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JHc QUDCtOD O KUUO KOCkcI'S Aaarcha-5ya4ca/sm, tcI I
tOO DDy ycIS, S D cVcDt O DUCH DQOItDCc OI [cOQc WHO
Ic CODCcIDcU WtH QIODcDS O DcIty DU ]UStCL. bQckDg
QcISODy, DcCDc CQUDtcU WtH KOCkcI'S QUDCtODS D tHc
cIy ycIS O tHc bcCODU YOIU YI, D DICHSt DOOk StOIcS DU
OCcS D IcW YOIk Lty, DU CDc UQOD tHc [IcScDt WOIk OD tHc
UUSty SHcVcS O UDVcISty DIIy, UDkDOWD DU UDIcU, cW
ycIS tcI. OUDU t D DSQItOD tHcD, DU HVc tUIDcU DCk tO
t DDy tDcS D tHc ycIS SDCc. ct t ODCc, DU St cc, tHt
KOCkcI WS QODtDg tHc Wy tO DUCH DttcI WOIU, ODc tHt S
WtHD OUI gISQ, ODc tHt Dy Wc Dc tHc ODy tcIDtVc tO tHc
'UDVcIS CtStIOQHc' tOWIUS WHCH 'Wc Ic UIVDg OD UDUcI U
S', S Hc SW OD tHc cVc O tHc bcCODU YOIU YI. HS
CtStIOQHc W Dc DcyODU tHc DtS Hc COUU tHcD DgDc, S
SttcS HVc CQUIcU tHc CQCty tO ODtcItc HUDD SOCcty,
CQCty tHt tHcy W cXcICSc tHc CUIIcDt SOC OIUcI cVOVcS
ODg tS QIcScDt QtHS.
KOCkcI'S VSOD StDUS D OQ[OStOD tO O tHc UODDDt
tcDUcDCcS D DOUcID SOC DU QOtC tHOUgHt. S Hc IcCOgDScU
DU cXQDcU WtH gIct CIty, O tHcSc tcDUcDCcS UcStIOy 'tHc
DQUSc tO Sc-HcQ, Dy DOCUtDg [cO[c WtH tHc IUDOUS
UcUSOD tHt SVtOD WyS CODcS IOD DVc', DOt IOD tHcI
OWD CODSCOUS UDUcIStDUDg DU CODStIUCtVc WOIk D 'CIctDg tHc
VDg gcIDS O the aew saceq', D bkUDD'S WOIUS. LODDDt
CUIIcDtS, UDUCIStDUDy cDOU@, D t SUDIUDtOD O tHc QUDC.
t S UDDcCcSSIy tO UWc OD tHc SO-CcU 'SOCSt' SttcS OI tHc
NIXSt-LcDDSt DOVcDcDtS. YtHD tHc DUUStI UcDOCICcS,
SDI CODCc[tOD S IDy IOOtcU DODg ctc gIOU[S, WHtcVcI
tHcI [OtC QcISUSOD, DU S OtcD QUtc CcIy ItCUtcU. Hc
IOc O tHc [UDC S tO Ity UcCSODS tkcD cScWHcIc, tO UO[t tHc
UOCtIDcS [Ic[IcU OI tHcD Dy tHcI SUQcIOIS, DU D gcDcI tO
ODScIVc [SSVcy WHc QcIOIDDg tHcI UUty. Ot WOUU cX[IcSS
V
Prejace V
ths undctstandng wth thc c!atty oI ]uan tavo Mut!!o, whom
kockct quotcs (p. 118), but hs wotds nIact captutc ptcva!ng c!tc
conccptons, accutatc!y I ctudc!y.

ln kockct's tadca!!y dctcnt conccpton, pcop!c must takc thct

!vcs and thct wotk nto thct own hands. On!y thtough thct own
sttugg!c Iot !bctaton w!! otdnaty pcop!c comc to comptchcnd
thct ttuc natutc, supptcsscd and dstottcd wthn nsttutona!
sttuctutcs dcsgncd to assutc obcdcncc and subotdnaton. On!y n
ths way w!! pcop!c dcvc!op motc humanc cthca! standatds, 'a
ncw scnsc oI tght', 'thc conscousncss oI thct sttcngth and thct

mpottancc as a soca! Iactot n thc !Ic oI thct tmc' and oI thct

capacty to tca!sc thc sttvngsoI thct 'nmost natutc'. Such dtcct
engagcmcnt n thc wotk oI soca! tcconsttucton s a ptctcqustc
Ior comng to pctccvc ths 'nmostnatutc' and s thc ndspcnsabIc
Ioundaton upon whch t can I!outsh.
kockct sutvcys thc dcvc!opmcnt oI thcsc dcas and thc sttugg!c
to achcvc thcm, and !!umnatcs thct Iundamcnta! sgnIcancc.
Hs apptoach s Iat Itom 'utopan'; ths s not an absttact dscoutsc,
but a gudc to acton, dtawngItom thc !cssons oI past Ia!utcs and
succcsscs. Lkc othct sctous anatchsts, kockct 'tcccts a!! abso!utc
schcmcs and conccpts' and apptccatcs that wc can sct no 'dcIntc
Ina! goa!s Iot human dcvc!opmcnt', but can on!y contcmp!atc 'an
unImtcd pctIcctb!ty oI soca! attangcmcnts and human !vng
condtons, whch atc a!ways sttanng aItct hghct Iotms oI
cxptcsson', bascd on ncw undctstandng, ncw nsght. Thc !cssons
oI hstoty tcach us a good dca!, but nothng motc c!cat!y than thc
Iact that wc oItcn tcman qutc unawatc oI thc Iotms oI opptcsson
oI whch wc atc vctms, ot somctmcs agcnts, unt! soca! sttugg!c
!bctatcs out conscousncss and undctstandng.
kockct cxptcsscs thtoughout hs Iath n thc capacty oI otdnaty
pcop!c to consttuct Iot thcmscIvcs a wot!d sutcd to thct nnct
nccds, to ctcatc andpattcIpatc n an advancng cu!tutc oI !otaton
n Itcc communtcs, to dscovct thtough thct own thought and
cngagcmcnt thc nsttutona! attangcmcnts that can bcst satsIy thct
dccp!y tootcd sttvng Iot Itccdom, ustcc, compasson and
so!datty, at a pattcu!at hstotca! momcnt. Ths vson tcmans as
nsptng aswhcntwaswtttcn a ha!I ccntutyago,andno!cssva!d
asastmu!ustooutthnkngandoutconsttuctvcacton.
Cambtdgc, Mass.
OIIOOUCIlOO
NLLLb VL1LK
KUUO KOCkcI ( 1873-158) WS DOID D NDz, D tHc LcIDD
KHDcDU, DtO LtHOC Dy O SkcU WOIkcIS WtH DcI
VcWS. MS QIcDtS UcU yOUDg, DU Hc WS ScDt tO LtHOC
OIQHDgc. Mc WS QQIcDtCcU S DOOkDDUcI, DU OOWcU tHc
tIUc S tIVcDg jOUIDcyDD OI ScVcI ycIS. Mc DcCDc
SOCSt D HS yOUtH, DU jODcU tHc OC LcDOCItC Ity; DUt Hc
SUQQOItcU tHc ct-WDg OQQOStOD gIOUQ O Lc ]UDgcD {1Hc
YOUDg), WS cXQccU D 180, DU SOOD DOVcU tOWIUS DICHSD.
Mc VStcU ScVcI QItS O YcStcID LUIOQc, OOWDg HS tIUc DU
HS QOtC DtcIcStS. Mc ODScIVcU tHc ScCODU CODgIcSS O tHc
cCODU HtcIDtOD D bIUSScS D 181, DcgD CODtIDUtDg tO tHc
DICHSt QIcSS D 182, DU ct LcIDDy tO cSCQc QOCc
HISSDcDt D 182. Mc }VcU OI COUQc O ycIS D IS, DU
tHcD ScttcU QcIDDcDty D bItD D 185.
tHOUgH KOCkcI WS LcDtc, Hc DcCDc DVOVcU D tHc
]cWSH DICHSt DOVcDcDt. Mc cIDt YUUSH, VcU 1D tHc ]cWSH
CODDUDty, DU DcCDc tHc cODg CODQDOD O Ny YtCOQ
( 1877-153). Mc QUCky DCDc QIODDcDt SQckcI DU WItcI,
OD CUtUI S Wc S QOtC tOQC5, DU OI 20 ycIS Hc WS tHc
DOSt kcU DU IcSQcCtcU QcISOD D tHc DOVcDcDt. D 188 Hc
cUtcU Das Ira van {1Hc Icc YOIU), DcW YUUSH Wccky
QQcI D LVcIQOO, OI COUQc O DODtHS, DU tHcD DcCDc
cUtOI O Der Arbeter Iraat {1Hc YOIkcIS` IcDU), IcVVcU
YUUSH Wccky QQcI D LODUOD, DU D 100 SO O 0erm/aa/,
DcW YUUSH DODtHy.
1Hc ]cWSH DICHSt DOVcDcDt DcCDc IgcI tHD tHc DtVc
DOVcDcDt D bItD. cUcItOD O ]cWSH DICHSt gIOUQS WS
OIDcU D 102, tHc CICUtOD O tHc QQcIS DU OtHcI
QUDCtODS DCIcScU, DU tHIVDg SOC CUD WS OQcDcU D
]UDcc tIcct D LSt LODUOD D 106. KOCkcI WS tHc DOSt
DUcDt gUIc D tHc DOVcDcDt, IcQIcScDtDg t t tHc
DtcIDtOD DICHSt LOD@cSS D DStcIUD D 107, DU
V11
JnlI0du6l0n X
bcoming a mcmbct of thc lntctnationaI Anatchist utcau
7l 12 thctc. Thc |cwish anatchists wctc vcty actiVc in thc
gtowing ttadc union movcmcnt, and kockct favoutcd thc
lOUmcnt of anatcho-syndicaIism as a ncw fotm ot anatchist
t 1DcOtV and ptacUcc.
ln 1914 kokct vigotousIy opposcd both sidcs in thc 1itst WotId
and aftct a fcw months hc was intctncd as an cncmy aIicn.
aftctwatds thc I0cl?| !I0nl was supptcsscd and thc |ubiIcc
trP\ cub cIoscd. Thc |cwish anatchist movcmcnt in titain ncvct
tccovctcd, and most of its mcmbcts wctc Iatct atttactcd to
@ZOnismotCommunism.
1918 kockct was dcpottcd ftom titain to thc NcthctIands,
soon aftct hc tctutncd to his nativc countty, Gctmany. Hc
a Icad1ng figutc in thc Gctman and indccd thc
anatcho-syndicaIist movcmcnt. Hc was an activc
of thc 1tcic Vctcinigung Dcutschct Gcwctkschattcn (1tcc
Association of Gctman Ttadc Unions) and thcn a main toundct of
1tcic Atbcitct-Union DcutschIands (1tcc Wotkcts' Union of
Gctmany) and cditot of its papct, ?I yndk05l. Hc was thc
movingspitit of thc lntctnationaI Congtcss in ctIin in 1922 which
Icd to thc fotmation of thc lntctnationaI Wotking Mcn's
Association, and actcd as onc of its scctctatics. Hc uscd his
infIucncc to opposc anatchist suppott fot thc oIshcvik
kcvoIution aftct 1917 ot fot Pctct Atshinov's LIg0n50l0n0
00Im (which advoatcd tcfotming mc anatchist movcmcnt as a
VittuaI poI!tica! patty) aftct 1926, and hc Icd thc Iibcttatian
opposition to thctising Nazi movcmcnt.
ln 1933 kockct had to Icavc Gctmany again to cscapc
pctsccution by thc ncw Nazi tcgimc. Hc scttIcd in thc Unitcd
5tatcs, which hc had ptcviousIy visitcd fot Icctutc touts, and hc
continucd to wotk as a spcakct and wtitct, ditccting his cffotts
againstthctwin cviIsof1ascismand Communism. Hc spcnt thc Iast
2 ycats ofhis Iifc as a Icading gutc in thc Mohcgan communityat
Ctompond, Ncw Yotk, and was thc bcst-known anatchist in thc
countty untiI his dcath. Hc suppottcd thc AIIics in thc 5ccond
WotIdWat,which causcd a btcach withsomcoId comtadcs, buthc
continucd to tcccivc motc admitation and affcction than any
vctctan of thc movcmcnt sincc Ktopotkn ot MaIatcsta.
x Aaanha-5ya4ca/sm
KOCKcI WS QIOC SQcKcI DU WItcI D DOtH YUUSH DU
LcIDD, DU Hc QIOUUCcU @ct DDy ItCcS DU QDQH0tS DU
ScVcI DOOKS - cSQcCy DcItID StUUy O tHc CODCt
DctWccD DtODSD DU CUtUIc, DOgIQHcS O tHc DICHSt
cUcIS ]OHDD NOSt DU NX cttU, DU ODg UtODOgIQHy.
NDy O HS WItDgS WcIc tIDStcU DtO bQDSH DU WUcy
CICUtcU D LtD DcIC, DUt DOt DDy QQcIcU D LDgSH.
QIt IOD cW QDQHctS, tHIcc DOOKS WcIc QUDSHcU D tHc
LDtcU bttcS - tHc DDtOUS StUUy O Nataaa/sm aa4 Ca/ture
( 137), D cSSy D tcIIy CItCSD CcU De 5x ( 138) DU
QOQUI SUIVcy O Paars af Amercaa Ireedm ( 14). 1WO DOIc
WcIc QUDSHcU D bItD - QOQUI SUIVy O A aar cha-
5ya4ca/sm ( 138), DU tHc ScCtOD O HS UtODOgIQHy COVcIDg
Tbe Laa4aa Iears ( 156). bODc OtHcIS WcIc tIDStcU DtO LD@SH
DUt DOt QUDSHcU - cSQcCy Beba4 Barbe4 wre aa4 Bars, D
CCOUDt O HS DtcIDDcDt UUIDg tHc ISt YOIU YI.
1Hc DOSt CCcSSDc O KOKcI'S DOKS S Aaarcba-5ya4ca/sm. 1HS
IOSc IOD tHc LV YI DU KcVOUtOD D bQD, WHCH DIOKc OUt
D 136 DU DIOUgHt DICHSD DU SyDUCSD DCK OD tO tHc
QOtC Stgc OI tHc ISt tDc SDCc tHc ISt YOIU YI DU tHc
KUSSD KcVOUtOD. t WS SO D 136 tHt IcUIC YIDUIg tOOK
OVcI tHc QUDSHDg DUSDcSS O NItD bcCKcI DU DUc tHc DcW
CODQDy O bcCKcI YIDUIg ODc O tHc DD LODUOD QUDSHcIS.
Mc SQcCScU D gDU CUOD, cSQcCy Dy cUDg OIcgD WItcIS,
DU D QOtC DDKS Dy UDOItHOOX WItcIS, WHOD Hc UcSCIDU D
tHc ScCODU VOUDc O HS DcDOIS, A// Aathars a Jaa/ ( 173), S
` DSCcDcOUS COcCtOD O SOCStS, DICHStS, IUCS,
DUcQcDUcDt SOCStS ... QCStS DU cCCcDtICS', DU DODg WHOD
WcIc ScVcI WHO tcI CODtIDUtcU tO tHc DICHSt QIcSS {SUCH S
]ODO KcDytt, LtHc NDDD, LcOIgc LIWc, KcgDU KcyDOUS
DU . . KUcy). Mc tOOK QItCUI DtcIcSt D bQD,
CODDcDtDg D tHc HISt VOUDc O HS DcDOIS, Aa Occaataa far
0t/emea ( 15), tHt `t WS tHc bQDSH LV YI tHt ODScSScU
Dc D tHc HISt DODtHS O tHc DDt HID DU UODDtcU tS QOCy
OI tHc DcXt tHIcc ycIS', DU Hc QUDSHcU ScVcI DOOKS OD tHc
SUDjcCt {tHc DcSt KDOWD DcDg LcOIgc LIWc'S Hamaje ta
Cata/aaaj. ScDt ctUIc O c bQDSH StUtOD WS O COUIM
tHc cXStcDCc O DSS DOVcDcDt O IcVOUtODIy SyDUCStS cU
nlI0du6l0n X
by m!!!tant anatch!sts, and Watbutg dcc!dcd topub!!sh a book on
thc !dco!ogy wh!ch !nsp!tcd thcm.
ln Apt!! 1937 at a t!mc of gtow!ng conftontat!on bctwccn thc
Nat!ona!!st tcbc!s and thc!t 1a!ang!st a!!!cs on onc s!dc and thc
kcpub!!can tcg!mc and !ts !cft-ng a!!!cs on thc othct, and a!so
bctwccn thc !!bcttat!an movcmcnt and thc 5oc!a!!st and

