Pickett Plots

GFREE RESEARCH PROJECT
Everything you always wanted to know about

Pickett Plots*
* BUT WERE AFRAID TO ASK
Roberto Aguilera
Schulich School of Engineering
University of Calgary
April 24, 2011
Roberto Aguilera (2012)

GFREE
OUTLINE

Pickett plots, basic equations
Clean formations, shaly formations
m, n and Sw
k, rp35, Pc, h
In the case of shale formations:
Sw, TOC, LOM, viscous vs. diffusion-like flow
Conclusions
BASIC EQUATIONS (1942)

PICKETT PLOT (CLEAN FORMATIONS)



CARBONATE EXAMPLE
Integrate in a Pickett Plot:

Porosity and water saturation
Permeability and process speed
Capillary pressure
Height above free water table
Pore throat aperture and particle size
Kozenis constant
Rock fabric number (grainstones, packstones, wackstones)
Range of initial flow rates
PROCESS (or DELIVERY) SPEED

IS THE RATIO OF PERMEABILITY AND
POROSITY (k / ) AND IS RELATED
DIRECTLY TO PORE THROAT
APERTURE. IT PROVIDES A RELATIVE
INDICATION OF HOW QUICKLY FLUIDS
CAN MOVE THROUGH POROUS MEDIA
(Chopra et al., 1987; Gunter et al., 1997)
PERMEABILITY

K
1/2
= 250
3
/ Swi
1

AT IRREDUCIBLE
CONDITIONS (MEDIUM
GRAVITY OIL)

(Source: Morris and Biggs)
CAPILLARY PRESSURE
(Based on Kwon and Pickett Data; over
2,500 samples from 30 formations in
North America)

Pc
Hg-Air
= ( 19.5 Sw
-1.7
) ( K / )
-0.45

Pc = Mercury injection capillary pressure, psi

(Aguilera, AAPG, 2004)
PORE THROAT RADIUS (m)

r = 108.1 / Pc
Hg-Air

ASSUMING:
INTERFACIAL TENSION:
Hg-Air
= 480 Dyne/cm

AIR/MERCURY CONTACT ANGLE:
Hg-Air
= 140 Degrees

HEIGHT ABOVE
FREE WATER TABLE (h)

h (ft) 0.705 Pc
Hg-Air

ASSUMING A MEDIUM
GRAVITY OIL RESERVOIR
HEIGHT ABOVE

h (ft) 0.405 Pc
Hg-Air

ASSUMING A DRY GAS OIL
RESERVOIR
HEIGHT ABOVE

h (ft) 0.205 Pc
Hg-Air

ASSUMING A GEOTHERMAL
RESERVOIR
CARMAN-KOZENY EQUATION

(k/) = 1014 [
2
/(1-)
2
].[1/(F
s
t
2
S
gv
2
)]
r
mh
= / [S
gv
(1-)]
(k/) = 1014 r
mh
2
/ F
s
t
2

r
mh
r
p35

r
p35
= 2.665 (0.01k/)
0.45

F
s
t
2
= 114.14 (k/)
-0.1

F
s
t
2
= 89.543 r
p35
-0.2222

F
s
t
2
= Kozenys constant

S
gv
2
= surface area per unit grain volume, microns
r
mh
= mean hydraulic radius, microns
r
p35
= pore throat aperture at 35% cumulative pore volume

ROCK FABRIC ()


Rock fabric () refers to the geologic
description of particle size (d
p
in
microns) and sorting (Lucia, 1983,
1995). Pore size distribution is
related to rock fabric and controls
permeability and saturation.
Porosity and permeability relationship for
various particle size groups in uniform
cemented non-vuggy rocks (After Lucia, 1983)

Grainstone
Packstone
Wackstone
Lucias straight lines (1983) intersect at porosity of
3.5% and permeability of 0.0015 md.

0.001
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
1000
10000
0.01 0.1 1
INTERPARTICLE POROSITY (fraction)
P
E
R
M
E
A
B
I
L
I
T
Y

(
m
d
)
=0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
4.0
d
p
=500 m

100 m 20 m
1.8 m Grainstone
Packstone
Wackstone
ROCK FABRIC ()

(Jennings and Lucia, 2002)
= - 0.6213 ln (d
p
) + 4.3614
k = e
a( )
f
b( )

a() = 22.56 12.08 ln ()
b() = 8.671 3.603 ln ()
PICKETT PLOT (CARBONATES)

0.01
0.1
1
0.01 0.1 1 10 100
RESISTIVITY, Ohm-m
P
O
R
O
S
I
T
Y
Sw=
100%
90%
30%
(k/f)
1
(P
c
)
1 ,
h
1
, (r
p
)
1
(P
c
)
2 ,
h
2
, (r
p
)
2
P
c
and r
p
are valid between
S
w
=30% and 90%
(k/f)
2
3
GRAINSTONE
PACKSTONE
WACKSTONE
Rock fabric ()
Process speed (k/f)
Cap pressure (p
c
)
Height above free
water table (h)
Pore throat radius (r
p
)
Porosity exponent (m)
Water saturation (S
w
)

