by sea from Crimea to Montreal in 1898; first settlements in
Saskachwan with settlements further west from 1908
Canada (Saskatchwan; Alberta;

British Columbia)
53-AAA-eat
molokan-emigr
migration of Molokan (Doukhobor) religious community from Canada

to California, around 1900
USA (California)
3*
53-AAA-eb
belaruskaya-mova
belarussian, "bielorussian", "belorussian", "white russian",

KBelarus; Latvia adjacent; Russia
"byelorussian", "white ruthenian", in [53] Russkiy: bielorusskiy
adjacent
th
+originating from a complex of dialects, coalescing from 13 cent. and
subsequently influenced by [53] Polski standardised in 1917; Cyrillic
script -translingual in [53] Russkiy
53-AAA-eba
belaruskaya-F.
"formal belarussian", "literary belorussian"
Belarus
53-AAA-ebb
belaruskaya-G.
"generalised belarussian"
Belarus
53-AAA-ebc
polotsk
polots, part of belaruskaya-NE. +transition to [53] Russkiy (Latvia)

Daugavpils, Dynaburg (Belarus) Polotsk
Latvia (Daugavpils; Kraslavas);

Belarus (Vitebsk)
53-AAA-ebd
vitebsk+ mogilev
part of belaruskaya-NE. +transition to [53] Russkiy Vitebsk

Mogilev Bryansk
Belarus (Vitebsk; Mogilev); Russia

(Smolensk; Bryansk)
53-AAA-ebe
minsk-U.
minsk "urban", part of belaruskaya-SW.
Belarus (Minsk)
53-AAA-ebf
grodno+ baranovichi
grodnen+ baranovich, part of belaruskaya-SW. +transition to [53]

Polski Grodno Baranovichi
Belarus (Hrodna; Brest); Poland

frontier
53-AAA-ebg
slutsk+ mozyr
slutsko+ mozyr, part of belaruskaya-SW. +transition to [53] Ukrainska

Slutsk Mozyr
Belarus (Minsk; Mogilev; Gomel)
page 443
53-AAA-ec
rusyn
ruthenian, "carpathian", carpatho-rusyn, zakarpackie
Poland; Slovakia; Ukraine
53-AAA-eca
rusyn-N.
Sanok +transition to [53] Polski
Poland (Kronieskie;
Nowosadeckie)
53-AAA-ecb
rusyn-W.
Star L'ubova Ondava upper valley Vyhorlt highlands

+transition to [53] Slovak
Slovakia-E.
53-AAA-ecc
rusyn-SE.
zakarpackie-S. Uzhgorod, Uzhorod Khust, Chust +transition to

[53] Ukrainska
Ukraine (Zakarpatska)
53-AAA-ed
ukrainska-mova
ukrainian #name derived from ukraina=border area -translingual in KUkraine; Poland adjacent;
[53] Russkiy
Belarus adjacent; Russia adjacent;
Moldova adjacent; migration>
Canada
53-AAA-eda
ukrainska-L.
"historical ukrainian", "old literary ukrainian" from 11 cent.

+influenced by Slavonski (Church Slavonic); Cyrillic script
th
Ukraine
53-AAA-edb
ukrainska-F.
"formal ukrainian", "literary ukrainian" Kiev model; Cyrillic script
Ukraine
53-AAA-edc
ukrainska-G.
"generalised ukrainian"
Ukraine
53-AAA-edd
ukrainska+ belaruskaya
part of "ukrainian"-N., poleskie (=northern) to be divided into

constituent idioms +transitional to [53] Belaruskaya (Poland) Bielsk
Podlaski Biaa Podlaska (Belarus) Brest Pinsk Kalinkaviy
(Ukraine) Sarny Czernobyl Niezyn Semnowka Krolevets
Poland adjacent (Biaostockie;

Bialskopodlaskie); Belarus (Brest;
Gomel); Ukraine (Volynska
border; Rivnenska; Zhytomyr; Kiev;
Chernivhivska Sumska)
53-AAA-ede
ukrainska-NW.
part of "ukrainian"-N. to be divided into constituent idioms (Poland)

Chem (Ukraine) Bug-W. middle valley Zhitomir Bila Zerkva
(Volynsk; Rivnenska; Zhytomyr);

Poland (Chem adjacent)
53-AAA-edf
kiev-U.
kiev "urban", part of "ukrainian"-N. Kiev
(Kiev)
53-AAA-edg
ukrainska-NE.
part of "ukrainian"-N. to be divided into constituent idioms Bila

Zerkva Pryluky Sudzha
(Zhytomyr; Kiev; Cherkaska;

Poltava; Sumska); Russia (Kursk
frontier)
53-AAA-edh
ukrainska-SW.
part of "ukrainian"-S. (Poland) Hrubieszv (Ukraine) Bug-W. upper

valley Ostrog Berdichev Vinnitsa Uman'
Poland (Zamojskie frontier);

Ukraine (Volynska; Lviv;
Rivnenska; Ternopil; Khmelnytska;
Zhytomyr; Vinnytsya; Kiev;
Cherkaska)
53-AAA-edi
dnestr-NW.
"upper dnestr", opolskie, part of "ukrainian"-S. to be divided into

constituent idioms Bug-W. Dnestr upper valleys
(Lviv; Ternopil; Ivano-Frankivsk)
53-AAA-edj
lviv-U.
lviv "urban", part of "ukrainian"-S. Lviv, Lvov
(Lviv)
53-AAA-edk
turka
part of "ukrainian"-S. Carpathian highlands: Turka southeastwards
(Lviv; Ivano-Frankivsk)
53-AAA-edl
kuty
part of "ukrainian"-S. Carpathian highlands: Rakhov Kuty Ripen
(Zakarpatska; Ivano-Frankivsk;
Chernivtsi); Romania frontier
53-AAA-edm
prut-N.
"upper prut", part of "ukrainian"-S. Bukovina country: Prut, Prutul

upper valley
(Ivano-Frankivsk; Chernivtsi);
Moldova (Bessarabiya adjacent)
53-AAA-edn
dnestr-M.
part of "ukrainian"-S. Dnestr middle valley Bug-S. upper & middle

valleys
(Ternopil; Khmelnytska; Vinnytsya;

Odessa; Kirovohradska; Mykolaiv)
53-AAA-edo
ukrainska-SE.
part of "ukrainian"-S. to be divided into constituent idioms Odessa Ukraine-SE.; Russia (Belgorod;
Sevastopol' Kharkhov Don middle valley (Pavlovsk Boguchar)
Voronezh)
53-AAA-edp
surzhik
surjik, "mixed ukrainian+ russian" +transition to [53] Russkiy
Ukraine (Kiev)
53-AAA-edq
"canadian-ukrainian"
migration> Canada
53-AAA-f
Slovensko
Slovenian, "wider" slovensko, "slovene", "alpine slave", in [52]

Deutsch: slowenisch, windisch, alpenslawisch, part of "slavonic"-S.
#the variant forms slovenski and slovensko are used here to distinguish
the "slovene" outer language from the component "slovenian" inner
languages -translingual in [53] Srpsko-Hrvatsi from 11th cent.:Latin
script
Slovenia; Austria adjacent; Italy

adjacent; Hungary adjacent;
migration> Croatia; Yugoslavia;
USA
53-AAA-fa
slovensko-A.
slovenski "proper", "common slovenian"
KSlovenia; Austria (KKrnten;

KSteiermark)
53-AAA-faa
slovensko-L.
"historical slovenian", "old slovenian" from 11 cent.
Slovenia
53-AAA-fab
slovensko-F.
"formal slovenian", "literary slovenian", dolenjsko+ gorenjsko

"compromise standard", including ljubljana "cultivated urban"
(Ljubljana )
53-AAA-fac
slovensko-sava
medijsko, "dolenjsko+ gorenjsko mixed popular slovenian" Medija

valley Sava middle valley left-bank: LitijaHrastnik industrial region
53-AAA-fad
slovensko-G.
"generalised slovenian"
Slovenia
53-AAA-fae
slovensko-"amerika"
migration> USA
53-AAA-fb
koroko
koruko, "carinthian slovene", in [52] Deutsch: krntner-slowenisch

-bilingual in [52] Deutsch-S. (Krtnerisch) & Deutsch-C. (Hochdeutsch)
Austria (Krnten-S.); Slovenia-N.;

Italy (FriuliVenezia-Giulia-N.&-E.)
53-AAA-fba
ziljsko
in [52] Deutsch: gailtaler-slowenisch Zilja, Gailtal valley Trbi,

Tarvisio (frontier)
(Krnten); (FriuliVenezia-Giulia)
53-AAA-fbb
roansko
koroko-C., in [52] Deutsch: rosentaler-slowenisch Celovec,

Klagenfurt Rosental valley Drava, Drau valley between Beljak,
Villach+ Velikovec, Vlkermarkt Loibltal valley Waidisch valley
Bela, Vellach lower valley
(Krnten)
53-AAA-fbc
krksko
in [52] Deutsch: gurktaler-slowenisch Krka, Gurktal lower valley
(Gurktal)
th
page 444
1999 / 2000 edition
53-AAA-fbd
obirsko
remeniko nareje, in [52] Deutsch: eisenkappler-slowenisch

(Krnten)
Obirsko, Ebriach valley Korte, Trgern valley Bela, Vellach upper
valley zelezna Kapla, Eisenkappel Lobnik, Lobnig valley
Lepena, Leppen valley Remenik, Remschenig valley
53-AAA-fbe
meziko
in [52] Deutsch: miesstaler-slowenisch Savinja upper valley:

Solava
Slovenia
53-AAA-fbf
podjunsko
in [52] Deutsch: jauntaler-slowenisch Drava; Drau valley between

Velikovec, Vlkermarkt+ Dravograd Pliberk, Bleiburg (frontier)
(Krnten); Slovenia
53-AAA-fbg
remniko
Kozjak, Possruck country, Muta+ Brezno Drava middle valley leftbank
Slovenia
53-AAA-fc
rezijanjsko
"resian slovene", in [52] Deutsch: resianisch Rezija, Resia valley:

Resiutta upstream
Italy (FriuliVenezia-Giulia-N.&-E.)
53-AAA-fd
beneko
"venetian slovene", in [52] Deutsch: venezianer-slowenisch
Italy (FriuliVenezia-Giulia-E.);
Slovenia
53-AAA-fda
tersko
beneko-N., "venetian slovene"-N. Ter upper valley: Taipana,

Tipana
53-AAA-fdb
nadiko
beneko-C., "venetian slovene"-C. Nadia+ Idrija upper valleys:

Tiglio
53-AAA-fdc
brisko
beneko-S., "venetian slovene"-S. Idrija middle valley Soa-S.

middle valley right-bank (frontier)
Slovenia; Italy (FriuliVeneziaGiulia)
53-AAA-fe
oboko
in [52] Deutsch: ober-isonzotalerisch Soa-W. Isonzo Nadia

upper valleys
Slovenia
53-AAA-fea
bovko
Bovec Soa-N. upper valley-N.
Slovenia
53-AAA-feb
kobariko
Kobarid Soa-S. upper valley
Slovenia
53-AAA-fec
borjansko
Borjana NadiHa upper valley
Slovenia
53-AAA-ff
krako
pimorsko-N., "maritime slovene"-N., in [52] Deutsch: karstisch Kras,

Karst, Carso country (frontier)
53-AAA-ffa
krako-NW.
Kras-N.&-W. country: Soa-S. middle valley left-bank Vipava lower

valley Kanal Gorica, Gorizia Doberdob, Doberd
Slovenia
53-AAA-ffb
krako-SE.
Kras country-S.&-E.: Vipava middle valley Trst, Trieste
53-AAA-fg
istrsko
pimorsko-S., "maritime slovene"-S., "istrian slovene", in [52] Deutsch:

istrianer-slowenisch
Slovenia-E.; Croatia adjacent
53-AAA-fga
brkinsko
Brkini country: Kubed Malerija Buzet
Slovenia; Croatia adjacent
53-AAA-fgb
avrinsko
Dragonja valley right-bank
Slovenia
53-AAA-fh
notranjsko
in [52] Deutsch: inner-krainerisch Notranjska-C.&S. country

Carniola-S.&-W.: Vipava Jelsane
Slovenia
53-AAA-fi
gorenjsko+
rovtarsko
gorenjsko+ selko+ rovtarsko,"upper slovene", in [52] Deutsch: oberkrainerisch+ gereuterisch Gorna Krajina, Gorenjska, Upper Carniola
country: Sava basin (Litija upstream)
Slovenia-CN.&-W.
53-AAA-fia
gorenjsko
in [52] Deutsch: ober-krainerisch Sava valley: Litija upstream
Slovenia
53-AAA-fib
selko
Selca Zelezniki
Slovenia
53-AAA-fic
tolminsko
rovtarsko-NW. Soa, Isonzo+ Idrijca confluence: Tolmin Podbrdo
Slovenia
53-AAA-fid
cerkljansko
rovtarsko-W. Idrijca middle valley: Cerkno Vojsko
Slovenia
53-AAA-fie
rnovrko
idrijsko, rovtarsko-SW. Idrijca upper valley: Idrija rni-Vrh
Slovenia
53-AAA-fif
logako
rovtarsko-SE. Logatec
Slovenia
53-AAA-fig
vrhniko+ horjuljsko
vrhniko + horjuljsko, rovtarsko-E. Vrhnika Horjul
Slovenia
53-AAA-fih
poljansko
rovtarsko-C. Poljanscica river: Poljane
Slovenia
53-AAA-fii
kofjeloko
rovtarsko-NE. kofja-Loka
Slovenia
53-AAA-fj
dolenjsko
dolenjski, "lower slovene", in [52] Deutsch: unter-krainerisch Dolna

Krajina, Dolenjska, Lower Carniola country
Slovenia-CS.
53-AAA-fja
dolenjsko-C.
Ljubljanica valley Krka upper valley
Slovenia
53-AAA-fjb
dolenjsko-E.
vzhodno-dolenjsko Mirna upper valley Krka middle valley between

Novo-Mesto & Kostanjevica
Slovenia
53-AAA-fjc
posavsko
in [52] Deutsch: savetalerisch Sava middle valley between Litija &

Breice
Slovenia
53-AAA-fk
belo-krajinsko
in [52] Deutsch: weiss-krainerisch, "mixed slovene+ croatian"

+transition to [53] Hrvatski Bela-Krajina, White Carniola country
Slovenia-S.; Croatia adjacent

Slovenia+ Croatia frontier
53-AAA-fka
kostelsko
Kolpa upper valley: Kostel Draga+ abar (frontier)
53-AAA-fkb
belo-krajinsko-C.
osredenje-belokrajinsko rnomelj
53-AAA-fkc
privrko
Vinica
53-AAA-fkd
poljsko
Metlika
53-AAA-fke
okarsko
Serni Goranci mountains
53-AAA-fl
tajersko-W.
zapadno-tajersko, "styrian slovene"-W., in [52] Deutsch: west-steierslowenisch -bilingual in [52] Deutsch (Steirisch & Hochdeutsch)
53-AAA-fla
sotelsko
in [52] Deutsch: sottlatalerisch Sotla left-bank: Pilstanj Breice
53-AAA-flb
tajersko-C.
osrednje tajersko Savinja lower valley: marje
53-AAA-flc
savinjsko
in [52] Deutsch: sanntalerisch Savinja upper valley
53-AAA-fld
pohorsko
in [52] Deutsch: pacherisch Pohorje country
53-AAA-fle
kozjako
in [52] Deutsch: possruckerisch Kozjak, Possruck-E. country: Drava

right-bank, Maribor upstream;
Slovenia-E.; Austria (SteiermarkS.)
(Steiermark frontier)
page 445
53-AAA-fm
tajersko-E.
vzhodno tajersko, "styrian slovene"-E., in [52] Deutsch: ost-steierslowenisch Slovenske Gorice country Prekmurje country
53-AAA-fma
goriansko
in [52] Deutsch: bchlerisch Slovenske Gorice-W country: Drava

right-bank (Maribor downstream)
53-AAA-fmb
prleko
in [52] Deutsch: perlekisch avnica Pesnica valleys
53-AAA-fmc
haloko
in [52] Deutsch: kollosisch Haloze country: Dravinja left-bank
53-AAA-fmd
prleko-E.
vzhodno prleko, in [52] Deutsch: ost-perlekisch
53-AAA-fme
srediansko
in [52] Deutsch: polstrauerisch Sredie
53-AAA-fmf
prekmursko
in [52] Deutsch: prekmurjisch -bilingual in [52] Deutsch-S. (Steirisch),

Deutsch-C. (Hochdeutsch) and/or [41] Magyar Prekmurje country
Felsszlnk
Slovenia; Hungary adjacent;

Austria (Burgenland-S. adjacent)
53-AAA-g
Srpski+ Hrvatski
Serbo-Croatian, srpsko-hrvatski, hrvatsko-srpski, "serbo-croat",

"serbian+ croatian", part of "slavonic"-S. the displacement and
disruption of many of the following linguistic communities since 1991,
as a result of civil war and ethnic clearances, remain to be accounted
for in the following "pre-war" presentation
KYugoslavia (Serbia;
Montenegro); KCroatia; KBosniaHerzegovina
53-AAA-ga
srpsko-
"historical serbian+ croatian", "old tokavski" from 13 cent.; Cyrillic

script; Glagolitic script; Latin script
53-AAA-gb
hrvatski-L.
srpski-F.
53-AAA-gc
hrvatski-F.
53-AAA-gd
ikavski-F.
Slovenia-E.; Hungary adjacent;

Austria adjacent
th
"literary serbo-croatian"-S., "literary serbian", part of "literary" tokavski, (Serbia; Montenegro); Bosnia"literary" ekavski, "literary" ekavian" Beograd, Belgrade model
Herzegovina
"serbo-croatian"-N., "literary croatian", part of "literary tokavski",
"literary" jekavski, "literary ijekavian" Zagreb model
Croatia; Bosnia-Herzegovina
"literary" ikavski., "literary ikavian", part of "literary tokavski"
Croatia
"generalised serbian"
Serbia
53-AAA-gg
srpski-G.
hrvatski-G.
kajkavski
53-AAA-gh
akavski
"chakavian traditional" Istria-NW peninsula. Croatia-W. highlands Croatia-W.

Dalmatia islands
53-AAA-gi
tokavski
"stokavian traditional"
Croatia; Bosnia-Herzegovina;
Yugoslavia, Hungary, Romania,
Italy
53-AAA-gia
tokavski-NW.
ikavski, istrii Istria-S. peninsula.
Croatia-W.
53-AAA-gib
tokavski-W.
Dalmatia-N.&-C. coast Vrbas river Sana river Una upper

river Bosnia-SC. highlands
Croatia (Dalmatia); BosniaHerzegovina
53-AAA-gic
tokavski-C.
Korana river Zrinska hills Baranya country Drava+ Vuka

rivers Dubrovnik coast Crna-Gora, Montenegro mountains
Croatia-W.&-C. (including
Slavonia-W.); Hungary adjacent;
Bosnia- Herzegovina-N.&-E.;
Yugoslavia (Montenegro; SerbiaSW.)
53-AAA-gid
tokavski-N.
slavonjski Slavonia plains Derventa
Yugoslavia (Serbia-N.&-C.);
Bosnia-Herzegovina adjacent
53-AAA-gie
tokavski-CE.
including vojvodinjski sumadijski Timi region Vojvodina region Yugoslavia (Serbia-N.&-C.);

Sumadija country
Romania-W. (Timi)
53-AAA-gif
tokavski-NE.
rekas karasevo Recas Caransebe
Romania-W.
53-AAA-gig
tokavski-E.
kosovsko-resawski Vrsac Negotin Velika-Morava river Kosovo

large-scale emigration from Kosovo in 1999
Yugoslavia (Serbia; including

Kosovo)
53-AAA-gih
tokavski-S.
crnogorski Novi-Pazar
Yugoslavia (Serbia-S.;
Montenegro)
53-AAA-gii
italo-tokavski
"italo-croat", "molise croatian"
Italy (Molise)
53-AAA-gj
torlakski*
"torlakian traditional" +transition to [53] Makedonski Timok

Prizren
Yugoslavia (Serbia-S.)
53-AAA-h
Bulgarski+
Makedonski
Bulgarian+ Macedonian, part of "slavonic"-S.
Bulgaria, Macedonia (exYugoslavia), Greece, Romania,

Albania, Turkey
53-AAA-ha
makedonski
macedonian
53-AAA-haa
makedonski-F.
KMacedonia (ex-Yugoslavia);
Albania; Greece
"formal macedonian", "literary macedonian" Cyrillic script: Skopje

model
Macedonia
53-AAA-hab
makedonski-N.
"macedonian"-N. Kumanovo Kratovo & environs +transition to [53] Macedonia

Stokavian
53-AAA-hac
makedonski-C.
"macedonian"-C., part of "macedonian"-W. Skopje Veles Prilep Macedonia

Kicevo Bitola
53-AAA-had
makedonski-CW.
part of "macedonian"-W. Debar Galcnik
Macedonia
53-AAA-hae
makedonski-W.
Korc
Albania
53-AAA-haf
makedonski-E.
part of "macedonian" Stip
53-AAA-hag
pirinski
part of "macedonian"-E. +transitional to [53] Bulgarian Pirin

mountains
53-AAA-hah
makedonski-CE.
part of "macedonian"-E. Gevgelija Strumica Dojran
Macedonia-SE.
53-AAA-hai
makedonski-SE.
part of "macedonian"-S. -bilingual in [56] Helleniki Kukus Voden
Greece (Makedhonia)
53-AAA-haj
makedonski-SW.
part of "macedonian"-S. -bilingual in [56] Helleniki Flrina

Kastora, Kostur
Greece (Makedhonia)
53-AAA-ge
53-AAA-gf
"generalised croatian"
Croatia
"kajkavian traditional" including: zagorski, kajkavski-NW. prigorski,

kajkavski- SW. horvatsky grob, "slovakian" kajkavski kajkavski-E.
+transition to [53] Slovensko
Croatia-C.
Bulgaria-E.
page 446
53-AAA-hb

bulgarski
1999 / 2000 edition
bulgarian, "turkicised slavic", in [51] Franais: bulgare +influenced by Bulgaria

[44] Turkic
53-AAA-hba
bulgarski-F.
"formal bulgarian", Veliko Turnovo-NE. model; Cyrillic script
Bulgaria
53-AAA-hbb
bulgarski-G.
"generalised bulgarian" +Sofia compromise model
Bulgaria
53-AAA-hbc
bulgarski-NW.
part of "bulgarian"-W. Iskur valley westwards
Bulgaria-NW.
53-AAA-hbd
bulgarski-SW.
part of "bulgarian"-W. Sofia southwards
Bulgaria-SW.
53-AAA-hbe
bulgarski-SE.
part of "bulgarian"-E. Maritsa middle valley southwards,

