1.

Emotion is typically defined as a response to stimuli that involves physiological changes (increased pulse rate, increased body temperature, activity of certain glands, increased or decreased breathing rate), which moti vate a person to act. Simply put, emotions are the feelings of the mind, the equi valent of what physical sensations are to the body. c
2. In Greek myth, many of the ills that plagued mankind were creatures of emotion, such as revenge, spite, and envy. Released by the goddess Pandora, they sought to torment the world.e
3. Ancient doctors believed that different organs controlled certain moods. Happiness, for example, came fromthe heart, anger fromthe li ver, and fear fromthe kidneys. c
4. Studies show that connecting a brand to a consumer on emotional level is one of the most powerful advertising techniques. For example, Nikes pervasi ve theme of success in sports focuses on a key emotional trigger and that has bui lt sponsorships, advertising, and business empires.b
5. In the 17th century, Ren Descartes viewed the bodys emotional apparatus as largely hydraulic. He believed that when a person felt angry or sad it was because certain internal valves opened and released such fluids as bile and phlegm.a
6. In the English language, there are more than 400 words assigned to emotions and senti ments.d
7. A study in the Journal of Consumer Research notes that people who think more abstractly respond better to ads that portray mi xed emotions compared to those who think at a more concrete level.b
Clothing both affects and reflects emotional states
8. A recent study suggests a strong correlation between wearing certain clothes and emotional states. For example, it revealed that women who are depressed or sad are more likely to wear baggy tops, sweatshirts, or jeans. Women who had more positi ve emotions were more likely to wear a favorite dress or jewelry and generally look nicer.h
9. The word emotion is fromthe Latin emovere, to move out, remove, agitate: fromex-out + movere, to move.c
10. The word instinct is the fromthe Latin instinctus meaning instigation, impulsewhich is related to the Proto-Indo-Euoprean *steig-, to prick, stick, or pierce.c
11. Some researchers fear that technology, particularly social networking, is creating emotional disconnection rather than connection.f
12. Emotional abuse is simi lar to brainwashing in that it attempts to systematically wear away a persons self-confidence, self-worth, and self-concept. Emotional abuse can take many forms, including using economic power to control, threatening to leave, degrading, belittling, continually criticizing, name calling, or shouting.e
13. Any emotion has three components: 1) physiological changes (e.g., acceleration of heart rate) 2) behavioral response, such as a tendency to escape fromor stay into contact wi th whatever is causing the emotion, and 3) a subjecti ve experience, such as feeing angry, happy, or sad. e
14. Historically, psychologists have disagreed as to whether emotions arise before an action, occur at the same ti me as an action, or are a response to automatic physiological process.c
15. Most neuroscientists distinguish between the words emotion and feeling. They use emotion to describe the brains auto-programmed response to certain stimuli, and feeling to describe our conscious impression of that response. e
16. Charles Darwin believed that emotions were beneficial for evolution because emotions improved chances of survi val. For example, the brai n uses emotion to keep us away froma dangerous animal (fear), away fromrotting food and fecal matter (disgust), in control of our resources (anger), and in pursuit of a good meal or a good mate (pleasure and lust). d
17. Types of triggers that humans are evolutionarily prepared to fear, such as caged snakes, evoke a visceral response even though humans know they are relati vely harmless on a cogniti ve level. However, humans are less likely to react with fear to dangerous risks that evolution has not prepared themfor, such as hamburgers, smoking, and unsafe sex, even though most people recognize the danger on a cogniti ve l evel.c
18. Most scientists believe that basic emotions are innate rather than learned. For example, people who are born blind and have never seen faces still display the typical facial expressions of the basic emotions. c
19. A 1980 study by Robert Plutchik proposed eight primary innate emotions: joy, acceptance, fear, surprise, sadness, disgust, anger, and anti cipation. He suggests that complex emotions such as guilt and love are derived fromcombinations of primary emotions.c
Facial expressions control emotion
20. Studies show that if people adjust their facial expression to reflect an emotion, they actually begin to feel that emotion.c
21. Research has shown that the expression and experience of negati ve emotions (e.g., depression and anxiety) show higher acti vation in the right frontal cortex and in the deeper brain structures, such as the amygdala, whi le posi ti ve emotions are accompanied by more left frontal cortex acti vi ty. c