Source:
Aguilera, AAPG, 2004

PICKETT PLOT (MISSION CANYON CARBONATES)
Little Knife field, North Dakota. Flow units after Martin et al. (1997)

0.01
0.1
1
0.01 0.1 1 10 100
RESISTIVITY, Ohm-m
P
O
R
O
S
I
T
Y
Sw=
100% 90% 50%
30%
10md
1 md
100 md
1000 md
k/f=10000 md
15%
P
c
=10 psi
r
p
=10.8 m
P
c
=25 psi
r
p
=4.32 m
P
c
=50 psi
r
p
=2.16 m
P
c
=100 psi
r
p
=1.08 m
P
c
=200 psi
r
p
=0.54 m
P
c
=400 psi
r
p
=0.27 m
P
c
=800 psi
r
p
=0.14 m
P
c
=1600 psi
r
p
=0.07 m
4
6
3
2
9
10
7
8
5
13
11
15
14
12
65%
m=2.0
n=2.0
P
c
and r
p
are valid between
S
w
=30% and 90%
=0.5
1.5
=2.0
=2.5
=4.0
=
h=18'
h=35'
h=71'
h=141'
h=282'
h=7'
45.4
57.2
72.0
91.5
117.2
F
s
t
2
SHALY FORMATIONS

PICKETT PLOT (SHALY FORMATIONS)

SHALE GAS: log R Technique

Fine-grained, non-source rock
Clast with a
mean grain size
of less than
0.0625 mm
including
siltstone,
mudstone,
claystone and
carbonates

PASSEY ET AL CURVES FOR Sw =100%
from log R Technique

-1
0
1
2
3
50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150
L
o
g
(
R
t
)

(
m
)

t (s/ft)
Log(R
t
) vs t
Shale
Sandstone
Limestone
Dolomite

PICKETT PLOT USING PASSEY ET AL
DATA FOR Sw =100%

1
10
100
0.1 1 10 100
t
-
t
m

(
s
/
f
t
)

R
t
(m)
(t-t
m
) vs R
t

Dolomite
Shale
Sandstone
Limestone
PICKETT PLOT (HAYNESVILLE SHALE)
Sw data from Ramirez et al. (2011)

0.01
0.1
1
0.01 0.1 1 10 100

R
t
(m)
vs R
t
25%<Sw<50%
Power (Sw=100%)
Power (Sw=50%)
Power (Sw=25%)
m < 2.0
Sw from detailed
log analysis
TOC on Pickett Plot
TOC=total organic carbon
LOM=level or organic metamorphism
(Yu and Aguilera, 2011)

log
= 0.02
0.02
+0.02
+ log
,
+ 10
0.16882.297
(15)

Bc = correction between density porosity and core crushed sample
Rov = vitrinite reflectance, m = porosity exponent
Baseline: The transit time and resistivity logs are scaled in such a way that
their relative scaling is -50s/ft per logarithmic resistivity cycle.
These two logs need to be overlain and baselined in a
fine-grained, non-source rock.
Prediction of TOC and LOM
with the Use of Pickett Plot
(TOC and LOM Data from Passey et al., 1990)

0.01
0.1
1
0.01 0.1 1 10 100

R
t
(m)
vs R
t

0%<TOC<5%
5%<TOC<10%
Log. (LOM=6.5,TOC=0%)
Log. (LOM=7,TOC=0%)
Log. (LOM=7,TOC=5%)
Log. (LOM=7,TOC=10%)

0.01
0.1
1
0.01 0.1 1 10 100

R
t
(m)
vs R
t
Kn = 0.01
Kn = 0.1
Kn = 0.001
5%<TOC<10%
Prediction of Flow Types
with the Use of Knudsen Number (Kn)
(TOC Data from Passey et al., 1990)
0%<TOC<5%
Integrated Pickett Plot
(TOC Data from Passey et al., 1990)

0.01
0.1
1
0.01 0.1 1 10 100

R
t
(m)
vs R
t
Log Data
Log. (TOC=0%)
Log. (TOC=5%)
Log. (TOC=10%)
Log. (TOC=15%)
Power (Sw=100%)
Power (Sw=50%)
Power (Sw=25%)
Power (Kn=0.1)
Power (Kn=0.01)
Power (Kn=0.001)
5%<TOC<10%
0%<TOC<5%
Conclusion (1)

Pickett plots are not a panacea but are useful
for estimating:

Capillary pressure
Kozenis constant
Rock fabric number (grainstones, packstones,
wackstones)
Range of initial flow rates
Conclusion (2)

Pickett plots are not a panacea but are useful
for estimating:

Capillary pressure
Kozenis constant
In carbonates: Rock fabric number (grainstones,
packstones, wackstones)
In shales: TOC, LOM, viscous vs. diffusion-like flow

Acknowledgement


Parts of this work were funded by
ConocoPhillips, the Natural Sciences and
Engineering Research Council of Canada
(NSERC), and the Alberta Innovates
Energy and Environmental Solutions
(formerly AERI). Their contributions are
gratefully acknowledged.

Thank you

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Everything you always wanted to know about

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