ZEIT4005 ZEIT4005

NAVAL NAVAL
ARCHITECTURE ARCHITECTURE
ZEIT4005 NA & ME
Dr Warren Smith
ARCHITECTURE ARCHITECTURE
AND MARINE AND MARINE
ENGINEERING ENGINEERING
FLOTATION AND TRIM FLOTATION AND TRIM
Archimedes Principle Archimedes Principle
ZEIT4005 NA & ME
Dr Warren Smith
Law of Law of Flotation Flotation
FLOTATION AND TRIM FLOTATION AND TRIM
Archimedes Principle Archimedes Principle
when a solid is immersed in a liquid it experiences an when a solid is immersed in a liquid it experiences an
upthrust equal to the weight of liquid upthrust equal to the weight of liquid displaced displaced
ZEIT4005 NA & ME
Dr Warren Smith
Law of Law of Flotation Flotation
FLOTATION AND TRIM FLOTATION AND TRIM
Archimedes Principle Archimedes Principle
when a solid is immersed in a liquid it experiences an when a solid is immersed in a liquid it experiences an
upthrust equal to the weight of liquid upthrust equal to the weight of liquid displaced displaced
ZEIT4005 NA & ME
Dr Warren Smith
Law of Law of Flotation Flotation
when a body is floating freely in a liquid the weight when a body is floating freely in a liquid the weight
of the body equals its buoyancy which in turn is the of the body equals its buoyancy which in turn is the
weight of the liquid displaced weight of the liquid displaced
FLOTATION AND TRIM FLOTATION AND TRIM
weight
VCG
ZEIT4005 NA & ME
Dr Warren Smith
LWL LWL
buoyancy
VCB
VCG
FLOTATION AND TRIM FLOTATION AND TRIM
Weight Weight LCG, VCG, TCG LCG, VCG, TCG
(Centroid of Mass Distribution) (Centroid of Mass Distribution)
Di l d Di l d ll LCB VCB TCB LCB VCB TCB
ZEIT4005 NA & ME
Dr Warren Smith
Displaced Displaced volume volume LCB, VCB, TCB LCB, VCB, TCB
(Centroid of (Centroid of Underwater Volume Underwater Volume))
Trim Trim point point LCF LCF
(Centroid of Waterplane) (Centroid of Waterplane)
Centre of Centre of Gravity Gravity (1 (1
st st
yr Statics) yr Statics)
ZEIT4005 NA & ME
Dr Warren Smith
GG
Centre of Gravity Centre of Gravity
Weight force acts at the centre of Weight force acts at the centre of
gravity (the centroid of the mass gravity (the centroid of the mass
distribution distribution))
ZEIT4005 NA & ME
Dr Warren Smith
Longitudinal centre of gravity Longitudinal centre of gravity (LCG) (LCG)
Vertical centre of gravity Vertical centre of gravity (VCG) (VCG)
Transverse centre of gravity Transverse centre of gravity (TCG) (TCG)
Gravity Force Gravity Force
(summation of loads) (summation of loads)
Gravity Force
ZEIT4005 NA & ME
Dr Warren Smith
Centre of Buoyancy Centre of Buoyancy
The buoyancy force on a vessel is the The buoyancy force on a vessel is the
resultant of the hydrostatic pressure applied resultant of the hydrostatic pressure applied
to the underwater portion of the to the underwater portion of the vessel vessel
This force acts through the centre of This force acts through the centre of
b hi h i th t id f th b hi h i th t id f th
ZEIT4005 NA & ME
Dr Warren Smith
buoyancy which is the centroid of the buoyancy which is the centroid of the
underwater underwater volume volume
Longitudinal centre of buoyancy Longitudinal centre of buoyancy (LCB) (LCB)
Vertical centre of buoyancy Vertical centre of buoyancy (VCB) (VCB)