Commun!st authot!t!cs w!th!n thc kcpub!!c - Watbutg apptoachcd

0n 0nd lhc W0Id, thc ncw !cad!ng anatch!st papct !n t!ta!n,
w!th a ptoQsa! fot a shott bok on anatch!sm. Thc suggcst!on was
passcd on to Lmma Go!dman (1869194), thc bcst-known
anatch!st !n Lutopc, who was thcn wotk!ng fot thc 5pan!sh
anatcho-syd!ca!!sts !n lndon; but, know!ng that shc had nc!thct
thc t!mc not thc capac!ty to ptoucc such a wotk, shc dcc!dcd to
apptoach somconc c!sc !nstcad.
As !t happcncd, thctc was actua!!y a!tcady !n cx!stcncc such a
book, ot at !cast thc bas!s fot onc. Th!s was a !ong !nttoduct!on to
thc subcct by Lmma Go!dman's !!fc!ong ft!cnd and co!!caguc
A!cxandct ctkman (187-1936), wh!ch had bcn wt!ttcn a dccadc
cat!!ct and pub!!shcd !n thc Un!tcd 5tatcs !n 1929 !n two
s!mu!tancous cd!t!ons as Wh0l 5 L0mmun5l n0ICh5m: and as
0w 0nd [cI. 1c BL 0[ L0mmun5l n0Hh5m. Lmma Go!dman
hctsc!f wtotcthc !nttoduct!on fot a ncwposthumous cd!Uon wh!ch
was pub!!shcd !n thc Un!tcd 5tatcs !n August 1937, so shc was wc!!
awatc of !ts cx!stcncc. Motcovct, !t hadn't yct appcatcd !n t!ta!n,
and cou!d cas!!y havc bccn pub!!shcd !n a tcv!scd fotm as a ncw
book - !ndccd a shottcncd vcts!on d!d appcat as a pamph!ct a fcw
ycats !atct {BL 0[ n0Hh5m, 1tccdom Ptcss, 1942, ftcqucnt!y
tcpt!ntcd). ut !t was much too !ong fot Watbutg's putposc, !t
conccnttatcd on anatch!st commun!sm tathct than anatcho-
synd!ca!!sm, and !t conta!ncd much matct!a! on thc kuss!an tathct
than thc 5pan!sh kcvo!ut!on. kathct than tty!ng to adapt ot
abt!dgc ctkman's o!d book, Lmma Go!dman apptoachcd kudo!f
kockct!n thc Un!tcd5tatcs fot a ncw onc.
5hc wtotc tc!!!ng h!maboutWatbutg'sptoposa! and ask!ngh!mto
acccpt !t, andcommcntcd:
... A wotk on 5ynd!ca!!sm !n thc Lng!!sh !anguagc !s dcspctatc!y
nccdcd now. lt wou!d do ttcmcndous good. Thc vcty fact that a
pub!!shct asks fot such a book shows that hc too tca!!scs thc
!mpottancc of !t ... kudo!f dcat you tca!!y shou!d do thc book.
xii Aaatcha-5ya4ica/ism
DO yOU SHOUO OO t S QUCky S QOSSDc. tcI SHOIt WOIk
OD DICHO-yDOCSD S DOt WOIk O SCcDCc OI OccQ
QHOSOQHy. O IcCH Igc DSScS t DUSt D kcQt D gHt tODc.
DyHOW yOU DO DO ODc cSc Ic tHc DD tO OO lt. DO HOQc
yOU W UDOcItkc t. t W Dc Ic OSgICc tO IcUSc SUCH D
OQQOItUDty tO QIcScDt OUI OcS DOIc Igc QUDC D LDgDO
DO DcIC. LO yOU DOt tHDk SO! .. . L COUISc yOU DUSt WItc t
D LDgSH. DccO D t CD D IcVScO HcIc ... cc CcItD
yOU DOc UQ yOUI DDO yOU COUO OO t D DODtH ... cSc,
QcSc OcI KUOO Sy YcS .. (4 Ny 137)
KOCkcI kcO tHc Oc DUt Hc WS VcIy DUSy. Mc HO ODy IcCcDty
DDgcO tO gct HS DgDUD OQUS, Natiaaa/ism aa4 Ca/tate,
tIDStcO DtO QDSH DO tHcD DtO LD@SH {tHc ttcI WOIk DcDg
StItcO Dy cXDOcI bcIkDD DO CODQctcO Dy Ky L. LHSc,
IctIcO COcDC D DgccS), DO Hc WS t tHS tDc DVOVcO
D tHc OctS O tS QUDCtOD D tHc LDtcO ttcS. Mc, tOO, WS
DUCH CODCcIDcO WtH QD; t tHc DgDDDg O tHc LV YI Hc
HO WIttcD QDQHct OD Te Ttath abaat 5aia ( 136), DO DOW
Hc WS WIUDg DOtHcI ODc OD Te Ttajedy af 5aia ( 137). Mc WS
SO tIyDg tO cID HS VDg. Mc tHcIcOIc IcQcO HcI cW OyS
tHt Hc WOUO Dc Dc tO StIt WOIk OD tHc DcW DOOk D cW
DODtHS (23 Ny 137).
NcDWHc, SDCc Hc St WOtc D LcIDD, Hc HO WttcD tO Sk
LHSc WHctHcI Hc WOUO D Dc tO tIDStc t DtO LDgSH. LHSc
IcQcO VOUIDy. 'L COUIM ' Dc gO tO OO t OI yOU, yOU Ic
SUIc tHt D Icy tHc DD OI tHc tSk' (23 Ny 137); DO Hc
IctUIDcO tO tHc SUD|cCt D UItHcI cttcIS: 'YHt O tHc cSSy OD
DICHO-yDOCSD! Ic yOU gODg OD WtH t! D tO tIDStc t!'
( 15 ]UDc 137); ' SHOUO D VcIy gO tO HVc tHc |OD` (30 ]Uy 137).
LDD LOODD IcQcO tO KOCkcI D CHICtcIStC Styc!
.
WSH HO yU HcIc. bccVc Dc WOUO SQDk yOU ... LOD't yOU
IcSc OO OcI tHt Wc DcVcI HO SUCH gOOcD OQQOItUDty S
tHc OcI O tHc LDOOD QUDSHcI tO gct OUI OcS DcOIc Igc
ScCtOD O tHc bIUSH WOIkcIS! DO tHt tHcIc DcVcI WS DOIc
QIOQtOUS DODcDt tHD DOW tO Dkc DICHO-yDOCSD
XDOWD D tHS COUDtIy! . . . t'S yOU Dy OcI DO yOU CDDOt gct
Wy OD t. cSc QcSc Sct tO WOIk OD t S QUCXy S QOSSDc.
HcI yOU cVcD DccO DO DtcI OD tHc SUD|cCt. YOU HVc gOt
nIt0du6l0n X
!t at yout f!ngct t!ps. You shou!d thctcfotc bc ab!c to do !t
quick!y. Won'tyoutty? ... (1|unc1937)
M!!!y kockct tcp!!cd a fcw days !atct:
... c!!cvc mc that hc tca!!sc what !t mcans to pub!!sh a bok on
5ynd!ca!!sm by a pub!!shct, whctc wc cou!d tcach qu!tc a
d!ffctcntc!tcc oftcadcts,and !mpottant !t !s,!t !s ]ust wondctfu!.
Hc wi!! do!t withgtcatp!casuc, andB do !t wc!!, as soon ashc
!s thtough with thc wotk !n hands, and ]ust havc onc ot two
swims. ls that god cnoughdat!!ng?5ayycs, andsm!!c, do,p!casc.
(24 |unc 1937)
Lmma Go!dman passcd thc ncws of kockct's acccptancc on to
Watbutg, and scnt h!s conttact on to kockct, who s!gncd and
tctutncd !t at oncc though hc changcd thc dc!!vcty datc ftom
August to 5cptcmbct. 5hc wtotc scvcta! motc !cttcts dut!ng thc
ncxt fcw months, suggcst!ng what hc shou!d wt!tc and utging that
hc shou!d wt!tc qu!ck!y (23 |u!y and 11 5cptcmbct 1937), and thcn
d!scuss!ng thc ptogtcss of thc ptoduct!on and pub!!cat!on of thc
book (19 Novcmbct and 3 Dcccmbct 1937, 4 |anuaty and 22
1cbtuaty 1938).

Hc wtotc thc 45,-wotd tcxt !n Gctman bctwccn |u!y and

Octobct 1937, scnd!ng succcss!vc !nsta!mcntsto Chasc,who tap!d!y
ttans!atcd thcm and scnt thcm on to lndon, tcpott!ng ptogtcss
back to kockct: 'l am wotk!ngon yout n065m .#.' (135cptcmbct
1937);' lt'sgo!ng to bchatdto makc thcdcad!!ncyou sa!d had bcn
sct - but l havc kcpt up with yu .. .' (14 Octobt 1937). Thc ]ob
was f!n!shcd !n Dcccmbt 1937, thc book was sct up !n ptoof by
|anuaty 1938, andpub!!shcd !n London!n Match1938.Onthccov-
ct and ut!c-pagc !t was ca!!cd s!mp!y n060-ynd605m; but on
thc tcd ]ackct !t was dcsct!bcd !n motc dcta!! as
n0t60-ynd605m. 1c0Q t06l6c - An !nttoduct!on to a
subcct wh!ch thc 5pan!sh Wat has btought !nto ovctwhc!m!ng
ptom!ncncc'.
Thctc wctc somc pt!vatc m:sg:vDgs about thc tcsu!t. mma
Go!dman wtotc tc!!!ng kockct that shc had comp!a!ncd abut 'thc
numctous m!stakcs' to Watbutg, who had b!amcd thc ptof-tcadcts
(29 Match 1938). And Chasc wtotc tc!!!ng kockct that hc had
xv Aaarcha-5ya4ca/sm
tccciVcd his cOpy Of thc bOOk, and cOmmcntcd sadly: 'I haVc had
timc mctcly tO glancc intO it. I nOtc that Uctc is nO mcntiOn Of a
ttanslatOt. 1hat, Of cOutsc, is unimpOttant, but it sccms a ttiflc Od
++' (5 May 138).
But thc public tcccptiOn was gOOd, and thc tcVicws wctc
gcnctally faVOutablc. 1hc mOst authOtitatiVc indcpcndcnt Onc
appcatcd in thc Tmes Lterary 5a/emeat On 23 Aptil 138
(usigncd, but wtittcn by L. H. Latt):
AnatchO-Syndicalism, as ptcscntcd in this catncst but sOmcwhat
hcaVily wtittcn littlc bOOk, is On thc Onc hand a tcstatcmcnt Of
csscntial Libctal dOcttinc in mOdctn tctms and On thc Othct a
tcactiOn against thc fOtm which thc SOcialist mOVcmcnt has
assumcd. lt is anatchIst In sO fat 8 it aims at ftccing mankind bOm
thc cotciOn Of thc Statc, which Is tO bc tcplaccd by a fcdctatiOn
Of cOmmunitics, and it is syndicalist in far as it ptOpOscs tO hcc
thc wOtkcts in industty hOm cmplOycts' cOnttOl and tO placc
ccOnOmic pOwct in thc hands Of thc ttadc uniOns. Mt kOckct,
whO is thc philOsOphct Of thc mOVcmcnt, ttaccs back its
bcginnings tO GOdwin and PtOudhOn and nds its mOdctn
inspitatiOn in Bakunin and KtOpOtkin. It is Intctcsting tO nOtc
hOw many mOdctn thinkcts find in KtOpOtkin's study Of what
may D callcd cOllcctiVc sccutity in thc animal wOtld thc answct
tO thc ctudct pOlitical infctcnccs dtawn ftOm thc dottinc Of thc
sutViVal Of thc fittcst.
HaVIng sct Out his ptinciplcs, Mt kOckct fOttics thcm by an
accOunt Of Lngland undct industtialism in which all thc shadOws
atc cnctgctically inkcd In. Thc nattaUVc OVctstatcs thc influcncc
Of Soialistc idcas in thc Lngland Of thc 'thittics and 'mrtics, ]ust
as it OVctstatcs thc influcncc Of thc litst IntctnatiOnal On thc
COntincnt a fcw ycats latct. Thc ptcscnt phaw Of thc mOVcmcnt,
wc lcatn, is tcptcwntcd by Uc VatiOus natiOnal btanchcs Of Uc
IntctnatiOnal WOtkingmcn's AssoiatiOn. 1bc mOst impOttant Of
tbcm is thc Spanish COnfcdctaciOn NaciOnal dcl Ttaba]O (LN|,
tO wDOsc wOtk in ftccing CatalOnia hOm lascist tcactiOn Mt
kOckct pays a whOlc-hcattcd ttibutc On which tcccnt cVcnts
haVc passcd thcit cOmmcntary.
All this patt Of thc atgumcnt is ditcctcd against pOlitical
sOcalism which in kussia has lcd tO thc tc-cstablishmcnt Of thc
cotciVc Statc in a sttcngthcncd fOtm. Thc wOtkman's pOwcr, Mt
nlI0dM6l0n +
kockct insists, is cconomic and its wcapon is thc suikc. ln this
conncxion wc atc to!d that 'thc gtcat gcncta! sttikc of thc
ng!ish wotkcts in 192b was thc tcsu!t of a p!anncd attcmpt by
thc cmp!oycts to !owct thc gcncta! standatd of !iving by cutting
wagcs.' Thc va!uc of thc book is much diminishcd by thc
cxaggctations, of whichthis scntcncc is a1!agtant cxamp!c.
Thc book was watm!y wc!comcd by thc anatchist movcmcnt. A
_

Spanish ttans!ation by thc !cading !ibcttatian intc!!cctua! Dicgo

` Abad dc 5anti!!an was pub!ishcd in atcc!ona duting 938. ln
titain thc !cading !ibcttatian intc!!cctua! Hctbctt kcad wtotc a
!ong ]oint tcvicw of n0I6h0-ynd605m and 0l0n05m 0nd
LulMIc in 1hc LIlcI0n Qu!y 1938). ut thc most authotitativc
tcvicw appcatcd, as might bc cxpcctcd, in 0n 0nd lhc W0Id, on
I8 Match 1938, bcing ptintcd in bo!d typc and wtittcn by thc
cditot, 'V. k.' (Vctnon kichatds). Hc bcgan by dcsctibing thc
intctcst in anatchism ctcatcd by cvcnts in 5pain and mcntioning
somc of thc books a!tcady pub!ishcd on vatious aspccts of thc
sub]cct,and conUnucd:
ut what was tca!!y nccdcd was a comp!ctc wotk on
Anatcho-5yndica!ism, in which thc sub]cct wou!dbcdca!t with in
a!!its aspccts. m n0Ah0-ynd605m by kudo!f kokct wc at !ast
havc thc bok. lt has no ptctcnsion of bing comp!ctc in dctai!;
that wou!d nccd a much !ongct bok. Howcvct it is as wc!! that
thc book is shott, fot by its btcvity it succccds motc succcssfu!!y
in its aim: to btic1!y cxp!ain Anatcho-5yndica!ism to thc
uninitiatcd - andthc initiatcd.
Aftct a summaty ofthc bok, hc conc!udcd:
Thc abovc is but a bticf account of kudo!f kockct's cxcc!!cnt
bok. lt is imQssib!c, in thc spacc avai!ab!c to bting out a!! thc
dctail which it contains. n0I6h0-ynd605m shou!d bc tcad by
a!! who wish to bccomc acquaintcd with thc sub]cct, fot an
undctstanding of Anatcho-5yndica!ism. 5o fat thc fcw books
which havc bccn wtittcn duting thc past two ycats havc bccn
gcnctous in thcit distottion of thc ob]cctivcs and thc wotk
catticd on by thc Anatchists fot thc achicvcmcnt of ttuc
5ocia!ism; this is undctstandab!c, fot thc authots havc bccn
xw Aaarcha-5ya4/ca//sm
cOmmunists! Aaarcha-5ya4/ca//sm On thc Othct hand is wtittcn by
Onc whOsc !itc has bcn dcdicatcd tO thc Anatchist idca! and
sttugg!c, bth in Gctmany and in Amctica.
In tact thc bOOk wasn't a cOmmctcia! succcss at a!! (nOt was
Hamqe ta Cata/aa/aj. Within a cOup!c Ot ycats thc tccdOm Ptcss
acquitcd thc tcmaindctcd stok (as Ot scVcta! Othct Watbutg bOks),
and sO!d it at a tcduccd pticc. It wasn't tcptintcd in Btitain Ot
pub!ishcd in thc Unitcd Statcs at Uat timc, but ahct thc wat a ncw
cditiOn appcatcd in India.
Atya BhaVan, an c!dct!y BOmbay Outna!ist whO had titst
cOntactcd kOckct and tcad thc bok in 138, mOVcd ttOm soia!ism
tOwatds anatchism, tOundcd a !ibcttatian pub!ishing hOusc, and
ptOduccd a sctics Ot tcptints Ot anatchist c!assics. Outing 147 hc
wtOtc scVcta! !cttcts tO kOckct. Hc tO!d him that hc Wantcd tO
pub!ish Aaarcha-5ya4/ca//sm, and addcd: 'Can yOu nOt scnd an
cpi!Oguc tO it as that wi!! inctcasc thc Va!uc Ot thc bOOk in this
changcd citcumstanccs' (14 Apti! 147). Hc wtOtc again a tcw wccks
!atct: 'I am ptinting hctc yOut Aaarcha-5ya4/ca//sm. lt wi!! bc Out in
a cOup!c Ot mOnths. Can yOu nOt Ob!igc mc with an cpi!Oguc ttOm
yOu' ( May 147). Whcn kOckct agtccd, hc tcp!icd that hc was
'indcbtcd tO yOu tOt wtiting an cpi!Oguc tOt Aaarcha-5ya4/ca//sm.
1hc bOk is a!mOst cOmp!ctc ... Much watct has t!Owcd undct thc
bndgc sincc yOu wtOtc Aaarcha-5y4/ca//sm and yOut cpi!Oguc wi!!
bting it tO datc' (1 )unc 147). And whcn hc tccciVcd thc cpi!Oguc,
datcd )unc 147, hc wtOtc again: 'I am ttying tO scc it it can bc
addcd at thc cnd' (24 )u!y 147). 1hc bOOk was pub!ishcd by
MOdctn Pub!ishcts in IndOtc in August, and did inc!udc kOckct's
cpi!Oguc, as wc!! as a pub!ishct's inttOductIOn (and many mOtc
misptints).
lnCidcnta!!y, kOckct ncVct madc any mOncy ttOm thc bOk. His
sma!! adVancc tOya!ty ttOm Watbutg (L25) ust cOVctcd thc
ttans!aUOn tcc tOt Chasc ($100), hc tccciVcd nOthing ttOm lndia.
ln 146 kokct wtOtc an abtidgcd VctsiOn Ot thc bOk as an cssay
with thc tit!c Aaarch/sm aa4 Aaarcha-5ya4/ca//sm tOt lc!iks GtOss's
Amctican sympOsium Iaraeaa l4ea/aj/es (148), cOnsisting Ot
s!ight!y tcViscd passagcs ttOm dittctcnt patts Ot thc bOOk and
amOunting tO ncat!y Onc-thitd Ot thc tcxt. Tis was tcptintcd in
)amcs ). Mattin's cditiOn Ot Pau! L!tzbachct's Aaarch/sm (160),
cxttacts wctc inc!udcd in twO Amctican anthO!Ogics - ItVing LOuis
nlDdu6l0n Xv
Hotow!tz's 1c n0Ah5l5 (1964) and P!sc!!!a Long's 1hc Nm Lq
(1969) and !t was!atctpub!!shcd as a pamph!ct. xttacts ftom mc
ot!gina! bokwctca!so!nc!udcd !n anothct Amct!can antho!ogy -
conatd l. Kt!mctman's and Lcwis ?ctty's 10llcD5 0[ n0I6hy (1966)
- and vat!ous cxttact and vcts!ons havc appcatcd H d!ffctcnt fotms
ftom t!mc tot!mc.
Dut!ng tcccnt ycats thctc havc bccn an cXpcns!vc Amct!can
tcpt!nt of thc lnd!an cd!t!on (Gotdon ?tcss, 1972) and a chcap
(s!!ghUy abt!dgcd) t!ushtcpt!ntof thc t!t!shonc (?hon!x ?tcss,
I987). Thc ptcscnt cd!t!on givcs a fu!! photogtaph!c tcpt!nt of thc
tcxt of thc ot!g!na! t!t!sh cd!t!on of 1938, togcthct w!th a
cottcctcd vctbaum ttansct!pt of thc cp!!oguc to thc lnd!an cd!t!on
of 1947, w!th thc add!uon of Noam Chomsky's ncw ptcfacc and
1h!s ncw !nttoduct!on. kockct's account ofanatch!sm and cspcc!a!!y
of !ts syndca!!st vat!cty !s !ncv!tab!y datcd !n !ts gcncta! cmphas!s
and !n somc patt!cu!at po!nts, and !t docs !nc!udc scvcta! m!not
cttots (cspcc!a!!y !n ptopct namcs and quotat!ons), but aftct ha!f a
ccntuty !t tcma!nsva!uab!c as a shott and c!cat vicw of a s!gn!f!cant
!dco!ogy by onc of!ts bst-known and bcst-!nfotmcd adhctcnts.
A convcn!cnt summaty of thc !atct h!stoty of thc !ntctnat!ona!
anatcho-synd!ca!!st movcmcnt !s g!vcn by C. Longmotc's pamph!ct
1hc W 10d0y. h0Il 660unl 0[ lhc nlcN0l0n0 W0IkcI5
55060l0n 0nd l5 c6l0n5 (5outh London D!tcct Act!on
Movcmcnt, 1985). This dcsct!bcs thc fotmat!on and cat!y
dcvc!opmcnt of thc lntctnat!ona! Wotking Mcn's Assoc!at!on, and
thc ct!s!s of thc 5ccond Wot!d Wat, as d!scusscd !n motc dcta!! by
kockct, and thcn takcs up thc stoty ftom thc f!tst post-wat
congtcss !n Tou!ousc !n 1951. Thc lntctnat!ona! Wotkcts
Assoc!at!on - thc ot!g!na! Lng!!sh t!t!c wasamcndcd fot ant!-scx!st
tcasons dcc!!ncd to !ts !owcst po!nt dut!ng thc 196s, undct thc
doub!c ptcssutc th!s t!mc of Commun!sm and cap!ta!!sm. lt tcvivcd
dut!ng thc cat!y 198s, fo!!ow!ng thc rcv!va! of!!bcttat!an tco!!!on
atound thc wot!d duting thc!atc 196s andcspcc!a!!y thctcViva!of
thc 5pan!sh movcmcnt dut!ng thc !atc 197s, at thc concss of
Madt!d !n 1984 !t compt!scd a dozcn nat!ona! ot tcg!ona! scct!ons.
ln t!ta!n, wh!ch was tathct ncg!cctcd by kockct; thctc was a
v!gotous synd!ca!!st movcmcnt bcfotc thc l!tst Wot!d Wat w!th
sttong !!bcttat!an tcndcnc!cs - cspcc!a!!y among thc|cwish wotkcts
xv||| Aaanba5y4|ca/|sm
in Last LOndOn, whctc kOckct himsclt was sO intlucntial - and
thctc wctc scVctal attcmpts tO tOtm a spccitically anatchO-
syndicalist OtganisatiOn duting thc 130s. Thc Anatchist lcdctatiOn
Ot Btitain tutncd tOwatds syndicalism ahct thc SccOnd WOtld Wat
and bcmc thc Syndicalist WOtkcts lcdctatiOn in 150, but this
tOO dcclincd. HOwcVct it was latct tcViVcd as thc Anatchist
Syndicalist Alliancc and thcn in 17 as thc Oitcct ActiOn
MOVcmcnt, which has bccn inVOlVcd in scVctal industtial sttu@lcs.
HOwcVct, thc basic ptinciplcs Ot anatchO-syndicalism - sclt-
managcmcnt, autOnOmy, ditcct acUOn, spOntancity, mutual aid,
libttatianism in gcnctal - atc nOwadays tcptcscntcd nOt sO much
by thc militant wOtking-class mOVcmcnt as by Othct soial and
pOlitical mOVcmcnts which ttansccnd class lOyaltics. ObViOus
cxamplcs includc pcacc and gccn mOVcmcnts, yOuth and studcnt
mOVcmcnts, wOmcn's aDd gay mOVcmcnts, cOmmunalist and
cOOpctatiVc mOVcmcnts, and thc intOtmal manitcstatiOns Ot thc
spitit Ot tcVOlt which haVc tcViVcd Uc Old atUtudcs Ot nihilism and
bOhcmianism in thc altctnatiVc and undctgtOund cultutc. It thc
ttaditiOnalist cOnccpt Ot anatchism cXpOundcd by kokct has bcn
cOntinucd in thc lntctnatiOnal WOtkcts AssOciatiOn and by such
wtitcts as Oanicl Gutin and NOam LhOmsky, mOtc tcVisiOnist
cOnccpts wbich wctc piOncctcd by many libttatians duting thc
ninctccnth ccntuty, and which haVc bccn cXpOundcd and
dcVclOpcd by scVctal wtitcts dOwn tO Muttay BOOkchin and LOlin
Watd in Out Ow day, shOuld alsO bc takcn intO cOnsidctatiOn in
any attcmpt at a balanccd accOunt Ot anatchism. NcVctthclcss
kOckct, in sccing anatchism ptimatily as a ptOduct Ot libcttatian
tcndcncics in Uc labut mOVcmcnt and anatchO-syndicalism as thc
tinal tcsult Ot this ptOccss, was giVing a ttuc pictutc Ot thc
cmctgcncc titst Ot thc histOtical anatchist mOVcmcnt duting thc
latc ninctccnth ccntuty and thcn Ot Onc Ot its mOst impOttant
tOtms duting thc catly twcnticth ccntuty (thOugh hc himsclt had
inctcasing dOubt abOut thc Valuc Ot syndicalism, cspccially tOwatds
thc cnd Ot his litc). SO his cXpOsitiOn Ot anatchO-syndicalism at thc
pcak Ot its inUucncc is bth a ptcciOus dOumcnt Ot its timc and a
Valuablc tcmindct in Out timc Ot thc cOntinuing impOttancc Ot an
csscntial clcmcnt in tbc cOmplcX idcOlOgy Ot anatchism.
NicOlas Waltct
LndOn, 1SS
` nlI04u6l0n XX
kockct's wtitings wctc pub!ishcd main!y in Gctman and
and a!so in 5panish, and fcw wctc cvct ttans!atcd into
ngish; simi!at!y, thctc is no ptopct account of his !ifc ot study of
wotk in ng!ish. Tc ng!ish uans!ation ofthctc!cvant sccuon
his mcmoits, 1hc 0ndn c0H (1956), has !ong bccn out of
titish cdit!ons of scvcta! wotks - kokct's 0l0n0Sm 0n4
(1937, 1947, 1978), ?au! !tzbachct'sn0I6hSm (196) and
|Toxct's n0I6hSm 0n4 n0I6h0-yn460Sm (1973, 1988) havc
ptoduccd ot disttibutcd by thc ltccdom Pcss
Anatcho-syndica!ist otganisations havc ptoduccd many
pamph!cts which atc obtainab!c ftom thcm ot ftom
LIjOI1L bokshops. Tctc is no scho!at!y account in ng!!sh of
anatcho-yndica!ism as such, but thctc is uscfu! matctia! in somc
books on anatch!sm !n gcncta! and thctc atc somc studics of thc
syndica!ist movcmcnts in vatious counttics. kockct's own
bib!iogtaphy (pagcs 155-8), which conta!ns a fait sc!cction of wotks
pub!ishcd bfotc 1938, may bc supp!cmcntcd as fo!!ows.
ctttand kussc!!'s 004S l0 rcc40m (fitst pub!ishcd in 1918),
wh!ch is inc!udcd in kockct's !ist, appcatcd in many !atct cditions
and is sti!! an cxcc!!cnt shott ana!ysis of socia!ism, anatchism and
syndica!ism. |. A. stcy's cVul0n0Iy )460Sm (1913), which
wasomittcdftom kockct's!ist,is adctai!cdaccountof thc thcotyat
that timc. Among thc many ng!ish-!anguagc histot!cs and
antho!ogics of anatchism, thc most widc!y tcad atc Gcotgc
Woodcock's n0I6hSm (tst pub!ishcd in 1962) and 10 n0I6hSl
c04cI (fitst pub!ishcd in 1977), papctback cditions bcing avai!ab!c
rcspcctivc!y ftom ?cnguin ooks and lontana ooks. A motc
pcncttating study is Danic! Guctin's n0I6hSm I0m 1c0Iy l0
1I06l6c (197), Maty Koppct's uans!ation of a bok fitst pub!ishcd
in ltancc in 1965, with an !nttoduct!on by Noam Chomsky;
unfottunatc!y Guctin's cnotmous antho!ogy, 4cu, n m0ll0, a!so
fitst pub!ishcd in ltancc in 1965, has ncvct bccn ttans!atcd into
ng!ish. Thctc is somc tc!cvant matctia! in my pamph!ct 00ul
n0I6hSm (fitst pub!ishcd in 1969), and in n0I6hSm 1040y
(1971), a symposium cditcd by Dav!d Aptct and|amcs|o!!.
Thc ltcnch movcmcnt is dcsctibcd in l. l. k!d!cy, 0V0ul0n0
Q
yn460Sm n I0n6c (197). Thctc is no sing!c study of Spanish
anatcho-syndica!ism, but patticu!at!y uscfu! boks atc Gcta!d
xx Aaarcha-5yadca/sm
Btcnan, The 5paash Labyrath (143); Muttay BOOkchin, The
5paash Aaarchsts: The Herac Iears, 1~1>d (177); )uan
GOmcz Casas, Aaarchst Orjaasataa: The Hstag af the FAl
( 186); Picttc BtOu and mi!c 1mimc, De keva/ataa aad the
Cv/ war a 5paa (172); )Os Pcitats, Aaarchsts a the 5paash
keva/ataa (177). Matctia! On anatchO-syndica!ism in VatiOus patts
Of Latin Amctica appcats in VictOt A!ba, Pa/tcs aad the Labaar
Mavemeat a Lata Amerca ( 168), and in bOOks On patticu!at
cOunttics: kOna!dO Munck, Arjeataa: Iram Aaarchsm ta Peraa sm
(187); )Ohn W. l. Ou!!cs, Aaarchsts aad Cammaasts a Braz/,
1>~1>d (173); )Ohn M. Hatt, Aaarchsm aad the Mexcaa
warknj C/ass, 1~1>d1 (178). 1hc kussian mOVcmcnt is
dcsctibd in Pau! AVtich, De kassaa Aaarchsts (167).
1hc Amctican mOVcmcnt ls dcsctibcd in Pattick kcnshaw, The
wabb/es (167), and MclVyn OubOfsky, we 5ha// Be A// (16),
and in )Oycc KOtnb!uh's anthO!Ogy, kebe/ vaces (164). 1hc Btitish
mOVcmcnt is dcsctibcd in BOb HO!tOn, Brtsh 5yadca/sm,
1>~1>1 (176) and )Ohn Quail, De 5/aw Bamaj Fase (177).
1hc )cwish mOVcmcnt in Btitain is dcsctibd in W. ). lishman's Iast
Iad ]ewsh kadca/s (175).
Acknow|edgements
1hanks atc duc tO: lctmin kOckct, thc yOungct sOn and litctaty
cXccutOt Of kudO!f kOckct, fOt giVing pctmissiOn tO makc usc Of his
fathct's wtitings and fOt hc!pfu! cOmmcnts; thc IntctnatiOna!
Institutc Of SOcial HistOty, Amstctdam, fOt thc usc Of its tcsOutccs
and fOt pctmissiOn tO makc usc Of unpub!ishcd matctia! in its
pOsscssiOn (thc kudOlf kOckct CO!!cctiOn cOntains manusctipts Of
scVcta! Of his bOOks and lcttcts tO him, and thc mma GO!dman
COl!cctiOn cOntains !cttcts tO and ftOm hct); and Pau! AVtich,
Hcinct Bcckct, OaVid` GOOdway, VctnOn kichatds and Chtistinc
Waltct fOt hc!p Of VatiOus knds. An cat!ict VctsiOn Of this
inttOductiOn appcatcd in The kavea 4 (lcbtuaty 188).