Plovdiv+Khaskovo Rodopi Planina Primorsko-coast
Bulgaria-SE.; Greece (Thraki

adjacent)
53-AAA-hbf
bulgarski-NE.
part of "bulgarian"-E. Burgas Stara Planina-E. highlands

northwards
Bulgaria-NE.
53-AAA-hbg
bulgarski-'migr'-N.
migration> Moldavia-S.; Romania
53-AAA-hbh
bulgarski-'migr'-S.
migration> Turkey
54=
BALTIC
phylozone
covers the "Baltic", "Latvian+ Lithuanian" or Lietuvikai+

Latviau set, part of the "Balto-Slavic" grouping within the
"Indo-European" intercontinental affinity; comprising 1 set of
languages (= 3 outer languages) spoken by communities in
Europe, on the southern coast of the Baltic Sea:
page 447
Latvia; Lithuania; with migration to

Canada; USA; and deportation
to Russia (Siberia); Kazakhstan
54-A LIETUVIKAI+ LATVIAU
54-AAA-a
LIETUVIKAI +
LATVIAU set
LIETUVIKAI +
LATVIAU chain
LIETUVIKAI net
Lietuvikai
54-AAA-aa
lietuvikai-F.
54-AAA-ab
auktaichiai
54-AAA-aba
auktaichiai-W.
Lithuania
54-AAA-abb
auktaichiai-C.
Lithuania
54-AAA-abc
auktaichiai-E.
54-AAA-ac
dzukai
emaichiai
54-A
54-AA
54-AAA
54-AAA-ad
54-AAB-a
LATVIAU net
Latviau
54-AAB-aa
latviau-F.
54-AAB
54-AAB-ab
54-AAB-ac
54-AAB-ad
54-AAC
54-AAC-a
54-AAC-aa
latviau-G.
tamieu
latgale
'PRUSSIAN' net
'Prussian'-L.
'prussian'-L.
BALTIC, "lithuanian+ latvian"
"lithuanian"
Lithuanian, lietvi kalb, in [52] Deutsch: litauisch +influenced by
[53] Slavonic languages (Polski, Russkiy, Bielorusskiy) the linguistic
separation between Aukshtaichiai and Zhemaichiai may justify their
treatment as 2 outer-languages
Lithuania; also Belarus adjacent;

Russia-in-Europe; migration>
USA
th
"literary lithuanian", "formal lithuanian" from 16 cent.; Aukshtaichiai Lithuania

model; Latin script
'high' "lithuanian", "upper lithuanian", aukshtait, "lithuanian"-E., in [52]
Deutsch: aukschtaitisch
Lithuania-E.
Lithuania
"dzukish"
Lithuania
'low' "lithuanian", zhemait, zemaitis, zemachiai, "shamaitish",

"zhemaitish", "lithuanian"-NW., in [52] Deutsch: schemaitisch
Zhemaitija country: Klaipeda, Memel Siauliai
Lithuania-W.; also Russia

(Kaliningrad, formerly East
Prussia) adjacent
"latvian"
Latvian, latvyu, latvieu valoda, 'lettish', in [52] Deutsch: lettisch
Latvia; Russia-in-Europe;
migration> USA
"literary latvian", "formal latvian" Central Latvian model; Latin script
Latvia
"generalised latvian"
Latvia
"tamian", "tamish", "latvian"-NW.
Latvia
"latgalian", "upper latvian", "latvian"-E. Latgale country
Latvia
extinct since 17th cent. from 14th cent.: Latin script
Poland; Russia
"old prussian", in [52] Deutsch: altpreussisch Wisa, Vistula Neman, Poland (Gdask); Russia
Memel valleys
(Kaliningrad)
page 448
55=
ALBANIC
phylozone
covers the "Albanian" or Shqip set, part of the "IndoEuropean" intercontinental affinity; comprising 1 set of 1
outer-language spoken by communities in the western
Balkans, with an extension across the Adriatic to the Italian
peninsula:
1999 / 2000 edition
Albania; Greece; Macedonia;

Yugoslavia; with an extension to
Italy; and migration to Croatia;
Turkey; Ukraine
55-A SHQIP
Albanian is probably related to the ancient Illyrian (Messapic)
language, formerly spoken on both sides of the Adriatic
ALBANIAN
55-AAA-a
SHQIP set
SHQIP chain
SHQIP net
Shqip
Albanian, gjuha shqipe, shqipni, shqip, skchip, shqiperi, ship, shkip,

kip; shkipetar, kipetar people
KAlbania; Yugoslavia; Croatia;

Macedonia; Italy; Greece
55-AAA-aa
gheg
Albania; Yugoslavia (Kosovo;

Serbia; Montenegro); Croatia;
migration> USA
55-AAA-aaa
gheg-F.
albanian-N., geg, guegue, shqip-N., kip-N., including malsia,

malissore mirdit, dukagjin peoples disrupted in late 1990's by
(temporary) ethnic clearance of Kosovar community from Yugoslavia
into Albania, Macedonia and Montenegro Shkumbi river northwards
th
from 16 cent.: Turko-Arabic script; Latin script
55-AAA-aab
gheg-NW.
Komovi+ Prokletije highlands
Albania (Shkodr-N.); Yugoslavia

(Montenegro)
55-AAA-aac
kosova
kosovar community Dhrin middle & upper basin surrounding

Mokra Sar highlands geographic and social (clan) dialects to be
distinguished
Albania (Kuks); Yugoslavia

(Kosovo; also Montenegro); also
Macedonia
55-AAA-aad
shkodr
shkod'r Shkodr, Scutari
Albania (Shkodr-S.)
55-AAA-aae
gheg-C.
Lezh Burrel
Albania
55-AAA-aaf
tiran+ elbasan
gheg-S.,=tirana-elbasan, elbasan-tirana Elbasan Tiran, Tirana
Albania (Tiran)
55-AAA-aag
mandrica
55-AAA-ab
arbanasi-N.
"croatian" arbanasi, zadar Zadar: Arbanasi, Borgo Erizzo village

th
migrated in 18 cent. as refugees from Bar (Montenegro)
Croatia (Dalmatia)
55-AAA-ac
tosk
Albania; Italy; Greece; migration>

USA
55-AAA-aca
tosk-F.
albanian-S., arber, arbresh, arnaut, zhgabe, shqip-S., kip-S.,

including myzeque camvia labria peoples Shkumbi river
northwards Hellenic script; Turko-Arabic script; Latin script
"literary albanian", "formal albanian" adopted as standard Albanian
literary language in 1952
KAlbania
amria, chamuria, camarija
Albania
55-A
55-AA
55-AAA
55-AAA-acb
tosk-W.
55-AAA-acc
tosk-S.
shqipe, shkip, kip; shkipetar, kipetar people
"literary"gheg, "formal" gheg continued literary development of Gheg Albania; Yugoslavia (Kosovo; also
standard in Yugoslavia (Kosovo) after adoption of Tosk standard in
Montenegro); also Macedonia
Albania in 1952
Albania
Albania
55-AAA-acd
tosk-E.
korca Kor
Albania (Kor)
55-AAA-ace
srem
syrmia
Albania
55-AAA-ad
arbanasi-E.
"bulgarian" arbanasi -bilingual in [53] Bulgarski and/or [56] Helleniki

(Bulgaria) Mandritsa; (Greece) Kilks: Mandrs village Mandritsa
founded by refugees in Middle Ages from Albania; Mandrs by 19th
cent. refugees from Mandritsa
Bulgaria (Khaskovo); Greece

(Kilks)
55-AAA-ae
arbanasi-S.
arvanitika -bilingual in [56] Helleniki
Greece
55-AAA-aea
viotia
attiki
Elevss
Greece (Attica)
55-AAA-aec
salamina
Salamis
Greece (Attica)
55-AAA-aed
evia
Evvoia-S., Euboea-S. island
Greece (Central)
55-AAA-af
tosk-'ukraine'
tosk-'anatolia'
arbresh
Melitopol -bilingual in [53] Ukrainska
Ukraine
-bilingual in [44] Trke
migration> Turkey (Anatolia)
55-AAA-ah
Greece (Boeotia)
55-AAA-aeb
55-AAA-ag
arbresh, "italo-albanian" -bilingual in [51] Napoletano+Siciliano &/or migration> Italy-S.

Italiano spoken in almost 50 scattered villages, founded by refugees
th
th
from Albania in 13 -15 centuries; classified provisionally by province
55-AAA-aha
molise
(Molise)
55-AAA-ahb
apulia
(Puglia)
55-AAA-ahc
basilicata
(Basilicata)
55-AAA-ahd
calabria
(Calabria)
55-AAA-ahe
sicilia
(Sicilia)
5*
56=
HELLENIC
phylozone
covers the "Greek", "Hellenic" or Helleniki+ Tsakonia set of

languages, part of the "Indo-European" intercontinental
affinity; comprising 1 set of languages (= 2 outer languages)
spoken by communities in southeastern Europe and around
the eastern Mediterranean, with international migration:
page 449
Greece; Cyprus; Albania; Bulgaria;

formerly Turkey; with diaspora to
USA; Germany; United Kingdom;
France; Canada; Poland; Ukraine;
Russia; Kazakhstan; Italy
56-A HELLENIKI+ TSAKONIA
GREEK
56-AAA-a
HELLENIKI+
TSAKONIA set
HELLENIKI+
TSAKONIA chain
HELLENIKI+
TSAKONIA net
Helleniki
Greek, "hellenic" (Linear-B script); Hellenic script
Greece; Cyprus; Albania;

migration> Egypt; Italy; France
(Corsica); Ukraine; USA; Canada;
Australia
56-AAA-aa
helleniki-L.
Greece {Eastern Mediterranean}
56-AAA-ab
katharvousa
"historical greek", including "ancient literary greek", "classical greek"

(with dialectal variation) koin, koin "greek", "ancient greek
vehicular" "hellenistic greek", "new testament greek" "byzantine
greek"
56-AAA-ac
dhimotiki
56-AAA-aca
dhimotiki-'hellas'
"greece colloquial standard"
(Greece)
56-AAA-acb
dhimotiki-'kypros'
"cyprus colloquial standard"
(Cyprus)
56-AAA-acc
athiniki
"athenian popular urban" Athnai, Athens
Greece (Attica)
56-AAA-acd
helleniki-'istanbul'
Istanbul spoken by Greek-speaking community remaining in

Istanbul
Turkey (Istanbul)
56-A
56-AA
56-AAA
th
katharevusa, "puristic modern literary greek" official language in 19 - (K) Greece

th
20 cent. +including a variety of styles drawn in the competing
directions of Classical Greek and Modern Demotic Greek
demotiks, romaiki, "modern demotic greek", "generalised modern
greek" +compromise standard, influenced by Katharevousa,
emerging from late 1980's
KGreece, KCyprus
56-AAA-ace
helleniki-'rossiya'
migration> Russia; Ukraine
56-AAA-acf
helleniki-'amerika'
migration> USA
56-AAA-acg
helleniki-'australia'
56-AAA-ad
helleniki-N.
"northern-greece traditional"
Greece
56-AAA-ada
ipiros
Ipiros country
Greece (Ipiros); Albania adjacent;

also Turkey
56-AAA-adb
makedhonia-W.
Macedonia highlands
Greece (Makedhonia)
56-AAA-adc
makedhonia-E.
Thessaloniki, Salonica
Greece (Makedhonia)
56-AAA-add
thraki
Thrace country
Greece (Thraki)
56-AAA-ade
samothraki
Samothraki island
Greece (Samothraki)
56-AAA-adf
limnos
Lemnos island
Greece (Lemnos)
56-AAA-adg
voriai-spoadhes
Sporades-N. islands
Greece (Sporades)
56-AAA-adh
thessalia
Trikkala Larisa
Greece (Thessalia)
56-AAA-adi
evvoia-N.
Evvoia-N., Euboea-N. island
Greece (Evvoia)
56-AAA-adj
sterea
Sterea
Greece (Sterea)
56-AAA-ae
attica+ euboea
part of "athenian old rural traditional" vestigial idiom
Greece
56-AAA-aea
megara
part of "athenian old rural traditional" vestigial idiom Mgara
Greece (Attica)
56-AAA-aeb
euboea-C.
kmi, part of "athenian old rural traditional" Euboea-C. island: Kmi

vestigial idiom
Greece (Evvoia)
56-AAA-af
helleniki-SW.
"peleponnese+ ionian insular traditional"
Greece
56-AAA-afa
inioi-nisoi
Inioi, Ionian islands
(Inioi)
56-AAA-afb
peloponnisos
Pelopnnisos, Peleponnese peninsula
(Pelopnnisos)
56-AAA-ag
kritiki
helleniki-SE.
"cretan insular traditional" Krti, Crete island
(Krti)
56-AAA-ah
"dodecanese+ cypriot insular traditional" Dodecanese Cyprus
Greece; Cyprus
56-AAA-aha
kikldhes
Kikldhes, Cyclades islands
(Kikldhes)
56-AAA-ahb
khos
Khos, Chios island
(Khos)
56-AAA-ahc
ikara
Ikara, Nikaria island
(Ikara)
56-AAA-ahd
spordhes-C.
Spordhes, Lesser Dodecanese islands
(Spordhes)
56-AAA-ahe
rhodos
Rhodos, Rhodes island
(Rhodos)
migration> Australia
56-AAA-ahf
carpathos
Krpathos, Scarpanto island
(Krpathos)
56-AAA-ahg
cyprus
"cypriot greek" Cyprus island
Cyprus
56-AAA-ai
italiot
"italo-greek traditional"
Italy; France
56-AAA-aia
salentina
Salentina Calimera
(Apulia)
56-AAA-aib
calabria-S.
56-AAA-aic
cargse
"corsican greek" Cargse
France (Corsica)
Italy (Calabria)
page 450
1999 / 2000 edition
56-AAA-aj
pontiki
"pontic traditional", "black-sea greek"
56-AAA-aja
pontus
exodus from Turkey (Anatolia) to Greece and N.America in 1920's1930's
Turkey (Anatolia)
56-AAA-ajb
piraivs-katerini
Piraeus-Katerini Athens suburbs
migration> Greece
56-AAA-ajc
america-pontiki
Boston Philadelphia Toronto
migration> USA; Canada
56-AAA-ak
"russian+ ukrainian greek"
Russia; Ukraine
56-AAA-al
urum*
saracatsi
"saracatsan" nomadic shepherd community #form of own name to be

confirmed
Greece-N.
56-AAA-am
yevaniki
"judeo-greek", "hebraicised greek", "yevanic" exodus to USA & Israel,

where now almost extinct Hebrew script
USA; Israel
1*
56-AAA-b
Tsakonia
tsakonia
"peleponnese-E. traditional hellenic"
Greece
56-AAA-baa
kastanitas+ sitena
Kastanitas Sitena
(Pelopnnisos)
56-AAA-bab
leonidhion+ prastos
Leonidhion Prastos
(Pelopnnisos)
56-AAA-ba
Greece
57=
ARMENIC
phylozone
covers the "Armenian" or Hayeren set, part of the "IndoEuropean" intercontinental affinity; comprising 1 set of 1
outer-language spoken by communities in eastern Europe, in
the valleys around Lake Sevan and in a former extension from
the Mediterranean coast of Cilicia to the Caspian Sea, with
worldwide migration:
page 451
Armenia; Azerbaijan; with diaspora

in Egypt; France; Georgia; Iran;
Iraq; Lebanon; Russia; Syria;
Turkey; Ukraine; USA
57-A HAYEREN
57-AAA-a
HAYEREN set
HAYEREN chain
HAYEREN net
Hayeren
57-AAA-aa
57-AAA-ab
57-A
57-AA
57-AAA
ARMENIAN
Armenian, hay, ermeni, armiane, somekhi from 5th cent.: Armenian

script
influenced by [59] Farsi
Armenia; Azerbaijan (NagornyKarabakh); migration> Georgia;

Iran; Syria; Lebanon; Iraq; Turkey;
Russia; Ukraine; Egypt; France;
USA
grabar
"ancient armenian", "historical literary armenian", "ancient+ middle

th
th
literary armenian" from 5 cent., continuing in use until 19 and still
th
studied in 20 .
Armenia
ashkharik-hayeren
"armenian"-E., ararat "armenian"
57-AAA-aba
ashkharik-F.
Armenia; Georgia; Azerbaijan;

Russia; Iran
"formal armenian"-E., "modern literary armenian"-E. Yerevan model
Armenia
57-AAA-abb
ararat
yerevan Ararat valley Yerevan
Armenia
57-AAA-abc
tbilisi
tiflis Tibilisi, Tiflis
Georgia
57-AAA-abd
karabakh
Karabakh region
Azerbaijan (Nagorny-Karabakh)
57-AAA-abe
astrakhan
Astrakhan
Russia (Astrakhan)
57-AAA-abf
shamakli
Shamakli
Iran
Iran
57-AAA-abg
dzhulfa*
57-AAA-abh
agulis*
57-AAA-abi
khvoy+ salmas
Salmas. Khvoy
57-AAA-abj
urmia+ maragheh
Urmia lake: Urmia Maragheh
Iran
57-AAA-abk
artvin
Artvin
Turkey (Artvin)
57-AAA-ac
arewmta-hayeren
Turkey; Syria; Lebanon; Russia;

Ukraine; Greece; France; United
States
57-AAA-aca
arewmta-hayeren-F.
"armenian"-W., "diaspora armenian" with exodus from Turkey after

the massacre and ethnic clearance of the Armenian community from
1915.
"formal armenian"-W., "modern literary armenian"-W. Istanbul,
Constatinople model
Turkey
57-AAA-acb
erzurum
karin Karinkos*
Turkey (Erzurum)
57-AAA-acc
mu
Mu
Turkey (Mu)
57-AAA-acd
van
Van
Turkey (Van)
57-AAA-ace
diyarbakir
tigranakert Diyarbakir
Turkey (Diyarbakir)
57-AAA-acf
erzinkan
kharberd, erzenka Erzincan province
Turkey (Erzinkan)
57-AAA-acg
karahisar
shabin-karahissar ebinkarahisar
Turkey (Giresun)
57-AAA-ach
trabzon
trapezunt Trabzon
Turkey (Trabzon)
57-AAA-aci
hemin
hamshen Hemin
Turkey (Rize)
57-AAA-acj
malatya
Malatya
Turkey (Malatya)
57-AAA-ack
arapkir
arabkir Arapkir
Turkey (Malatya)
57-AAA-acl
akcn
akn Akcn
Turkey (Afsaray)
57-AAA-acm
sivas
Sivas
Turkey (Sivas)
57-AAA-acn
hayeren-istanbul
"constantinople armenian" Istanbul
Turkey (Istanbul)
57-AAA-aco
tokat
ewdokia Tokat
Turkey (Tokat)
57-AAA-acp
hayeren-smyrna
izmir Izmir
Turkey (Izmir)
57-AAA-acq
hayeren-dimashq
Dimashq, Damascus
Syria
57-AAA-acr
hayeren-beirut
Beirut
Lebanon
57-AAA-acs
hayeren-sevastopol
Sevastopol, Sebastopol
Ukraine (Crimea)
57-AAA-act
hayeren-don
Don valley
Russia
page 452
58=
IRANIC
phylozone
covers the "Iranian" or Farsi+ Pashto set, part of the "IndoIranian" grouping within the "Indo-European" intercontinental
affinity; comprising 1 set of languages (= 26 outer languages)
spoken by communities in southwestern and central Asia:
1999 / 2000 edition
Afghanistan; Armenia; Azerbaijan;

China; India; Iran; Iraq;
Kirghizstan; Lebanon; Oman;
Pakistan; Russia; Syria; Tajikistan;
Turkmenistan; Turkey; Uzbekistan
58-A FARSI+ PASHTO

A continuum of relationships among languages covered by
58=Iranic and by 59=Indic passes through the transitional
languages of the [58] Bashgali+ Waigeli (Nuristani) chain.
58-A
58-AA
58-AAA
FARSI+ PASHTO set

FARSI+ KURDI chain
KURDI+ KURMANJI
net
"WIDER"-IRANIAN
IRANIAN-WEST
a major linguistic division between communities speaking Kurdish-N.
& Kurdish-S. (not readily inter-intelligible) is further complicated by the
overlapping division of the Kurdish-speaking area (Kurdistan) among 5
nation-states, by an ancient sociological divide between sedentary
agriculturalists and nomadic/semi-nomadic pastoralists, and by internal
differences of religious tradition Perso-Arabic script; Armenian
script; Latin script; Cyrillic script
58-AAA-a
Kurmanji+
Kurmanjiki
Kurdish-N.
Iraq; Turkey; Syria; Iran; also

Armenia; Azerbaijan;
Turkmenistan; Russia; Lebanon;
Pakistan (Baluchistan); Germany
58-AAA-aa
kurmanji
kurmandji dialects and dialect-names to be reviewed
58-AAA-aaa
kurmanji-F.
Turkey; Iran; Iraq; Syria; Russia;

Lebanon; migration> Germany
"literary kurmanji" Perso-Arabic; Armenian; Cyrillic scripts
Turkey
58-AAA-aab
guwii
58-AAA-aac
hakkari
58-AAA-aad
jezir
58-AAA-aae
herki
Turkey
Turkey (Hakkri)
botan
Turkey and/or Iraq

Turkey and/or Iraq
58-AAA-aaf
shikaki
58-AAA-aag
'aqrah
Turkey and/or Iraq
58-AAA-aah
'amadiyah
Iraq
58-AAA-aai
dahuk
Iraq
58-AAA-aaj
shaykhan
Iraq
58-AAA-aak
zakhu
58-AAA-aal
surchi
kurmanji+ kurdi "transitional"
Iraq
58-AAA-ab
kurmanjiki
alevica
Turkey (Tunceli; Erzincan;

Mush)
58-AAA-aba
tunceli
58-AAA-abb
varto
Varto subprovince
58-AAA-b
Kurdish-C., dimli+ gurani Zagros-N. mountains
Turkey; Iraq.
58-AAA-ba
Dimli+ Gurani
dimli
'zaza', dimli-kurd, dumbeli
Turkey-C.&-E.
58-AAA-baa
elazig
Turkey (Elazi)
58-AAA-bab
bingl
Turkey (Bingl)
58-AAA-bac
diyarbakir
58-AAA-bb
bajalani
58-AAA-bba
shabak
58-AAA-bbb
chichamachu
58-AAA-bc
58-AAA-ca
hawrami
Kurdi+ Jafi
kurdi
58-AAA-caa
kurdi-F.
58-AAA-cab
irbil
58-AAA-cac
bingird
58-AAA-cad
akre
Iraq
Iraq
Turkey (Diyarbakir)
part of gurani, gorani, guran
Iraq
Iraq
Iraq
hawramani, part of gurani, gorani, guran
Iraq; Iran
Kurdish-S.
Iraq; Iran
kurdy
Iraq; Iran (Kordestan;