Transverse Transverse centre of buoyancy centre of buoyancy (TCB) (TCB)
Buoyancy Force Buoyancy Force
(integration of hull pressures) (integration of hull pressures)
ZEIT4005 NA & ME
Dr Warren Smith
Buoyancy Force
Balance Balance
(Law of Flotation) (Law of Flotation)
Gravity Force
ZEIT4005 NA & ME
Dr Warren Smith
Buoyancy Force
Centre of Centre of Flotation Flotation
The vessel trims about the point, F The vessel trims about the point, F
It is the centroid It is the centroid of the of the water plane water plane
Longitudinal centre of Longitudinal centre of Flotation Flotation (LCF) (LCF)
ZEIT4005 NA & ME
Dr Warren Smith
Longitudinal centre of Longitudinal centre of Flotation Flotation (LCF) (LCF)
ZEIT4005 NA & ME
Dr Warren Smith
HULL FORM HULL FORM
Underwater Volume Underwater Volume
Curve of areas Curve of areas
Longitudinal (for given waterline) Longitudinal (for given waterline)
Transverse sections (area Transverse sections (area vs vs draft) draft)
ZEIT4005 NA & ME
Dr Warren Smith
Transverse sections (area Transverse sections (area vs vs draft) draft)
Bonjeans Bonjeans
Use to integrate for any 0 heel waterline Use to integrate for any 0 heel waterline
ZEIT4005 NA & ME
Dr Warren Smith
HULL FORM HULL FORM
CHARACTERISTICS CHARACTERISTICS
Draft Draft T or T or dd
Centre of Buoyancy Centre of Buoyancy LCB, VCB, LCB, VCB, TCB TCB
Centre Centre of Gravity of Gravity LCG, VCG, TCG LCG, VCG, TCG
Centre of Flotation Centre of Flotation LCF LCF
ZEIT4005 NA & ME
Dr Warren Smith
Centre of Flotation Centre of Flotation LCF LCF
FP, AP, LWL, LBP, FP, AP, LWL, LBP, midship midship section, baseline, section, baseline,
centreline, moulded dimensions centreline, moulded dimensions
trim, heel trim, heel
CB, CP, CM, CW CB, CP, CM, CW
HYDROSTATIC HYDROSTATIC PARTICULARS PARTICULARS
(characteristics of the hull shape (characteristics of the hull shape
plotted against draft) plotted against draft)
KB KB
KM KM
TPC TPC
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Dr Warren Smith
TPC TPC
MTCC MTCC
Change in Displacement/Metre Trim by Change in Displacement/Metre Trim by Stern Stern
KML KML
ZEIT4005 NA & ME
Dr Warren Smith
ZEIT4005 NA & ME
Dr Warren Smith
DISPLACEMENT CORRECTION DISPLACEMENT CORRECTION
FOR TRIM FOR TRIM
ZEIT4005 NA & ME
Dr Warren Smith
Example Example
Using the Hydrostatics Using the Hydrostatics Table, Table, determine the determine the
displacement of the ship at the following drafts : displacement of the ship at the following drafts :
Forward Perpendicular Forward Perpendicular == 3.90 m 3.90 m
Aft Perpendicular Aft Perpendicular == 4.10 m 4.10 m
ZEIT4005 NA & ME
Dr Warren Smith
The Length between Perpendiculars and Draft The Length between Perpendiculars and Draft
Marks is 67.20 m Marks is 67.20 m
Example Example
Using the Hydrostatics Using the Hydrostatics Table, determine Table, determine the displacement of the ship at the following drafts : the displacement of the ship at the following drafts :
Forward Perpendicular Forward Perpendicular == 3.90 m 3.90 m
Aft Perpendicular Aft Perpendicular == 4.10 m 4.10 m
The Length between Perpendiculars and Draft Marks is 67.20 m The Length between Perpendiculars and Draft Marks is 67.20 m
SOLUTION SOLUTION