^L1CW 1C 1WC PL 11V1LCC

urcht:m ucr:us cc00mtc m00p0ly uJ slulc p0ucr
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0j p0ltltcul uJ cc00mtc dcclrult:utt0 , ux ltmcr:
u0rk, 1hc g0 uJ l: u . ukut lhc L0kccltutsl
uJ j0uJcr 0j lhc uurchut m0ucmcl 1. r0p0lkt lhc
cxp0cl 0j mchul L0mmut:m uJ lhc phm:0phy 0j
uluul tJ urcht:m uJ 1cu0lult0 , srcht:m u
:ylhc:t: 0j 0ctulum uJ tbcrult:m urcht:m ucr:u
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1O 7mrckum.
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thct 88t by mutu8 8gtOcmcnt 8nd tcc COntt8Ct.
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c88y tcCOgn2c th8t thc8c ObjcCtVc8 dO nOt 8Qtng tOm
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thcm8cVc8 mOtc Q8ny 8nd mOtc unWhOc8Omcy,
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tc8CtOn, 8nd bctcndcd t n cVcty W8y. t 88CthCcd
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mncd thc tc8tOn8hQ bclWccn m8n 8nd m8n. cOQc
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Ony 8 mc8n8 tO n8utc tO m8n m8 m8tct8 8ub88tcnCc 8nd
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thO8c O 8ny QOtC8 dc8QOt8m. hc tWO mutu8y
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8OutCc.
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QOtC8 dCt8tOt8hQ O thc tOt8t8t8n 8t8tc 8tc thc Out-
&:w ao uQ0tcr 11
gtOWlh Ol lhc 88mc 8OCI8l ODjcClIVc8, 8ud lhc 0tcClOt8 Ol
DOlh h8Vc lhc Qtc8umQlIOu lO lt lO tcduCc 8ll lhc COuul-
lc88 cXQtc88IOu8 Ol 8OCI8l lIlc lO lhc mcCh8uIC8l lcmQO Ol
lhc mChIuc 8ud lO luuc cVctlhIug OtgMIC lO lhc Ilclc88
thlhm Ol lhc QOlIlIC8l 8QQ8t8lu8. Lut mOdcD 8OCI8l
88lcm h88 8QlIl lhc 8OCI8l Ot_8uI8m Iu cVcty COuulty
IulO hO8lIlc Cl888c8 IulcD8ll, 8ud cXlcD8ll Il h88
DtOkcu lhc COmmOu Cullut8l CItClc uQ IulO hO8lIlc
u8lIOu8 8ud DOlh Cl888c8 8ud u8lIOu8 COutOul Ouc
8uOlhct WIlh OQcu 8ul8gOuI8m 8ud D lhcIt Cc8clc88
W8tl8tc kcQ lhc COmmuu8l 8OCI8l lIlc Iu COuluu8l COu-
Vul8IOu8. hc l8lc Otld 8t 8ud Il8 lcttDlc 8llct
ccCl8, WhICh 8tc lhcm8clVc8 Oul lhc tc8ull8 Ol lhc
Qtccul 8ltugglc8 lOt cCOuOmIC 8ud QOlIlC8l QOWct, 8ud
lhc COu8l8ul dtc8d Ol u0W W8t8, WhICh lO-d8 dOmu8lc8
8ll QcOQlc8, 8tc Oul lhc logIC8l COu8cgucuCc8 Ol lhI8
uucudumDlc COudlOu, WhCh WIll IucVIl8Dl lc8d u8 lO
8 uuIVct88l C8l88ltOQhc, u 8OCI8l dcVclOQmcul dOc8 uOl
c 8 ucW COut8c 8OOu cuOugh. hc mctc l8Cl lh8l
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QtOOl Ol lhc uulcu8DIlIQ Ol lDc Qtc8cul 8l8U8, 8ud 8hOuld
m8kc Clc8t lO cVctDOd lh8l lhc 8llcgcd QtOlcClIOu
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CmC WhICh 8uQctVI8c 8ud 8Mcgu8td8 lhc lIlc Ol Du
ltOm lhc Cmdlc lO lhc gt8Vc I8 QuUIug cVct gtc8lct
OD8l8Clc8 I lhc W8 Ol lhc 8OlId8tC CO-OQcmtOu Ol
hum8u Dcug8 8ud Ctu8hIug Oul cVcQ QO88IDIlIt Ol ucW
dcVclOQmcul. 88lcm WhICh Iu cVcQ 8Cl Ol It8 lc
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Ol WhOlc u8UOu8, lO lhc MU8h u8l lOt QOWct Md Uc
I2 Anarcbm :
cCOnOmC ntctc8t8 O 8m8ll mnOttc8 mu8t O ncCc88ty
O88OlVc 8ll 8OC8l tc8 8nO lc8O tO 8 COn8t8nt V8t O c8Ch
8g8n8t 8l h8 8y8tcm h88 bccn mctcly thc Q8Cc-
m8kct Ot 1hc gtc8t ntcllcCtu8l 8nO 8OC8l tc8CtOn VhCh
md t8 cXQtc88On tO-O8y n mOOcD 188C8m, 8t 8ut-
Q888ng thc Ob8c88On Ot QOVct O thc 8b8Olutc mOn8tChy
O Q88t Ccntutc8 8nO 8cckng tO btng cVcty 8Qhctc O
hum8n 8CtVty unOct thc COnttOl O !bc 8t8tc. ]u8t 88
Ot thc V8OOu8 8y8tcm8 O tclgOu8 thcOlOgy LOO 8
cVctythng 8nO m8n nOthng, 8O Ot th8 mOOcr QOltC8l
thcOlO@, thc 8t8tc 8 cVctythng 8nO Uc 8ub]cCt nOthng.
nO ]u8t 88 bchnO thc ` Vll O LOO thctc 8lV8y8 l8y
hOOcn tbc Vll O QtVlcgcO mnOttc8, 8O tO-O8y thctc
hOc8 bchnO thc `wll O thc 8t8tc Only thc 8clh8h
ntctc8t O thO8c VhO ccl C8llcO tO ntctQtct th8 Vll m
thct Own 8cmc 8nO tO OtCc t uQOn thc QcOQlc
n8tCh8t Oc88 8tc tO bc OunO m cVcty QctOO O
knOwn h8tOty, 8lthOugh thctc 8tll tcm8n8 8 gOOO Oc8l
O VOtk Ot h8tOtC8l tc8c8tCh n th8 hclO. c cnCOuntct
thcm n Uc Lhnc8c 88gc, 8O-t8c {hc LOut8c 8nO hc
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cOOn8t8 8nO LynC8 8nO Othct 8OVOtc8 O 8O-C8llcO
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b8tQOCt8tc8, n cX8nOt8, 8nO h8O 8n unm8t8k8blc
nhucnCc On Cctt8n Lht8t8n 8cCt8 O thc OOlc _c8
n 1t8nCc, Lctm8ny, 8nO Oll8nO, 8lmO8t 8ll O VhCh
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Ai: uNd Psa:s: I_
8ud !bC 8!8!C 88 Ol8!O dd l8!Ct. ^mOug !bC gtC8!
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!bC b8QQy ^bbCy O bl0mC [latg8u!u8| QtC8Cu!Cd 8
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WC8uWblC, ! W88 tC8CtVCd Ot mOtC tCCCu! b8!Oty
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d !O COuuCC! ! W!b !bC mmCd8!C QtOCC88C8 O 8OC8l
CVOlUtOu. b8 W88 dOuC Ot !bC Dt8! !mC u Yll8m
lOdWu8 8QlCuddly COuCCVCd WOtK, L0cOtg 0ltltcul
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OudOu, Ig. lOdWu8 WOtK W88, WC mgb! 88y, !hC
tQCuCd tU! O !b8! lOug CVOlu!Ou O !bC COuCCQ!8 O
QOl!C8l d 8OC8l t8dC8l8m u Lug8u WbCh QtOCCCU8
u 8 COu!uUOU8 uC tOm lCOtgC UCb8u8u !btOugb
VCb8td |OOKCt, lCt8td u8UuCy, ^lgCDOu bduCy,
]Obu OCkC, bObCt! 8ll8CC, 8ud ]Obu ClCt8 !O ]CtCmy
Cu!b8m ]O8CQb DC8!Cy, bCb8td tCC, 8ud bOm88
8uC.
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!8 VCty CX8!CuCC. ]u8! 88 !bC 8!8!C QtC8Cu!8 Ouly 8
C8tC8!UtC O 8 gCuuuC 8OCC!y, 8O 88O ! m8KC8 O bUm8u
bCug8 WbO 8tC bCld uudCt !8 C!CD8 gu8td8u8bQ
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QCllug !bCm !O tCQtC88 !bCt u8!uGl uCu8!Ou8 8ud
bOldug !hCm !O !mg8 !b8! 8tC tCQugu8u! !O tbCt uDCt
mQul8C8. Luly u !b8 W8y 8 ! QO88blC !O mOuld
bum8u bCug8 !O !bC C8!8bl8bCd Otm O gOOd 8UbjCC!8.
^ uOtm8l bUm8u bCug WbO W88 uO! uICtI0 WtU u
Aoarchm
his natura| dcvc|opmcnt wou|d o himsc| shape thc
cnvironmcnt that suits his inbom dcmand or pcace and
frccdom.
But Codwin a|so recognizcd that hum bcings can
on|y |ivc togcther natura||y and rec|y when the propcr
cconomic cond|t|ons or th|s are givcn, and whcn the
individua| is no |ongcr subjcct to cxp|oitation by another,
a considcration which thc rcprcscntativcs o mcrc po|itica|
radica|ism a|most who|e|y ovcr|ooked. Hence they werc
|atcr compc||cd to makc constant|y grcater concessions
to that powcr o thc statc which thcy had wishcd to
rcstrict to a minimum. Codwin's idca o a state|css
socicty assumcd the socia| ownersh|p o a|| natuta| d
socia| wca|th, and thc carrying on o cconom|c |ic by thc
frcc o-opcration of thc produccrs in this sense he was
rca||y thc oundcr o thc |atcr communist Aarchism.
Codwin's work had a vcry strong imuencc on advanccd
circ|cs of thc Eng|ish workcrs and thc morc cn|ightcncd
scctions o thc |ibcra| intc||igcntsia. Most impont
of a||, hc contributcd to givc to thc young 3oc|a|ist
movcmcnt in Eng|and, wmch ound its maturcst cxpon-
cnts in Robcn Owcn, ]ohn Cray, and Wi||iam Thompson,
that unmistakab|y Iibcrtarian character which it had or a
|ong umc, and which it ncvcr assumcd in Ccrmany and
many othcr countrics.
But a far grcatcr inducncc on thc dcvc|opmcnt o
Anarchist thcory was that of Pierrc ]oscph Proudhon,
onc of thc most intc||cctua||y gihcd and ccnain|y thc
most many-sidcd writcr of whom modcm Socia|ism C
boast. Proudhon was comp|ctc|y rotcd u thc intc||cc-
tua| and socia| |ic of his pcriod, d thcsc inspircd his
attitudc upon cvcry qucstion hc dca|t with. Thcrcorc,
bc is not to bc judgcd, hc m bccn cvcn by many o
bis Iatcr o||owcrs, by ms spccia| practica| proposa|s,
-
A:~ um Paroses
whlCh Wctc bOtu O thc uccd8 O thc hOut. PmOug thc
uumctOu8 hOCI8I8t tDuKct8 O hI8 tlmc hC w88 thC Ouc
whO uudct8tOOd mO8t QtOOuud thc C8u8c O 8OCl8l
m88d[u8tmcut, 8ud QO88c88cd, bc8ldC8, thc gtc8tc8t
btc8dth O Vl8IOu. c W88 thc Out8QOkCu OQQOuCut O
8l 88tcm8 8ud 88w lu 8OCl8l cVOlutlOu thc ctCO8 utgc tO
ucw 8ud hIghct Otm8 O lutcllcCtu8l 8ud 8OCl8 llc, 8ud
lt w88 hl8 COuVICtIOu th8t thI8 cVOlutIOu COud uOt bc
bOuud b 8u dChuItc 8b8tt8Ct Otmul88.
1tOudhOu OQQO8cd thc luucuCc Ol thc ]8COblu tt8dI-
tlOu, WhlCh dOm8tcd thc thluklug O thc tcuCh
dcmOCt8t8 8ud O mO8t O thc hOCl8ll8t8 O th8t QctlOd
wlth thc 88mc dctctmlu8tlOu 88 thc lutCtctCuCC O thC
Ccutt8l 8t8tc 8ud cCOuOmlC mouOQOl lu thc u8tut8
QrOCc88c8 O 8OCl8 8dV8uCc. O tld 8OClct O thO8c twO
C8uCctOu8 gtOwth8 W88 Ot hlm thc gtc8t t88K O thC
uIuctccuth-Ccutut tcVolutlOu. tOudhOu w88 uO COm-
muul8t. c 0Oudcmucd QtOQcN 8 mctcl thc QtlVllcgc
O cXQlOlt8tOu, but hc tcCOgul2cd thc Owuct8hlQ O thc
8ttumcut8 O l8bOut b 8ll, m8dc cHcCtlVc thtOugh
ludu8ttl8l gtOuQ8 bOuud tO Ouc MOthct b ltcc COutt8Cl,
8O lOug 88 lh8 tlght w88 uOt m8dc tO 8ctVc thc cXQlOlt8tlOu
O Othct8 8ud 8 lOug 88 thc lull QtOduCl O hl8 ludlVdu8l
l8bOut W88 888utcd tO cVct Dum8u bcug. hI8 Otg8ul28-
tlOu b88cd Ou tcClQtOClt [mulu8ltcj gu8t8utcc8 thc cgO-
mcut O cgu8l tghl9 b mO lu cXCh8ugc lOt cgu8l
8CtVlCc8. hc 8Vct8gc wOtKlug llmc tcgultcd lOt thc
COmQlctlOu O 8u Qt0uCl bcCOmc9 thc mc88utc O lt9
V8luc 8ud l8 thc b88l8 O mulu8l cXCh8ugc. u thl8 W8
C8Qlt8l l8 dcQtVcd O lt9 u8utl8l QOWct 8ud l8 COmQlctcl
bOuud Q Wth thc QcOODMCc O WOtk. bclug
m8dc 8V8ll8blc tO 8ll lt O9 tO bc 8u lu8ttumcut lOt
cXQlOlt8tlOu.
uCh 8 Otm O c0OuOm m8kc9 M QOllll08l C0tClYc
Anarchm .
0QQ0t0tu8 suQctuOu8. COCcQ bcCOmc8 0 c0_uc O
tcc COmmuutc8 WhCh 0tt0ngc thct 00t8 0CCOtdQ
tO uccd, b thcm8clVc8 Ot u 0s8OC0tOu Wth Othct8, 0ud
u WhCh m0u8 tccdOm huds u thc cQu0l tCdOm O
Othct8 uOt t8 lmt0tOu, but u 8cCutQ 0ud COnhD0-
tOn. `hc tcct, thc mOtc ndcQcudcut 0nd cutOt-
Qt8ug thc udVdu0l 8 u 0 8OCct, thc bcttct Ot thc
8OCct. h8 Otg0uZ0tOu O cdct0l8m u WhCh
tOudhOu 80W thc mmcd0tc ututc O m0nKud 8ct8 uO
dchntclmt0t:Ou8 OnutthctQO88bltcOdcVcOQmcnt,
0ud Oct8 thc Wdc8t 8COQc tO cVct udVdu8l 0ud 8OC0
0CtVQ. bt0ttug Out tOm thc QOnt O VcW O thc
cdct0tOu, tOudhOu COmb0tcd lKcW8c thc 08Qct0tOU8
Ot QOltC0l uuQ O thc 0W0Kcnng u0tOu0l8m Othc
!0c,0ud uQ0ttCul0tO th0tu0tOu0l8mWhCh Ouudn
0ZZu, L0tb0ld, clcWcl, 0ud Othct8 8uCh 8ttOug
0dVOC0tc. u th8 tc8Qct 0l8O hc 80W mOtc Clc0t
th0u mO8t O h8 COutcmQOt0tc8. tOudhOu cXcttcd 0
8ttOug uucuCc Ou thc dcVclOQmcut O bOCm8m, WhCh
00dc t8cl clt c8QcC0l u thc 0tu C0unlDc8. ut
thc 8O-C0llcd udVdu0 Du0tCh8m, WhCh Ouud 0blc
cXQOucut8 u DDctC0 u 8uCh mcu 08 ]O80h 0Dcu,
btcQhcu c0tl DudtcW8, ll0m . Ltccuc, 80udct
bQOOuct, tMC8 L. J0ud, 0ud mO8t uOt0b u cu-
g0mu R. uCKct t0u u 8ml0t luc8, thOugh uOuc O t8
tcQtc8cut0tVc8 COuld 0QQtO0Ch tOudhOu8 btc0dth O
VcW.
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[]Oh 8Q0t bChmdt8] bOOK, O ia@e um teia
geatm {Jc gO 0ud 8 Ow), WhCh, t 8 ttuc,
guCK Q088cd utO ObVOu 0ud h0d uO uucuCc 0t a
Ou Uc Du0tCh8t mOVcmcut 08 8uChthOugh t W08 tO
cXQctcuCc 0u uucXQctcd tc8uttcCtOu mt8 l0tct.
b!Oct8 bOOK 8 Qtc-cmucutl 0 QmlO8OQhC WOtK,
m 00d 1arposcs
WhICh tt8Cc8 m8n8 OcQcndcnCc On 8O-C8cd hIghct
QOWct8 thtOugh 8l It8 dcVOu8 W8y8, 8nd l8 nOt tImd
8bOut dt8WIng InctcnCc8 tOm thc knOWlcdgc g8Incd
by thc 8ut\cy. \t I8 thc bOOk O 8 COn8CIOu8 8nd dcllDct8tc
In8utgcnt, WhICh tcVc88 nO tcVctcnCc Ot 8ny 8uthOtIty,
hOWcVct cX8tcO, 8nd thctcOtc lmQcl8 QOWctu!y tO
ndcQcndcnt thInkIng.
n8tChI8m Ound 8 Vtlc Ch8mQOn O VgOtOu8
tcVOlutIOn8t cnctgy n NCh8cl 8kunln, WhO tOOk h8
8t8nd uQOn tc tc8ChIng8 O VtOudhOn, but cXtCndcd
thcm On thc cCOnOmC 8ldc Whcn hc, 8lOng Wth thc