Kermanshahan; West Azerbaijan;
Khorasan-N.)
"literary kurdi", "sorani kurdish" modified Arabic script: Mukri,

Kermanshahi & Sorani models
Iraq; Iran
arbil
Iraq
pishdar
pizhdar
Iraq
58-AAA-cae
sorani
suleimaniye, sulaymaniyah Sulaimaniya
Iraq
58-AAA-caf
warmawah
58-AAA-cag
mukri
kurmanji-E. Urmia lake southwards
58-AAA-cah
kermanshahi
kermanshah
58-AAA-cb
jafi
'judeo-kurdish'
58-AAA-c
58-AAA-cc
Iraq
Iraq
Iran
Iran
"hebraicised kurdish" #distinct from [12] Judeo-Aramaic, which is also
sometimes referred to improperly as 'judeo-kurdish' in [52] English, or
as 'kurdit' in [12] Ivrit
Azerbaijan
page 453
58-AAB-a
BALOCHI net
Balochi
baluchi, baluci, baloci Perso-Arabic script
Pakistan; migration> Iran; United

Arab Emirates; Oman
58-AAB-aa
balochi-E.
"eastern hills" balochi
Pakistan (Baluchistan; India

(Punjab)
58-AAB
58-AAB-aaa
baluchistan-NE.
(Baluchistan)
58-AAB-aab
sindh-NW.
(Sindh)
58-AAB-aac
punjab-SW.
58-AAB-ab
balochi-W.
58-AAB-aba
rakhshani
58-AAB-abb
sarawani
(Punjab)
yarahmadza
Pakistan (Baluchistan-W.); Iran-S.;

Afghanistan; Turkmenistan
Pakistan
58-AAB-abc
balochi -turkmenistan
merv
Turkmenistan
58-AAB-ac
balochi-S.
makrani
Pakistan (Baluchistan-S.; SindhS.); Iran
58-AAB-aca
balochi-coastal
58-AAB-acb
kechi
58-AAB-acc
makrani-E.
lotuni
Pakistan
58-AAB-acd
makrani-W.
"persianised balochi"
Iran
58-AAB-ace
balochi-'migr'
migration> Oman; United Arab

Emirates
58-AAB-ad
bashkardi
Iran
58-AAB-ada
bashkardi-N.
Iran
58-AAB-adb
bashkardi-S.
58-AAC
58-AAC-aa
FARSI+ LURI net

Luri+ Kumzari
luri+ bakhtiari
58-AAC-aaa
luri
58-AAC-a
58-AAC-aab
feyli
58-AAC-aac
leki
Pakistan
Pakistan
Iran
"iranian"-C., "wider persian"
luri+ bahtiari
Iran; Oman; migration> USA.
Iran-SW.
Iran
Iran
alaki
Iran
58-AAC-aad
haft-lang
"nomadic" bakhtiari
Iran
58-AAC-aae
cahr-lang
"farming" bakhtiari
Iran
58-AAC-aaf
kelhuri
58-AAC-ab
kumzai Musandam peninsula
Oman, Iran
Iran
larestani
Iran
58-AAC-c
kumzari
Lari+ Fars
lari
fars
Farsi+ Tajiki
farsi "proper", parsi-C., "persian"-C. from c.500: Cuneiform script;

Pahlavi script; Perso-Arabic script
Iran; Afghanistan; Tajikistan; Iraq;

Pakistan; Uzbekistan; Kirghizstan;
migration> United Arab Emirates,
Oman, Barein; Qatar
58-AAC-ca
parsi-L.
"middle persian", pahlavi, pehlevi, pahlavik, including "middle parthian",

"middle persian"-NW. "middle" parsik, "middle persian"-SW.
Iran
58-AAC-b
58-AAC-ba
58-AAC-bb
58-AAC-cb
farsi-F.
58-AAC-cba
farsi-W.
Iran
Iran
faarsii, parsi, "modern literary" persian, "formal" persian
Iran; Afghanistan
iran "model"
Iran
Afghanistan
58-AAC-cbb
farsi-E.
afghanistan "model"
58-AAC-cc
farsi-G.
"generalised" farsi
Iran; Afghanistan
58-AAC-cca
iran-G.
"generalised" farsi-W.
Iran
58-AAC-ccb
afghanistan-G.
"generalised" farsi-E.
Afghanistan
58-AAC-cd
qazvini+ isfahani
"traditional spoken" farsi-W.
Iran
58-AAC-cda
qazvini
Qasvin
Iran
58-AAC-cdb
mahallati
Marhallat
Iran
58-AAC-cdc
hamadani
Hamadan
Iran
58-AAC-cdd
kashani
Kashan
Iran
58-AAC-cde
isfahani
Isfahan
Iran
58-AAC-cdf
sedehi
Sedeh
Iran
58-AAC-cdg
kermani
Kerman
Iran
58-AAC-cdh
araki
Arak
Iran
58-AAC-cdi
shirazi
Shiraz
Iran
58-AAC-cdj
jahromi
Jahrom
Iran
58-AAC-cdk
shahrudi
Shahrud
Iran
58-AAC-cdl
kazeruni
Kazerun
Iran
58-AAC-cdm
mashhad
mashadi, meshedi Mashhad
Iran
58-AAC-cdn
lowerri*
58-AAC-cdo
hazaragi-C.
hazara-C., hezareh-C., hezare'i-C.
Iran
58-AAC-cdp
hazaragi-S.
hazara-S., hezareh-S., hezare'i-S.
Iran
Iran
page 454
1999 / 2000 edition
58-AAC-ce
dari
"traditional spoken" farsi-E., "afghan persian"
Afghanistan
58-AAC-cea
kabuli
Kabul
Afghanistan
58-AAC-ceb
herati
Herat
Afghanistan
58-AAC-cec
tajiki-afghanistan
transition to [58] Tajiki
Afghanistan
58-AAC-ced
khorasani
Khorasan
Afghanistan
58-AAC-cee
parsiwan
Parsibanan
Afghanistan
58-AAC-cf
pahlavani
darwazi
tangshewi
tajiki
Afghanistan (Chakhansoor)
darwaz, badakhshani transition to [58] Tajiki Amu Darya valley
Afghanistan-N. frontier
tangshuri transition to [58] Tajiki
Afghanistan (Badakhshan-NE.)
tadzhiki, tadjiki, tajik, tadzhik, tadjik,"tajiki persian", galcha
Tajikistan; Uzbekistan; Kirghizstan
"literary tajiki" Perso-Arabic script: Tajiki-N. model
Tajikistan; Kirghizstan
58-AAC-cg
58-AAC-ch
58-AAC-ci
58-AAC-cia
tajiki-F.
58-AAC-cib
tajiki-N.
Tajikistan
58-AAC-cic
tajiki-W.
Tajikistan; Uzbekistan
58-AAC-cid
tajiki-S.
Tajikistan
58-AAC-cie
tajiki-E.
58-AAC-cj
'judeo'-farsi
Tajikistan
"hebraicised" persian, dzhidi+ bukharik influenced by [12] Ivrit
Iran; Afghanistan; Tajikistan
58-AAC-cja
dzhidi
"hebraicised" farsi
Iran; Afghanistan
58-AAC-cjb
bukharik
bukharic, bokharic, bokharan, bukharan, bukharian, judeo-tajik,

"hebraicised" tajik
Tajikistan
58-AAC-ck
aimaq
barbari, chahar-aimaq
Afghanistan; Iran
58-AAC-cka
taimuri
teimuri, timuri, taimouri Teymur
Iran
58-AAC-ckb
taimani
58-AAC-ckc
zohri
zuri
58-AAC-ckd
jamshidi
jamshedi, djamchidi, yemchidi
58-AAC-cke
firozhohi
58-AAC-ckf
maliki
58-AAC-ckg
mizmast
Afghanistan
chinghizi
58-AAC-cki
qedai-nao-hazara
aimaq "proper"
58-AAC-ckj
zainal
Zaynal
Afghanistan
58-AAC-cl
"pamir persian" Wendoge valley
Afghanistan-NE.
58-AAC-di
warduji
dehwari
Gabri+ Ashtiani
ashtiani
vafsi
nayini
natanzi
soi
khunsari
gazi
sivandi
gabri
58-AAC-dia
58-AAC-dib
58-AAC-e
58-AAC-d
58-AAC-da
58-AAC-db
58-AAC-dc
58-AAC-dd
58-AAC-de
58-AAC-df
Afghanistan
58-AAC-ckh
58-AAC-cm
Afghanistan
deghwari; "baluchistan persian"
Pakistan (Baluchistan)
farsi-CN,. "persian"-CN.
Iran-CN.
ashtiyani, astiani Tafres district: Ashtian
Iran
Tafres district: Vafs
Iran
Iran
Iran
Iran
Iran
Gazi
Iran
Sivand
Iran
"zoroastrian confessional" spoken by Zoroastrian community

alongside liturgical use of [58] Avesta
Iran
yazdi
yazidi Yazd
Iran
gabri-kermani
Kerman distinction from [58] Farsi (Kermani) to be confirmed
Iran
'caspian'-farsi
Iran.
58-AAC-ea
Manzandarani+
Talishi
mazandarani
mazanderani, mazandaran, tabri Perso-Arabic script Caspian-S.

coast
Iran (Mazandaran)
58-AAC-eaa
mazandarani-L.
"old literary" mazandarani
(Mazandaran)
"modern literary" mazandarani, "formal" mazandarani
(Mazandaran)
58-AAC-dg
58-AAC-dh
58-AAC-eab
mazandarani-F.
58-AAC-eac
mazandarani-G.
"generalised" mazandarani
(Mazandaran)
58-AAC-ead
qadikolahi
ghadikolahi
(Mazandaran)
58-AAC-eae
palani
58-AAC-eb
ghilaki
58-AAC-eba
ghilaki-ghilaki
(Mazandaran)
gilaki Gilan coastal plain, Caspian-SW. coast
Iran (Gilan)
(Gilan)
58-AAC-ebb
galeshi
58-AAC-ec
takestani
takistani
Iran
(Gilan)
58-AAC-eca
takestan
Takestan
Iran
58-AAC-ecb
kharakan
kharaqan Kharakan
Iran
58-AAC-ecc
zanjan
Zanjan
Iran
58-AAC-ecd
tarom
Tarom
Iran
58-AAC-ece
khalkhal
Khal-Khal
Iran
58-AAC-ecf
ramandi*
Iran
58-AAC-ed
talishi
Caucasus foothills Caspian-SW. coast
Azerbaijan; Iran
58-AAC-eda
talysh
Talysh
Azerbaijan
58-AAC-edb
astarin
58-AAC-edc
lnkran
lenkoran Lnkran
Azerbaijan
58-AAC-edd
lerik
Lerik
Azerbaijan
58-AAC-ede
massalin
58-AAC-edf
agajani
Iran
58-AAC-edg
sasani
58-AAC-ee
karingani
harzani
Semnani+ Sangisari
semnani
sangisari
Tat
Tabriz>NE.
'muslim'-tat
'judeo'-tat
58-AAC-gba
"judeo"-tat-F.
"literary" tat Cyrillic script
58-AAC-gbb
"judeo"-tat-N.
Russia (Dagestan)
58-AAC-gbc
"judeo"-tat-C.
Azerbaijan
58-AAC-gbd
"judeo"-tat-S.
58-AAC-gc
58-AAD-a
'christian'-tat*
TEBER+ HEYNU*
notional net
Teber+ Heynu
58-AAD-aa
58-AAC-ef
58-AAC-f
58-AAC-fa
58-AAC-fb
58-AAC-g
58-AAC-ga
58-AAC-gb
Tabriz>NW.
Iran
farsi-NW.
Iran
page 455
5
Iran
Iran
Iran; Azerbaijan; Russia
(Dagestan)
mussulman tat
Iran (Takestan); Azerbaijan
4*
dzhuhuric, bik, judeo-tati, "hebrew" tat, "jewish" tat, "hebraicised" tat
Iran (Takestan); Russia

(Dagestan); Azerbaijan
4*
farsi-tat, tat "persian", tati
Iran (Takestan)
Iran (Takestan)
4*
abdal, abtal Alevi Muslim nomadic community; associated with but

distinct from [59] Domari speech community mixed language; [59]
Iranian vocabulary (related to or derived from Farsi & Kurdi+ Kurmanji)
with [44] Turkic grammar bilingual in [44] Trke and/or [58] Farsi or
Kurmanji, and/or other Turkic or Iranian languages, reserving own
"secret" language for use within the community #'abdal' is an exonym
(in [44] Uyghur= beggar)
Syria; Turkey; Azerbaijan; Iran;

Turkmenistan; Uzbekistan;
Kazakhstan; Kirghizstan; China
teber
abdal-W., teberci, carcar, tencili, fakcilar, begdili, in [58] Kurmanji:

gevende, gwnd; including gurbet, kara duman Bolu Eskisehir
Denizli (Turkey) eastwards
Syria; Turkey; Azerbaijan; Iran
58-AAD-ab
heynu
abdal-E., aini, ainu, aynu Hetian Luopu Moyu Shache

Yingjisha Shule-kuche counties (Xinjiang) westwards
China (Xinjiang); Kirghizstan;

Kazakhstan
58-AB
PASHTO+ DIGOR
chain
AVESTA net
Avesta-L.
IRANIAN-EAST
'zoroastrian'
avesta-A.
preserved in Zarathushtra's chants
58-AAD
58-ABA
58-ABA-a
58-ABA-aa
58-ABA-ab
survival and status to be confirmed

ABDAL
"avestan"
"old" parsik, "ancient iranian", "old iranian"-E., 'zend', 'old bactrian', in
[51] French: avestique from 7th cent: Avestan script; preserved as
a liturgical language by Zoroastrian (Parsee) communities used by
[58] Gabri-speaking Zoroastrian community (Iran) at Yazd Kerman
and by [52] English- and [59] Gujarati-speaking Parsees at Mumbai
(Bombay) and elsewhere in India, East Africa, UK, etc
originally Afghanistan-NW.,
Turkmenistan; now in liturgical use
in Iran; India; Kenya; UK, etc.
avestan "proper", khurda avesta preserved in Khurda Avesta texts

#khurda avesta= little Avesta
DIGOR+ IRON net

Digor+ Iron
OSSETIC
Osseti, ossetin, ossete, os, osetin, oseti, "ossetic", "scythian"-W.,
#osseti < [42] Georgian ous-et-i = country of the os (people)
Cyrillic script
{Russian Fed.} North Ossetia;

Georgia (South Ossetia)
58-ABB-aa
digor
osseti-NW.
North Ossetia
58-ABB-aaa
urux
Urux valley-basin
North Ossetia
58-ABB-aab
mozdok
Terek valley: Mozdok
North Ossetia
58-ABB-ab
iron
osseti-SE.
(South Ossetia); North Ossetia
58-ABB
58-ABB-a
58-ABB-aba
osseti-F.
58-ABB-abb
tagaur
58-ABB-abc
kurtat
Liakhvi valley: Kurta
Georgia (South Ossetia)
58-ABB-abd
allaghir
Ardon upper valley: Alagir
North Ossetia
58-ABB-abe
tual
58-ABC
YAGHNOBI net
Yaghnobi
58-ABC-a
"literary" osseti Tagaur model
"post"-sogdian
related to the extinct Sogdian (Sogdian, Sughdik) language, used as
th
a central Asian vehicular from Turkestan to China and Tibet circa 4 to
th
10 centuries, in varieties including Great-Wall Sogdian, Buddhist
Sogdian, Christian Sogdian and Manichean Sogdian
Tajikistan
yagnobi, yagnob, Yaghnob valley
Tajikistan
58-ABC-aa
yaghnobi
58-ABC-aaa
yaghnobi-W.
Tajikistan
58-ABC-aab
yaghnobi-E.
Tajikistan
page 456
58-ABD
58-ABD-a

PASHTO+ PAMIR net "scythian"-E.
Pashto+ Pakhto
pushto, pushtu; pathan people Perso-Arabic script
1999 / 2000 edition
Afghanistan; Pakistan; migration>

Iran, United Arab Emirates
7
6
58-ABD-aa
pashto
pahto-W., pushtu-W., afghan "pushtu", pahtoon+ pashtoon people
Afghanistan-E.
58-ABD-aaa
durrani
durani Durrani
Afghanistan
58-ABD-aab
ghilzai
Ghilzai
Afghanistan
58-ABD-aac
mohmandi
Mohmand
Afghanistan
58-ABD-aad
shinwari
chinwari Shinwar
Afghanistan
58-ABD-aae
mangal
Mangal
Afghanistan
58-ABD-ab
paktyan-pashto
pashto-S., pushtu-S.
Pakistan; Afghanistan
"literary pashto" Kandahari model
Afghanistan; Pakistan
58-ABD-aba
pashto-F.
58-ABD-abb
kandahari
qandahari, pashto-SW., Kandahar
Afghanistan
58-ABD-abc
quetta
pashtu-SE., baluchistan-pashto Quetta
Pakistan (Baluchistan)
58-ABD-ac
pakhto
pashto-E., pushtu-E.
Pakistan (NWF; Baluchistan)
pakhto-F.
"literary pakhto" Yusufsai model
Pakistan
58-ABD-acb
yusufsai
yusufzai, peshawar Peshawar Khyber pass
Pakistan
58-ABD-acc
afridi
58-ABD-acd
kohat
khatak Kohat
Pakistan
58-ABD-ace
bannu
bannochi Bannu
Pakistan
58-ABD-acf
waziri
Waziristan highlands
Pakistan
58-ABD-acg
dera-ismail-khan
Dera Ismail Khan
58-ABD-ach
hazra
Pakistan
58-ABD-aci
mahsudi
Pakistan
58-ABD-acj
marwat
58-ABD-ad
58-ABD-ba
wanechi
Munji+ Yidgha
munji
58-ABD-baa
munji-N.
Afghanistan
58-ABD-bab
munji-C.
Afghanistan
58-ABD-bac
munji-S.
58-ABD-bad
mamalgha
58-ABD-aca
58-ABD-b
Pakistan
Pakistan
Pakistan
waneci, wanetsi, vanechi
Pakistan (Baluchistan-NE.)
part of pamir
munjani, including anjaman koron Munjan Mamalgha valleys
Afghanistan
mamalgha-munji Mamalgha valley
Afghanistan
58-ABD-bae
munji-chitral
migration> Chitral district
Pakistan
58-ABD-bb
yidgha
Wakhi
wakhi-N.
wakhi-C.
wakhi-S.
yidga, yudga Lutkuh upper valley
Pakistan
part of pamir, wakhani, wakhigi, guhjali
Afghanistan; Pakistan.
tajikistan wakhi, part of gorno-badakhshan
Tajikistan
58-ABD-cca
58-ABD-ccb
58-ABD-ccc
ishkoman
Ishkoman upper valley
Afghanistan
58-ABD-cd
wakhi-E.
Sanglechi+
Ishkashmi
sanglechi
ishkashmi
xinjiang wakhi, part of tajik "china"
China (Xinjiang)
part of pamir
Afghanistan; Tajikistan
sanglichi Sanglich, Sanglech valley
Afghanistan
eshkashmi, ishkashim, ishkashimi, zebaki, part of gorno-badakhshan