Mean Draft Amidships is Mean Draft Amidships is (4.10 + 3.90) / 2 = 4.00 m (4.10 + 3.90) / 2 = 4.00 m
From Hydrostatics Table at 4.00 Meters Level Trim Mean Draft the following information is applicable: From Hydrostatics Table at 4.00 Meters Level Trim Mean Draft the following information is applicable:
Displacement Displacement = 1969.63 t = 1969.63 t
LCF LCF == 4 515 m ft f mid hip 4 515 m ft f mid hip
ZEIT4005 NA & ME
Dr Warren Smith
LCF LCF = = 4.515 m aft of amidships 4.515 m aft of amidships
TPC TPC = = 7.539 7.539
Since the ship has a trim by the stern and the LCF is aft of amidships any displacement correction will be Since the ship has a trim by the stern and the LCF is aft of amidships any displacement correction will be
positive: positive:
Finding layer thickness "x" where: Finding layer thickness "x" where:
x / 0.2 = 4.515 / 67.20 x / 0.2 = 4.515 / 67.20
Therefore "x" = 0.0134 m Therefore "x" = 0.0134 m
Displacement correction is Displacement correction is
1.34 * 7.539 = 10.10 t 1.34 * 7.539 = 10.10 t
And Total Displacement is And Total Displacement is
1969.63 + 10.10 = 1969.63 + 10.10 = 1979.73 t 1979.73 t
ZEIT4005 NA & ME
Dr Warren Smith
ZEIT4005 NA & ME
Dr Warren Smith
STABILITY STABILITY
ZEIT4005 NA & ME
Dr Warren Smith
Definition of Intervals Definition of Intervals
ZEIT4005 NA & ME
Dr Warren Smith
Change in Centre of Buoyancy Change in Centre of Buoyancy
(due to heel) (due to heel)
ZEIT4005 NA & ME
Dr Warren Smith
Change in Centre of Buoyancy Change in Centre of Buoyancy
(due to displacement change) (due to displacement change)
ZEIT4005 NA & ME
Dr Warren Smith
VIDEO VIDEO -- Fishing Boat Stability Fishing Boat Stability
ZEIT4005 NA & ME
Dr Warren Smith
States of Stability States of Stability
Stable equilibrium Stable equilibrium
Neutral equilibrium Neutral equilibrium
ZEIT4005 NA & ME
Dr Warren Smith
Unstable equilibrium Unstable equilibrium
For equilibrium, the weight and buoyancy For equilibrium, the weight and buoyancy
forces act through a vertical line joining the forces act through a vertical line joining the
two centres. two centres.
Stable Equilibrium Stable Equilibrium
(KG < KM , GM > 0) (KG < KM , GM > 0)
RIGHT
ZEIT4005 NA & ME
Dr Warren Smith
Neutral Equilibrium Neutral Equilibrium
(KG = KM , GM = 0) (KG = KM , GM = 0)
ZEIT4005 NA & ME
Dr Warren Smith
Unstable Equilibrium Unstable Equilibrium
(KG > KM, GM < 0) (KG > KM, GM < 0)
CAPSIZE
ZEIT4005 NA & ME
Dr Warren Smith
Intact Statical Stability Intact Statical Stability
Moment equal to the Moment equal to the * GZ * GZ
where where Z Z is the foot of the normal from is the foot of the normal from G G to the line to the line
of action of the upward buoyancy force and of action of the upward buoyancy force and is the is the
ZEIT4005 NA & ME
Dr Warren Smith
displacement displacement
* GZ * GZ is termed the righting is termed the righting
moment moment
GZ GZ is is termed termed the the righting righting lever lever
Intact Statical Stability Intact Statical Stability
For small angles, For small angles,
Righting arm, Righting arm, GZ = GM sin GZ = GM sin
BM = i / V BM = i / V
GM= KB + BM GM= KB + BM KG KG
ZEIT4005 NA & ME
Dr Warren Smith
GM = KB + BM GM = KB + BM -- KG KG