COllcCtIVI8t WIng O thc lt8t ntcOuOn8l, C8mc Out Ot
thc COcCtIVc OWnct8hIQ O thc l8nd 8nO O 8l Othct
mc8n8 O QtOduCtIOn, 8nd W8hcd tO tc8ttCt thc tght O
QtIV8tc OWnct8hQ tO thc ull QtOduCt O lndVdu8l
l8bOut. 8kunn 88O W88 8n OQQOncnt O LOmmun8m,
WhICh n !I8 tImc h8d 8 thOtOughly 8uthOttt8tI8n Ch8t8Ctct,
lkc th8t WhCh t h88 8g8n 888umcd tO-d8y u Ol8hcV8m.
n Onc O hl8 lOut 8QccChc8 8t thc LOngtc88 O Uc 6g6
j0r cutc uuJ TrccJ0m n cO (t868}, hc 88ld ` 8m
nOt 8 LOmmunI8t bcu8c Lommun8m untc8 8l thc
OtCc8 O 8OCIc] ln thc 8t8tc 8nd bcCOmc8 8b8Otbcd n lt ,
bcC8u8c It IncVlmby lc8d8 tO tuc COnCcntt8tlOn O 8l
QtOQctty In thc h8nd8 O thc 8t8tc, Whlc 8cck Uc 8bOll-
tlOn O thc 8t8tc~thc COmQlctc cllmn8tOn O thc QtlnClQlc
O 8uthOtIt 8nd gOVcOmcnt8l @dl8mhQ, WhlCh undct
thc QtctcnCc O m8klng mcn mOt8l 8nd CIVzm thcm,
h88 uQ tO nOW 8W8y8 cn8l8Vcd, OQQtc88cd, cXQlOltc,
8nd tuncd thcm.
8KunIn W88 8 dctcDnucd tcVOlutOn8t 8nd dd nOt
bcllcVc ln 8n 8mC8blc 8dju8tmcnt O thc cX8lng Cl888
COnCt. c tcCOgnucd th8t Uc Dllng Cl888c8 blndly
8nd 8tubbODy OQQO8cd cVcn Uc 8ghtc8t 80Cl8l tcOO,
8nd 8CCOtdngy 88W thc Only 88lV8lOn ln 8n utcD8tlOn8l
t Anarchm.
8Oc8 t0VOUtOn, whOh 8OUd 8bO8h 8 th0 0OO0888tO8,
QOtO8, mt8Q, bUm8UOt8tO, 8nd jUdO8 n8ttUtOn8
o th0 0X8ung 8OO8 8y8t0m 8nd uttOdUO0 n th0t 8t08d
8 0d0t8tOn O t00 wOtk0t8 888OO8tOn8 tO QtOVd0 Ot
th0 t0gUt0m0nt8 O d8y 0. bnO0 h0, k0 8O m8ny O
h8 OOnt0mQOmt08, b00V0d n th0 OO80 QtOXmQ O th0
V0VOUtOn, h0 dt0Ot0d 8 h8 V0t 0n0@y tO OOmbnng
8 th0 g0nun0y t0VOUtOn8ty 8nd b0tt8t8n 00m0nb
wthn 8nd wthOUt th0 !atmatmaal tO 88@U8td th0
OOmmg t0VOUtOn 8g8n8t 8ny dOt8tOt8hQ Ot 8ny t0ttO-
gt088On tO th0 Od OOndtOn8. U8 h0 b0O8m0 n 8
V0ty 8Q0O8 80n80 th0 Ot08tOt O U0 mOd0D P8tOh8t
mOV0m0nt.
n8tOh8m OUnd 8 V8U8b0 8dVOO8t0 n 0t0t tOQOt-
k, whO 80t hm80 th0 t88k O u8kng th0 8Oh0V0m0nt8
O mOd0O n8tut8 8O0nO0 8V88b0 Ot th0 d0V0OQm0nt
O th0 8OOOgO8 OOnO0Qt8 O n8tOh8m. n h8
ng0nOU8 bOOk, Mutual d~ !act aj lum, h0
0nt0t0d th0 8t8 8g8n8t 8O-O80d Smal Om m,whO80
0XQOn0nt8 tt0d tO QtOV0 th0 n0Vt8bty O th0 0X8tmg
8OO8 OOndtOn8 tOm th0 L8twn8n th0Oty O th0 8ttUgg0
Ot 0X8t0nO0 by t88ng th0 8ttUgg0 O th0 8ttOng 8g8n8t
th0 w08k tO th0 8t8tU8 O 8n tOn 8w Ot 8 n8tUt8
QtO8, tO whOh 0V0n m8n 8 8Ubj0Ot. n t08Q th8
OOnO0QtOn w88 8ttOngy nhU0nO0d by th0 W8thU88n
dOOttn0 th8t 08 t8b0 8 nOt 8Qt08d Ot 8, 8nd th8t
U uUn0c0d w ]U8t h8V0 tO t0OOnO0 U0m80V tO
th8 8Ot.
tOQOtkn 8hOw0d th8t th8 OOnO0QtOn O n8tUt0 88 8
0d O Unt08ttOt0d w8D8t0 8 Ony 8 O8tO8tUt0 O t08
0, 8nd th8t 8Ong wth th0 btUt8 8ttUgg0 Ot 0X8t0nO0
whOh 8 OUght OUt Wth tOOth 8nd O8w, th0t0 0X8t8 n
U8tUt0 88O 8nOth0t QnnOQ0 whOh 8 0XQt0880d n th0
8O8 OOmbn8tOn O th0 w08k0t 8Q0O08 8nd th0 m8n-
m ond Paroses
lcn8nCc O t8Cc8 by lhc cVOUlIOn O 8OCI8 In8lInCl8 8nO
mUlU8 8Id.
1n lhI8 8cn8c m8n I8 nOl lhc CtcalOt O 8OCIcly, bUl 8OCIc[
Uc Ctc8lOt O man, Ot hO InhctIlcd tOm lhc 8QcCIc8
lh8l QtcCcOcO hIm lhc 8oCIa In8lInCl WhICh 8Onc cn8bcO
hIm lO m8Inl8In hIm8c In hI8 ht8l cnVItOnmcnl 8g8In8l
lhc Qhy8IC8 8uQctIOtI[ Ol Olhct 8QcCIc8, 8nO lO m8kc 8Utc
O 8n Undtcamcd-O hcIghl O dcVcOQmcnl. hI8 8cCOnO
lcndcnCy In lhc 8ltuggc Ot cxI8lcnCc I8 8t 8UQctIOt lO
lhc Dt8l, 88 I8 8hOwn by lhc 8lc8dy tcltOgtc88IOn O lhO8c
8QcCIc8 whICh h8Vc nO 8OCI8 Ic 8nd 8tc dcQcnOcnl mctcy
UQOn lhcIt Qhy8IC8 8ltcnglh. hI8 VIcw, whICh lO-O8y
I8 mcclIng wIlh COn8l8nlly wIOct 8CCcQl8nCc In lhc n8lUt8
8CIcnCc8 8nd In 8OCI8 tc8c8tCh OQcncd whOly ncw VI8l88
lO 8QcCul8lIOn COnCctnIng hUm8n cVOUlIOn.
hc 8Cl I8 lh8l cVcn UnOct lhc wOt8l Oc8QOlI8m
mO8l O m8n8 Qct8On8l tcl8lIOn8 Wtlh hI8 clOw 8tc
8tt8ngcd by tcc 8gtccmcnl 8nd 8OId8tIC CO-OQct8lIOn,
WtlhOUl whICh 8OCI8l lIc wOUld nOl bc QO88Iblc 8l 8ll.
lhI8 wctc nOl lhc C88c cVcn lhc 8ltOngc8l COctCIVc
8tt8ngcmcnl8 O lhc 8l8lc wOUld nOl bc 8bc lO m8Inl8In
lhc 8OCI8 Otdct Ot 8 8Ingc d8y. OwcVct, lhc8c n8lUm
Otm8 O bch8VIOUt, whICh 8tI8c tOm m8n8 InmO8l
n8lUtc, 8tc lO-O8y COn8l8nly Inlctctcd wIlh 8nd CtIQQlcd
by lhc ccCl8 O cCOnOmIC cXQlOIulIOn 8nd gOVcDcnl8l
gu8tdI8n8hIQ, whICh tcQtc8cnl8 In hum8n 8OCIcly lhc
btul8l Otm O lhc 8ltugglc Ot cXI8lcnCc, whICh h88 lO bc
OVctCOmc by lhc Olhct Otm O mUlu8 8Id 8nO tcc Co-
OQct8lOn. hc COn8CIOU8nc88 O Qct8On8 tc8QOn8IbIIly
8nd lh8l Olhct QtcCIOU8 gOOd lh8l h88 COmc dOWn lO
m8n by InhctIl8nCc tOm tcmOlc 8nltQUIQ' lh8l C8Q8CIly
Ot 8ymQ8lhy WIlh Olhct8 In whICh 8l 8O8l clhIC8, 8
Idc88 O 8OCI8l ]U8lICc, h8Vc lhcIt OtIgIn, dcVclOQ bcl In
tccdOm.
zO Znmcbum.
Ikc 8kuuIu, 1OQOtkIu tU V88 8 tcVOlutIOu8Q.
ut hc, lIkc I80c bcClu8 8nd Othct8, 88V Iu tcVOlutIOu
Ouly 8 8QcCI8l Qh88c Ol thc cVOlutIOu8Q QtOCc88, VhICh
8QQc8t8 whcu ucV 8OCI8l 88QIt8tIOu8 8tc 8O tc8ttICtcd Iu
thcIt u8tutM dcVclOQmcut by 8uthODty th8t thcy h8Vc tO
8h8ttct Uc Old 8hcll by VIOlcuCc bclOtc thcy C luuCtIOu
ucw l8CtOt8 Iu hum@I lIlc. u COutt88t tO tOudhOu
8ud uuIu, tOQOIu 8dVOC8tcd COmmuuIty OVmt-
8hIQ, uOt Ouly Ol thc mc8u8 Ol QtOduCtIOu, but Ol thc
QtOduCt8 Ol l8bOut 88 Vcll, 88 It V88 hI8 OQIuIOu th8t Iu
Uc Qt0cut 8t8tu8 Ol tcChuIQuc uO cX8Ct mc88utc Ol thO
V8luc Ol IudVIdu8 l8bOut I8 QO88Iblc, but th8t, Ou thc
Othct h8ud, by 8 t8tIOu8l dItcCtIOu Ol Out mOdctu
mcthOd8 Ol l8bOut It VIll bc QO88Ibc tO 888utc COmQ8t8tIVc
8buud8uCc tO cVcQ hum bcIug. LOmmunI8t P8tCh-
I8m, whIC _bclOtc mm h8d 8ltc8dy bccu utgcd by ]O8cQh
cj8CQuc, lI80c bcClu8, ttICO W8l8tc8t8, L8tlO LbctO,
8ud OthcD, 8ud whICh I8 8dVOCtcd by Uc gtc8t mjOtIty
Ol tChI8U tO-d8y, lOuud Iu hIm Ouc Ol It8 mO8t btIlI8ut
cXQOucut8.
WcutIOu mu8t 88O bc m8dc hctc Ol cO Ol8tOI, VhO
tOOK ltOm QtImItIVc LhtI8tI8Ity 8ud, Ou thc b88I8 Ol thc
cthIC8l QtIuCIQlc8 lmd dOVu u thc gO8Qcl8, 8ttIVcd 8t
thc Idc8 Ol 8 8OCIcQ VIthOut tulct8hIQ.
LOmmOu tO 8ll C8t8 I8 thc dc8Itc tO ltcc 8OCIcty
Ol 8ll QOlItIC8l 8ud 8OCI8l COctCIVc Iu8tItutIOu8 VhICh
8t8ud Iu thc V8y Ol thc dcVclOQmcut Ol 8 ltcc hum8nIty.
u thI8 8cu Wutu8lI8m, LOllcCtIVI8m, 8ud LmmuuI8m
8tc uOt tO bc tcg8tdcd 88 ClO8cd 8y8tcm8 QctmIttIug uO
tthct dcVclOQmcut, but mctcly 88 cCOuOmIC 888umQtIOu8
tO thc mc8u8 Ol 88lcgu8tdIug 8 ltcc COmmuuIty. hctc
" D t68t W D ID D6 WDtK6 D M0 611l8U 61CU D 1D6
DIDDt8_Dj 8 Vlj W0l 1DDIUO D61DIj D D8tCDI61 UDCtI066
8D UDV6D6016.
m uNd Paroses Z1
Wll! CVCu QtOD8Dly DC lu lhC 8OClCly Ol lhClulutc dICtcul
lOtm8 Ol CCOuOmlC CO-OQCt8llOu CXl8llug 8ldC D 8ldC,
8luCC 8ny 8OCl8l QtOgtC88 mu8l DC 888OCl8lCd Wllh lh8l
lt0C CXQCtlmCul8llOu 8ud QmCllC8 lcllug-Oul lOt WhlCh
lu 8 8OClCly Ol ltCC COmmuulllC8 lhCtC Wl! DC 8OtdCd
CVCtyOQQOtluully.
hC 88mC hOld8 ltuC lOt lhC V8tlOu8 mClhOd8 Ol
^u8tChl8m. WO8l ^n8tChl8l8 OOut llmC 8tC COuVluCCd
l8l 8 8OCl8! lt8u8lOtm8llOu Ol 8OClCly C8BuOl DC DtOughl
8DOul WllhOul VlO!Cul tCVO!ullOu8ty COuV!8lOu8. hC
VlOlCuCC Ol lhC8C COuVu!8lOu8, Ol COut8C, dCQCud8 uQOu
lhC 8ltCuglh Ol lhC tC8l8lMCC WhCh lhC tullug Cl888C8
Wlll DC 8DlC lO OQQO8C lO lhC tC8llZ8llOu OlhC DCW ldC88.
hC WldCt lhC CltC!C8 WhlCh 8tC lu8QltCd Wll lhC ldC8
Ol 8 tCOtg8ulZ8llOu Ol 8OClCly lu lhC 8Qltll Ol ltcCdOm
8ud bOCl8!l8m, lhC C88lCt Wlll DC lhC Dltlh Q8lu8 Ol lhC
COmlug 8OCl8l tCVO!ullOu.
u mOdCD Du8tChl8m WC h8VC lhC COuuCuCC O lhC
WO gtC8l CuttCul8 WhlC dutug 8ud 8luCC lC tCuCh
CVOlullOu h8VC lOuud 8uCh Ch8t8CCtl8llC CXQtC88lOu lu
lhC lulC!lCClu8! !llCOlLutOQC bOCl8!l8m 8ud1lDCt8ll8m.
WOdCD bOCl8!l8m dCVClOQCd WhCu QtOlOuud OD8CtVC
Ol 8OCl8l !llC C8mC lO 8CC mOtC 8ud mOtC C!C8tly lh8l
QOllllC8! COu8lllullOu8 8ud Ch8ngC8 Iu lhC lOtm Ol gOVCD-
mCulCOuld uCVCt gCl lO lhC DOllOm OlU8l gtC8l QtODlCm
lh8l WC C8!l lhC 8OO8l QuC8llOu. l8 8uQQOtlCt8
tCCOguZCd U8l 8 8OCl8! CQu8lZlug Ol hum0u DCQ8,
dC8QllC lhC lOVC!lC8l Ol lhCOtCllC8! 888umQllOu8, l8 uOl
QO88lD!C 8O !Oug 88 QCOQ!C 8tC 8CQ8mlCd lulO Cl8 C8 Ou
lhCD88l8 Ol lhClt OWulug Ot uOl OWnug QtOQCtly, C!888C8
WhO8C mCtC CXl8lCuCC CXCludC8 lu 8dV8uCC 8uy thOughl
Ol 8 gCuuluC COmmuully. ^nd 8O lhCtC dCVClOQCd lhC
22 Anan :
rcCOgtOn th8t Only by clmnatOn O cCOnOmC mOnO-
QOlc8nd COmmOnOwncr8hQOthcmc8mOQnduCttOn,
n 8 wOrd, by 8 COmQlctc tr8n8Otm8tOn O 8ll cCOnOmC
OndUOn8 8nd 8OC8 mttUtOn8 888OC8tcd wth thcm,
dOc8 8 COndtOn O 8OC8l gU8tCc bcCOmc thnk8blc, 8
8t8tU8 nwhCh 8OCcty8h8bcCOmc8gcnuncCOmmuntQ,
8nd hUm8n 8bOur 8h8l nO lOngcr 8crc thc cnd8 O
cXQlOt8tOn, bUt 8h8 8crc tO 888Urc 8bUnd8nCctOcVcry-
Onc. Ut 88 8OOn 88 OC88m bcg8n tO 888cmblc t8
OrCc8 8nd bcCc 8 mOVcmcnt, thcrc 8t OnCc Cc tO
lght Ccrt8n d crcnCc8 O OQnOn dUc tO thc nucnCc
O thc 8OC8l cnVrOnmcnt n dhcrcnt COUntrc8. t > 8
8Ct th8t cVcty QOltC8l COnCcQt rOm thcOCr8Cy tO L088r-
8m d dCbtOrNQ h8Vc 8hcOcd Ccrt8In 8OtOn8 tn thc
OC8l8t mOVcmcnt. Wmnwhlc, thcrc h8Vc bccn twO
grmt CUrrcnb n QOltC8l thOught whCh h8Vc bccn O
dcC8Vc 8gnUC8nCc Or thc dcVclOQmcnt O OC8t8tC
dc88 bcr8l8m, whCh QOwcDuly8tmu8tcd 8dV8nCcd
md n thc PglO-8XOn COuntrc8 8nd bQ8n, n Q8rtt-
CUl8r, 8ndcmOCr8Cynthcl8tcr 8cn8c tOwhChbOu>>c8u
g8Vc cQrc8On n h8 SoomCortrat, 8nd whC Ound
t8 mO8t mucnt8l rcQrc8cnt8tVc n thc lc8dcr8 O
rcnCh ] 8CObn8m. Yhlc bcml8m n t8 8OCt8l
thcOtung 8t8ttcd Oh rOm thc ndVdu8l 8nd w8hcd tO
mt thc 8t8tc`8 8CtVtc8 tO 8 mnmum, cmOCr8Cy
tOOKt88UndOn8n8b8tt8Ct COllcCtVc COnCcQt, bOU88c8u8
'* gcncr8l w, whCh t 8OUght tO m n thc n8tOn8l
8t8tc.
bcr88m8ndcmOCr8CywcrcQrc-cmncntlyQOltttC8
COnCcQt8, 8nd, 8tnCc thc _rc8t m8]Ortty O thc Ortgtn8
8dhcwnt8 O bOth m8nt8ncd thc Oght O Owncr8hIQ tn
thc Old 8cn8c, thc8c h8d tO rcnOunCc thcm bOth whcn
cCOnOmC dcVclOQmcnt tOOK 8 COur8c whCh COud nOt bc
Qr8CtClly rcCOnClcd wth Uc Orgn8l QrnCQlc8 O
m ond Paroses 2_
Demoracy, and still |ess with those of Liberalism.
Democracy with its motto of " equaliq of all citizens
before the |aw, ' and Libera|ism with its " right of H31
over his own person, ' both shipwrecked on the realities
of the capitalist eccnomic form. 3o long as millions of
human beings in every ccuntty had to sell their |abour-
power to a small minority of owners, and to sink into the
most wretched misery if they could nd no buyers, the
so-called "equality before the law' remains merely a
pious fraud, since the laws are made by those who nd
themselves in possession of the socia| wealth. But in
the same way there C also be no talk of a " right ovet
one's own person,' for that r|ght ends when one is com-
pel|ed to submit to the economic dictation of another
if he does not want to starve.
Aarchism has in common with Liberalism ue ide a
that the happiness and prospetiq of the individua| must
be the standard in all social matters. And, in common
w|th the great represenutives of Liberal thought, it has
also the idea of limiting the funcuons of govenment
to a minimum. Its supporters have followed this thought
to its ultimate logica| consequences, and wish to e|iminate
evep institution of politica| power from the life of
socieq. When |eerson clothes the basic concept of
Liberalism in the words "3hat govemment is best
which govems least,' then Aarchists say with 3horeau .
" 3hat govenment is best which govens not at all. '
In common with the founders of 3ocia|ism, Anrchists
demand the abolition of al| economic monopo|ies and the
common owership of ue soi| and al| other means of
production, the use of which must be avai|able to all
without distinction_ for persona| and social freedom is
conceivable only on the basis of equal economic advantages