Ishkashim transfrontier
Tajikistan; Afghanistan
58-ABD-c
58-ABD-ca
58-ABD-cb
58-ABD-cc
58-ABD-d
58-ABD-da
58-ABD-db
afghanistan wakhi Vakhan corridor
Afghanistan
Pakistan Wakhi
Afghanistan
hunza
Hunza upper valley
Afghanistan
yarkhun
Yarkhun upper valley
Afghanistan
58-ABD-dba
ishkashmi-NE.
ishkashmi "tajikistan" Ishkashim
Tajikistan
58-ABD-dbb
ishkashmi-SW.
ishkashmi "afghanistan" Ashkasham
Afghanistan
58-ABD-dc
zebaki
Shugni+ Roshani
shughni+ rushan
zebak, zibaki Hindu Kush mountains: Zibak
Afghanistan
part of pamir, shugnan+ rushan
Tajikistan; Afghanistan; China
ghorani, part of gorno-badakhshan Pamir mountains: Ishkashim>N.
Afghanistan
58-ABD-eaa
shugni
shigni, shugnani, shugan
Afghanistan
58-ABD-eab
bajuvi
58-ABD-eac
bartangi
bartang people
58-ABD-e
58-ABD-ea
58-ABD-ead
rushan
roshani, oroshori; oroshor people
Afghanistan
58-ABD-eae
khufi
Khuf
Tajikistan
58-ABD-eb
sarikoli
part of tajik "china" Taxkorgan, Tashkurghan Sarikol valley
China (Xinjiang)
58-ABD-eba
varside
(Xinjiang)
58-ABD-ebb
tiznef
(Xinjiang)
58-ABD-ebc
baldir
(Xinjiang)
58-ABD-ebd
vaca
(Xinjiang)
58-ABD-ebe
marjong
(Xinjiang)
58-ABD-ebf
tyng
(Xinjiang)
4
4
58-ABD-ebg
kicikting
(Xinjiang)
58-ABD-ebh
byryngsol
(Xinjiang)
58-ABD-ebi
kugusluk
58-ABD-f
58-ABE-aa
Yazghulami
yazghulami
PARACHI+ ORMURI
net
Parachi+ Ormuri
parachi
58-ABE-aaa
shutul
Afghanistan
58-ABE-aab
ghujulan
Afghanistan
58-ABE-aac
nijrau
58-ABE-ab
ormuri
58-ABD-fa
58-ABE
58-ABE-a
(Xinjiang)
part of pamir
Tajikistan
yazgulami, iazgulem, yazgulyam, part of gorno-badakhshan
Tajikistan
Pakistan; Afghanistan
Afghanistan
Kabul
Afghanistan
urmuri, ormui
Pakistan (Dera-Ismail-Khan-NW.;
Wazirstan)
58-ABE-aba
kanigurami
Sulaiman range: Kaniguram
Pakistan
58-ABE-abb
baraks
bargista, logar
Pakistan
58-ABE-abc
malakhel
58-AC
58-ACA-aa
BASHGALI+
WAIGELI chain
ASHKUND net
Ashkund
ashkuni
58-ACA-aaa
gramsukra-viri
58-ACA-aab
suru-viri
wamai, wamayi, wamais, wama Suru
Afghanistan
58-ACA-aac
ashuru-viri
kolata+ titin-bajaygul
Afghanistan
58-ACB
BASHGALI +
PRASUNI net
Bashgali+ Prasuni
kata-viri-W.
bash-gari, bash-gal, bash-gul, kataviri+ kamviri
Afghanistan (Nuristan)
Alingar upper valley
(Nuristan)
58-ACA
58-ACA-a
58-ACB-a
58-ACB-aa
58-ACB-aaa
ktivi
58-ACB-aab
kulam
58-ACB-aac
peruk
58-ACB-aad
ramgul
page 457
Pakistan
NURISTANI, "transitional iranic+ indic" transition to [59] Hindi+
Domari (Indic)
ashkund, ashkun, Pech valley
Afghanistan
Afghanistan
Afghanistan
kantivo, kantiwa
(Nuristan)
(Nuristan)
papruk
(Nuristan)
(Nuristan)
58-ACB-ab
lamert-viri
58-ACB-aba
lamerot
58-ACB-abb
badragel
58-ACB-ac
mum-viri
58-ACB-aca
mumom
(Nuristan)
58-ACB-acb
mangul
(Nuristan)
58-ACB-acc
sasku
58-ACB-ad
kam-viri
Kunar valley
(Nuristan)
(Nuristan)
(Nuristan)
Mum valley
(Nuristan)
(Nuristan)
kam, kom, kom-brom, kam-des, kam-toz, kam-deshi, bash-gul, Katigal+ Bash-gal valleys: Kamdish Baz-gal
(Nuristan)
58-ACB-ae
kata-viri-E.
katir, kata, shekhani
Pakistan (NWF: Chitral)
58-ACB-aea
landay-sin
bragamatol Landay-Sin upper basin
(NWF)
58-ACB-aeb
lotkuh
Lotkuh upper valley
(NWF)
58-ACB-aec
bumburet
Chitral basin: Bumburet upper valley
(NWF: Chitral)
58-ACB-aed
rumbur
Chitral basin: Rumbur upper valley
58-ACB-b
58-ACB-ba
Prasuni
prasuni
58-ACB-baa
wasi-weri
58-ACB-bab
58-ACB-bac
58-ACC
(NWF: Chitral)
parun, veruni, veron, verou Pech upper river
(Nuristan)
Prasun upper valley
(Nuristan)
prasuni-M.
Prasun middle valley
(Nuristan)
ushut
"lower" prasuni Prasun lower valley
(Nuristan)
wai-gala, way-gal, wai-gal, veli-gal Waigal valley: north of Pech
Afghanistan (Nuristan: Kunar)
58-ACC-aa
WAIGELI net
Waigeli
wai-geli
wai-gala, way-gal, wai-gal, veli-gal
(Nuristan: Kunar)
58-ACC-aaa
wai-ala
wai-geli "proper", zhonji-gali, suki Waigal
58-ACC-aab
kalasha-ala
58-ACC-a
58-ACC-aac
varjan-ala
58-ACC-aad
chima-nishey-ala
(Nuristan: Kunar)
(Nuristan: Kunar)
(Nuristan: Kunar)
Waigal lower valley: chima-nishey
(Nuristan: Kunar)
page 458
59=
INDIC
phylozone
1999 / 2000 edition
Bangladesh; Bhutan; India; Nepal;

Pakistan; Sri Lanka; plus migration
to: Afghanistan; Albania; Armenia;
Australia; Bosnia; Brazil; Bulgaria;
China; Colombia; Czech Rep.;
Denmark; Egypt; Estonia; Fiji;
France; French Guiana; Germany;
Greece; Guyana; Hungary; Iran;
Italy; Kazakhstan; Kenya; Latvia;
59=A HINDI+ DOMARI
Lebanon; Mauritius; Moldova;
including 5 arterial languages: Hindi with Urdu; Bhojpuri with Norway; Palestine; Poland;
Portugal; Romania; Russia;
Maithili; Panjabi; Marathi; Bangla (Bengali) with Sylhetti
Slovakia; Slovenia; South Africa;
A continuum of relationships among languages covered by Spain; Surinam; Sweden; Syria;
58=Iranic and by 59=Indic passes through the transitional Trinidad & Tobago; Turkey;
Uganda; UK; Ukraine; USA;
languages of the [58] Bashgali+ Waigeli (Nuristani) chain.
Uzbekistan; Yugoslavia; etc.
covers the "Indic", "Indo-Aryan" or Hindi+ Domari set of

languages, part of the "Indo-Iranian" grouping within the
"Indo-European" intercontinental affinity; comprising 1 set of
languages (= 49 outer languages) spoken by communities in
South Asia, from the Himalayas to the island of Ceylon, with
extensions throughout the world:
For the reference-names of [59-AAF] Central Indic languages,

diacritics have been used as follows: subscript dot / , , , /
IRU UHWURIOH[ FRQVRQDQWV RYHUOLQLQJ HJ
IRU D ORQJ YRZHO
underlining / r / for vocalic r.
HINDI+ DOMARI set

HINDI+ PASHAYI
chain
PASHAYI+ DAMELI
net
Pashayi
INDIC, "indo-aryan", part of "indo-iranian" grouping
Gulbahar
(Parwan)
Sanjan
(Parwan)
59-AAA-ap
gulbahar
sanjan
bolaghain
nangarach
laghman
alingar
laurowan
shutul
alasai
shamakot
uzbin
pandau
najil
parazhghan
kohnadeh
darrai-nur
59-AAA-apa
bamba-kot
(Nangarhar)
59-AAA-apb
lamatek
(Nangarhar)
59-AAA-apc
sutan
59-AAA-aq
pasangar Pashangar
59-AAA-au
pashagar
kurangal
nangalami
wegal
gawar-bati
gowar-bati, gowari Kunar left-bank
(Konar)
59-AAA-aua
narsati
narisati
(Konar)
59-AAA-aub
arandui
59-AAA-av
59-AAA-ax
shumasti
wadau
chugari
59-AAA-axa
aret
59-A
59-AA
59-AAA
59-AAA-a
59-AAA-aa
59-AAA-ab
59-AAA-ac
59-AAA-ad
59-AAA-ae
59-AAA-af
59-AAA-ag
59-AAA-ah
59-AAA-ai
59-AAA-aj
59-AAA-ak
59-AAA-al
59-AAA-am
59-AAA-an
59-AAA-ao
59-AAA-ar
59-AAA-as
59-AAA-at
59-AAA-aw
INDIC-NORTH
part of "dardic"
Kabul northern tributaries: Panjshir Alingar Kunar Pech valleys
small mountain-dwelling communities, disrupted by recent civil-war,
speaking related but often mutually unintelligible idioms for which
locations and autonyms are to be confirmed #the cover-name pahari is
retained only until detailed internal classification can be established
Afghanistan (Parwan; Kapisa;

Laghman)
bowlaghain Bowlaghain
(Parwan)
nengarach Nengarach
(Laghman)
(Laghman)
Alingar lower valley
(Laghman)
Afghanistan
Afghanistan
Afghanistan
Afghanistan
Afghanistan
Afghanistan
Afghanistan
pachagan
Afghanistan
Kunar lower valley: Kohneh-deh
(Nangarhar)
Darrai-Nur, Darreh-ye-Nur upper valley
(Nangarhar)
(Nangarhar)
(Konar)
grangal, gogol Karangal
(Konar)
ningalami Nangalem
(Konar)
Waygal
(Konar)
3
(Konar)
shumasht, shamusht, shumusti Kunar valley: Shumasht village
(Konar); Pakistan frontier
Afghanistan
Afghanistan
Afghanistan
59-AAA-axb
kurdar
59-AAA-axc
kandak
kordar
Afghanistan
59-AAA-axd
shemul
59-AAA-ay
chilas
59-AAA-az
chalas
tagau
Tagau valley
Afghanistan
59-AAA-aza
tagau-A.
tagab
Afghanistan
59-AAA-azb
ishpi
Afghanistan
59-AAA-azc
isken
Afghanistan
Afghanistan
Afghanistan
Afghanistan
59-AAA-ba
Dameli
dameli
59-AAA-baa
shintari
59-AAA-bab
swati
59-AAB
59-AAB-aa
KHOWAR+
KALASHA net
Khowar+ Kalasha
kho-war
59-AAB-aaa
kho-war-N.
(NWF: Chitral)
59-AAB-aab
kho-war-S.
(NWF: Chitral)
59-AAB-aac
arniya
(NWF: Chitral)
59-AAB-aad
patu
59-AAB-aae
qashqari
kashkari
(NWF: Chitral)
59-AAB-ab
kalasha
kalashamon, kalash
(NWF: Chitral)
59-AAB-aba
kalasha-N.
Rumbur-valley Bumboret-valley Birir-valley
(NWF: Chitral)
59-AAB-abb
kalasha-S.
urtsun
(NWF: Chitral)
59-AAC
DARDIC-CENTRAL, part of "dardic"
59-AAC-ca
KALAMI+ KHILI net

Wotapuri+
Katarqalai
wotapuri
katarqalai
Tirahi
tirahi
Kalami
kalami
59-AAC-caa
kalami-A.
59-AAC-cab
ushu
59-AAC-cac
thal
59-AAC-cad
lamuti
59-AAC-d
59-AAC-eb
Kalkoti
kalkoti
Khili
maiya
mani
59-AAC-eba
mani-A.
59-AAC-ebb
patan
pattan Patan valley
(Kohistan)
59-AAC-ebc
seo
sio Sio valley
(Kohistan)
59-AAC-ebd
jijal
59-AAC-ec
manzeri
59-AAC-eca
duberi
59-AAA-b
59-AAB-a
59-AAC-a
59-AAC-aa
59-AAC-ab
59-AAC-b
59-AAC-ba
59-AAC-c
59-AAC-da
59-AAC-e
59-AAC-ea
Pakistan (NWF)
damal, damali, damia Damel valley transhumant community
3
Pakistan (NWF)
"WIDER" CHITRAL, part of "dardic"
khowari, chitrali #kho-war=people('s)-language Chitral valley
(NWF: Chitral)
(NWF: Chitral)
Waigali district
(Nuristan)
(Nuristan)
Afghanistan
Pakistan (NWT: Kohistan)
garwi, gowri, gawri, gawro, bashkarik, bashgharik, diri, dirwali, kalamikohistani
(Kohistan: Dir, Swat-N.)
kalam
(Kohistan)
nangarhar Khyber pass westwards
(Kohistan)
(Kohistan)
lamti, kinolam
(Kohistan)
Pakistan (NWF: Kohistan)
(Kohistan: Dir)
khili-kohistani
maiyon, mair
(Kohistan)
indus
(Kohistan)
kalkot Kalkot village
(Kohistan)
(Kohistan)
manzari
(Kohistan)
(Kohistan)
kandia
turvali
bahrein Swat valley
(Kohistan: Swat)
Chail valley
(Kohistan: Swat)
59-AAD-ab
Torwali
behrain
chail
SHINA+ DANGARIK
net
Dangarik
sau
phalura
59-AAD-aba
59-AAD
59-AAC-f
59-AAC-fb
Pakistan (NWF)
59-AAC-ecb
59-AAC-fa
page 459
(Kohistan)
part of "dardic"
Pakistan; Afghanistan U
sawi, dangarik-W. Kunar valley
Afghanistan (Konar)
dangarik-E.Chitral lower left-bank
phalura-A.
palula, palola
(Chitral)
59-AAD-abb
ashreti
ashret
(Chitral)
59-AAD-abc
biyori
59-AAD-b
Shina+ Gilgiti
shina+ palasi Gilgit Diamer Baltistan districts
Pakistan (Azad Kashmir); India

(Jammu & Kashmir) U
59-AAD-ba
gilgiti
59-AAD-baa
gilgit
Gilgit lower valley
59-AAD-bab
shina-NW.
Gilgit upper valley
(Kashmir)
59-AAD-bb
chilasi+ darel
chilas-kohistani, part of kohistani
(Kashmir)
59-AAD-bba
chilasi
chilas, chiless, chiles, galo Indus upper valley above Nanga Parbat:
Chilas
(Kashmir)
shina, shin, sina, part of kohistani
(Kashmir)
59-AAD-a
59-AAD-aa
59-AAD-bbb
darel
59-AAD-bc
shinaki*
dras
dah*
59-AAD-bd
59-AAD-be
(Chitral)
(Kashmir)
(Kashmir)
(Kashmir)
part of kohistani Dras valley
(Kashmir)
part of kohistani
(Kashmir)
page 460
59-AAD-bf
hanu*
59-AAD-bfa
kyango
59-AAD-bfb
anderkaro
59-AAD-bg
palasi
palasi-kohistani, part of kohistani Indus-Kohistan country
(Kashmir)
59-AAD-bga
palasi-A.
palesi, palas Palas valley
(Kashmir)
59-AAD-bgb
kolai
Kolai valley
(Kashmir)
59-AAD-bgc
jalkoti
Jalkoti valley
59-AAD-bh
astori+ gurezi
part of kohistani
1999 / 2000 edition
(Kashmir)
(Kashmir)
(Kashmir)
5
(Kashmir)
(Kashmir)
59-AAD-bha
astori
astor Nanga Parbat mountains>NE.: Astori
(Kashmir)
59-AAD-bhb
gurezi
gurais, part of kohistani Kishanganga upper valley: Gurais
(Kashmir)
59-AAD-bi
brokskat
Ushojo
brokpa, minaro, kyango Indus upper valley: Garkhon environs
nettraditionally of Kohistani origin; perhaps better treated as a separate
(Jammu & Kashmir)
Pakistan (NWF)
ushojo
RAI+ DARAI net
Rai+ Done
ushuji, part of kohistani Bishigram, Chail valley
Pakistan (NWF)
Nepal; India U
4
4
59-AAD-c
59-AAD-ca
59-AAE
59-AAE-a
"nepal dardic", part of "dardic"

dhanuwar-N,. danuwar-N., dhanwar-N., dhanvar-N.
Hindi-E. (Dhanuwar-S.)
distinct from [59]
rai
done
danuwar-rai Terai plains
Nepal
59-AAE-ab
danuwar-done
Nepal
59-AAE-aba
done-N.
Makwanpur Garhi
Nepal
59-AAE-abb
done-S.
enclave
India (Uttar Pradesh-N.)
59-AAE-ac
59-AAF
kachariya
danuwar-kachariya Rautahat district
Darai
Chitawan district: Inner Terai
darai
HINDI+ BNGL net INDIC-CENTRAL outer-languages within this net are equated where
59-AAF-a
Keshur
59-AAE-aa
59-AAE-b
59-AAE-ba
Nepal
Nepal
th
relevant with "scheduled languages" included in the 8 schedule to the
Constitution of India (as amended in 1992), 13 out of 18 of which
(comprising 75 out of 85 "mother-tongues" of more than 10,000
speakers each) are included within this net.
"sanskritised" dardic, kasmiri, kaschemiri, kacmiri, cashmiri,

India (Jammu & Kashmir);
cashmeeree, including maraz, kasmiri-SW. kamraz, kasmiri-NW.
Pakistan (Azad Kashmir) U
yamraz, srinagar-kashmiri
Sarada, Sharda script; Perso-Arabic script
translingual in [59] Hindi+Urdu
transition to [59] Panjabi
comprises Kasmiri "scheduled language" in India Vale of Kashmir
country
& C
59-AAF-aa
keshur-F.
59-AAF-ab
kashtawari
59-AAF-aba
muslim-kashmiri
59-AAF-abb
hindu-kashmiri
59-AAF-ac
UL VL
59-AAF-ad
UDPE QL
59-AAF-ae
VLU ML
59-AAF-af
VLU MLNDVKPLUL
59-AAF-ag
EDNDZ OL
(Kashmir)
59-AAF-ah
EXQMZ OL
(Kashmir)
59-AAF-ai
59-AAF-aj
miraski
poguli
59-AAF-ak
VK KPDQV
59-AAF-al
59-AAF-am
]LU N
59-AAF-b
&
"literary" keshur; preceded by "old kashmiri" (from c.+1300) and

Kashtawari model
"middle kashmiri" (from c.+1500)
(Kashmir)
kishtwari Kishtwar town & valley
(Kashmir)
(Kashmir)
(Kashmir)
(Kashmir)
ramban
(Kashmir)
Doda
(Kashmir)
Kashmir valley
(Kashmir)
(Kashmir)
Doda district: Kishtwar>W. mountain valleys
(Kashmir)
(Kashmir)
UL
(Kashmir)
OL
-boli
ManH OL
BhaUDZ KL
(Kashmir)
Pahari-W. #pahari=hill-language
transition to [59] Panjabi
Himalaya foothills: Bhadarwahi Jaunsari comprises part of Hindi
"scheduled language" in India translingual in [59] Hindi+Urdu
India; (Jammu & Kashmir);

Pakistan (Azad Kashmir; Punjab
border); Nepal U
(Kashmir)
59-AAF-ba
SRWZ UL
pothwari
59-AAF-bb
dhuni
dhundi-kairali
59-AAF-bc
FKLEK OL
59-AAF-bd
PXU
59-AAF-be
59-AAF-bf
punchhi
bhaUDZ
59-AAF-bfa
pa
59-AAF-bfb
EK OHVL
59-AAF-bfc
SDQJZ
59-AAF-bg
manH
(Kashmir)
(Kashmir)
KL
muree Muree Hills
Pakistan (Punjab border)
punch, poonch, poonchhi Punch
(Kashmir border)
bhadrawahi, baderwali, badrohi, bhaderbhai-jamu, bhaderwali-pahari,

bhadrava, bhadri, bahi Bhadarwah
(Kashmir)
(Kashmir)
UL
(Kashmir)
OL
OL
mandi, maniyali-pahari, pahari mandiyali, himachali used in local

administration, and as basis of proposed Himachali standard language
Mandi district
(Kashmir)
Pakistan (Himachal Pradesh)
59-AAF-bh
kului
kulu, kauli, kullui, kullu, kulvi, kulu-boli, kul-wali, kulu-pahari, phari-kullu

Kulu valley
India (Himachal Pradesh)
59-AAF-bha
kului-A.
kukui
(Himachal Pradesh)
59-AAF-bhb
VLU
"inner" siraji, part of siraji
(Himachal Pradesh)
satlaji pahari Sutlej middle valley
India (Punjab)
ML&
59-AAF-bhc
sainji
59-AAF-bi
satlaji
page 461
4
(Himachal Pradesh)
59-AAF-bia
satlaji-A.
59-AAF-bib
VLU
59-AAF-bic
(Punjab)
"peripheral" siraji
(Punjab)
sodochi
sodoci
(Punjab)
59-AAF-bj
EDJK WL
bhagati, baghati pahari, part of mahasui, mahasu pahari

Chandigarh>N.: Baghat country
India (Punjab)
59-AAF-bk
NLXQWK OL
kiunthali, kiunthali pahari, kutiyali pahari, part of mahasui, mahasu

pahari Simla hills
India (Punjab)
59-AAF-bka
NLXQWK
kiunthali "proper", kiuthali, kuthari, kutiyali Keonthal
(Punjab)
59-AAF-bkb
kochi
including rampuri rohruri kuari bagi, baghi
(Punjab)
59-AAF-bkc
VRU
sarachali, surkhuli
(Punjab)
59-AAF-bkd
kirni
59-AAF-bke
EDU
59-AAF-bkf
VLPO
59-AAF-bkg
EDJKOL
59-AAF-bkh
handuri
59-AAF-bl
sirmauri
sirmauri pahari, part of mahasui, mahasu pahari
59-AAF-bla
sirmauri-A.
Sirmaur
(Himachal Pradesh)
59-AAF-blb
bissau
bishau
(Himachal Pradesh)
59-AAF-blc
JLULS
Giri valley
59-AAF-bld
GK
59-AAF-bm
chameali
59-AAF-bma
chameali-N.
59-AAF-bmb
chameali-S.
59-AAF-c
GaKZ
59-AAF-ca
MDXQV UL
59-AAF-cb
gaKZ
59-AAF-cba
VDO
59-AAF-cbb
Q JSXUL\
(Uttar Pradesh)
59-AAF-cbc
PDMKNXPDL\
(Uttar Pradesh)
59-AAF-cbd
EDGK
QL
(Uttar Pradesh)
59-AAF-cbe
GDVDXO\
(Uttar Pradesh)
59-AAF-cbf
OREK\
(Uttar Pradesh)
59-AAF-cbg
rathi
(Uttar Pradesh)
59-AAF-cbh
VULQDJDUL\
(Uttar Pradesh)
59-AAF-cbi
EKDWWL
59-AAF-cc
tehri
gangapariya
India (Uttar Pradesh)
59-AAF-cd
NXP XQL
kumaoni, kumau, kumawani, kumgoni, kumman, kunayaoni
59-AAF-cda
johari
(Uttar Pradesh)
59-AAF-cdb
VLU
(Uttar Pradesh)
59-AAF-cdc
askoti
59-AAF-cdd
VRUL\
59-AAF-cde
G QSXUL\
(Uttar Pradesh)
59-AAF-cdf
JDQJRO
(Uttar Pradesh)
59-AAF-cdg
FKDXJDUNKL\
59-AAF-cdh
NXPDL\
59-AAF-cdi
U PSXUEKDEDUL
59-AAF-cdj
rau-chaubhaisi
ML
RXWHU
OL$
FKROL
(Punjab)
(Punjab)
UL
VLU
simla siraji
ML
(Punjab)
(Punjab)
QL
(Punjab)
UL
(Himachal Pradesh)
(Himachal Pradesh)
UWKL
chamaya, chambiali, chambiyali, chamya, chamiyali, chamiyali pahari
India (Jammu & Kashmir;

Himachal Pradesh)
(Jammu & Kashmir)
OL.XP XQL
OL
(Himachal Pradesh)
pahari-C. #pahari =hill-language Himalaya foothills comprises

part of Hindi "scheduled language" in India translingual in [59]
Hindi+Urdu
India (Jammu & Kashmir;

Himachal Pradesh; Uttar Pradesh);
Nepal U
jaunsar, jaunsari-pahari
India (Uttar Pradesh; Himachal