22. Colors can profoundly affect emotional responses. While not everyone experiences the same emotion in response to a particular color, most people find reds and oranges sti mulating and blues and purples restful. In contrast, gray, brown, black, or white tend to be emotionally dulling. In fact, studies reveal that children playing in an orange room were friendlier, alert, creati ve, and less irritable than children in playrooms painted white, brown, and black.e
23. Researchers note that when concealing a strong emotion, people tend to let out micro-expressions, or sudden leakages, of emotion unbeknownst to themselves very briefly, in as little as a 24th of a second. c
Emotions, especially negative ones, are contagious
24. Emotions are contagious. Negati ve or unpleasant emotions are more contagious than neutral or positi ve emotions.c
25. Only humans are known to express the emotion astonishment wi th their mouth agape. However, there appear to be more si milariti es than differences in the way animals, especially primates, and humans express such basic emotions as anger, fear, happiness, and sadness. In fact, because animals and humans express simi lar kinds of emotions, Charles Darwin believed the emotional difference between ani mals and humans is largely one of complexi ty and not of kind.c
26. Studies show that mothers are less tolerant of crying in boys than in girls, suggesting that the way emotions are expressed by adults are instilled by mothers during the childs infancy.c
27. Studies show that men and women experience the same amount of emotion, but women tend to show it more.e
28. The visually appealing presentations of unhealthy food in menus subtly arouse emotions in consumers. Scientists argue that if people understood those emotions better, they would make better food choices.e
29. Many psychologists consider instinct and emotion si milar in that both are automatic. For example, fear is both an emotion and an instinct. However, whi le instincts are immediate, irrational, and innate, emotions have the potential to be more rational and part of a complex feedback system linking biology, behavior, and cogni tion.c
30. While researchers have not found any culture where people spontaneously smile when disgusted or frown when they are happy, they have found some oddi ties. For example, the Japanese have a harder time discerning anger in a face and they tended to mask their facial expression of unpleasant feelings more than did Americans.c
Smiles are the most deceptive facial expression
31. Of all facial expressions, the smi le may be the most decepti ve. There are around 18 different smiles, including polite, cruel, false, self-effacing, and so one. But only one reflects genuine happiness; this is known as the Duchenne smile, in honor of the French neurologist who determined this phenomenon, Gui llaume-Benjamin-Amand Duchenne (de Boulogne).c
32. Researchers note that the emotion most associated wi th fear is interest. Some psychologists have gone so far as to suggest that fear has two invisible faces: one, the wish to flee and, second, the wish to investigate.c
33. Plato described emotion and reason as two horses pulling us in opposite directions. However, modern neurologist Antonio Damasio argues that reasoning depends on emotion and is not in opposition to emoti on.a
34. Body language often reveals emotion. For example, a person standing with their arms on hips with elbows turned outward is an example of a territorial display. Someone with their hands folded and their thumbs popped up indicates that he or she has something positi ve to say. Touching the nose indicates someone is hiding something. A former FBI agent and specialist in nonverbal communication states that the feet provide the strongest body language signals.e
35. Studies reveal that people recognize and interpret the emotional facial expressions of those in their own race faster than those who are a different race.e
36. Fromsilent films to cartoons such as Tom and Jerry to films such as Psycho andJaws, music is a widely used sti mulus that evokes a variety of emotional responses. Generally music in a major key is happy, while music in a minor key is sad. Spoken voices also reflect this tonali ty. Interestingly, certain emotional tones in music are cross-cultural.e
37. A study of those wi th amnesia found that the emotions tied to a memory outlast the memories that created them. Researchers note this has important i mplications for those wi th Alzhei mers disease.d
38. Using its site WeFeelFine.org, Stanford Uni versity analyzed around 13 mi llion emotions that have been recorded on the Web since 2005. They found older people are usually happier, but for different reasons. Younger people are happy when they are excited, older people are happier when they are at peace. Additionally, women tend to feel more loved than men, but also feel more guilt. Men often fell happier, yet lonelier. They also found that the happiest ti me of day is lunchtime. g
39. A human can make over 10,000 facial expressions to express a wide variety of subtle emotions.c
40. Several scientists claimthat there is always some emotion occurring in the body, but the emotion is too slight for us to notice or affect what we do.c
41. BOTOX injections may decrease the signs of aging, but do so at the cost of making the face less ani mated and more unemotional. Paradoxically, less animated people are less attractive to others.c