for everybody. Within the 3ocia|ut movement itself
Anchm.
thc 8IChI8t IcQIc8Cut thc VIcWQOIut th8t thc W8I 8g8Iu8t
C8QIt8lI8m mu8t UC 8t thC 88mC tImC 8 W8I 8g8Iu8t 8ll
Iu8tItutIOp O QOlItIC8l QOWCI, OI Iu hI8tOQ CCOuOmIC
CXQlOIt8tIOu h88 8W8y8 gOuC h8ud Iu h8ud WIth QOlItIC8l
Bd 8OCI8 OQQIC88IOu. hC CXQlOIt8tIOu O m8u Uy m8u
8ud thC dOmIulOu O m8u OVCI m8u 8IC Iu8CQ8I8U!C, 8ud
C8Ch I8 thC COudItIOu O thC OthCI.
A lOug 88 WIthIu 8OCICly 8 QO88C88Iug 8ud 8 uOu-
QO88C88Iug gIOuQ O hum8u UCIug8 8CC OuC 8uOthCI Iu
CumIty, thC 8t8tC W! UC IudI8QCu88UlC tO thC QO88C8Iug
mIuOIIty OI thC QIOtCCtIOu O It8 QIIVIlCgC8. YhCu thI8
COudIUOu O 8OCI8l Iu]u8tICC V8uI8hC8 tO gIVC Ql8CC tO 8
hIghCI OIdCI O thIug8, WhICh 8hml ICCOguIZC uO 8QCCI8l
tIght8 8ud 8h8ll h8VC 88 It8 U88IC 888umQUOu thC COm-
muuIty O 8OCI8l IutCIC8t8, gOVCDmCut OVCI mCu mu8t
yICld thC DCld tO thC 8dmIuI8tI8tIOu O CCOuOmIC 8ud 8OCI8l
8mI8, OI, tO 8QC8k WIth C8Iut CImOu hC tImC WI!l
COmC WhCu thC 8 O gOVCOug mCu WIll dI88QQC8I.
uCW 8 WIll t8kC It8 Ql8CC, thC 8 O 8dmIuI8tCIIug
thIug8.
Tud U dI8QO8C8 O thC thCOIy m8lut8IuCd Uy W8tX
8ud hI8 OllOWCt8 th8t thC 8t8tC, Iu thC OIm O 8 QIOCt8tI8u
dICt8tOI8hlQ, I8 8 uCCC888Q tI8u8ItIOu8l 8t8gC tO 8 Cl888lC88
8OCICQ, Iu WhICh thC 8t8tC 8CI thC ClImIu0tIOu O 8ll
C!888 COuICt8 8ud thCu O C!888C8 thCm8ClVC8, WI!l dI88OlVC
IuC! 8ud V8ul8h IOm thC C8uV88. hI8 COuCCQt, WhICh
COmQlCtCly mI8t8kC8 thC IC8 DtuIC O thC 8t8tC 8ud thC
8IguIhCuCC Iu hI8tOQ O C 8CtOI Ol QOlItIC8l QOWCI,
I8 Ouly thC lOgIC8l OutCOmC O 8O-C8llCd CCOuOmIC
m8tCtI8I8m, WhICh 8CC8 Iu 8ll thC QhCuOmCu8 O hI8tOty
mCICly thC IuCWt8UlC CCCt8 O thC mCthOd8 O QtOduCtIOu
O thC tImC. 1udCI thC IuuCuCC O thl8 thCOtj QCOQlC
C8mC tO ICg8Id thC dICICut OIm8 O thC 8t8tC 8ud 8ll
OthCI 8OCI8l lu8tIlutIOu8 88 8 ]uIldIC8l 8ud QOlItIC8l
&:w ao Psps-s 2_
supcntructurc ' on uc ' cconomic cdihcc of socicty,
and thought that thcy had found in that thcory thc kcy
to cvcp historic proccss. In rcaIiq cvcry scction oI
history ahords us thousds of cxamp|c oI thc way in
which thc cconomic dcvcIopmcnt of a country has bccn
sct bac| for ccnturics and forccd into prcscribcd Iorms
by particuIar struggIcs for poIiticaI powcr.
Bcforc thc risc of thc cccIcsiasticaI monarchy Bpain vas
industriaI|y thc most advanccd countp in uropc and
hc|d thc rst pIacc in cconomic production in a|most cvcry
cId. But a ccntury aftcr thc triumph of dic Christian
monarchy most oI its industrics had disappcarcd. What
was IcIt of thcm surivcd onIy in thc most vrctchcd
condition. In most industrics thcy had rcvcrtcd to thc
most primitivc mcthods of production. Agricu|turc
coIIapscd, canaIs and watcrways fc|I into ruin, and vast
strctchcs of country wcrc transformcd into dcscrts.
Down to this day Spain has ncvcr rccovcrcd Irom that
sct-bac|. Jhc aspirations of a particuIar castc for poIiticaI
powcr had Iaid cconomic dcvcIopmcnt faIIow for ccnturics.
lrinccIy abso|utism in uropc, with its siI|y` cconomic
ordinanccs and` industriaI IcgisIation,' which punishcd
scvcrcIy any dcviation from thc prcscribcd mcthods of
production and pcrmittcd no ncw invcntions, bIockcd
industriaI progrcss in uropcan countrcs for ccnturics,
and prcvcntcd its naturaI dcvcIopmcnt. ^d wcrc thcrc
not considcrations of po|iticaI powcr which aItcr thc
WorId War constantIy baIkcd any cscapc from thc
umvcrsaI cconomic crisis and dcIivcrcd thc futurc oI
whoIc countrics to poIitics-p|aying gcncraIs and poIiticaI
advcnturcrs Who wiII asscrt that modcm lascism was
an incvitabIc rcsuIt of cconomic dcvcIopmcnt
In Russiz, howcvcr, whcrc thc so-ca||cd proIctarian
dictatorship ' has ripcncd into rczIity, thc aspirations of
mrcH :
a partcular party tor poltcal powcr havc prcvcntcd
any truly socalstc rcconstructon ot cconomy and havc
torccd thc country nto thc slavcry ot a grndng statc-
captalsm. Jc " dctatorshp ot thc prolctarat," n
whch navc souls wsh to scc mcrcIy a passng, but
ncvtablc, transton stagc to rcal Bocalsm, has to-day
grown nto a trghttul dcspotsm, whch lags bchnd thc
qranny ot thc Iascst statcs n nothng.
Jhc asscrton that thc statc must contnuc to cxst
untI class conhcts, and classcs wth thcm, dsappcar,
sounds, n thc Ight ot aIl hstorcal cxpcrcncc, almost
Ikc a bad jokc. vcry qpc o poltcaI powcr prc-
supposcs somc partcular torm ot human sIavcry, tor
thc maintcnancc ot whch t s callcd nto bcng. ]ust
as outwardly, that s, n rclaton to otbcr statcs, thc statc
has to crcatc ccrtan acal antagonsms n ordcr to
just ts cxstcncc, S also ntcmalIy thc clcavagc ot
soccty nto castcs, ranks, and classcs s csscntal
condton ot ts contnuancc. Jc statc s capablc only
ot protcctng old prvlgcs and crcatng ncw onc n
that ts wholc sgmcancc s cxhaustcd.
ncw statc whch has bccn brought nto cxstcncc by
8 socaI rcvoluton C put an cnd to thc prvlcgcs ot
thc oId ruIng classcs, but t can do ths only by
mmcdatcly scttng up a ncw prvlcgcd class, whch t
wIl rcgurc tor thc mantcnancc ot ts rulcrshp. Jhc
dcvcIopmcnt ot thc BoIshcvst burcaucracy n Russa
undcr thc aIlcgcd dctatorshp ot thc prolctarat-whch
has ncvcr bccn anythng but thc dctatorshp ot a smaIl
cIquc 0O thc prolctanat d thc cntrc Russan pcopIc
-s mcrcly a ncw nstancc ot an old hstoncaI cxpcrcncc
whch has rcpcatcd tsclt uncountabIc timcs. Jhs ncw
mIng class, whch to-day s rapdly growng nto a ncw
arstocracy, s sct apart trom thc grcat massc ot Russ
m und Parses
peasanu and wotkets just as c|eat|y 8 ate the ptivi|eged
cstes d c|asse in othet counttie ftom the mass of
theit peop|es.
It cou|d pethaps be objected that the new Russian
commissat-octacy cannot be put upon the same footing
as the powerfu| hnancia| and industria| o|igatchies of
capita|ist states. But the objection wi|| not ho|d. It
is not the size not the extent of the ptivi|ege that mattets,
but its immediate eect on the dai|y |ife of the avetage
human being. An Ametican wotking-man who, undet
modetate|y decent wotking conditions, eans enough to
feed, c|othe, and house himse|f human|y and has enough
|eft ovet to ptovide himse|f with some cu|tured enjoy-
ments, fee|s the possession of mi||ions by the Me||ons
and Motgans |ess than a man who eans hatd|y enough
to satis[ his most utgent necessities fee|s the privi|eges
of a |itt|e caste of buteauctats, even if these ate not
mi||ionaites. Peop|e who can scatce|y get enough dq
btead to satis[ theit hunget, who |ive in squa|id rooms
which they ate oen ob|iged to shate with sttangets,
and who, on top of this, 3 compelled to wotk undet
an intensi6ed speed-up system which taises theit pto-
ductive capaciq to the utmost, can but fee| the privi|eges
of an uppet c|ass which |acks nothing, much mote keen|y
than theit c|ass comtades in capita|ist countries. And
this situation becomes sti|| mote unbeatab|e when a
despotic state denies to the |owet c|asses the tight to
comp|ain of existing conditions, so that any ptotest is
made at the tisk of theit |ives.
But even a fat gteatet degtee of economic equa|iq
than exists in Russia wou|d sti|| be no guarantee against
po|itica| and socia| opptession. Economic equa|iq
a|one is not socia| |ibetation. It is just this which
Matxism and a|| the othet schoo|s of auhotitatian
zNurthu#
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8ud OQQtO88lOu Ol lhO uOu-QO88O88lug C888O8. h8
l88k l8 lhO QOllC8l lllOWOtk Ol lhO 8!8lO, lhO O88Oull8l
t8Ou lOt l!8 Ol8llug 8l 8l. Pud lO lhl8 !88k ll h88
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bJ8!OtlC8 dOVOlOQmOul, bul l!8 uuC!lOu8 h8VO 8W8y8
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h8VO 8uCCOOdOd lu m8klug lutlhOt hOd8 Ol 8OCl8l 8CllVlly
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Ot tOQublC, WhOlhOt hl8lOtlC8ly ll l8 8uChOtOd lu 8u
8ulOCt8 Ot m 8 u8llOu8l COu8llulOu, l!8 luuC!lOu
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lhO bOdly Otg8u8 Ol Ql8ul8 8ud 8ulm88 C8uuOl bO
8tbllt8tlly 8lOtOd, 8O lh8l, lOt O8mQO, OuO CMuOl 8l
Wll hO8t Wllh hl8 OyO8 8ud 8OO Wllh hl8 O8t8, 8O 88O OuO
C8nuO! 8l QO88utO lt8u8lOtm 8u Otg8u Ol 8OCl8l OQQtO88Ou
lu!O M lu8!tumOul lOt luO lbOt8!lOu Ol lhO OQQtO88Od.
dhO 8!8!O C8u Ouly bO Wh8l l! l8 lhO dOlOudOt Ul m888-
OXQOl!8lOu 8ud 8UC8l QtlVlOgO8, lhO CtO8lOt Ol QtlVllOgOd
C888O8 8ud C88lO8 8ud Ol uOW mOuOQOlO8. YhO 8l8 lO
_O Amtcmm:
tcCOgntc th8 lunCtOn Ol thc 8t8tc dOc8 nOt undct8t8nd
thc tc8 n8tutc Ol thc Qtc8cnt 8OC8 Otdct 8t 8 8nd 8
nC8Q8bc Ol QOntng Out tO hum8nty ncw OutOOk8 lOt
ts 8OC8 cVOutOn.
u8tCh8m 8 nO Q8tcnt 8OutOn lOt 8 hum8n QtObcm8,
nO \tOQ8 Ol 8 QctlcCt 8OC8 Otdct, 88 t h88 sO Oltcn bccn
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ttuth, Ot n dchntc hn8 gO88 lOt hum8n dcVcOQmcnt,
but n 8n unmtcd QctlcCbty Ol 8OC8 8tt8ngcmcnt8
8nd hum8n Vng COndtOn8, whCh 8tc 8w8y8 8tt8nng
8ltct mghct lOtms Ol cXQtc88On, 8nd tO whCh lOt th8
tc8sOn Onc C 888gn nO dchntc tctmnu8 nOt 8ct 8ny
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gtcVIOu8y cXCIng 8t8tu8 88 Dn8hcd. hc 8ttOngct t8
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Hmr mJ mrrr _1
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IulOl!OClu8l CullutO.
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a ClOtIC0l 0ud gOVOD0l0l Iu8lIlulOu8, 8ltIVO8 Ot lhO
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lhO mO08utO O lhO IulOllOCD0l CullutO O lhO 8OCIOl
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uIzOd lhI8 VOQ ClO8tl WhOu hO WtOlO !
O OuO C hu0lly 8QOud mOtO lh0u hO h08.
h0l hOld8 gOOd Ot IudVdu0l8` Il hOld8 gOOd Ot
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[O!IlC8 lOt hu8b0udt, Ot COmmOtCO, Q0tlI0mOuI0tI8m,
_2 2nurthu .
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8llulc8 Ouc8 tc8 8cl Ot Ouc lhlug, hc Wl uOl h8Vc
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dcCcVcd 8bOul lu8~8tc 8ugOu8l8 lhc `!ulutc
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J gtc8l gctOd8 O Culutc 8tc gctOd8 O gOllC8
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gOlC8l, 8 cVcu 8ul-gOllC8l.
gOWctul 8l8lc mcCh8u8m 8 lhc gtc8lc8l huC8uCc
lO 8uy hlghct Culut8l dcVclOgmcul. Yhctc lhc 8l8lc h88
bccu 8ll8Ocd by ulcD0 dcC8y, Whctc lhc uucuCc O
gOlllC8 gOWct Ou Uc Ctc8lVc OtCc8 m8OCcly 8 tcduCcd
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tulct8hg 8lW8y8 8ltVc8 Ot uuOtmlQ 8ud lcud8 lO
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ud lu lhl8 l ud8 l8cl u uuc8Cg8blc COult8dlClOu lO
lhc Ctc8llVc 88gt8llOu8 O Cullut8 dcVclOgmcul, WhO
8 8lW8y8 Ou lhc guc8l lct ucW Otm8 8ud cd8 O 8OC8l
8CllVQ, 8ud Ot WhJCh tccdOm O cXgtc88Ou, lhc m8uy-
8dcduc88 8ud lhc K8lcdO8OgC Cuugc8 O lhug8, 8tc
[u8l 88 V1l8ly ucCC88tj 88 tlgd Otm8, dc8d tulc8, 8ud
lhc OtCblc 8uggtOSMOu O cVcty m8utc8l8llOu O 8OC0
c WhCh 8tc u COult8dClOu lO l.
Vcty Culutc, d l8 u8lut8l dcVclOgmcul 8 uOl lOO
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gctgclu8 tcucW8l O lhc Otm8lVc utgc, 8ud Oul O lh8l
COmc8 8u cVct gtOWug dVct8ly O C8llVc 8ClWQ.
Vcty 8uOc88ul gcCc O WOtK 8lt8 lhc dOtc Ot gtc8lct
gctcCltOu 8ud dccgct u8gt8lOu_ c8Ch ucW Otm
bcCOmc8 lhc hct8d O ucW gO88blc8 O dcVcOgmcul.
ul lhc 8l8lc Ctc8lC uO Cullutc, 88 8 8O Olcu lhOughlc8ly
888ctlcd, l Ouy Utc lO Kccg Ug 88 lhcy 8tc, S8cly
Hw unJ urQorcr