Pradesh)
garhwali, gadhavali, gadhawala, gadwahi, gashwali, godauli, gorwali,

gurvali, girwali, garhwali pahari

(Uttar Pradesh)
QL
(Uttar Pradesh)
QL
OL
(Uttar Pradesh)
(Uttar Pradesh)
OL
SDFKK
(Uttar Pradesh)
(Uttar Pradesh)
Rampur
(Uttar Pradesh)
(Uttar Pradesh)
59-AAF-cdk
pashchimi
(Uttar Pradesh)
59-AAF-cdl
phaldakoL\
(Uttar Pradesh)
59-AAF-cdm
NKDVSDUML\
(Uttar Pradesh)
page 462
1999 / 2000 edition
pahari-E., "wider" nepali #pahari=hill-language Himalaya foothills

comprises Nepali "scheduled language" in India translingual in [59]
Hindi+Urdu
Nepal; India; Bhutan U
SDOS
palpa pahari
Nepal-W.
QHS OL
parbatiya, gorkhali, gurkhali, khas-kura, khas-bhasa, "nepalese",

transition to Hindi-E.
Nagari script
"gurkhalese"
59-AAF-d
1HS OL3DOS
59-AAF-da
59-AAF-db
59-AAF-dba
59-AAF-dbb
QHS
OL*
59-AAF-dbc
EDLW
GL
59-AAF-dbd
bajhangi
59-AAF-dbe
EDMXU
QHS
OL)
Ctransition to Pahari-C.
C
&
uNepal
"literary" nepali; preceded by "old" nepali (from c.+1300) and "middle"

nepali
Nepal
"generalised" nepali
Nepal; India (Darjiling); Bhutan;

Sikkim
Nepal
Nepal
bajura
OL
Nepal
59-AAF-dbf
doteli
Nepal
59-AAF-dbg
VRU
Nepal
GL
59-AAF-dbh
acchami
59-AAF-dbi
MXPOHOLVLQM
Nepal
59-AAF-dbj
GDUMXO
59-AAF-e
3DQM EL
59-AAF-ea
SDQM
59-AAF-eaa
PXVOLPSDQM
59-AAF-eab
VLNKSDQM
59-AAF-eac
KLQGXSDQM
59-AAF-eb
SDQM EL*
59-AAF-eba
SDQM
ELSDNLVWDQ
Pakistan (Punjab)
59-AAF-ebb
SDQM
ELLQGLD
India (Punjab; Haryana; Himachal

Pradesh)
59-AAF-ebc
SDQM
ELILML
Fiji
59-AAF-ebd
SDQM
ELHQJODQG
59-AAF-ec
majhi
"traditional" panjabi-C., panjabi-E.
Pakistan (Punjab), India (Punjab)
59-AAF-eca
O KRUH
Lahore
Pakistan (Punjab)
India (Punjab)
OL
including jumleli, jumla sinjali, sijali, sinja
Nepal
Nepal
Pakistan (Punjab); India (Punjab;
also Haryana; Himachal Pradesh);
migration> United Arab Emirates;
Fiji; Canada; England U
"standard" panjabi, "formal" panjabi
Pakistan ( Punjab); India

( Punjab)
EL)
EL
EL
EL
&
punjabi, penjabi, in [51] French: pendjabi, including lahnda, panjabifrom c.1550: Gurmukhi script; Lahnda
W. "peripheral" panjabi
script; Perso-Arabic script comprises Punjabi "scheduled language"
in India
Muslim model
including sikh "scriptural" panjabi Sikh model
Hindu model
SDQM
ELPXVDOPDQL
"current generalised" panjabi, "general colloquial" panjabi
Pakistan (Punjab); also India

(Punjab)
Pakistan (Punjab); India
(Punjab)
India (Punjab); also Pakistan
(Punjab)
Pakistan (Punjab), India
(Punjab), migration> Fiji,
England
UK: England
59-AAF-ecb
amritsar
Amritsar
59-AAF-ecc
JXUG
Gurdaspur
India (Punjab)
59-AAF-ed
ODKQG
lahanda, lahndi, west "traditional" panjabi, west panjabi
Pakistan (Punjab)
59-AAF-eda
SRWRK
rawalpindi, potohri, potwar Rawalpindi
Pakistan (Punjab)
59-AAF-edb
E OPLNL
valmiki, attock sweepers community Attock
Pakistan (Punjab)
59-AAF-edc
jhelum
Jhelum river
59-AAF-edd
VDUJRGK
59-AAF-ede
JXMU
59-AAF-edf
JXMU
QZ
59-AAF-edg
VL
59-AAF-edh
VKHNKXSXU
59-AAF-edi
faisalabad, lyalpur FaisalabadLayalpur
59-AAF-edj
chinawari
Pakistan (Punjab)
59-AAF-edk
QLVZ
Pakistan (Punjab)
59-AAF-edl
bardi-boli
59-AAF-edm
jatatardi-boli
59-AAF-ee
GR EL
doab between Beas Sutlej rivers
India (Punjab)
59-AAF-eea
KRVKL
Hoshiarpur
India (Punjab)
59-AAF-eeb
jullundur
Jullundur, Jullundhar
India (Punjab)
59-AAF-ef
PDOZ L
malwa, jangali Ludhiana
India (Punjab)
59-AAF-eg
SDWL OZL
59-AAF-ega
SDWL
Patiala
India (Punjab)
India (Punjab)
VSXU
UL
Pakistan (Punjab)
Pakistan (Punjab)
ONRW
\DOSXUL
migrants from Gujarat state (to be confirmed)
Pakistan (Punjab)
Gujranwala
Pakistan (Punjab)
Sialkot
Pakistan (Punjab)
Shekhupura
Pakistan (Punjab)
QL
USXU
Pakistan (Punjab)
Pakistan (Punjab)
Pakistan (Punjab)
India (Punjab)
59-AAF-egb
sangrur
Sangrur>N.
59-AAF-eh
DZDQN ULJKHEL
part of "peripheral" panjabi
Pakistan (Punjab)
59-AAF-eha
salt-range
Salt-Range-Hills-W.
Pakistan (Punjab)
59-AAF-ehb
DZDQN
59-AAF-ehc
ghebi
Pakistan (Punjab)
UL
Pindi Gheb
Pakistan (Punjab)
Ctransition to
page 463
59-AAF-ei
gaddi
59-AAF-eia
FKXU
curahi, churahi gadi Chamba-NW. district
(Himachal Pradesh)
59-AAF-eib
bharmauri
bharmaudi bhadi, bharmauri pahari, panchi brahmauri rajput

Chamba-SE. district
(Himachal Pradesh)
59-AAF-ej
EKDWH OL
bhateali gadi, bhattiani, bhatyiana, part of "peripheral" panjabi

Chamba-W. district
59-AAF-ek
dogri
dhogaryali, dogari, dogri jammu, dongari, tokkaru, hindi-dogri, part of

transition to
dogri+ kangri, dogri-pahari, part of "peripheral" panjabi
[58] Pahari between Ravi Chenab valleys
gaddi-chamba, gadi, gadyali, part of "peripheral" panjabi

[58] Pahari
KL
India (Jammu & Kashmir)
59-AAF-eka
bhatbali
(Jammu & Kashmir)
59-AAF-ekb
dogri-N.
(Jammu & Kashmir)
59-AAF-ekc
dogri-E.
(Jammu & Kashmir)
59-AAF-ekd
NDQGL
(Jammu & Kashmir)
59-AAF-el
N QJUL
59-AAF-em
mirpuri
mirpur panjabi, part of "peripheral" panjabi astride Kashmir cease-fire

line: Mirpur
(Kashmir-W. ); migration> England
59-AAF-en
hindki
hindki-N., hindko-N., part of panjabi-NW., part of "peripheral" panjabi

Indus upper basin
Pakistan-N. (NWF; also Punjab)
59-AAF-ena
KD]
Kohistan country: Hazara division
(NWF)
59-AAF-enb
NRK
WL
59-AAF-enc
tinauli
59-AAF-eo
hindko
hindko-S., peshawari hindko, peshawar, part of panjabi-NW., part of

"peripheral" panjabi
Pakistan (NWF)
59-AAF-ep
NDKO
kehloori, bilaspuri, bilaspuri pahari, pacchmi, kehloori paheri, part of

"peripheral" panjabi
59-AAF-eq
VLU LNL
panjabi-SW., multani, part of "peripheral" panjabi
Pakistan (Punjab; Sindh-N.)
59-AAF-eqa
GHU
hindki-S. Indus middle valley: Dera-Ismail-Khan Dera-Ghazi-Khan
(Punjab)
59-AAF-eqb
PXOW
59-AAF-eqc
bahawalpuri
59-AAF-eqd
NKHWU
59-AAF-eqe
jangli
59-AAF-eqf
jafiri
59-AAF-eqg
WK OL1
sindh-sagar-doab, jatki-W. Thar-N. desert
(Sindh)
59-AAF-eqh
VLU
sindh-hindki, "transitional" panjabi+ sindhi
(Sindh)
59-AAF-f
Sindhi
59-AAF-fa
sindhi-F.
59-AAF-faa
muslim-sindhi
59-AAF-fab
hindu-sindhi
59-AAF-fb
sindhi-G.
59-AAF-fba
VLQGKLS
59-AAF-fbb
VLQGKLEK
59-AAF-fc
vicholi
part of "traditional" sindhi
Pakistan (Sindh)
59-AAF-fca
vicholi-A.
visholi "proper"
(Sindh)
59-AAF-fcb
siro
59-AAF-fd
WK UHOL
thari, part of "traditional" sindhi
Pakistan (Sindh)
59-AAF-fe
Pakistan (Sindh)
59-AAF-ff
lasi
lari
Pakistan (Sindh)
59-AAF-fg
PDFKDUL
59-AAF-fh
59-AAF-fj
bhil-sindhi
ja-gali
ja-gali-W.
ja-gali-E.
kachchi
59-AAF-fja
P Q
59-AAF-fjb
59-AAF-fjc
59-AAF-fjd
EK
59-AAF-fje
Y JGL
59-AAF-fjf
niardiay
59-AAF-fi
59-AAF-fia
59-AAF-fib
OL
Jammu & Kashmir
KLQGNR
Kohat valley
(NWF)
(NWF)
UL
Z OL
QL
multan Multan
(Punjab)
riasiti, reasiti Bahawalpur
(Punjab)
(Punjab)
QL
(Punjab)
(Punjab)
LNLVLQGKL
NLVW
UDW
Ctransition to [59] Sindhi
&
E
"standard" sindhi, "formal" sindhi &Lari model
&Muslim model
&Hindu model
sindi large-scale migration from Pakistan to India in and after 1947

Banya (Lahnda) script; Perso-Arabic script; also Gurmukhi script;
Nagari script comprises Sindhi "scheduled language" in India
"current generalised" sindhi, "general colloquial" sindhi

Q
"indian" sindhi; dukslinu
Vicholi model
Pakistan (Sindh); India (Gujarat)
Pakistan India (Gujarat)
(Sindh)
(Gujarat; Rajasthan)
(Sindh)
(Gujarat; Rajasthan)
(Sindh)
vi
jadeji, jats, jat-gali, jat
(Sindh)
kachhi, kachchhi, katchi, kachi, katch, kautchy, cuchi, cutch, kachi-koli,

kuchi-koli
transition to [59] Gujarati Rann of Kutch plain Indus
lower left-bank
India (Gujarat); also Pakistan

(Sindh)
kachchi "proper"
(Gujarat)
(Gujarat)
(Gujarat)
QL
Pakistan (Baluchistan; Sindh)

(Baluchistan)
\DVWKL1
Pakistan (Sindh)
Pakistan (Sindh; Rajasthan)
bhatia
vaghri, vagari, wagaria
(Gujarat)
(Gujarat)
(Gujarat)
page 464

L
59-AAF-fjg
EDM
59-AAF-fjh
kavah
(Gujarat)
59-AAF-fji
UDY
(Gujarat)
59-AAF-fjj
N UL
59-AAF-fjk
UDK
59-AAF-fjl
wandering circus community
(Gujarat)
UL
UL
1999 / 2000 edition
karia-lohari, lohar
(Gujarat)
rabari
(Gujarat)
kachchi-'migr'
migration> Kenya; Tanzania
59-AAF-fka
waL\
waL\ U
59-AAF-fkb
PHZ
59-AAF-fl
WK UDG UL-
tharadari Thar desert Rann of Kutch plain
59-AAF-fla
WK
UDG
ULNROL1
Mirpur Khas>SE.
(Sindh)
59-AAF-flb
WK
UDG
ULNROL6
Tharad>W.
59-AAF-fm
SDUN ULNROL
59-AAF-fma
Q J
59-AAF-fmb
WK L
Thar-S. desert
(Sindh)
59-AAF-fmc
badin
Badin>S. & W.
(Sindh)
59-AAF-g
5 MDVWK QL
59-AAF-ga
VLQGKLP UZ
59-AAF-gaa
VLQGKLP
UZ
59-AAF-gab
VLQGKLP
UZ
59-AAF-gac
G GX
59-AAF-gad
QDZ
59-AAF-gae
WDQGRPXKDPPDGNK
59-AAF-gaf
WDQGRJKXO
59-AAF-gag
GK
59-AAF-gah
WK
59-AAF-gb
U MDVWK QLP UZ
59-AAF-gc
59-AAF-gd
U MDVWK QL&
"transitional" marwari-C.
59-AAF-gda
jaisalmer
jaiselmer, jesalmer Jaisalmer
59-AAF-gdb
godwari
59-AAF-gdc
sirohi
59-AAF-gdd
GHRU
59-AAF-gde
saeth-ki-boli
59-AAF-ge
EKLOP UZ
59-AAF-gea
MRGKSXULP
59-AAF-geb
VLQGKP
59-AAF-gf
ELN QHUL
59-AAF-gfa
ELN
59-AAF-gfb
VKHNK
59-AAF-gg
PHZ WL
59-AAF-gga
PHZ
59-AAF-ggb
KLUZ
59-AAF-gh
jaipuri
rajasthani-CE.
India (Rajasthan)
59-AAF-gha
jaipuri-A.
Jaipur
(Rajasthan)
59-AAF-ghb
WRU
59-AAF-ghc
NDWKDLU
59-AAF-ghd
FKDXU
59-AAF-ghe
U M
59-AAF-ghf
kishangahi
kishangahi Kishangarh>E.
(Rajasthan)
59-AAF-gi
ajmeri
harauti
rajasthani-C. Ajmer
India (Rajasthan)
59-AAF-gj
59-AAF-gja
harauti-A.
harauti "proper", hadauti, hadoti
59-AAF-gjb
VLS
59-AAF-fk
-koli
Pakistan (Sindh)
VL
koli
wadaria
(Sindh)
mayvasi
(Sindh)
parkari, parkari-kachi, parkari-kachchhi
transition to [59] Rajasthani
(Gujarat)
Pakistan (Sindh)
&
th
India (Rajasthan); Pakistan (Sindh)
Nagari script; Perso-Arabic script #rajasthani is a 20 cent. covername, applied to the convergence of the following idioms around a new U
literary language (see Rajasthani-F.) comprises part of Hindi
"scheduled language" in India translingual in [59] Hindi+Urdu
marwari-W., merwari-W., meghwar-W., marawar-W., marvari-W.

transition to [59] Sindhi
Pakistan-S. (Sindh-N; also PunjabSW.).
i-NW.
Dadu>N.
(Sindh)
i-NE.
Nawabshah>N.
(Sindh)
Dadu
(Sindh)
K
Q
PDOL
WNL
U
MDVWK QL)
Nawabshah
(Sindh)
Tando Muhammad Khan
(Sindh)
Tando Ghulam Ali
(Sindh)
Sindhi-Marwari>W.
(Sindh)
dhatki-bhil, thali-S. Thar-S. desert
(Sindh)
marwari-C., merwari-C., meghwar-C., marawar-C., marvari-C.

transition to [59] Sindhi
(Rajasthan)
"standard" rajasthani, "formal" marwari-C.
India (Rajasthan), also Pakistan
&Rajasthani-Marwari model
(Rajasthan)
(Rajasthan)
(Rajasthan)
marwari-S. Sirohi district

ZDWL
UZ
QHUL$
Z
"transitional" marwari+ gujerati . Sirohi-SW. district

[59] Gujarati
UZ
(Rajasthan)
Ctransition to
marwari-bhil, marwari-W., merwari-W., meghwar-W., marawar-W.,

marvari-W. transition to [59] Sindhi
i
Jodhpur
(Rajasthan)
(Rajasthan)
India (Rajasthan; Sindh)
(Rajasthan)
(Sindh); (Rajasthan) transfrontier
rajasthani-N., marwari-N., merwari-N., meghwar-N., marawar-N.,

marvari-N.
India (Rajasthan)
"proper" bikaner
(Rajasthan)
(Rajasthan)
WL
rajasthani-NE.
India (Rajasthan)
(Rajasthan)
WL$
hirwati
WL
(Rajasthan)
(Rajasthan)
ZDWL
(Rajasthan)
(Rajasthan)
VL
(Rajasthan)
ZDWL
UL
(Sindh)
SDUN U
EVK
rajasthani-E.
Ctransition to [59] Hindi-W.
India (Rajasthan)
(Rajasthan)
(Rajasthan)
i
rajasthani-S.
Ctransition to [59] Gujarati
59-AAF-gk
PHZ
59-AAF-gka
PHZ
59-AAF-gkb
JRU
59-AAF-gkc
VDUZ
UL
59-AAF-gkd
NKDLU
UL
59-AAF-gke
J PHWL
59-AAF-gl
P OYL
rajasthani-SE.
59-AAF-gla
P OYL$
ahiri, malvi "proper", malwa, malwada, mallow, malavi, "standard"

rajasthani-SE.
59-AAF-glb
EDFK
59-AAF-glc
GKROHZ
59-AAF-gld
KRVKDQJ
i-A.
page 465
India (Rajasthan)
(Rajasthan)
(Rajasthan)
ZDWL
(Rajasthan)
(Rajasthan)
i
PHZ
Ctransition to [59] Hindi-W.
gametia people
(Rajasthan)
India (Madhya-Pradesh)
(Madhya-Pradesh)
(Madhya-Pradesh)
GL
(Madhya-Pradesh)
UL
E
Hoshangabad
(Madhya-Pradesh)
59-AAF-gle
jamral
(Madhya-Pradesh)
59-AAF-glf
NDWL\
(Madhya-Pradesh)
59-AAF-glg
S WYL
59-AAF-glh
U QJUL
rajwari
(Madhya-Pradesh)
59-AAF-gli
ujjaini
Ujjain
(Madhya-Pradesh)
59-AAF-glj
EKR\
59-AAF-gm
VRQGZ UL
59-AAF-gn
QLP GL
59-AAF-gna
QLP
GL$
59-AAF-gnb
EKX
QL
59-AAF-go
gujuri
(Madhya-Pradesh)
UL
bhuria, bhomiyari, bhuiyar, bohoyeri, bhoyaroo
(Madhya-Pradesh)
soudhwari
nemadi, nimari
(Madhya-Pradesh)
gujari, gujer, gujar, gujjari, gurjar, gojri, gogri, gojari, rajasthani

"northward nomadic"
India northwards
(Madhya-Pradesh)
59-AAF-goa
U MDVWK
59-AAF-gob
plains-gujuri
59-AAF-goc
mountain-gujuri
(Rajasthan)
QLJXMXUL
(Himachal Pradesh)
kashmir gujuri
(Jammu & Kasmir); Pakistan (Azad

Kasmir)
59-AAF-god
ajiri
hazara-ajiri
59-AAF-gp
E JUL
bagari, bagri-rajasthani, bagria, bagris, baorias, bahgri, rajasthani

"westward nomadic"
India (Rajasthan westwards);

Pakistan
6*
59-AAF-gq
ODPE GL
gormati, gurmati, lamani, lambhani-muka, lavani, lumadale, lemadi,

lambara, rajasthani "southward nomadic", including banjari, banjori,
banjuri; banjara
India (Rajasthan southwards)
59-AAF-gqa
ODPE
GLPDK
59-AAF-gqb
ODPE
GL
59-AAF-gqc
ODPE
GLPDLVXU
59-AAF-gr
ORK UL
59-AAF-gra
ORK
ULJDGH
59-AAF-grb
ORK
ULORKSLWW
59-AAF-grc
ORK
ULE JUL
59-AAF-grd
EKXEDOL\
59-AAF-gs
P Q
59-AAF-gt
V QVL
59-AAF-gu
EK QWX
59-AAF-h
*XMDU WL
(Maharashtra)
VKWUD
(Andhra-Pradesh)
QGKUDSUDGHVK
U
ORK
MSXW
karnataka lambadi Mysore
(Karnataka)
lohar community blacksmiths community
India (Rajasthan)
gaduliya lohari wheelwrights community
(Rajasthan)
swordsmiths community
(Rajasthan)
perhaps spoken by itinerant blacksmiths (cf. bagri above)
(Rajasthan)
UL
meena
*
*
distinct from [59] Bhil-mina
(Rajasthan)
(Rajasthan)
sansiya dispersed community
(Punjab; Rajasthan; Haryana;

Himachal Pradesh; Chandigarh;
Delhi; Uttar Pradesh)
chhara dispersed urban community
(Rajasthan; Gujarat; Uttar

Pradesh; deportation in colonial
times> Andaman & Nicobar)
&
gujrathi, gujerati with component languages based on class,

from c.1300: Nagari script;
community ("caste") and/or region
Gujarati script comprises Gujarati "scheduled language" in India
59-AAF-ha
JXMDU
59-AAF-haa
KLQGXJXMDU
59-AAF-hab
PXVDOP
59-AAF-hac
S UVLJXMDU WL
59-AAF-hb
paani
59-AAF-hc
N WKL Z
59-AAF-hd
MK O Z
WL)
WL
QLJXMDU
WL
&
India (Gujarat; Rajasthan;

Maharashtra); migration> {East
Africa}; Zambia, England; USA. U
"literary" gujarati, "formal" gujarati; preceded by "old" gujarati (from

c.+1300) and "middle" gujarati (from c.+1450)
Central Gujarati
th
(Vadodari) model, from 19 cent.
India ( Gujarat; Maharashtra;

Rajasthan-S.)
"hindu literary" gujarati
(Gujarat)
"muslim literary" gujarati
(Gujarat)
"persianised" gujarati, "zoroastrian colloquial" gujarati Parsi religious

bilingual in [52] English
community
(Gujarat)
patani, gujarati-N. Patan (pre-Muslim capital of Gujarat)
India (Gujarat)
kathiawadi, kathyawadi, kathiyawadi, kathiyawadai-W., saraushtri-W.,

saurashtra-W., gujarati-W. Kathiawar peninsula
India (Gujarat)
Jhalawad country (former princely state)
India (Gujarat)
Sorath country (former princely state)
India (Gujarat)
haalaadi, holadi Halar country (former princely state)
India (Gujarat)
Gohilwad country (former princely state)
India (Gujarat)
59-AAF-he
sorahi
59-AAF-hf
K O UL
59-AAF-hg
JRKLOZ
59-AAF-hh
EK YQDJDUL
bhawnagari Bhavnagar country (former princely state)
India (Gujarat)
59-AAF-hi
NK UZ
kharawa Kathiawar peninsula Muslim seafarers & fishmongers
India (Gujarat)
page 466
1999 / 2000 edition
"central" gujarati, standard gujarati Ahmadabad, Amdavad Baroda, India (Gujarat)

Vadodara
59-AAF-hj
JXMDU WL&
59-AAF-hja
JU
"urbanised" gamadia Ahmadabad
(Gujarat)
59-AAF-hjb
J PD L
"rural" gamadia Amdavad environs #from gam-u small village
(Gujarat)
59-AAF-hjc
charotari
carotari Kaira district: Charotar farmlands
(Gujarat)
59-AAF-hjd
S LG UL
Kaira district
(Gujarat)
59-AAF-hje
vaodari
vadodara, "popular" baroda Baroda, Vadodara
(Gujarat)
59-AAF-hjf
dalit
#dalit=oppressed Christian & out-caste communities
(Gujarat)
59-AAF-hk
bharuchi
surti
"eastern-broach" gujarati Bharuch district
India (Gujarat)
59-AAF-hl
surati, hurati, gujarati-S. Surat district
India (Gujarat)
59-AAF-hm
DQ ZO
anavla, anaola, bhathela Surat-S. Valsad districts brahmin

farmers community
India (Gujarat)
59-AAF-hn
mumbai-U.
mumbai "urban" gujarati Mumbai, Bombay
India (Maharashtra)
59-AAF-ho
YKRU V L
vhora people
India (Maharashtra; Gujarat)
59-AAF-hp
NDN UL
kakari
India (Maharashtra)
59-AAF-hq
JKLV
tarimuki wandering blackmiths community
India (Maharashtra)
59-AAF-i
6DXU VKWUL(
spoken by communities of silk-weavers migrated 1000 years ago

from Gujarat-speaking Kathiawar peninsula
India (Tamil Nadu)
59-AAF-ia
VDXU VKWUL(
59-AAF-j
% RUL: JDGL
P\D
3*
kathiyawadai-E., saurashtra-E., sourashtra, sawrashtra, sorathi, patnuli, India (Tamil Nadu)

khatri
Bhili-N., "transitional" gujarati+ rajasthani, part of bhili, bhil-bari, bhiltransitional between [59]
bori, bhil, bhilla, vil traditional cover-name
Gujarati & Rajasthani; separation from [59] Rathavi+ Konkani (Bhili-C.)
& Pawari+ Paradhi (Bhili-E.) is notional #linguistic validity of Bhili as a
traditional cover-name remains to be ascertained translingual in [59]
Hindi+Urdu
India (Punjab; Rajasthan; Gujarat);

also Pakistan (Punjab, Sindh) U
6*
59-AAF-ja
E RUL
baoria nomadic community
India (Punjab; Rajasthan)
59-AAF-jb
magari* Merwara
India (Rajasthan)
59-AAF-jd
magra-ki-boli
JLU VL -bhili
Z JDGL-bhili
59-AAF-je
dungari-bhili
59-AAF-jf
P Q
59-AAF-jg
SDQFKPDK OL
59-AAF-k
59-AAF-ka
59-AAF-kb
SDK
59-AAF-kc
59-AAF-ke
chodhari-bhili
J PDWL-bhili
Q LNDi
59-AAF-kf
charai
59-AAF-kg
YDV YL
"transitional" gujarati+ bhili, vasave; vasava people Tapti valley
India (Maharashtra; Gujarat-E.)
59-AAF-kga
DGLZ
'adiwasi-bhili'
India
59-AAF-kgb
dhogri-bhili
59-AAF-kgc
kaski-bhili
59-AAF-kgd
bhiloi-bhili
59-AAF-kge
padwi-bhilori
59-AAF-jc
59-AAF-kd
-bhili
-bhili
havi+ Konkai*
VLJLUDVLD
ambodia-bhili
59-AAF-kgg
YDV
59-AAF-kh
P ZFKL-
59-AAF-ki
GK QN
YDEKLOL
bhili
GK
tadavi
dungri-grasia, dhungri-girasia, dungari-girasia, dhungri-bhili

#dungar=hill Khed Brahma
India (Gujarat-N.; Rajasthan-S.)
bhil-mina, bhil-meena
India (Rajasthan-E.)
Panchmahal district
distinct from [59] Mina
valvi
59-AAF-kj
SDWHOL
59-AAF-kk
59-AAF-kl
India (Gujarat-NE.)
Bhili-C., part of bhili, bhil-bari, bhil-bori, bhil, bhilla, vil traditional covertransitional to [59] Khandesi; separation from [59] Baori+
name
Wagadi (Bhili-N.) & Pawari+ Paradhi (Bhili-E.) is notional #linguistic
validity of Bhili as a traditional cover-name remains to be ascertained
India (Gujarat, Maharashtra,

Madhra Pradesh; Dadra & NagarHaveli)
rathvi Chhota Udaipur district
India (Gujarat-E.)
anarya #pahadi=of the hills
India (Gujarat-E.)
chodhari, chodri
India (Gujarat-S.)
gamati, gamit, gamti, gamta, gavit, gamith Bharuch Surat Valsad
India (Gujarat-S.)
naikadi, naikdi, naiki, naikda, naikada, nayaka, cholivale, kapadia,

mota-nayaka, nana-nayaka
India (Gujarat-S.)
carani; charan wandering minstrel community Panchmahals district

eastwards
India (Gujarat; Madhya Pradesh)
India
bhilodi-bhili
India (Gujarat)
India
India
vasavi "proper"
India (Gujarat)
mawchi, mavchi, mawachi
India (Gujarat; Maharashtra)
India (Rajasthan; Gujarat;

Maharashtra)
-bhili
(Rajasthan)
QN
59-AAF-kic
59-AAF-km
India (Rajasthan; Gujarat)
India
59-AAF-kgf
59-AAF-kib
India (Rajasthan; Gujarat)
wagadi, wagdi, vagadi, vagdi, vagari, vageri, vaged, vagi, waghari,

wagholi, mina-bhil nomadic
havi
59-AAF-kia
garasia, nyar Sirohi district
tadvi-bhili, tadvi
(Gujarat)
tetaria-valvi
(Rajasthan)
patelia, pateliya
EKLO O
bhilala-bhili
dubli-bhili
dhoL -bhili
dubli, dubla, rathod, talavia Thana district northwards
India (Dadra & Nagar-Haveli)
-bhili
page 467
59-AAF-kn
konkai-bhili
59-AAF-ko
GHKZ OL
59-AAF-kp
Q KDULEDJO QL
59-AAF-kq
ahiri
ahiriani
India (Maharashtra)
59-AAF-kr
U MSXWJLU VLD
community of scattered cultivators
India (Maharashtra)
kotvali Khandesh
India (Maharashtra)
59-AAF-kv
ko OL
bhimchaura*
haburi*
U Q -bhili*
59-AAF-l
3 ZDUL3 UDGKL
59-AAF-ks
59-AAF-kt
59-AAF-ku
-bhili
konkani, konkna, kokni, kukna, kokna, kanara* Surat Konkan-N.

transitional to [59] Marathi
districts
India (Gujarat; Dadra & NagarHaveli; Maharashtra)
Dhulia Jalgaon districts
India (Maharashtra)
nahari-W., baglani Nasik-N. district
India (Maharashtra)
India
habura
India
(Gujarat)
Bhili-E., part of bhili, bhil-bari, bhil-bori, bhil, bhilla, vil traditional covername separation from [59] Baori+ Wagadi (Bhili-N.) & Rathavi+
Konkani (Bhili-C.) is notional #linguistic validity of Bhili as a traditional
cover-name remains to be ascertained translingual in [59] Hindi+
Urdu
India (Maharashtra; MadhyaPradesh; Andhra Pradesh)
pawari, pauri, pawri, paura
India (Maharashtra; MadhyaPradesh)
bareli
India (Madhya-Pradesh;
Maharashtra)
pardhi, paidia, paradi, paria, bahelia
India (Maharashtra; MadhyaPradesh; Andhra Pradesh)
59-AAF-la
S ZDUL
59-AAF-lb
bareli-bhili
59-AAF-lc
S UDGKL
59-AAF-lca
FKLWDS
59-AAF-lcb
ODQJRS
59-AAF-lcc
SKDQVHS
59-AAF-lcd
taran-kari
takari, takankar, takia
India
59-AAF-lce
Q OLVKLNDUL
neelinsh-kari
India
59-AAF-lcf
pittala-bhasha
59-AAF-m
.K QGHVL
C
transitional to [59] Rathavi+ Konkani (Bhili-C.), Gujarati & Marathi
Etranslingual
in [59] Hindi+Urdu
59-AAF-ma
NK QGHVL
khandeshi, khandish, dhed-gujari
India (Maharashtra; Gujarat)
59-AAF-maa
DKLU
ahrani, khandesi "proper" Khandesh country: Dhulia Jalgaon

districts
(Maharashtra)
-bhili
India
UGKL
India
UGKL
India
UGKL
QL
India
59-AAF-mab
kunabi
kunbau, kunbi
(Gujarat)
59-AAF-mac
dangri, dangi-S., rangari, ka-kachhu-ki boli, dangs bhili Tapti valley:

Dangs country:
(Gujarat)
59-AAF-n
1 KDO*
investigated
possible relationship of name with neighbouring [46] Nihali to be
59-AAF-na
Q KDO$
Satpura highlands: Toranmal environs
59-AAF-nb
Q KDOH
Jalgaon district: Amalwadi>N.
59-AAF-o
0DU WKL
59-AAF-oa
Q JSXULKLQGL
59-AAF-ob
QJUL
India (Maharashtra; Madhya

Pradesh)
(Maharashtra; Madhya Pradesh
border)
&
(Maharashtra)
marathe, maharashtra, muruthi, maharathi, malhatee, marthi Modi

script; Balbodh (Nagari-type) script comprises the original Marathi
"scheduled language" in India, divided since 1992 into Marathi and
Konkani "scheduled languages" translingual in [59] Hindi+Urdu
India ( Maharashtra; also

Gujarat); migration> United Arab
Emirates; Kenya U
YDUK GL
varhadi-nagpuri, marathi-NE.
India (Maharashtra; MadhyaPradesh; Andhra-Praesh)
59-AAF-oba
YDUK
varhadi "proper", berari, berar-marathi Vidarbha, Berar
(Maharashtra)
59-AAF-obb
dhangari
59-AAF-obc
YDUK
59-AAF-obd
jarpi
59-AAF-obe
govari
59-AAF-obf
jhadbi
GL$
GLEU
E
Ctransition to [59] Bundeli Nagpur district
dhanagari
3*
(Maharashtra)
India
(Maharashtra)
KPDQL
India
cow-herding community Chanda Bhandara districts
(Maharashtra)
India
59-AAF-obg
katia
katiyai
59-AAF-obh
rangari
rangara dyers community
(Maharashtra)
59-AAF-obi
NXPEK
potters community
India
UL
India
59-AAF-obj
kunabau
kunban, kohli
India
59-AAF-obk
PDK
dhedi sweepers community
(Gujarat)
59-AAF-obl
P UKHWL
59-AAF-obm
natakani
(Andhra-Pradesh)
59-AAF-obn
U LSXU
India
UL
(Madhya-Pradesh)
59-AAF-obo
kunbi
59-AAF-oc
gowlan
gowli pastoralist community
(Maharashtra; Madhya Pradesh;

Karnataka-N.)
India
59-AAF-oca
nand
nand gowli Amravati district
(Maharashtra)
59-AAF-ocb
ranya
India
page 468
59-AAF-occ
OLQJ
59-AAF-ocd
NK PO
59-AAF-od
LNU QL
59-AAF-oe
N WKR
59-AAF-of
Y UOL
59-AAF-og
V PYHGL
59-AAF-oh
59-AAF-oi
mangelas
vadval+ phudagi
59-AAF-oia
vadval
59-AAF-oib
phudagi
59-AAF-oj
1999 / 2000 edition
India
\DW
India
Dhule district: Akrani
(Maharashtra)
katkari, katari, katakari, katvadi, kathodia, dhar-kathodi, son-kathodi,

transition to [59] Khandeshi Konkan+
dhar-katkari, son-katkari
Sahyadris mountains: Kolaba Thana districts Dadra & NagarHaveli territory
Ctransition to [59] Gujarati Thana district

Ctransition to [59] Gujarati
maharashtra Ctransition to [59] Gujarati
warli
(Maharashtra; Dadra & NagarHaveli; Diu & Daman; Gujarat;

Rajasthan)
(Maharashtra)
(Maharashtra)
(Maharashtra)
(Maharashtra)
(Maharashtra)
(Maharashtra)
UH
ade, aray, arrey, arya, kalika-arya-bhasha
(Andhra-Pradesh; Maharashtra;
Karnataka)
(Maharashtra)
59-AAF-ok
bhalay
Amravati district
59-AAF-ol
WK NXUL
thakri, thakari, thakua, thakura
(Maharashtra)
59-AAF-om
GHVKLPDU WKL
desi, deccan marathi, dekini

script; Deshi, Poona model
(Maharashtra)
&Modi script; Balbodh (Nagari-type)
59-AAF-oma
&
59-AAF-omb
59-AAF-omc
deshi
59-AAF-omd
59-AAF-ome
59-AAF-on
NRQNDQPDU WKL
'standard' konkan, konkan, bankoti, kunabi, cugani, concorinu, north

konkani-N., "konkanese" many community (caste) dialects not to
be confused with Konkani-Gomantaki to south Konkan coast:
Thana Kolaba Janjira Ratnagiri-N. districts
59-AAF-ona
part of parabhi
(Maharashtra)
59-AAF-onb
damani
part of parabhi Daman territory
(Diu & Daman; Gujarat)
59-AAF-onc
koli-E.
koli people
(Maharashtra)
59-AAF-ond
kiristav
59-AAF-one
kungabi
59-AAF-onf
DJ
59-AAF-ong
GKDQDJ
59-AAF-onh
EKDQG
59-AAF-oni
WKDN
UL
59-AAF-onj
NDUK
GL
59-AAF-onk
sangamesvari
bankoti, bakoti
59-AAF-onl
JK
maoli
(Maharashtra)
59-AAF-onm
dhed
part of mahari
(Maharashtra)
59-AAF-onn
holia
59-AAF-ono
SDUY
59-AAF-oo
konkani-gomantaki
59-AAF-ooa
konkani-F.
59-AAF-oob
daldi-nawaits
59-AAF-ooc
chiatpavani
59-AAF-ood
bardeshi
barhdexi, bardeskari, part of gomantaki, "goanese proper" Christian

community Goa-N.: Mapusa
(Goa)
59-AAF-ooe
antruzi
hindu "goanese", part of gomantaki, "goanese proper" Hindu dialect

Goa
(Goa)
59-AAF-oof
sashi
saxti, part of gomantaki, "goanese proper" Christian community

Goa-S.: Salcete
(Goa)
59-AAF-oog
NDUZ
59-AAF-ooh
V UDVYDWEUDKPLQ
59-AAF-ooi
kudali
59-AAF-ooj
malvani
malwani
India
59-AAF-ook
manglluri
mangaluri Christian community South Kanara district Mangalore;

Mumbai, Bombay
(Karnataka; Maharashtra)
&
(Maharashtra)
WKL/
"early literary" marathi. including "old marathi" "middle marathi"

th
th
th
from 13 century; inscriptions from 11 ("Middle Marathi" from 14
century)
WKL)
"literary marathi", "standard marathi"
(Maharashtra)
Pune, Poona
(Maharashtra)
kalvadi
dharwar Dhanwar district
(Maharashtra)
ELM
Bijapur
PDU
PDU
SXUL
\DVWKL6
(Maharashtra)
(Maharashtra coastal)
(Maharashtra)
(Maharashtra)
UL
UL
#agar='salt-pan" spoken by salt-makers community
(Maharashtra)
dhangar people
(Maharashtra)
(Maharashtra)
UL
WL
(Maharashtra)
(Maharashtra)
(Maharashtra)
part of mahari
UL
UL
part of mahari
(Maharashtra)
(Maharashtra)
"goanese" konkani, "goanese", gomantaki, konkani-S. not to be

confused with Konkan-Marathi (so-called Standard Konkan) to north
Savantvadi Goa North Kanara Shimoga South Kanara
Nagari script; Kannada script; Latin script; also Malayalam script
(Maharashtra-S. coastal; Goa;

Karnataka; migration> Mumbai,
Bombay; Kerala-N.)
"literary goanese"
(Maharashtra)
&
in a variety of Christian and Hindu dialects
Ctransition to [59] Konkan-Marathi
Ctransition to [59] Konkan-Marathi
(Maharashtra)
(Maharashtra)
Hindu dialect North Kanara district
(Maharashtra)
Hindu dialect
(Maharashtra)
India
4
59-AAF-p
SamskrWD3
59-AAF-pa
samskrta
59-AAF-paa
& samskrta-L.
59-AAF-pab
samskrt-F.
59-AAF-pb
&
S OL
OL
-bhasha
page 469
"historical indo-aryan" of continuing cultural and linguistic importance; {Asia-S.; Asia-SE.}

including the Sanskrit "scheduled language" in India
&
sanskrit, sanskrut #samskrta=prepared, cultivated, refined, purified"

Brahmi script; Kharoshthi, Kharosthi script; Nagari script; also
Bengali; Oriya; Malayalam; Tamil; Kannada scripts studied and
read (and sometimes spoken) within Hindu communities, especially
among speakers of [59] Indic and [49] Dravidian languages
India
"liturgical and ancient literary" sanskrit, including samskrta-vaidik,

"vedic sanskrit" or "pre-classical sanskrit" (texts from c. 1500), and
"classical sanskrit" (texts from c. 500)
India; South Africa; {East Africa};

Mauritius; United Kingdom;
Bangladesh
"modern literary sanskrit", "brahmin scholarly vehicular", "modern

pandit sanskrit"; preceded by "middle sanskrit" (from c.+1100)
influenced by medieval Prakrit vernaculars (see prakrta below )
Indian "scheduled language & mother-tongue"
India
Cinfluence
hybrid literary language from midland India, with possible eastern
from Bihar (Magadha) &Sinhalese script (first transcribed in
3*
5*
Sri Lanka; Burma; Thailand; Laos;

Cambodia
Sri Lanka); Burmese script; Latin script; studied and read within
Buddhist communities #pali(-bhasha)=canonical (language)
from c.100
59-AAF-pba
S OLJ WK
"ancient literary pali"
59-AAF-pbb
S OLWLSL N
tiptaka, tipitaka, in [59] Sanskrit: tripitaka, "ancient buddhist pali"
59-AAF-pbc
S OL6
"ceylon buddhist pali"
59-AAF-pbd
S OL6(
59-AAF-pc
&
SU N
"southeast-asian buddhist pali"
rta
prakrit, "middle indic literary prakrits" (from c. 250), including "early

PLGGOHLQGLFD RNDQSUDNULWincluding D RNDQSUDNULW(D RNDQ
prakrit-CE.D RNDQSUDNULW1:D RNDQSUDNULW6:SUDNULW1:
(including gandhari "literary" niya "administrative") "jain literary
prakrit" (including ardhamagadhi, "semi"-magadhi) prakrit-E.,
including DXUDVHQLespecially in popular dramatic speech; precursor
of [59] Bangla, Oriya & AxamiyaPDK U VKWULSU NULWVLQK O
SU NULWprecursor of [59] Elu) apabhramsha, "late midland prakrit"
#[59] Sanskrit: SU Nrta =natural, usual, unadorned > vulgar,
vernacular Nagari script, etc.; studied and read within Hindu and
Jain communities
India; Sri Lanka; formerly China
urdu+ hindi-W., hindustani, part of "wider" hindi+urdu

influenced by
[12] 'Arabiyya+ [58] Parsi and/or by [59] Sanskrit Nagari script
(Hindi); Perso-Arabic script (Urdu); also Kaithi script; Gujarati script
increasing separation since 1947 between Hindi (official language in
India) and Urdu (official language in Pakistan), since when the common
term 'Hindustani' has fallen progressively into disuse; the Hindi+ Urdu
outer-language is officially divided in India between the Hindi
"scheduled language" (including also the Adheli+ Bagheli outerlanguage) and the Urdu "scheduled language" #hindustani in
[58]Persian =Hindu-country language
India; Pakistan; Afghanistan;

Nepal; Fiji; Mauritius; Yemen;
United Arab Emirates; South
Africa; {East Africa}; Surinam;
England U
"early muslim literary" hindi-W., zaban-e-urduu, "persianised" khai-boli

#urdu derived from [44]Trke (former Osmanli): ordu, urdu =military
camp; zaban-e-urduu ="language of the camp" evolved from Kharith
Boli vehicular centered on Delhi area from 16 cent., which became
contact language between local population and Muslim invaders
Pakistan; India
&
59-AAF-q
Hindi+ Urdu
& C
59-AAF-qa
& urdu-L.
&
59-AAF-qaa
UHNKW
rexta, "transitional literary" urdu, "persianised literary" urdu

Pakistan; India
developed as literary language from 16th
#rehta=mixed (language)
th
to 18 cent.
59-AAF-qab
dakhini-L.
dakani, dakhani, musalmani, "early" southern urdu, "early" deccan urdu India (Andhra-Pradesh)
Deccan plateau: Hyderabad Bijajpur Gulbarga
59-AAF-qac
gujari-L.
"early" gujari
India
59-AAF-qad
hindawi-L.
"early" hindawi, hindavi
India
59-AAF-qb
urdu-F.
59-AAF-qc
urdu-G.
59-AAF-qd
khai-boli
"modern literary urdu", "formalised muslim-hindi", "muslim literary"

influenced by [12] Arabiyya and [58] Parsi
khari-boli
India; Pakistan
urudu, "colloquial" urdu, "generalised" urdu, part of 'hindustani'

Pakistan; India; Nepal
influenced by translingualism in other [59] Indic languages or
bilingualism in relevant non-Indic languages. increasing separation
from [59] Hindi-G. after 1947, since when the common term Hindustani
has fallen progressively into disuse.
hindi+urdu "core traditional" exodus of many Muslim speakers from

India to Pakistan in 1947
India (Uttar-Pradesh-NW.);
Pakistan; Nepal
59-AAF-qda
delhi-U.
delhi "popular urban" Delhi
(Haryana)
59-AAF-qdb
meerut
meerut "rural" Meerut, Merath environs
(Uttar Pradesh)
59-AAF-qdc
terai-urdu
spoken by weaver (Ansari) and other Muslim craftsmen communities