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a tcVOutOu8 u h8tOty.
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t8 8W8. t8 utccCtu8 Otm O cXQtc88Ou 8 dc8d
dOgm8, t8 Qhy8tC8 Otm btutc OtCc. Bd th8 uu-
utcgcuCc O t8 Ob[cCtVc8 8ct8 t8 8tmQ Ou t8 8uQQOttct8
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WhO 8 Cu8t8uty 8ttVug tO OtCc cVctythug utO 8
mcChMC Otdct 8t 88t bcCOmc8 8 m8Chuc hm8c!
8ud O8= a hum8u cug.
t W88 tOm thc uudct8t8udug O th8 th8t mOdcO
n8tCh8m W88 bOO aud uOW dt8W8 t8 mOt8! OtCc.
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hum8uty.

11 11L1^1^ L 11 1L1L L
11 WLL11 L\1 WLN1W1
1hc cr0 0j m0chc [r0ducl0 0d m0dO L0[l0um_
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[ur6 0d ttm[h_ 0hlu0 r0dtc0um 0d 00m lhc
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MaJn Laas- 0ml
J5
necessities of social |ife, and are never the rcult of purely
abstract ideas. But they acquire their irresistib|e force
and their inner certainq of victop only when they are
vitalized by a great idea, which gives them |ife and intellec-
tual content. It is on|y when viewed thus that the relation
of the |abour movement to 3ocialism can be correctly
understood and intel|igently va|ued. 3ocialism is not
the creator of the moden |abour movement_ rather, it
gew out of it. The movement developed as the |ogical
reult of a social reconstruction out of which the present
capitalist world was bon. Its immediate purpose was
the struggle for daily bread, the conscious resistance to a
trend of things which was constantly becoming more
ruinous for the workers.
Te moden |abour movement owes its existence to the
great industria| revo|ution which was going on in England
in the |atter ha|f of the eighteenth century, and which
h since then over6owed into a|l ve continents. Ater
the system of so-ca||ed " manufactures had at an ear|ier
period opened the road for a certain degree of division
of labour~a division which was, however, concened
more with the methods of applying human |abour than
with actua| technica| processesthe great inventions of
the subsequent period brought about a comp|ete trans-
formation of al| the apparatus of work ue machine
conquered the individua| too| and created tota||y new
forms for productive processes in general. The inven-
tion of the mechmca| |oom revo|utionized the who|e tex-
ti|e industry, ue most important industry in Eng|and,
and |ed to a comp|ete new set of methods in the processing
and dyeing of wo| d cotton.
Through the uti|ization of steam power, made avail-
ab|e by the epoh-making invention of |ames Watt,
machine production was freed from its dependence on
7he Po/etarmt and th
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m8utcu8uCc Ol U QOOt. ut thc uOUlc QtOQtctOt8
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m8IulOu8uCO O88IOt Ot hIm. Dud 88 lhO OuCOmug
C8QIl8lI8m W88, bOOtO O dOmu8lOu O lhO m8ChIuO,
8lIll UOd lO lhO h8udICDl 8l8gO O Iudu8lty, Il8 QO88I-
blIlI08 o OXQ8u8IOu WOtO Ot lhO UmO lImIlOd, 8IuCO lhO
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+
2 7he Praletariat m tm
than the supp|y, so that the worker was safeguarded
agnst serious economic cr|ses.
However, a|| that was changed w|thin a vej few yers
after moden macmne product|on had began to p|ay its
part, as |t was dependent |n advance on mass demand,
d hence on de conguest of fore|gn markets. Ead
new |nvention ra|sed the capac|ty for producon |n cer
increas|ng measure and made |ndustr|a| capital the
und|sputed master of cap|ta||st |ndustj, dom|nating
trade and 5nance. And s|nce ftee compet|t|on, wh|ch
was he|d by the theorsts to b an |ron econom|c law,
put any p|anned contro| of |ndustr|a| product|on out of
the guest|on, at |onger or shorter |nterva|s there must
occur per|ods when, owing to var|ous causes, the supply
of |ndustr|a| products outstr|pped the demand. Th|s
brought on abrupt cesations of product|on, so-ca||ed
cr|ses, wh|ch were n|nous to the ptoletar|an popu|at|on
of the c|tie because they condemned the workers to
enforced |mciv|q and so deprived them of the means of
||v|ng. It |s ]ust th|s phenomenon of so-ca|led '' over-
product|on," whid |s so 1nd|cat|ve of the rea| nature of
modem cp|ta||sm~th|s cond|uon |n wh|ch, wh||e
factores and wehouses are crammed w|th wares, the
actua| producers are |angu|sh|ng |n b|tteret msery.
I t |s this wh|ch revea|s most p|a|n|y the horror of a system
for whid man |s nothing and dead possess|ons are
cveryth|ng.
But the deve|op|ng pro|etariat was comp|etely exposed
to the econom|c uctuatons of th|s system, since |ts
memben had noth|ng to d|spose of except the |abour of
the|r hands. The natura| human ties wh|ch ex|sted
betwcn the o|d master-workman and h|s ]oumeymen
had no meanmg for de modem pro|etanan. He was
mere|y the object of exp|o|tation by a class w|th wh|ch
m-
m0dtrn u0ur 0UOtnI
1J
hc nO IOngcr had any sOOtaI rcIattOnshtQ. 1Or thc tacOty
Owncr hc ctstcd mcrcly as a ` hand, nOt any mOrc as
a human bctng. Hc was, Onc mtght say, thc Ohah whtOh
thc grcat ndustrtaI tcVOIuttOn Ot that ttmc had swcQt
uQ tn hcaQs tn thc Otttcs, attcr hc had IOst alI sOOtaI
standtng. oOOtaIIy uQrOOtcd, hc had bcOOmc ust a
OOmQOncnt Ot a grcat mass Ot shtQwrcOkcd bctg, whO
had aII bccn smtttcn by thc samc tatc. hc mOdcm
QrOIctartan, hc w8s thc man Ot thc maOhtnc, 8 maOhtnc
Ot dcsh and bIOOd whO sct thc mactnc Ot stccI m mOttOn,
tO Orcatc wcaIth tOr Othcts, whtIc thc aOtuaI QrOduOcr
Ot thts wcaIth must Qcrtsh n mtscry.
nd dwcIltng OIOsc-QaOkcd wtth hts OOmrad-tn-
mt>tOttunc tn thc grcat Ocntrcs Ot tndustQ nOt Omy gaVc
a QcCuItar OharaCtcr tO hts matcraI cxtstcnOc, tt asO
graduaIIy Orcatcd tOt hts thtnktng and tccItng ncw OOnOcQts
whtOh hc had nOt OrtgtnaIIy XOW. ransQIantcd ntO
a ncw wOrId Ot QOundtng maOhtncs and rcckng Ommncys,
hc at hrst tcIt hmsclt mcrcIy as a whccI Or 8 OOg n 8
mtghty mcOhantsm agatnst whtOh hc as an tndtVtduaI was
hcIQIcss. c darcd nOt cVcn hOQc sOOncr Or Iatcr tO
OaQc trOm thts OOndtttOn, stnOc tO htm, as thc QQt
dtsQOsscsscd wtth nO mcans Ot kccQtng aItVc cxOcQt by
thc saIc Ot hts hands, cVcry way Out w8s brcd. nd nOt
hc aIOnc, hts QOstcrtty as wcII w8s dOOmcd tO Uc samc
tatc. crctt Ot cVcQ sOOtaI ttc, hc was QcrsOnaIly 8
mcrc nOthtng tn OOmQartsOn wtth that cnOrmOus QOwcr
whtOh was ustng htm as thc tnscnsatc tOOl Ot tts scIhsh
tntcrt>. 1n Ordcr tO bcOOmc sOmcthtng OnOc mOrc and
tO chcOt sOmc bcttctmcnt Ot hts IOt, hc wOuld haVc tO
aOt aIOng wtth Othcn Ot hts knd and OaII a halt tO thc
tatc that had smtttcn hm. ouOh OOnstdcrattOns had
sOOncr Or Iatcr tO OOntrOI htm tt hc dtd nOt wtsh stmQIy
tO stnk tntO thc yss_ thcy Icd tO thc tOrmattOn Ot thc
++
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thc ht8t tt8dc uuOu Ot_8uIZ8tIOu8 dcVclOQcd 8mOu_
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ut thc8c cott8 O thc Ot_8uZcd WOtkct8 8t OuCc cu-
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Modrn Loar Motement
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thc cXI8tng Condton8 ol Wotk 8nd mQoscd 8cVctc
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hu8 8Dout W88 gVcn oVct unCondItIon8y to cX-
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Dtc8kn_ thc 8W WhCh h8d ConCcmncd thcm to outtght
88Vcty. Lontontcd Wth 8uCh 8 ChoCc thc dcC8on
Coud not h8Vc Dccn too dmCut ot thc motc Cout8_cou8
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to o8c 8ny W8y. hcy dchcd thc l8W WhCh moCkcd 8t
hum8n dgnty, 8nC ttcd Dy cVcty mc8D8 to _ct 8tound
t8 QtoVt8ton8. nCc thc tt8dc unon ot_8nZ8ton8,
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to Q8ttCul8t ndu8ttc8, h8d Dccn dcQtVcd o thc lc_8
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mt8nt clcmcnt 8mong thc Wotkct8, 8m8llct ot l8tgct
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oundc8t 8cCtcCy 8nd mutu8 8888t8nCc. H thc notthcD
ndu8tt8 8cCton8 o n_8nd 8nd n Cot8nd n Q8ttCu8t
thctc Wctc 8 8t_c numDct o thc8c 8cCtct otg8nZ8ton8,
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8Quttcd thc Wotkct8 to tc88t8nCc. t l8y n thc n8tutc o
thc 88t th8t mo8t o thc8c 8ttug_lcS 888umcd 8n` cX-
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Wc Con8dct thc m8ct8Dc 8tu8ton o thc Wotkct8 tc8ut-
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8QcC8l l8W h8U Dccu cu8CtcU lOt thc QtOtcCtOu Ol thc
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Otg8nIZ8tIOnOth0WOtK0t8 8Qt08dOV0tU0 0ntIt0COuntQ
8t undt08m0d-O t8t0. h0 08tI0t OC8l _ouQ8
COmbIn0d IntO 8tg0t unIOn8 8nd thu8 g8V0 tO th0 mOV0-
m0nt It8 t08 ImQOtt8nC0. LV0n U0 t08CtIOn8Q tuD
In th0 gOV0Om0nt W0t0 nO Ong0t 8b0 tO COnttO thI8
_O 1m Prohtarat and the
dcVcOQmcut. Dcj mctcj uCtc88cd tDc uumDct O
VCt1m8 8mOug t8 8dDctcut8, Dut tDcj COud uOt tuD D8Ck
tDc mOVcmcut t8c.
Dc ucW uQ8utgc O QOtC8 t8dC88m u ug8ud
8tct thc Oug tcuCD W8t8 u8tut8!j D8d 8 8ttOug
uhucuCc Ou tDc ug8D WOtkug C8 8!8O. cu kc
utdctt, 1cmj 1uut, 8Ot L8ttWtgDt, 8ud 8DOVc 8
8m LODDctt, WDO8c Q8Qct tDc 0lt0 6_l6r,
8Wt tDc QtCc D8d Dccu tcduCcd tO tWOQcuCc, 8U8ucd
8 CtCu8tOu O 8XQ tDOu88ud, Wctc tDc utccCtu8 Dc8d8
O tDc ucW tcOD mOVcmcut. D8 W dtcCtug t8
8tt8Ck8 CDcj 8g8u8t tDc COD 8W8, tDc LOmDu8tOu
C O 1yQQ-1OO, 8ud, mO8t O 8!, 8g81u8t tDc COttuQt
ccCtOt8 8j8tcm uudct WDCD cVcu 8 8tgc Q8tt O tDc
mdd!c C888 W88 cXCudcd tOm tDc t8uCD8c. 1ugc
m888 mcctug8 u cVctj 8cOu O tDc COuutQ, 8ud g8t-
tCu8tj u tDc uOttDcO udu8tt8 d8ttCt8, 8ct tDc QOQu-
8Cc u mOtOu. ut tDc tc8CtOu8tj gOVcDmcut uudct
L88tctc8gD OQQO8cd 8uj tcOtm, 8ud W dctctmu0d
tOm tDc ht8t tO Qut 8u cud tO tDc tcOtm mOVcmcut Dj
OtCc. Dcu u Dugu8t, 11Q, 8Xtj tDOu88ud QcOQc
QOutcd utO tDc ctct8hcd u W8uCDc8tct tO ODu8tc
8 R QctItOu tO tDc gOVcOmcut, tDc 888cmDj W
d8Qct8cd Dj tDc mtI8, 8ud Out Duudtcd QcDOu8 Wctc
WOuudcd Ot kcd.
O tDc 8tOtmj OutDut8t u tDc COuuttj 8g8u8t tDc
u8tg8tOt8 O tDc m8888Ctc O ctctOO tDc gOVcOcut
tcQcd WtD tDc uOtOtOu8 8X g8g 8W8, Dj WDCD tDc
tgDt O 888cmDj 8ud tccdOm O tDc Qtc88 Wctc u ccCt
8u8Qcudcd 8ud tDc tcOtmct8 mdc 8Dc tO tDc D8t8Dc8t
QtO8cCutOu. j tDc 8O-C8cd L8tO ttcct LOu8QDCj,
u WDCD DDut D8tcWOOd 8ud D8 888OC8tc8 Q8uucd
tDc 888888u8tOu O tDc mcmDct8 O thc tt8D L8Duct,
tDc gOVcDmcut W88 gVcu tDc W8Dcd Ot OQQOttuuQ
Mooo laoos Moveeot
to QtoCccd Wtth dt8CoutC 8cVcttQ 8g8Iu8t thc tcoO
moVcmcut. Lu W8 I, I 2O, ht8tlcWood 8ud out o
ht8 Comt8dc8 Q8td ot tDctt 8ttcmQt ou thc g8lloW8 .
thc hu0cut cm]m 8Ct W88 8u8Qcudcd ot tWo c8t8, 8ud
Lugl8ud W88 dcltVctcd to 8 tc8Cttou8tj tcgtmc WhtCh
tccCtcd uouc o thc ttght8 o tt8 CtttZcu8.
ht8 Qut 8 8toQ to thc moVcmcut ot thc ttmc Dctug.
hcu thc ]ul tcVoluttou o I _U tu t8uCc lcd to 8
tcVtV8l o thc Lug\t8h tcotm moVcmcut, WhtCh, th8
ttmc, took ou 8u cut:tcl dtctcut Ch8t8Ctct. hc 0ght
ot Q8tlt8mcut8tj tcotm 8tcd uQ 8ucW. ut 8tct thc
Doutgcot8tc 88W thc gtc8tct Q8tt o thcIt dcm8ud8 88tI8D.cd
D thc Hcotm Ill o I_2, 8 VtCtot WhtCh thc oWcd
oul to thc cuctgctC 8uQQott o thc Wotkct8, thc oQQo8cd
8ll utthct 8ttcmQt8 8t tcotm, lookIug toW8td8 uutVct88l
8ut8gc, 8ud lct thc Wotkc to dcQ8tt cmQQ-h8udcd.
ot oul th8t . thc ucW Q8tlt8mcut cu8Ctcd 8 uumDct o
tc8Cttou8Q l8W8 D WhCh thc Wotkct8 ttght to ot_8uZc
Wa8 8g8tu 8ctIou8l thtc8tcucd. hc 8htuu_ cX8mQlc8
8moug thc8c ucW l8W8 Wctc thc uotottou8 Qoot l8W8 o
I _q, to WhtCh tcctcuCc h8d 8ltc8d Dccu m8dc. hc
Wotkc clt th8t thc h8d Dccu 8old 8ud Dctt8cd, 8ud
thI8 ccltug lcd to 8 ComQlctc Dtc8k Wtth thc tuIddc Cl8.
hc ucW tcotm moVcmcut tom uoW ou ouud Vgotou8
cXQtc8tou tu thc dcVcloQug Lh8tt8m, WhtCh, tt t8 ttuc,
W88 8uQQottcd D 8 Comtdct8Dlc Q8D o thc Qctt Dout-
gOI8tc, Dut tu Wh:Ch thc Qtolct8tt8u clcmcut cVcQWhctc
t0k 8u cuctgcttC Q8tt. Lh8tt8m, o Cout8c, h8d u8CttDcd
ou tt8 D8uuct thc CclcDt8tcd 8tX Qotut8 o thc Ch8ttct,
WhCh 8mcd 8t t8dC8l Q8tlt8mcut8tj tcotm, Dut t h8d
8l8o 8QQtoQD8tcd 8ll thc 8oCt8l dcm8ud8 o thc Wotkct8
8ud W88 tt_ug D cVct otm o dttcCt 8tt8Ckto tt8u8otm
thc8c tuto tc8ltttc8. hu8 ]. R. tcQhcu8, ouc o thc
mo8t mucutt8l c8dct8 o thc LD8D8I m0Vcmcut,
_2 7m Pratanat td the
dcCarcd bctOrc a grcat mass mcctng n WanChcstcr
that Lhar|sm Was nOt a QOtCa QucstOn WhCh WOud
bc scHcd by thc ntrOduCtOn Ot unVcrsa sumgc,
but Was nstd` tO bc rcgardcd as a ' brcad and buttcr
QucstOn, snCc thc Chartcr WOud mcan gOOd hOmcs,
abundant tOOd, human sOCatOns, and shOrt hOurs
Ot abOur tOr thc WOrkcrs. 1t W tOr ths rcasOn that
QrOQaganda tOr thc Cccbratcd cn-hOur U Qaycd
such an mQOrtant Qart n thc mOVcmcnt.
th thc Lhartst mOVcmcnt Lngand had cntcrcd uQOn
a rcVOutOnaQ QcrOd, and Wtdc CrCcs Ot bOth thc bOur-
gcOsc and thc WOrkng cass Wcrc COnVnCcd that a CV
War was COsc at hand. Mugc mass mcctngs n cVcry
SCtOn Ot thc COuntry tcsthcd tO thc raQd sQrcad Ot
thc mOVmct, and numcrOus strtkcs and COnstant unrcst
amOp thc =OrkcrS n thc ctcs gaVc t a thrcatcnng
asQcct. hc trghtcncd cmQOycn OganZcd numcrOus
8c gucs '' tOr thc QrOtcctOn Ot QcrsOns and QrO-
Qc ' n thc ndustra Ccntrcs. s cd tO thc WOrkcrs
asO bcgnnng tO Uy a rcsOutOn Ot thc LharUst
COnVcnuOn, WhCh COnVcncd n LOndOn n NarCh Ot
t Q, and Was atcr mOVcd tO Urmngham, httccn Ot
thcr bcst OratOr8 Wcrc scnt Out tO cVcry scCtOn Ot thc
COuntry tO makc thc QcOQc aCQuantcd Wth thc ams Ot
thc mOVcmcnt and tO COcCt saturcs tO thc Lhartst
QctttOn. hcr mcctngs Wcrc attcndcd by hundrcds Ot
thOusands, and shOWcd What a rcsQOnsc thc mOVcmcnt
had arOuscd amOng thc masscs Ot thc QcOQc.
Lhartsm had a argc numbcr Ot ntcgcnt and sct-
saCrhCng sQOkcsmrn, suCh as am LOVc, cargus
LLOmOr, Urantcrrc L'Urcn, ]. R. otcQhcns, Mcnry
McthcrngtOn, ]amcs YatsOn, Mcnry NnCcnt, ]Ohn
ayOr, P. M. UcaumOnt, Lmcst ]Oncs, tO mcntOn Ony
a tm Ot thc bst knOWn. 1t COmmandcd, n addtOn, a
Modem Laboar Motement
5J
8Itlj WIdO8QtO8d QtO88, O WhICh Q8QOt8 lIKO 1hc 00r
u': mJu 8udIhO^0rlm lm OXOtIOdIhOgtO8IO8I
IuuOuCO. Lh8tlI8m W88, 88 8 m8llOt O 8CI, uOl 8
mOVOmOuI Wlh dOhuIIO 8m8, bult8IhOt 8 C8IChb88u Ot
lhO 8OCI8l d8COuIOuI O lhO lImO, bul I dd OhOCl 8
8h8ug - uQ, O8QOCI8llj O lhOWOtKIug Cl888,WhOm Il m8dO
tOCOQlIVO lO 8t-tO8Chug 8OCI8l 8Im8. COCI8lI8m 8l8O
OtgOd VIgOtOu8lj 8hO8d dutIug lhO Lh8tl8I QOtIOd, Md
lhOIdO88OYIll8mhOmQ8Ou,]OhuLt8j, 8udO8QOCI8llj
OVObOtl LWOu, bOg8u lO 8QtO8d mOtO WIdOlj 8mOug lhO
LuglI8h WOtKOD.
u t8uCO, OlgIum, 8ud IhO VhIuO CuulQ 8l8O, WhOtO
Iudu8III8l C8QIl8lI8m ht8I O8I8blI8hOd Il8Ol Ou lhO
LOulIuOul, Il W88 OVOtjWhOtO 8CCOmQOd bj lhO 88mO
QhOuOmOu8 8ud lOd,O uOCO88lj,lO lhO IuIlI8l8l8gO8 O 8
l8bOut mOVOmOuI. Dud lhI8 mOVOmOul m8uIcIOd IUO
8lht8l IuOVOQ COuuItjIu lhO 88mOQIImIIIVOOtm, WhICh
Oulj gt8du8llj jOldOd lO 8 bOllOt uudOt8I8udug, uull
8l l88I II8 QOImO8lOu bj COCI8lI8l IdO88 OudOWOd Il WIlh
lOIOt COuCOQlOu8 8ud OQOuOd Ot Il uOW 8OCI8l OullOOK8.
hO 8llI8uCO O lhO l8bOut mOVOmOul WIIh COCI8l8m W88
O dOCI8IVO ImQOtl8uCO Ot bOlh. ul IhO QOlIIC8 IdO
WhICh IuuOuCOd lhI8, lh8I, Ot lhO OlhOt COCI8lI8I 8OOOl
dOlOtmIuOd lhO Ch8t8CIOt O IhO mOVOmOuI u O8Ch
Iu8I8uCO, 8ud I8OullOOK Ot lhc uIutO 88 WOll.
YhIlO COtI8Iu 8ChOOl8 O COCI8I8m tOm8uOd guIO
IudIhOtOul Ot uu8_mQ8lhOIC IO IhO jOuug l8DOut mOVO-
mOuI, OIhOt8 O IhOmguCKlj tOCO_ZOd IhO tO8l ImQOtI-
8uCO O Ih8 mOVOm0ul 88 IhO uOCO888Q QtOlmu8tj lO
lhO tO8lD8IOu O COC8lI8m. hOj uudOi8IOOd lh8l l
mu8I bO IhOt I88K IO I8KO 8u 8CIVO Q8tl u IhO OVOtj d8j
8ltugglO8 O IhO WOiKOi8, 8O 88 lO m8KO ClO8i IO IhO lOlIug
D888O8 lhO uIIm8IO COuuOClIOu bOlWOOu IhOt ImmOd8IO
dOm8ud88udIhOCOC88lOb]OClVO8. OtIhO8O8ItugglO8,
+
The Pohtaat am the
grOWng Out Ot thc nccds Ot thc mOmcnt, scrVc tO brng
abOut a COrrcCt undcntandng Ot Uc QrOtOund mQOrtanCc
Ot thc bcratOn Ot thc QrOctarat tOr thc COmQctc
suQQnssOn Ot Wagc saVcty. PthOugh sQrung trOm thc
mmcdatc ncCcsstcs Ot tc, thc mOVcmcnt, ncVcrthccss,
bOrc Wthn t thc gcrm Ot Ungs tO COmc, and thcsc Wcrc
tO sct ncW gOas tOr tc. LVctythng ncW arscs trOm thc
rcaltcs Ot Vta bcug. IcW WOrds arc nOt bOm n thc
VaOum Ot abstraCt dcas, but m thc hght tOr day brcad,
n that hard and Ccasccss strugglc WhCh thc nccds and
WOrrcs Ot thc hOur dcmand just tO takc Carc Ot thc n-
dsQcnsabc rcQurcmcnts Ot ltc. 1n thc COnstant War-
tarc aganst thc arcady cXstng, Uc ncW shaQcs tsct
and COmcs tO trutOn. Mc WhO dOcs nOt knOW hOW tO
Vauc thc aCh:cVcmcnts Ot thc hOur W ncVcr bc abc tO
COnQucr a bcttcr tuturc tOr hmsct and hs tcOWs.
m thcr day battcs aganst thc cmQOycrs and thcr
acs, thc WOrkcrs graduay c thc dccQcr mcanng
Ot ths struggc. Pt hrst thcy Qursuc OnIy thc mmcdatc
QurQOsc Ot mQrOVng thc status Ot thc QrOduCcrs Wthn
thc cXsttng sOCa Ordcr, but graduaIy thcy ay barc thc
rOOt Ot thc cVmOnOQOy cCOnOmy and ts QOtCa and
s0a aCCOmQaumcnts. Or thc attanmcnt Ot suCh an
undcrstandng thc cVcry day struggcs arc bcttcr cduCatVc
matcrta U thc hncst thcOrctCa dsCussOns. IOthng
Can sO mQrcss thc mnd and sOu Ot thc WOrkcr as ths
cndurng battc tOr day brcad, nOthng m8cs hm sO
rcCcQtVc tO thc tcaChngs Ot oOCasm 8 thc nCcssant
struggc tOr thc ncCcsstcs Ot tc.
]ust as n thc tmc Ot tcuda dOmnOn thc bOndsmcn
Qcasants by thcr trcQucnt uQrsngsWhCh had at hrst
Ony thc QurQOsc Ot Wrcstng trOm thc tcuda Ords
Ccrt8tn COnCcssOns WhCh WOud mc sOmc bcttcrmcnt
Ot thcr drcary standard Ot VtngQrcQarcd thc Way tOr
0drn u0r mcml

lhO LtO8l bOVOlulIOu by WhCh thc 8bOlIlIOn O cud8l
QtVIlOgO8 W88 Qt8ClC8lly btOughl 8bOut , 8O lhO Iu-
uumOt8blO l8bOut W8I8 WtlhIu C8Qt8I8t 8OCOly COn-
8lIlulO, ORO mIghl 8ay, lhO IultOduCtOn IO th8l gtO8l
8OCI8l tOVOlulIOu O lhO uluIO WhICh 8h8ll m8kO COCI8l8m
8 lIVng tO8lIly. NIlhOut thO InCO88ant tOVOt8 O thO
QO888uU~8IuO tOQOtt8 lh8l bOlWOOn J}oJ 8nd thO
8lOImug O lhO 88lIlO uO8Ily hVO hundIOd O lhO8O
tOVOll8OCCutIOdIu 8lmO8l OVOQ Q8tt O 1I8uCOlhO IdO8
O lhOQOOCOu8uO88 O lhO WhOlO 8y8lOm O 8OIdOm 8ud
Oud8I8m WOuld uOVOt h8VO OulOtOd lhO hO8d8 O lhO
m888O8.
h8l I8ju8l hOW Il 8uud8 Wlh lhO OCOnOmIC 8nd 8OCI8l
8ltugglO8 O lhO mOdOD WOtkIug Cl888. l WOuld bO
ullOtly WtOug lO O8lIm8lO lhO8O mOIOly Ou lhO b88I8 O
lhOIt m8lOtI8l Otgu Ot lhOt Qt8ClIC8l tO8ult8 8ud lO
OVOtlOOk lhOIt dOOQOt Q8yChOlOgIC 8IguIhC8uCO. Luly
1tOm lhO OVOty d8y COuICl8 bOlWOOu l8bOut 8ud C8QII8l
COud lhO dOCltIuO8 O bOC8lI8m, WhICh h8d 8tI8Ou Iu lhO
mIud8 O IudVIdu8l lhIukOt8, l8kO Ou O8h 8nd blOOd
md 8CgutO lh8l QOCulI8t Ch8t8ClOt WhICh m8kO O thOm
8 m888 mOVOmOul, lhO OmbOdImOul O 8 uOW Culut8
IdO8l Ot lhO Dlu.