Terai plains
(Nepal)
59-AAF-qdd
dakhini
59-AAF-qe
hindi-F.
dakani, dakhani, musalmani, dakhini urdu, hyderabad urdu, "traditional" (Andhra-Pradesh)

deccan urdu
59-AAF-qea
59-AAF-qeb
"modern literary" hindi, "formalised" hindu hindi; preceded by "early

th
hindu literary" hindi, "early non-muslim" hindustani (from 18 cent)
from end 18th cent., including input and influence from Hindi-E. in
continuum with literary use of [59] Braj and [59] Awadhi; influenced by
[59] Sanskrit
India
dehlavi
"standard" hindi, "formal" delhi hindi, "standard" khari-boli

Pradesh model
India
samskrta-hindi
"sanskritised literary" hindi
&
&West Uttar
&East Uttar Pradesh scholarly model
India
page 470
59-AAF-qf

hindi-G.
"popular colloquial" hindi, "generalised" hindi, part of hindustani,

including "popular literary" hindi, gandhian hindi, "written" hindustani
dialects, listed geographically by Indian state, or by other nationstate, are influenced by translingualism in other [59] Indic languages or
by bilingualism in relevant non-Indic languages increasing separation
from [59] Urdu after 1947, since when the common term Hindustani
has fallen progressively into disuse
1999 / 2000 edition
India; Nepal; Bhutan; Pakistan;

South Africa; {East Africa}, Fiji,
United Kingdom
59-AAF-qfa
hindi-uttar-pradesh-W.
(Uttar-Pradesh-W.)
59-AAF-qfb
KLQGLKDU\
(Haryana, also Punjab-E.)
59-AAF-qfc
hindi-uttar-pradesh-E.
59-AAF-qfd
KLQGLSDQM
59-AAF-qfe
KLQGLELK
59-AAF-qff
KLQGLEHQJ
59-AAF-qfg
KLQGLRULVV
including milijhuli, "panjabised" hindi of Delhi
3DQM EL
U
O
Etranslingual in [59]
Etranslingual in [59] Bihari

Etranslingual in [59] Bangla
Etranslingual in [59] Oriya
Etranslingual in [59] Marathi
Etranslingual in [59] Gujarati
Etranslingual in [59] Rajasthani
Etranslingual in [59] Axamiya
Ebilingual in [49] Telugu
Ebilingual in [49] Tamil
Ebilingual in [49] Malayalam
Ebilingual in [49] Kannada
Etranslingual in [59] Nepali
"south-african" hindi Ebilingual in [52] English
"east-african" hindi, including hindi-uganda Ebilingual in [52] English
(Uttar-Pradesh-E.)
India (Delhi environs; Punjab)
(Bihar)
(Bengal)
(Orissa)
59-AAF-qfh
hindi-madhya-pradesh
59-AAF-qfi
KLQGLPDK
59-AAF-qfj
KLQGLJXMDU
59-AAF-qfk
KLQGLUDMDVWK
59-AAF-qfl
KLQGLKLP
59-AAF-qfm
KLQGL
59-AAF-qfn
KLQGLDUXQ
59-AAF-qfo
KLQGL
59-AAF-qfp
KLQGLWDPLOQ
59-AAF-qfq
KLQGLNHU
59-AAF-qfr
KLQGLNDUQ
59-AAF-qfs
KLQGLKLP
59-AAF-qft
KLQGLQ
59-AAF-qfu
KLQGLSXUYD
59-AAF-qg
KDU\
QYL
haryana hindi, hariani, bangaru, banger, bangri, bangru, chamarwa,

delhi "rural", including jatu deswali, desari
currently merging with
[59] Hindi
(Delhi, Haryana, Punjab-E.)
59-AAF-qh
braj+ kannauji
antarbedi, antarvedi, braj+ kanauji, including braj, braj-bhakha, brajbhasha, brij-bhasha, brij, briju, bruj kannauji, kanauji, khanauji
includes traditional language of the sacrificial holy ground between
currently merging with [59] Hindi Braj
Ganges and Jumna rivers
Kannauj former states
(Uttar-Pradesh-CW.; Madhya
Pradesh-N., Rajasthan; Haryana)
VKWUD
W
Q
FKDOSUDGHVK
P
FKDOSUDGHVK
QGKUDSUDGHVK
GX
O
WDND
OD\D
W O
IULN
poetic medium, 16
(Madhya-Pradesh)
(Maharashtra)
(Gujarat)
(Rajasthan)
(Himachal-Pradesh)
(Assam)
(Arunachal-Pradesh)
(Andhra Pradesh)
(Tamil Nadu)
(Kerala)
(Karnataka)
(Sikkim); Nepal; Bhutan
migration> South Africa (Natal)
migration> {East Africa};
subsequently> United Kingdom
59-AAF-qha
59-AAF-qhb
MDGRE
59-AAF-qhc
VLNDUZ
59-AAF-qhd
bhuksa
59-AAF-qhe
part of braj-S.+ kannauji "transitional" spoken by Gujar people Sawai (Rajasthan)

Madhopur district: Dang hills
59-AAF-qhf
XJDUZ a
dungar-wara, part of braj+ kannauji "transitional" southwest of Dang

hills
(Rajasthan)
59-AAF-qhg
N OLP O
part of braj+ kannauji "transitional"
(Rajasthan)
59-AAF-qhh
G QJEK
59-AAF-qhi
kannauji-A.
EUDMEK
NK )
"literary" braj
th
th
to early 20 cent.
India
part of braj Gwalior Karauli Shivpuri plains used by Yadava,

Jado community
part of braj Chambal river Gwalior
(Madhya Pradesh)
part of braj+ kannauji "transitional"
(Uttar Pradesh)
QJL1
QJ
(Madhya Pradesh)
part of braj+ kannauji "transitional" Sawai Madhopur district
(Rajasthan)
kannauji "proper", kanauji "proper", khanauji "proper"

[59] Awadhi Doab-CE. country
(Uttar Pradesh)
Ctransition to
part of kannauji Hardoi-E. district
(Uttar Pradesh)
part of kanpur, cawnpore, part of kannauji Kanpur-N. district: Ganges

right-bank (Kanpur, Cawnpore)
(Uttar Pradesh)
kanpur-tirhar, part of kannauji Kanpur-S. district: Jamuna left-bank

(opposite Hamirpur)
(Uttar Pradesh)
bundeli
bundeli-khandi, bundel-khandi
transition to [59] Awadhi+ Bagheli;
currently merging with [59] Hindi
(Madhya-Pradesh-CW.; also UttarPradesh; Maharashtra)
59-AAF-qia
bhadauri
towargarhi
59-AAF-qib
bundeli-A.
bundeli "proper", including chhindwara-bundeli Gwalior+ Jhansi

Chhindwara+ Seoni+ Hoshangabad
59-AAF-qic
SRZ
pawari, bhoyari, including kumbhari* Chhindwara Nagpur
(Madhya- Pradesh; Maharashtra)
59-AAF-qid
gaoli
Chhindwara district
(Madhya-Pradesh)
59-AAF-qie
NLU
kirari used by Kirar community Chhindwara district
(Madhya-Pradesh)
59-AAF-qif
koshti
silk-weavers community
district
(Madhya-Pradesh)
59-AAF-qig
khaola
Pana Chhatarpur Damoh districts
(Madhya Pradesh)
59-AAF-qih
ORGK
rathora Hamirpur Jalaun districts
(Uttar-Pradesh)
59-AAF-qhj
hardoi-E.
59-AAF-qhk
N QSXUNDQQDXML
59-AAF-qhl
WLUK
59-AAF-qi
UL1
UL
UL
QWL
Ctransition to [59] Braj+ Kannauji Gwalior district
Ctransition to [59] Marathi Chhindwara
(Madhya-Pradesh)
(Madhya-Pradesh)
5
2
59-AAF-qii
EDQ
59-AAF-qij
kunri
59-AAF-qik
nibhatta*
59-AAF-qil
lodhi*
59-AAF-r
Awadhi+ Bagheli
59-AAF-ra
awadhi
59-AAF-raa
& awadhi-L.
59-AAF-rab
SKDUL
mirzapuri
59-AAF-rac
awadhi-tharu
59-AAF-rad
gangapari*
transition to [59] Bagheli Hamirpur district

transition to [59] Bagheli Hamirpur-E. Banda-NW. districts
lodha, lodi, lohi, lozi used by migrant peasants Ctransition to [59]
Bagheli & [59] Marathi
Hindi-E., part of "wider" hindi+ urdu comprises part of Hindi
"scheduled language" in India Etranslingual in [59] Hindi+Urdu
abadi, avadhi, abohi, ambodhi, baiswara, baiswari, kosali, kojali,

khosul, uttari* Indian "scheduled mother-tongue" (as part of "Hindi
scheduled language"); currently merging with [59] Hindi west of
Benares west of Lucknow (former kingdom of Awadh, Oudh)
"early literary" awadhi
Mirzapur district
written in 17 -18
th
th
centuries
page 471
(Uttar-Pradesh)
(Uttar-Pradesh)
(Maharashtra; Madhya Pradesh;
Orissa; Bihar; Bengal-W.)
India; Nepal; migration> Trinidad &
Tobago; Guiana; Surinam; French
Guiana; Fiji U
India-NE. (Uttar-Pradesh-CE.; also

Nepal; migration> Maharashtra);
migration> Fiji
India
(Uttar-Pradesh)
Nepal
59-AAF-rae
pardesi
migration> (Maharashtra)
59-AAF-raf
'fijian'-hindi
spoken by at least half the population of Fiji; speech community

created by transportation to Fiji of indentured workers from from IndiaNE., from 19th century
migration> Fiji
59-AAF-rb
dang-tharu
part of nepal-tharu
Nepal (Lumbini); India (Uttar

Pradesh)
59-AAF-rba
dangali
dangura, dangha
59-AAF-rbb
ND KDUL\
59-AAF-rc
bagheli
India-N.(Madhya-Pradesh; UttarPradesh); Nepal (Koshi)
Ctransition to [59] Nepali
baghel-khandi, bhugel-khud, riwai, ganggai, kewot, kewat, kawathi,

kevati, kenat, kevat-boli, kewani, kewati, mannadi Indian "scheduled
mother-tongue" (as part of "Hindi") Baghelkhand country: Rewa
Satna Shahdo Sidhi Jabalpur Mandla districts
59-AAF-rca
bagheli-F.
59-AAF-rcb
tirhari-S.
59-AAF-rcc
juar*
Banda district: between Ken Bagain rivers
(Uttar-Pradesh)
59-AAF-rcd
gahora
gahore Banda-E. district
(Uttar-Pradesh)
59-AAF-rce
bagheli-A.
bagheli "proper" 'Baghelkhand' country: Rewa Satna Shahdo

Sidhi Jabalpur Mandla districts
(Madhya-Pradesh)
59-AAF-rcf
gonZ
mandlaha, mandal used by Gond people and others
(Madhya-Pradesh)
59-AAF-rcg
PDU
part of bagheli bhoyari; marar community of gardeners Balaghat

district
(Madhya-Pradesh)
59-AAF-rch
ojhi
part of bagheli bhoyari
(Madhya-Pradesh)
59-AAF-rci
sonpari
nagpuri-marathi
59-AAF-rd
dhanuwar-S.
59-AAF-s
Bhojpuri+ Maithili
59-AAF-sa
bhojpuri
Ctransition to [59] Marathi Nagpur district

dhanuwar-S., dhanwar-S., dhanvar-S. distinct from [59] Rai+Done
(Dhanuwar-N.)
Bihari, part of magadhan comprises part of Hindi "scheduled
language" in India Etranslingual in [59] Hindi+Urdu
(Madhya-Pradesh)
59-AAF-rcj
59-AAF-saa
bhojpuri-F.
59-AAF-sab
EDQ
59-AAF-sac
azamgarhi
part of bhojpuri-W. Azamgarh
(Uttar-Pradesh)
59-AAF-sad
kharwari
bhojpuri-S. Ballia Shahabad
(Uttar-Pradesh)
(Uttar-Pradesh)
QL
UL
UDVL
"literary" bagheli
India
Jamuna right bank: Hamirpur Banda districts
(Uttar-Pradesh)
bhojapuri, bhozpuri, bajpuri, purbi #purbi =eastern (as viewed from

further west): the term is also applied more widely to Bhojpuri and
Awadhi-speaking settlers in the Hindi-W. area, and more narrowly to
Bhojpuri-W. Nagari script; Kaithi script
&
(Madhya-Pradesh)
(Madhya-Pradesh; Maharashtra)
India; Nepal; Bangladesh U
India (Uttar-Pradesh-E.; Bihar-W.);

Nepal
"literary" bhojpuri
India
benarsi, part of bhojpuri-W. Banaras
(Uttar-Pradesh)
59-AAF-sae
sarawaria
basti, part of bhojpuri-N. Basti district
59-AAF-saf
gorakhpuri
part of bhojpuri-N. Gorakhpur>E.
(Uttar-Pradesh)
59-AAF-sag
saran
part of bhojpuri-N. Saran district
(Bihar)
59-AAF-sah
madhesi
part of bhojpuri-N. Champaran district: Gandak valley>E.
(Bihar)
59-AAF-sai
bhojpuri-tharu
part of nepal-tharu
Nepal
59-AAF-saj
domra
"mauritian" hindi speech community created by transportation to
Mauritius of indentured workers from Bihar & adjacent areas from
1830s (after end of African-based slavery)
intertwining of features
from the above dialects of Bhojpuri, with large-scale lexical influence
from [51] Mauricien (Mauritian Gallo-Creole)
bilingual in [51]
Mauricien
migration> Mauritius
59-AAF-sak
musahari
59-AAF-sb
mauritian-bhojpuri
C
E
page 472
1999 / 2000 edition
59-AAF-sc
caribbean-bhojpuri
"caribbean" hindi, aili-gaili speech community created by

transportation to Caribbean of indentured workers from Bihar &
adjacent areas from 1830s (after end of African-based slavery)
59-AAF-sca
'trinidad'-hindi
Port-of-Spain
Trinidad & Tobago
59-AAF-scb
'guyana'-hindi
Georgetown
Guyana
59-AAF-scc
sarnami-hindi
Paramaribo
59-AAF-scd
'cayenne'-hindi
Cayenne
59-AAF-sc
maithili
59-AAF-sca
& maithili-L.
tirahutia, maitli, maitili, methli, mithil Tirhut country

Nagari script
"early literary" maithili
migration> Trinidad; Guyana;

Surinam; French Guiana
Surinam
&from 15
th
&Maithili script;
century
French Guiana
India (Bihar-N.); Nepal
India; Nepal
59-AAF-scb
maithili-F.
"modern literary" maithili, maithili "standard"
India; Nepal
59-AAF-scc
sotipura
maithili-C., maithili "vehicular", surajpuri*
(Bihar)
59-AAF-scd
maithili-W.
59-AAF-sce
khotta
59-AAF-scf
maithili-S.
59-AAF-scg
johahi
jolaha-boli
59-AAF-sd
kushar Chitawan district
Nepal
majhi-E.
Nepal-N.&-E.; India
musahar Sindhuli-garhi Morang Dolakha districts
Nepal-SE.
59-AAF-sh
bote-majhi
manjhi
musasa
dehati
magahi
59-AAF-sha
magahi-F.
59-AAF-shb
magahi-N.
59-AAF-shc
magahi-C.
59-AAF-shd
panchpargania
magahi-E., tamaria, tair, tamara, temoral, tumariya

Mundari & [59] Bengali East Ranchi district
59-AAF-si
kortha
magahi-S.
(Bihar; West-Bengal border)
59-AAF-sj
DQJLN
angikar, anga, bhagalpuri, chhika-chhiki, chhika-chhiki-boli, chikachiki

Monghyr-SE. Bhagalpur Santal Parganas-N.districts
(Bihar)
59-AAF-sk
gawari*
gamari, ganauri, gauuari, goari scattered communities
India (Andhra-Pradesh; Bihar;

Madhya Pradesh; Maharashtra)
59-AAF-sl
sadani
sadani "proper", sadana, sadati, sadari, sadhan, sadna, chota-nagpuri,

nagpuria, shadri, sradri, sadrik, santri, siddri, sadri, including dikku-kaji
Nagari script
Palamau Ranchi districts: Chota Nagpur plateau
India (Bihar)
59-AAF-sm
59-AAF-t
oraon-sadri
"post-dravidian" sadani Rajshahi division
Bangladesh
Chhattisgahi+ Halbi part of magadhan transition from Magadhan to [59] Hindi-E. and to India
59-AAF-ta
chhattisgahi
59-AAF-taa
chhattisgahi-A.
59-AAF-tab
surgujia
Surguja Raigarh districts
(Madhya-Pradesh)
59-AAF-tac
sadri-korwa
korwa people Jashpur district
(Madhya-Pradesh)
59-AAF-tad
baigani
baiga people Balaghat Raipur Bilaspur Sambalpur districts
(Madhya-Pradesh; Orissa)
59-AAF-tae
binjhwari
binjhwar* people Raipur Raigarh Patna districts
(Madhya-Pradesh; Bihar)
59-AAF-se
59-AAF-sf
59-AAF-sg
maithili-E.
(Bihar)
dehati-maithili, dahati, deshiya
India (Bihar); Nepal-SE.
magadhi, magaya, maghaya, maghori, magi, magodhi Son river

Monghyr Hazaribagh #distinct from wider use of "Magadhan"
(Bihar; West Bengal)
"jain liturgical" magahi, "literary" magahi
&Nagari script; Kaithi script

(Bihar)
Cinfluenced by [46]
&
C
[59] Marathi; comprises part of Hindi "scheduled language" in India
Etranslingual in [59] Hindi+Urdu

(Bihar)
laria, lariaor, khatahi #chhattisgarhi =country of the thirty-six forts
(Madhya-Pradesh-SE.; Bihar;;
Orissa; Maharashtra); India-NE.
chhattisgarhi "proper" Raipur Durg Bilaspur Raigarh

Balaghat-E. Bastar-N. districts
(Madhya-Pradesh)
59-AAF-taf
kalanga
Patna district
(Bihar)
59-AAF-tag
EKXOL
Bolangir Sambalpur Raipur districts; also Patna district
(Orissa; Madhya-Pradesh; also

Bihar)
59-AAF-tb
halbi
halvi, halba, halabi, halvas
Maharashtra; Orissa)
59-AAF-tba
halbi-A.
halbi "proper" Bastar district
59-AAF-tbb
adkuri
6
6
(Madhya-Pradesh)
India
Bastar
59-AAF-tbc
bastari
59-AAF-tbd
chandari
India
59-AAF-tbe
gachikolo
59-AAF-tbf
mehari
mahari
59-AAF-tbg
muria
muri
59-AAF-tbh
sundi
59-AAF-tc
bhunjia
bunjia, bhumjiya, bhunjiya
59-AAF-td
Q KDUL(
59-AAF-te
kawari
Ctransition between [59] Varhadi and Oriya

kamari, kavar, kawar Ctransition between [59] Varhadi and Magadhan
India
India
India
India
Ctransition between [59] Varhadi and Oriya
India
India. (Madhya-Pradesh; Orissa)

59-AAF-u
59-AAF-ua
% QJO 6\OKHWWL
&
E QJO /
&
"Wider" Bengali, bangla-bhasa, bangala, bangoli, bangali, bongo(Devanagari script);

bhasha, part of magadhi, magahi, magadhan
Bengali script comprises Bengali "scheduled language" in India
E
"traditional literary bengali", including "old bengali" "middle bengali"
&Bengali"
developed from Magadhi (Prakrit) in 12 cent. or earlier (Middle
from 14 cent.)
page 473
uBangladesh; India (uWest
Bengal; Bihar; also Orissa, Assam,

Tripura; Meghalaya) U
th
th
59-AAF-uba
E QJO )
sadhu-bhasha
59-AAF-ubb
59-AAF-ubc
colit-bhasha
59-AAF-ubd
colit-bhasha-E.
59-AAF-uc
59-AAF-ub
E QJO
PXVXOPDQL
"modern literary bengali", "standardised bengali"
Bangladesh; India
&
India
"sanskritised literary bengali", "former calcutta standard bengali"

hybrid model
based on Middle Literary Bengali and influenced by
[59] Sanskrit; now largely replaced by Colit-bhasha Kalikata,
Calcutta
bangali-musulmani, "persianised literary bengali", "dacca standard

influenced by [12] Arabiyya and [58] Persian Dhaka,
bengali"
Dacca
&
Bangladesh
"current calcutta standard bengali", "popular literary bengali", chaltiKalikata, Calcutta colloquial model Kalikata, Calcutta
bhasa
India
"current dacca standard bengali", "popular literary bengali-E."

Dacca-based development of Kalikata, Calcutta colloquial model
Dhaka, Dacca
&
India
E QJO &
kalikata bengali, "traditional bengali"-C,, "calcutta colloquial bengali",

perhaps including varendra* Hooghly valley: Kalikata, Calcutta
Nadia Murshidabad Burdwan-E. Midnapore-N. districts
(West Bengal)
59-AAF-ud
E QJO :
"traditional bengali"-W.
(Bihar, West Bengal)
59-AAF-uda
E QJO
"bengali proper"-W. Manbhum Singhbum Burdwan-W.

Birbhum-W. districts
(Bihar, West Bengal)
59-AAF-udb
VDU
used by Jain community Ranchi district
(Bihar)
59-AAF-udc
kharia-thar
59-AAF-udd
SDK
59-AAF-ude
P OSDK
59-AAF-udf
ORKDULP OSDK
59-AAF-ue
E QJO 6:
59-AAF-uf
EXUGZDQ
NL
(Bihar)
ia-thar
(Bihar)
marpaharia Santal-Parganas district
i a
i a
(Bihar)
(Bihar)
"traditional bengali"-N., midnapore, including radha* Midnapore-SW.

district
(West Bengal)
E QJO 1
"traditional bengali"-N., including "north-central bengali"
(West Bengal; Bihar); also

Bangladesh
59-AAF-ufa
E QJO
"bengali proper"-N. Malda-E. Dinajpur-W. Dinajpur-E. districts
(West Bengal); Bangladesh

transfrontier
59-AAF-ufb
N FK6:
Malda district
(West Bengal)
59-AAF-ufc
N FK1(
cooch-behar Cooch-Behar district
(West Bengal)
59-AAF-ufd
kishanganjia
kishanganj, kishanganja
(Bihar)
59-AAF-ufe
siripuria
Purnea district
(Bihar)
59-AAF-uff
bogra
59-AAF-ug
kamarupa-W.
59-AAF-uga
rajbangshi
GLQDMSXU
(Bihar)
Rangpur Goalpara Cooch Behar Jalpaiguri districts
rajbangsi
Indian "scheduled mother-tongue"
Darjeeling district
Bangladesh; India (Assam;

Tripura; West Bengal)
59-AAF-ugb
bahe
59-AAF-uh
E QJO (
59-AAF-uha
rajshahi
Rajshahi
Bangladesh (Rajshahi)
59-AAF-uhb
dhaka-U.
"dacca urban bengali" Dhaka, Dacca
Bangladesh (Dacca)
59-AAF-uhc
E QJO
GHOWD
Ganges delta
Bangladesh (Barisal; Patuakhali)
59-AAF-uhd
E QJO
FKLWWDJRQJ
59-AAF-uhe
chakma
chakma-bangla, takam, vanga-E.
59-AAF-ui
sylhetti
59-AAF-uia
sylhetti-A.
59-AAF-uib
sylhetti-'migr'
59-AAF-uj
haijong
59-AAF-uk
59-AAF-vb
tangchangya
Saptari+ Deokri*
mahottari*
saptari
59-AAF-vba
saptari-A.
59-AAF-v
59-AAF-va
(West Bengal: Terai)

Bangladesh; India (Tripura)
Indian "scheduled mother-tongue"
Bangladesh (Chittagong); also

India; Burma
India (Assam: Cachar; Tripura;
West Bengal); Bangladesh
sylhetti-bangla, sylhetta, sylhettia
Bangladesh (Sylhetti)
Ebilingual in [52] English

hajong, haijong-bangla, kachari-bangla Cachar Sylhet districts
C
Bengali creole spoken by formerly [72] Kachari speaking people
Indian
"scheduled mother-tongue"
(Sylhetti)
Etranslingual in [59] Hindi+Urdu
migration> England
India (Assam); Bangladesh-NE.
tangchangya-bangla
Bangladesh
Nepal-Tharu
Nepal; India
mahottari tharu, mahotari Mahottari district
Nepal (Janakpur)
saptari tharu
Nepal (Sagarmatha)
Saptari district
(Sagarmatha)
59-AAF-vbb
morangia
59-AAF-vc
rana-thakur tharu
Nepal (Eastern)
59-AAF-vd
rana-thakur
deokri
deokri-tharu
Nepal-E.; India-NE.
59-AAF-vda
deokri-A.
deokhari
Nepal-E.
59-AAF-vdb
don
don-tharu
India (Uttar Pradesh frontier)
59-AAF-ve
chitwan
chitwan-tharu, chituan-tharu Chitwan district: Rapti valley
Nepal
(Sagarmatha)
2
page 474
59-AAF-w
$[DPL\
59-AAF-wa
D[DPL\
59-AAF-waa
&
59-AAF-wab
59-AAF-wac
D[DPL\
59-AAF-wad
sibsagar
-LKDUZD
D[DPL\
D[DPL\
&
India ( Assam); Bangladesh
ahomiya, asami, asambe, "assamese proper"

script
India (Assam); Bangladesh
&(modified) Bengali
"traditional literary assamese", including "early literary assamese" (from India

th
th
th
14 cent) and "middle literary assamese" (17 -18 cent.)
)
"modern literary assamese", "standard assamese"
Sibsagar standard
"current generalised assamese" Brahmaputra valley
India; Bangladesh
"assamese"-E. Brahmaputra valley: Sibsagar

Bodo
India (Assam)
Cinfluenced by [70]
vehicular regional
59-AAF-wae
kamarupa
"assamese"-W.
59-AAF-wb
jiharwa
"mountain assamese", "assamese" creole

language
59-AAF-x
Oriya
odia, part of magadhan

Oriya script; from 15 century; with
th
comprises Oriya "scheduled language" in India
inscriptions from 10
59-AAF-xa
oia
59-AAF-xaa
Assamese, part of magadhan

(modified) Bengali script comprises
Assamese "scheduled language" in India translingual in [59]
Hindi+Urdu
/
*
& oia-L.
&
th
oriya "proper", orissa "proper", oliya, uriya, utkali, odri, odrum, vadiya,
yudhia including further fragmentation of idioms, to be established
India (Assam)
India (Assam)
India; Bangladesh U
uOrissa)
India (
"early literary" oriya
(Orissa)
oia -F.
"modern literary" oriya, "literary" mughalbandi
(Orissa)
59-AAF-xac
mughalbandi
oriya "proper"
(Orissa)
59-AAF-xad
oia -NW.
59-AAF-xae
sambalpuri
oriya-W., including sundargh Sambalpur Sundargh
(Orissa)
59-AAF-xaf
oia -E.
59-AAF-xag
balasore-N.
59-AAF-xah
napore-C.
59-AAF-xai
oia -S.
59-AAF-xab
59-AAF-xb
59-AAF-xc
59-AAF-xd
59-AAF-xe
59-AAF-xf
59-AAF-xg
bhuiya-oia
jharia-oia
jagannathi-oia
bhatri-oia
desia-oia
adiwasi-oia
(Orissa)
(Orissa)
(Orissa)
'mid'-napore
(Orissa)
India (Orissa)
jharia, jhaliya Koraput district
India (Orissa)
bhatri, bhattri, bhattra, bhatra, part of oriya-SW. Jagdalpur Kotapad
India (Madhya-Pradesh; Orissa)
desia, koraput oriya, part of oriya-SW. Koraput district
India (Orissa-S.)
adivasi oriya, kotia, kotiya, kotia-oriya, 'tribal' oriya, Ghats-NE.

highlands
India (Orissa; Andhra-Pradesh)
jagannathi, jaganathi, jaganatha-bhasha, surya-jagannathi, jaga-ad
59-ABA-aa
59-ABA-aaa
maldive
59-ABA-aab
minicoy
Minicoy island
59-ABB
SINHALA net
Sinhala
SINHALESE
59-AAF-xi
59-AAF-xj
59-AAF-xk
59-AAF-xl
59-AB
59-ABA
59-ABA-a
59-ABB-a
(Orissa)
bhuiya, bhuinhar, bhuinya, bhuiyali, bhumia, bhungiyas, bhuyan-oriya
valmiki-oia
kupia-oia
bagata-oia
mali-oia
degaru
SINHALA+ DHIVEHI
chain
DHIVEHI net
Dhivehi
dhivehi
59-AAF-xh
India (Andhra-Pradesh-N.)
kupia
India (North Andhra-Pradesh-N.)
bagata, bagat, bakta, bhukta, bagbot
India (Andhra-Pradesh)
mali
India (Andhra-Pradesh)
dhekaru
India (Bihar-W.; West Bengal)
"insular indic", "sinhalese+ maldivian"

MALDIVIAN
Maldives; India (Laccadives) U
malikh, mahl, malki, divehi, divehli, "maldivian"

Maldive islands
&Dhivehi-Tana script uMaldives; India (Laccadives)
&
sumangala, singhala, "sinhalese", "singalese", "ceylonese"

influenced by [59] Pali and by [49] Dravidic languages
from
th
th
10 /11 cent.: Sinhalese script
uSri Lanka; migration> United
Sri Lanka
Arab Emirates, Singapore,

Maldives, Canada U
sinhala-F.
59-ABB-ac
sinhala-G.
"generalised colloquial sinhalese", "low sinhalese", "popular sinhalese", Sri Lanka

including "semi-formal sinhalese" the semi-formal variety of colloquial
Sinhalese has been proposed as a substitute for 'High' Sinhalese in its
role as official national language
59-ABB-ad
colombo "popular urban"
Sri Lanka
"traditional sinhalese"-SW.
Sri Lanka
"traditional sinhalese"-NW. Puttalam coastal plain
Sri Lanka
59-ABC-a
colombo-U.
sinhala-SW.
sinhala-NW.
sinhala-E.
kandyan
RODIYA net
Rodiya
59-ABC-aa
rodiya
59-ABB-ah
59-ABC
India (Laccadives)
59-ABB-ab
59-ABB-ag
Maldives
& elu
59-ABB-af
valmiki, valmiki adiwasi
59-ABB-aa
59-ABB-ae
1999 / 2000 edition
&
"classical sinhalese", including "archaic literary sinhalese" "modern

evolved by 13th century; with
classical literary sinhalese"
rd
nd
inscriptions from 3 or 2 century: see [59] Prakrit
"modern literary sinhalese", "formal sinhalese", "high sinhalese",

influenced by [59] Sanskrit & Pali
"national standard sinhalese"
Sri Lanka
"sinhalese"-NE.; batticaloa Batticaloa-S.
Sri Lanka
"traditional" upland sinhala, kandy Kandy central highlands
Sri Lanka
much non-Sinhalese vocabulary within Sinhalese structures, often

used as secret language
Sri Lanka
gadi, rodi, rodiya community
Sri Lanka
4*
59-ABD-a
VEDDAH net
Veddah
59-ABD-aa
59-ABD
page 475
2
Sinhalese creole with strong substratum from earlier non-Indic

language; now submerged by [59] Sinhala
Sri Lanka
veddah
vdi-basa, vdda, veddha, veda, vedda, weda, weddo, beda, bedda,

vaedda, "sinhalese creole" Dambulla Polonnaruwa Maha Oya
Mahiyangana
Sri Lanka
59-AC
DOMARI+ VLACH
notional chain
ROMANI, "romindic", rom+ dom, part of "wider" 'gypsy' influenced to

varying degrees by the languages of countries of residence and/or
former residence
59-ACA
DOMARI net
ROMANI-EAST, "romindic"-E., dom, "west-asian " romani, 'gypsy'

"proper"
59-ACA-a
Domari
in [44] Trke: ingene
India; Afghanistan; Uzbekistan;

Iran; Iraq; Turkey; Syria; Israel;
Egypt; Libya.
59-ACA-aa
domari
dom nomadic community
{West Asia; North Africa}
59-ACA-aaa
domaki
dumaki, domaaki, doma, bericho, part of 'india' domari community of

blacksmiths and musicians Gilgit district: Hunza valley (Mominabad)
India+ Pakistan (Kashmir)
59-ACA-aab
wogri-boli
part of 'india' domari
India
59-ACA-aac
churi-wali
'afghanistan' domari
Afghanistan
59-ACA-aad
luli
part of 'uzbekistan' domari
Uzbekistan
59-ACA-aae
jugi
Uzbekistan
59-ACA-aaf
maznoug
mazang, part of 'uzbekistan' domari
Uzbekistan
59-ACA-aag
multoni
Uzbekistan
59-ACA-aah
qinati
59-ACA-aai
koli-W.
Kolli
Iran
59-ACA-aaj
barake
59-ACA-aak
kurbati
kurbat
59-ACA-aal
karachi
Karachi
59-ACA-aam
beludj
Turkey
59-ACA-aan
marashi
Turkey
59-ACA-aao
yrk
59-ACA-aap
beirut
Beirut
59-ACA-aaq
nablos
nabulus
59-ACA-aar
nawar
59-ACA-aas
helebi
59-ACB
VLACH+ SINTI net
ROMANI-CENTRAL, "romindic"-C. roma, romany-C., romans,

'tsingani', 'tsigane', "european" 'gypsy' many communities destroyed
or dispersed as a result of the European Holocaust up to 1945
59-ACB-a
Vlach+ Ursari
romani-SE.
Romania; Moldova; Ukraine;

Poland; Belarus; Russia Europe;
Hungary; Slovakia; ex-Yugoslavia;
Albania; Bulgaria; Greece; France;
Germany; USA; Colombia.
59-ACB-aa
vlach-romani
vlax-romani, wallach-romani, vlach+ kaldarri+ lovari, "wallachian"

romani, "danubian" romani #distinct from vlach, vlachi- as alternative
name for [51] Limba-armneasca
{Europe-E.&-W.; Europe-N.;
America-N.&-S.}
59-ACB-aaa
vlach-F.
"modern standard" romani
59-ACB-aab
churari
Romania
59-ACB-aac
lovari
Romania
59-ACB-aad
zagundzi
Romania
59-ACB-aae
ghagar
Romania
59-ACB-aaf
vlach-NW.
Hungary; Slovakia
59-ACB-aag
vlach-N.
59-ACB-aah
kalderashicqo
59-ACB-aai
rusicqo
59-ACB-aaj
vlach-SE.
59-ACB-aak
kalderash-machvanicqo
machvano, machwayo
Bosnia+ Serbia
59-ACB-aal
kalderash-S.
"bulgarian sedentary" romani
Bulgaria
Iran
Syria
Syria; Iran-W.
Turkey; Iran; {Caucasus}
Turkey; Bulgaria; Greece

Lebanon
Palestine
Syria; Israel; Egypt
Egypt; Libya
Romania
Poland; Belarus
rusurya-kaldarri, "russian" kalderash
Russia
Russia
Ukraine; Moldova
59-ACB-aam
vlach-'albania'-N.
59-ACB-aan
vlach-'albania'-S.
Albania-N.
59-ACB-aao
vlach-'sieve'
59-ACB-aap
vlach-'deutschland'
migration> Germany
59-ACB-aaq
vlach-'france'
migration> France
59-ACB-aar
vlach-'espaa'
migration> Spain
59-ACB-aas
vlach-'portugal'
migration> Portugal
59-ACB-aat
vlach-'brasil'
migration> Brazil
59-ACB-aau
vlach-'colombia'
migration> Colombia
59-ACB-aav
vlach-'america'
migration> USA
Albania-S.
sieve-makers' community
page 476
1999 / 2000 edition
59-ACB-ab
ursari
balkan-romani, ursari+ arlija nomadic community
{Europe-E.}
59-ACB-aba
ursari-A.
usri
Moldova; Romania; former

Yugoslavia
erli
Turkey; Bulgaria; Greece; former

Yugoslavia; Italy; Germany; France
Bulgaria-NW.
59-ACB-abb
karam'tika
59-ACB-abc
arlija
Ukraine; {Balkans}
59-ACB-abd
romani-'tinsmiths'
tinners' community
59-ACB-abe
khorakhane
xoraxane
59-ACB-abf
dzambazi
former Yugoslavia; Germany;

France
59-ACB-abg
jer'des
Bulgaria-W.
59-ACB-abh
drindri
Bulgaria-C.
59-ACB-abi
romani-'bulgaria'-E.
Bulgaria-E.
59-ACB-abj
paspatian
59-ACB-abk
romani-'ironsmiths'
Greece; {Balkans}
Bulgaria; former Yugoslavia

blacksmiths' community
Bulgaria; former Yugoslavia
59-ACB-abl
shiptari
59-ACB-abm
zargari
59-ACB-b
Sinti+ Fintika
romani-N.&-W., roma-NW.
Romania; Hungary; Ukraine;

Slovakia; Moravia; Bohemia;
Poland; Belarus; {Baltic States};
Russia Europe; Kazakhstan; {exYugoslavia}; Italy; Austria;
Germany; Switzerland; France;
Netherlands; Finland; Wales.
59-ACB-ba
'carpathian'-romani
bashalde, "musicians" romani nomadic community
{East Europe}
59-ACB-baa
romani-transylvania
59-ACB-bab
romungre
ungrike-romani
Ukraine; Hungary; Slovakia-SW.
59-ACB-bac
sarvika
sarvika-romani
Slovakia-NE.; Poland-S.
Iran
Romania (Transylvania; Galicia)
59-ACB-bad
romani-moravia
59-ACB-bae
romani-bohemia
59-ACB-bb
sinti
sinte, sasitka, manuche, manush, manus nomadic community
59-ACB-bba
sinti-volga
ex-volga sinti formerly in Volga basin
59-ACB-bbb
sinti-N.
Poland; Germany-N.; Netherlands
59-ACB-bbc
sinti-C.
Germany-S.; Austria; Switzerland
59-ACB-bbd
sinti-SE.
Slovenia; Croatia; Serbia
59-ACB-bbe
sinti-piemonte
Italy (Piemonte)
59-ACB-bbf
sinti-abruzzo
Italy (Abruzzo)
59-ACB-bbg
sinti-france
59-ACB-bc
folditka-rom
"baltic" romani nomadic community
59-ACB-bca
lotfitka-rom
Riga gulf
59-ACB-bcb
lajenge-rom
Estonia-E.
59-ACB-bcc
rska-rom
Russia-NW.
59-ACB-bcd
rom-S.
59-ACB-bd
fintika-romani
romnimos
LOMAVREN net
Lomavren
lomavren
fintika-romma, "finland romani", kalo-romani-N. nomadic community
{Europe-NE.};
"wales romany", kolo, kole, kalo-romani-NW. nomadic community
Wales-N.
ROMANICISED-ROMANI
59-ACD-aa
CAL net
Cal
cal
59-ACD-aaa
cal-C.
59-ACD-aab
cal-N.
Spain (Catalunya)
59-ACD-aac
cal-S.
Spain (Pais Vasco)
59-ACD-aad
cal-'brasil'
59-ACE
NORDICISED-ROMANI
59-ACE-aa
RODI net
Rodi
rodi
59-ACE-aaa
dansk-rodi
59-ACE-aab
59-ACE-aac
59-ACE-aad
59-ACB-be
59-ACC
59-ACC-a
59-ACC-aa
59-ACD
59-ACD-a
59-ACE-a
Czech Rep. (Moravia)

Czech Rep. (Bohemia)
{East Europe}; {West Europe};
{Central Asia}
displaced to Kazakhstan
France
{Europe-NE.}
Latvia; Estonia
Poland; Belarus
3
ARMENIANISED-ROMANI, lom
+influenced by [57] Armenian
Armenia; Syria; also Russia
bosa, bosha, posha, "armenian" romani nomadic community
Armenia; Azerbaijan; Turkey;

Syria; also Russia
ibero-romani +influenced by [51] Ibero-Romance
Spain; Portugal; France; Brazil.
ibero-romani, gitano, kalo-romani-S. nomadic community
Spain; Portugal; France; Brazil
+influenced also by [40] Euskera (Basque)
Spain; Portugal; France
Brazil
Rotwelsch +influenced by [52] Nordic
Sweden; Norway; Denmark
nomadic community
Denmark; Norway; Sweden
"travellers' danish"
Denmark
sknsk-rodi
part of "travellers' swedish"
Sweden
svenska-rodi
tattare, part of "travellers' swedish"
Sweden
norsk-rodi
"travellers' norwegian"
Norway
page 477
POGADI-CHIB net
Pogadi-Chib
ANGLICISED-ROMANI
59-ACF-a
Anglo-Romani, "anglicised" romani +influenced by [52] English
{British Isles}; {North America};

South Africa; Australia
59-ACF-aa
pogadi-chib
'broken language'+ posh-ta-posh, 'half & half''+ romanichal, "angloromani"
UK; USA; South Africa; Australia
59-ACF-aaa
pogadi-chib-A.
"british anglo-romani"
UK
59-ACF-aab
'anglo-romani-america'
USA
59-ACF-aac
'anglo-romani-africa'
South Africa
59-ACF-aad
'anglo-romani-australia'
Australia
59-ACF

LGS Vol2 Indo-European Phylo

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

LGS Vol2 Indo-European Phylo

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

5= INDO-EUROPEAN phylosector

51= ROMANIC phylozone

52= GERMANIC phylozone

other nomenclature and notes

covers the "Celtic", "Gaelic+ Welsh" or Gaeilge+ Cymraeg set,

France (Bretagne); Ireland; Man;

50-A GAEILGE+ CYMRAEG

GAELIC+ WELSH, "celtic", in [50] Gaeilge (Irish): ceilteach, in [50]

gaeilge + gidhlig+ ghailckagh, in [50] Cymraeg (Welsh): gaeleg;

Ireland (including UK: Northern

The Linguasphere Register

1999 / 2000 edition

"formal scottish gaelic", in [52] Scots: hielans, in [50] Gaeilge (Irish):

"scottish gaelic"-NE. Caithness Sutherland-E counties: Brora

(Scotland-W.); also migration>

lewis Leodhais, Lewis island (excluding Harris peninsula) to be

hearadh, harris Na Hearadh, Harris peninsula

uist-N. Uibhist-a'Tuath, North Uist island

benbecula Beinn-na-Faoghla, Benbecula island

uist-S. Uibhist-a-Deas, South Uist island

barra Barraigh, Barra island

sgitheanach=Skye, Eilean Sgianach, Eilean Sgitheanach island

Rum Eigg islands

Coll Tiree islands

Isle of Mull island

Sutherland-W Ross-&-Cromarty Inverness-W. counties

Argyll-N Perth-W counties

"new albion gaelic" Cap Breton island Prince Edward island

migration> Canada (Nova Scotia;

"historical literary irish", "old common gaelic", 'erse' from c.350

Ireland; (Scotland); Man

"traditional irish"-NE. +transitional to Scottish Gaelic (Gidhlig-CW.)

Antrim Glens valleys extinct in 1940's

Ireland (Ulaidh-W., Ulster-W.); UK

Ard-macha, Armagh county

Dn-na-n-gall-NW., Donegal-NW. county: Toraigh, Tory island

Ireland (Connachta, Connaught)

Maigh-eo, Mayo county

Gaillimh-W., Galway-W. Maigh-eo-SW., Mayo-SW. counties: Partry (Mayo)

"formal irish", "modern literary irish", "modern standard irish",

Clare county: Aran islands

"mixed" gaeilge-C.+ gaeilge-S. +creation of new mixed dialect

Ireland (Mumhain, Munster;

Ciarra-W., Kerry-W. county: Uibh Rathach Dingle peninsula

Corcaigh-W., Cork-W. county: Oilen Chlire, Clear island Bal

Phort-lirge-S., Waterford-S. county: An Sean a'Phobal An Rinn

"literary manx", including "traditional legal manx" recorded from

"manx"-SE. extinct +submerged by [52] English

submerged by [52] English

"manx"-S. extinct in 1974 +submerged by [52] English

"revived manx" revived from c.1950

BRITANNIC, "P-celtic", "brythonic", "british", in [50] Cymraeg (Welsh):

"bible welsh", including cymraeg-y-pulpud, "conservative pulpit welsh"

"modern literary welsh" from c.1650 (reinforced by 1988 new

"modern standard welsh", "generalised welsh" a flexible standard

"learners' normalised welsh", "learners' cymric" #cymraeg-byw=living

"american welsh" the Welsh language as cultivated by small

USA; also Canada

"patagonian welsh", in [51] Espaol: gals patagn -bilingual in [51]

migration> Argentina (Patagonia:

cymraeg y gogledd, "welsh-N.", "cymric"-N., "northwalian welsh",

(Cymru-N., Wales-N.); also

"angelsey welsh" part of cymraeg-y-gogledd-orllewin, "welsh"-NW.

(Sir Mn, Angelsey)