L bLb\Lbo oLLP1oN
006rl Lu6 00 lh6 _u1h m00ur m00rmrl 1h6
Lr00 T0lk0 L010h00lr0 1r006 U Hm0m
600u 0Jlh6 0u 0 lh6 L66r0 lrR6 1h6]O00 0
r60tl0 D0ul0 0lh6 m00ur 0r_0z0lk1 r0tr
1h6 1lO0l00 H0rk_m61 110C0lw 1h6 0u
t0t6]l0 0 lr00 w0m 1h6 060 0 lhr 000ur
t0uth u00m t0umh D6r1u1 0tl0l0r1h_1 10ku
0 lh6 6t00mu 0r_0z0l0 0 lhr u0rk6r1 1h6 lr0-
0utlk 0 ]0rhdl0[ _0hlu1 0j 0rX 00g6h 00
lh6 600lh6 1lO0l00.
L QcDuc8tOn Ol Uc 8bOut mOVcmcnt by oOC818t
dc88 c8ty cd tO tcndcnCc8 whCh h8d 8n uum8t8K8bc
tc8tOn8hIQ tO thc tcVOutOn8ty oyndIC88m Ol Out d8y.
hc8c tcudcnCc8 dcVcOQcd ht8t n Lng8Ud, thc mOthct
COuntQ Ol C8Qt88t bg ndu8Uy, 8nd lOt 8 tmc 8ttOngy
nucnCcd Uc 8dV8nCcd 8cCUOn8 Ol thc Lng8h wOtkIng
C888. Pltct thc tcQc8 Ol thc LOUbn8tOn PCt8, thC
cOtt Ol thc wOtkct8 w88 dtcCtcd ChIcy tO gVng 8
btO8dct Ch8t8Ctct tO thct tt8dc unOn Otg8nz8tOn8, 88
Qt8CtC8 cXQctcnCc h8d 8hOwn thcm th8t Qutcy OC8
Otg8uz8tOn8 COud nOt QtOVdc thc nccdcd 8uQQOtt n
Uct 8ttuggc8 lOt d8y btc8d. ot thc8c cO:t8 wctc
nOt 8t ht8t b88cd On 8ny VcQ QtOlOund 8OC8 COnCcQt8.
hc wOtkct8, cXCcQt n 8O l8t 88 thcy wctc nucnCcd by
1hc 0rcruuncrr c} ndtcu|trm
5
7
thc QOltC8l tclOtm mOVcmcut Ol th8t tmc, h8d uO gO8
Wh8tcVct Iu VcW Out8dc thc mmcdl8tc Dcttctmcut Ol
thct cCOu0mC 8t8tu8. Ot uutIl thc Dcg0Iug Ol thc
O8 dd thc uucuCc Ol COC8l8t dc88 Ou thc Lugl8h
l8DOut mOVcmcut DcCOmc Ql8Iulj 8QQ8tcut, 8ud t8
8QQc8t8uCc thcu 8 tO Dc 88CtIDcd Chcj tO thc 8tttug
QtOQ8g8ud8 O bODctt LWcu 8ud h8 lOllOWct8.
^ lcW jc8t8 DclOtc thc COuVcuug Ol thc 8O-C8llcd
bclOtm 8tl8mcut thc aIm Cnlon o] Im Bormq
LJtct W88 lOuudcd, t8 mO8t DQOt8ut COmQOucut Q8tt
Dcug thc WOtkct8 u thc tcXtlc udu8ttlc8. hl8 COm-
Du8tlOu h8d 8ummcd uQ t8 dcm8ud8 u thc lOllOWug
lOut QOut8 . I. O cVctj WOtKct thc ull V8luc Ol h8
l8DOut. 2. tOtcCtOu Ol thc WOtkct8 8g8u8t thc cm-
QOjct8 D cVctj 8QQtOQtI8tc Dc8u8, WhCh mc8u8 Wlll
dcVClOQ 8utOm8tC8llj Out Ol thc Cuttcut COudtlOu8.
. hc tclOtm Ol Q8tl8mcut 8ud UulVct88l 8ut8gc lOt
DOth mcu 8ud WOmcu. q. LduC8UOu Ol WOtkcO u
cCOuOmC QtODlcm8. Luc tcCOgmc8 u thc8c dcm8ud8
thc 8ttOug uucuCc Ol thc QOltC8l tclOtm mOVcmcut
WhCh ]u8t 8t th8t tlmc hCld thc cuttc COuuttj uudct t8
8Qcl Dut 8t thc 88mc tImc Ouc uOtCc8 cXQtc88Ou8 WhCh
8tc DOttOWcd ltOm thc dOCttuc8 0l bODctt LWcu.
hc jc8t 12 DtOught thc bclOm ll, Dj WhCh thc
l88t QOltlC8l llu8Ou8 lOt l8tgc CtClc Ol thc Lugl8h
WOtklug Cl888 Wctc dc8tOjcd. hcu thc Dll h8d DcCOmc
l8W t W88 8ccu th8t thc mddc Cl888 h8d, udccd, WOu 8
gtc8t VCtOtj OVct thc 8t8tOCt8tlC l8udOWuct8, Dut thc
WOtkct8 tcCOguZcd th8t thcj h8d Dccu Dctt8jcd 8g8u,
8ud th8t thcj h8d mctclj Dccu u8cd Dj thc DOu@c8c tO
Qull t8 Chc8tuut8 Out Ol thc Dtc. hc tc8ult W88 8
gcuct8l dl8llu8Oumcut 8ud thc 8tc8Ulj 8Qtc8dug COu-
VCtOu th8t thc WOtkug Cl888 COuld Dud uO hclQ u 8u
8l8uCc Wth thc DOutgcO8c. 1l, DclOtc thcu, thc C888
j Tm Fmmnnet
8Uuggc h8d Dccu 8u 8Ctu8Ity WhICh 8to8c 8Qout8ucou8y
out othc CouICtIug cCoDomC Iutctc8t8 othcQo88c88Iug
md uou-Qo8c88Iug C888c8, It h8d uoW t8kcu 8h8Qc 88 8
dcDtcCouVICtIouIuUc mIud8 othcWotkct8 8udg8Vc 8
dctcDD8tc CouDc to thcIt 8OIVItIc8. tuO m Uc
thDkDg o thc Wotkmg C888 I8 Cc8ty tcVc8cd Iu
uumctou8 uttct8uCc8 Iu thc 8Dout Qtc8s duDug tho8c
yc8t8. c Wotkct8 Wctc DcgIDDIug to uudct8t8ud th8t
thcIt tc8 8ttcugU 8y Iu thcIt O8t8Ctct 88 QtoduCcD.
hc motc kccuy 8W8tcthcyDcC8mcothc D88Co othcIt
Q8ttICIQ8tIou m thc QoItI tcotm moVcmcut, thc motc
Dtmy totcd DcC8mc thcItDcWy 8CguItcd uudct8wudIug
o thcIt oWu cCouomIC ImQott8DCc Iu 8oCIcty.
hcy Wctc 8ttcugthcucd Iu thI8 CouVCtIoD m hIgh
dcgtcc Dy thc QtoQ8g8ud8 o VoDctt LWcu, Who 8t th8t
tImc W88 gg Cou8t8uty 8ttougct IuHucuCc u thc
t8DX8 o otg8mZcd Dout. LWcu tcCoguIZcd th8t tDc
8t=dy gtoWth o U8dc uuIou otgtIou8 D8hcd 8
mD88I8othI8cHott8 8t 8ud8mcut8 8tct8tIou othc
C8QIt8I8t cCouomIC otdct, 0ud tU8 Dcd m Wth hIgb
DoQc8. c 8hoWcd thc Wotkct8 th8t thc cXI8Uug Cou-
HICt DcWccu C8QIt8 8ud 8DoutCoud ucVct Dc 8cttcd Dy
ot0 D8ttc8 oVct W8g8, though, Iu 8Ct, hc Dy uo
mc8D8 oVctooXcd thc gtc8t ImQott8DCc o thc8c U thc
WotXct8. Lu thc othct hmd hc 8ttoVc to CouVuCc thc
WotXct8 th8t thcy Coud cXQcCt uothIDg Wh8tcVct tom
QI88tVc Dodtm, 8ud mu8t t8kc thcIt m 8It8 IDto thcIt
oW h8ud8. mc Idc88 ouud WIIug c8t8 8moug thc
8dV8uCcd 8cCtIou8 othc LugI8hWotkIug C888, 8ud Dt8t
m8uIc8tcd thcm8cVc8 8ttougy 8moug Uc DuIdIug
tt8dc8. c Bmdt' 0ai, Iu WhIO Wctc ComDIucd
8 Cou8Idct8DcuumDct ooC8 8Dout uDou8, W88 8t th8t
tImc ouc othc mo8t 8dV8uCcd 8Dd mo8t 8CtIVc o 8Dout
o@M8tou8,0udW888thoDIuthcHc8hothcm8u8gct8.
o/ Sy
>
|u thc c8t 1_1 , LWcu h8d gtc8cutcd hI8 g8u8 ot thc
tcCou8UuCtIou o 8oCIcty Dcotc 8 mcctIug o dccg8tc8
o thI8 uuIou Iu W8uChc8tct. hc g8u8 8mouutcd to 8
kIud o LuId oCI8I8m 8ud C8cd ot thc c8t8DI8hmcut
o gtoduCct8 Co-ogct8tIVc8 uudct thc Coutto o c
tt8dc uDIou8. hc gtogo888 Wctc 8dogtcd, Dut 8hott
Mtct thI8 thc uIdcD uIou W88 IuVoVcd m 8 oug
8ctIc8 o 8cVctc CoDCt8, thc uuh8gg outComc o WhICh
8ctIou8 thtc8tcuc thc cXI8tcuCc o thc otg8mZ8tIou
8ud gut 8 gtcm8tutc cud to 8 cott8 Iu thc dItcCUou
m8tKcd out D LWcu.
LWcu dId uot ct hIm8c Dc dI8Cout8gcd D thI8, Dut
C8tDcd ou hI8 8CtIVUc8 WIth tcucWcd z. u 1__
thctc CouVcucd Iu oudou 8 CouctcDc o tt8dc uuIou
8ud Co-ogct8tIVc otg8uIZ8tIou8, 8t WhICh LWcu cXg8Iucd
cXh8u8tIVc h18 g8u ot 8oCI8 tcCou8ttuCtIou D thc
WotKct8 thcm8clVc8. tom thc tcgott8 o thc dccg8!c8
ouc C8u 8cc g8Iu Wh8t 8u IuHucuc thc8c Idc h8d
8tc8d g8Iucd 8ud Wh8t 8 Ctc8tIVc 8gItIt thcu 8Dm8tcd
thc 8dV8uCcd CItCc o c ugI8h WotKIug C888. Th
0 maa's mmm Vct ]u8t 8ummc ug I!8 tcgott
o thc CouctcuCc Iu thc8c Wotd8 .
` ut t dIctcut tom thc g8tt oD]cCt8 o
otmct ComDIu8tIou8 u th8t uoW 8Imcd 8t D thc
Cougtc88 o dccg8tc8. cIt tcgott8 8hoW th8t 8u
cutItc Ch8ugc Iu 8oCIcty-8 Ch8ugc 8mouutIug to 8
Comgctc 8uDVct8Iou o thc cXI8tIug otdct o thc Wotd
Coutcmg8tcd D thc WotkIug C888c8. Jhc
88gItc to Dc 8t thc tog Iu8tc8d o thc Dottom o 8oCIct
~t t8thct th8t thctc 8houd Dc uo Dottom ot tog 8t
m.
c ImmcdI8tc tcut o th8 CouctcuCc W88 thc ouud-
ug o c Gaad Aatw Coasohdated Trad Um o]
O 7he orerunners
Great Britaia and !rekad 8t thO DO_uuu_ o I_q.
ho8O WOtO 8ttIIu_ tmO8. hO WholO Couuttj W88
8h8kOu Dj uuumOt8DlO 8ttkO8 8ud loCk-out8, 8ud thO
uumDct o WotkOt8 ot_8uZOd u tt8dO uuou8 t8gdlj
8o8tOd to 00,00. hO ouudu_ o thO L.I.L. 8to8O
tom thO Oott to _8thOt thO 8C8ttOtOd ot_auZ8tou8 uto
ouO _8t OdOt8tIou, WhCh Would _VO _tO8tOt OOCtVO
otCO to thO 8Ctou8 o thO WotkcD. ut Wh8t d8tu-
_u8hOd tD8 8llMCO tom 8ll thO OoIt8 u th8 dtOCtou
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ot gutO tt8dO8 UDouI8m, uot ot Col8Dot8tou o thO
WotkOt8 WIth tDO goltC8l tOotmOt8. hO L.I. L. W88
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8d to thO WotkOt8 u thOt d8lj 8ttu__lO ot thO uOdOd
D6ttOtmOut o thOt Oudtlou, Dut t h8d 8t thO 88mO tmO
8Ot t8O thO _o8l o oVOttDtoWu_ C8gt88t OCouomj 88 8
WhoO 8ud tOgl8CIu_ t WIth thO Co-ogOt8tVO l8Dout o 8
gtoduCOt8, WhCh 8houd uo lou_Ot h8VO u VOW gtoDt8
ot udlVdu8l8, Dut thO 88t88Oou o thO uOOd8 o 8ll.
hO L.I.L. W88, thOu, to DO thO t8mOWotk Wthu WDCh
thO8O 88gt8tlou8 W0uld Dd OXgtC88ou 8ud DO tt8u8-
otmOd uto tO8ltj.
O o@8uZOD W8utOd to ComDuO u thO8O OdOt8tloD8
thO WotkOt8 Iu 8l udu8tt8l 8ud 8_tCultut8l gUt8ut8 8ud
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duCtou. 8Ch udu8tQ Would Cou8tItutO 8 8gOC8l
dV8ou WhCh Would CouCOO t8Ol Wth thO 8gOC8
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8dmu8tt8tVO uDCtoD8. OtOVOt th8 W88 go88DlO
thO WotkOt8 u thO Vou8 bwuChO8 o gtoduCtou WOtO
to gtoCOOd to thO c8t8Dl8hmOut o Co-ogOt8tIVO gl8ut8,
WhCh 8hould 8Oll thOt gtoduCt8 to Cou8umOt8 8t 8Ctu8
Co8t, IuCludIu_ thO OXgOu8O o 8dmIu8tt8tou. 1ulVOt88l
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0} Ojndtcuum l
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8 COmQCtC tCOt_8uZ8tOu O 8OCCty.
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h8 8 8hOWD Q8ttlCu8ty u thtCC O thC 8CVCu QOut8
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dI8ttICt Ot Dt8uCh 8hOud c8t8DI8h Ouc Ot mOtc dcQOt8
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WhICh mc8u8 thc VOtkIug D m8j Dc 8uQQIcd WIth
thc Dc8t COmmOdItIc8 8t lIUlc 8DOVc WhOlc88lc QtICc8.
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o/ Samm
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d0tIV0d tOm th0m. h0 Ou80 O LOmmOn8 WOud In
th0 utut0 b0m0t0y8 House o/ Trades.
h0 L..L. m0t WIth 8n 0Xtt8OtdIn8Q t08QOn80 tOm
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8 It8 0n0tgy tO 0nOtC0 thI8 d0m8nd. lW0n hIm80,
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th0m80V08. hI8 W88 th0It 8Og8n.
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th0undIVId0d8ymQ8thyOth0Otg8nIZ0dLngI8hWOtK0D.
t th0 b0gIBnIng O 1_2, YII8m 0nbOW, On0 O th0
mO8t 8CtIV0 Ch8mQIOu8 O th0 n0W mOV0m0nt, h8d
QubI8h0d 8 Q8mQh0t 0ntIt0d Graad Aauoaal Hohda
aad Coagress o[ the Prodmce Classes, WhICh h8d 8
tt0m0ndOu8 CtCu8tIOn, 8nd Iu WhICh th0 Id08 O th0
g0n0t8l 8tt!K0 8nd It8 ImQOtt8nC0 tO th0 WOtKIng Cl888
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1 Fcrerunners
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tcu88l to WotK mu8t bc thc mc8u8 ot Uct lbct8tou.
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ot thc gcuct8 8ttKc D thc Wholc Couutt b thc c8t8b8h-
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Wth ccmcut8 otCc, Md h8 dc88 8t th8t tmc mct Wth
thc hc8ttct tc8Qou8c tom thc WotKct8.
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8Qtt th8t cm8u8tcd tom t, Dllcd thc cmQoct8 W
8cCtct c8t 8ud blDd h8ttcd o thc ucW CombuatIou.
hc ct th8t th8 uoVcmcut mu8t bc 8lIcd 8t thc Vctj
out8ct bcotc t h8d lImc to 8Qtc8d 8tthct 8ud bud uQ
8ud Cou8odtc t8 u8 gtouQ8. hc cuttc boutgco8
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8ud uu8umou8 QtoC8mc th8t t W88 c8dug thc
Couutt toW8td 8 C8t88UoQhc. hc 8Ctot oWuct8 D
cVct Iudu8tt bc8cgcd Q8tl8mcut Wth Qcttou8 utgug
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Q8ttCul8t 8g8u8t thc Coll8bot8tou o WotKct8 u dctcut
C8tcgotc8 u udu8tt8 d8Qutc8. 8u cmQoct8 8Id
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octcd thcU thc 8tcD8tVc o Wthdt8Wug t0m thct
uuou8 ot bcug thtoWu ou thc 8tDct b 8 oCK-out.
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bu8lou PC, but thc goVcOcut cuCout8gcd thc _udgc8
to dc8l Wth thc cXCc88c8 o thc WotKct8 88 8cVctcl
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o[ Sicalm
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66 7hc Or0runn0r
gutc tt8dc uuiOui8m Cmc OuCc mOtc tO dOm:u8tc thc
hcld lOt yc8t8 iu thc ugli8h l8bOut mOVcmcut.
u t8uCc 8l8O thc 8lliauCcOlbOCi8li8mWith thc l8bOut
mOVcmcut QuiCKly lcd tO 8ttcmQt8 Ou thc Q8tt Ol thc
WOtKct8 tO OVctthtOW thc C8Qiuli8t cCOuOmiC Otdct 8ud
Q8Vc thc W8y lOt 8 ucW 8OCi8l dcVclOQmcut. hc auta-
gOui8m bctWccu thc WOtK:ug Cl888 8ud thc bOutgcOi8ic
th8t h8d _u8t 8CQuitcd m88tcty h8d 8ltc8dy 8hOW iucll
Clc8tly dutiug thc 8tOtm8 Ol thc Ltct bcVOlutiOu.
clOtcthc bcVOlutiOu Uc WOtKcn h8d bccu uuitcd iu thc
8O-C8llcd Lm]gnngct, WhO8c Otigiu C bc tt8Ccd
b8CK tO thc Dccuth Ccututy. hcc Wctc 888OCi8t:Ou8 Ol
_OuOcymcu Ct8lI8mcu WhiCh h8d thcit QcCuli8t Cctc-
mOui8l8 tt8u8mittcd ltOm thc Niddlc gc, WhO8c
mcmbct8 Wctc Qlcdgcd tO mutu8l 888i8t8uCc, 8ud WmCh
bu8icd Ucm8clVc8 With thc COuOO8 Ol thcit C8lliug, but
8l8O tc8Ottcd Ocu tO 8ttiKc8 aud bOyCOtt8 tO QtOtcCt thcit
mmcdi8tc cCOuOm:C iutctc8t8. ith thc 8bOlitiOu Ol
thc guild8 8ud thc dcVclOQmcut Ol mOdcO iudu8tty thcc
bOdic8 gt8du8lly lO8t thcit imQOtt8uCc 8ud g8Vc W8y tO
ucW lOtm8 Ol gtOlct8ti8u Og8uiZ8tiOu.
y thc l8W Ol Jugu8t Zt, tg, 8ll C:tiZcu8 Wctc COu-
Ccdcdthc tightOlltccCOmbiu8tiOuWithiu thc lt8mcWOtK
Ol thc cXi8tiug l8W8, 8ud thc WOtKct8 8V8ilcd thcm8clVc8
Olth:8 tight by Otg8uiZiug thcm8clVc8 iu tmdc uuiOu8 lOt
thc 88lQu8tdiug Ol thcit iutctct8 8g8iu8t thc cmQlOycn.
J lOt Ol lOC8l 8ttiKc mOVcmcut8 cu8ucd, c8QcCi8lly iu thc
buildiug udu8tty, 8ud C8u8cd thc cmQlOyct8 8 gtc8t dcm
Ol WOtty, 88 thc Otg8u:Z8tiOu8 Ol WOtKct8 gtcW COu8t8utly
8ttOugct, COuutiug O,OOO mcmbct8 iu 8ti8 8lOuc.
u 8 mcmOti8l tO thc gOVcOmcut thc cmglOycI8
dcuOuuCcd thc8c COmbiu8tiOu8 OlWOtKct8 8ud dcm8udcd
thc gtOtcCtiOu Ol thc 8t8tc 8giu8t Ui8 ucW Q y
WhiChQtc8umcdtOmtctlctc WiththctghtOl ltccCOutt8Ct
o] Sndumm
Dclwccu cmQOyct 8ud cmQlOycc. c gOVctmmt
tc8QOudcd gt8COu8ly tO th8 dcm8ud 8ud OtD8dc 8l
COmDu8tOu8 Ot thc QutQO8c O ccCtug 8tct8tOn8 u
thc cXI8tug COudUOu8 O l8DOut, 888guug 88 8 tc88Ou
tD8t t COud uOt Qctmt thc cX8tcuCc O 8 8t8tc Wthu thc
8t8tc. dh8 QtOhDtOu COutuucd u OtCc uutIl 1q.
ut hctc 8l8O t W88 c8ty 8hOWu th8t CtCum8t8uCc8 8tc
8ttOugct th8u thc 8W. ]u8t 88 h8d thc ug8h, 8O 88O
thc tcuCh WOtkct8 tc8Otlcd tO 8cCtct 888OC8tOn8, 8nCc
thc l8W dcucd thcm thc tght tO utgc thct dcm8ud8
OQculy.
c 8O-C8lcd Mull, h8tmlO8 mutu8 DcuCt
8OCctc, Otcu 8ctVcd u th8 COuucCtOu 88 8 COVct,
8Qtc8dug thc m8utc O cgMty OVct thc 8cCtct Otg8uZ8-
ttOn8 Ot tc88tCc (t0c0l de resstance). c8c h8d,
t 8 ttuc, Otcu tO cudutc h8t8h Qct8cCutOu 8ud V m8kc
m8uy 88CtDCc8, Dut uO l8W W88 8Dc tO Ctu8h thct
tc88t8uCc. Ludct thc tulc O Ou8 hQQc thc l8W8
8g8m8t thc COmDu8tOu O WOtkct8 Wctc 8ttcugthcucd
8tll utlhct Dut cVcu th8t COuld uOt QtcVcut thc 8tc8dy
gtOWth O thc t0cl d remtance, uOt thc dcVclOQmcut
O 8 lOug 8ctc8 O gtc8t 8ttkc mOVcmcut8 88 8 tc8ut O
thct uudctgtOuud 8CtYtc8. L thc8c thc Dght O thc
Wc8Vct8 u yOu8 u I_ I gtcW utO 8u cVcut O utOQc8u
mQOtuDCc. ttct uccd h8d 8Quttcd thc8c WOtkct8 tO
8 dOQct8tc tc88t8uCc tO thc t8Q8Cty O thc cmQlOyct8,
8ud OWug U thc utctctcuCc O thc mt8 th8 h8d
dcVcOQcd utO Outtght tcVOlt, utO WhCh thc WOtkct8
C8ttcd ct D8uuct u8CtDcd Wth thc 8_DC8ut WOtd8
Vc WOtkug Ot dc Dghlug
f8 c8ty 88 thc O

s 8 lOt O thc8c WOtkct8 888OC8tOu8

h8d DcCOmc 8Cgu8utcd Wth OC8l8t dc88, 8ud 8tct thc
cDtu8ty HcVOlutOu O Iq th8 8Cgu8nt8nCc 8Otdcd
thc D888 Ot thc mOVcmcut O thc tcuCh Hormngm'r
68 7h Foronnert
ttcct0ltcn&, 8 CO-OQct8tVc mOVcmcut Wth 8 tt8dc uuOu
ttcnd, Wh1Ch WOtKcd Ot 8 tc8h8Qug O 8OCcty Dy COu-
8ttuCtVc cDOtt. u h8 hI8tOty O thc mOVcmcut .
ugl8udct Qut8 thc uumDct O thc8c 888OC8tOu8 8t 8DOut
tWO thOu88ud. ut thc ccu] d't0t Ot Ou8 Ou8Q8ttc
Qut 8u 8DtuQt cud tO th8 hOQcDl Dcguuug, 88 tO 8O
m8uy Othct8.
Luly Wth thc Ouudug O thc ntO0ttcn0 crktng-
mcn't ttcct0ltcn W88 thctc 8 tcVV8l O thc dOCttnc8 O 8
mt8ut 8ud COu8tIuCtVc OC8l8m, Dut 8ct th8t thcy
8Qtc8d utcO8tOu8lly. hc utcO8UOu8l, WhCh cXctC8cd
8uCh 8 QOWcOul uucuCc Ou thc utcllcCtu8l dcVclOQmcut
Ol thc DOdy Ol utOQc8u WOtKct8, 8ud WhCh cVcu tO-d8y
ha8 uOt O8t t8 m8gucUC 8ttt8CtOu u thc 8tu COuuttc8,
W Dtought utO Dcug Dy thc COll8DOmtOu O thc ugl8h
8ud tcuCh WOtKct8 u 10q. t W88 thc Dt8t gtc8t 8ttcmQt
tO unItc thc WOtKcH O 8ll COuuttc8 u 8n utcO8tOn8l
88uCc WhCh 8hOuld OQcu thc Q8th Ot thc 8OC8l 8ud
cCOuOmC l Dct8tOu O thc WOtKug Cl888. t W88 tOm
thc Dcguuug d8tugu8hcd tOm 8l thc QOltC8l Otm8 O
Otg8uZ8tOu O DOuQcO8 t8dC8l8m Dy QOutug Out th8t
thc cCOuOmC 8uD8ctVcuCc O Uc WOtKct8 tO Uc OWuct8
O thc t8W matct88 8ud thc tOOl8 O QtOduCtOu W88 thc
8OutCc O thc 8l8VcQ WhCh tcVc8cd t8cl u 8OC8l m8cQ,
utclcCtu8 dcgt8d8tIOu, 8ud QOltC8l OQQtc88Ou. Ot
th8 tc88Ou t QtOCl8mcd u t8 8t8tutc8 thc cCOuOmC
lDctatIOu O thc WOtKug Cl888 88 thc gtc8t QutQO8c tO
WhCh cVctj QOltC8l mOVcmcut mu8t Dc 8uDOtdu8tc.
buCc thc mO8t mQOOt OD]cCt W88 tO uutc thc
dctcut 8CtOu8 O thc 8O8l mOVcmcut u utOQc Ot
th8 QutQO8c, thc Otg8D28tOu8l 8ttuCtutc O thc V88t
WOtKct8 8ll8uCc Wa8 D88cd Ou thc QtuCQlc8 O
cdct8l8m, WhCh gu8t8utccd tO c8Ch Q8ttCu8t 8ChOOl
thc gO5DQ O WOtKug Ot th8 COmmOu gO8l u
o] 8,1:ca! g
aCCOrdanCc WU thctr OWu COnVCtOLs md On thc bass
Ot thc QcCuar COndtttOns tn caCh COuntry. hc ntcr-
natOna dtd nOt stand tOr any dchncd sOCta systcm tt
Was rathcr thc cXQrcssOn Ot a mOVcmcnt WhOsc thcOrcttC
QrtnCtQcs sOW maturcd tn thc QraCttCa struggcs Ot
cVcryday tc and tOOk Ccarcr tOrm at cVcry stagc Ot ts
VgOrOus grOWth. hc hrst nccd VtO brng thc WOrkcrs
Ot thc dUcrcnt COuntrcs COscr tO Onc anOthcr, tO maKc
thcm Dndcrstand that thcr cCOnOmtC and sOCa cnsaVc-
mcnt Was cVcryWhcrc tmCcabc tO thc samc Causcs, and
that COnscqucnty thc maut1cstattOn Ot Ucr sOtdartty
must rcaCh bcyOnd thc aOthCt8l bOundartcs Ot thc statcs,
snCc t ts nOt tcd uQ Wtth thc acgcd tntcrcs!s Ot thc
nattOn, but Wth Uc Ot Ot thctr Cass.
hc QraCtCa cOrts Ot tts scCtOns tO cnd thc tmQOrta-
tOn ot tOrcgn strtKc-brcakc m ttmcs Ot tndustrta
Wartarc, and tO uHtsh matcrta and mOrm assstanCc tO
mtttant WOrKcrs tn cVcry COuntQ by tntcHatOua
COcCttOns, COntrbutcd mOrc tO thc dcvcOQmcnt Ot an
tntcHatOnm COnsCOusnc amOng thc WOrkcrs U thc
OVccst thcOrcs COu!d haVc dOnc. hcy gaVc thc WOrKcrs
a QraCtC cduCatOn m sOCta QhOsOQhy. t WaS a taCt
that attcr cVcry COnstdcrabc strkc thc mcmbcrshtQ Ot
thc ntcHattOna sOarcd mghtty, and tbc COnVtCttOn Ot
ts natum COhcrcno and hOmOgcnctty Was COustaut
strcngthcncd.
hus thc ntcHatOna bcCamc thc grcat sChOO
msIrcss Ot thc bOCtast abOur mOVcmcnt and COmrOntcd
thc CaQttatst WOrd Wth thc WOrd Ot tntcrnattOna kbOur,
WhCh Was bctng cvcr mOrc hrmy Wcdcd tOgcthcr tn Uc
bOnds Ot QrOctaran sOdarty. hc hrst tWO Cngrcsscs
Ot thc ntcHatOua, at LcncVa tn I b, and at ausaunc
tn I b], Wcrc CharaCtcDcd by a sQtHt Ot COmQarattVc
mOdcmttOn. hcy Wcrc thc hrst tcntatVc cOrts Ot a
7he orcrumu:
moVcmcut WhCh W88 ou 8oW DcCom1u_ Cc8t 88 to
It8 t88k, 8ud W88 8ccku_ ot 8 dcDutc cXQtc88Iou. ut thc
_tc8t 8ttkc moVcmcut8 u t8uCc, c_um, bWtZct8ud,
8ud othct CouDttc8 _8Vc thc utcD8tIou8 8 QoWctu
otW8td mQctu8 8ud tcVOutouZcd Uc mud8 C thc
Wotkct8, 8 Ch8u_c to WhCh thc QoWctu tcVV8 dutu_
th8t QctIod o thc dcmoCt8tC Idc88, WhICh h8d 8uHctcd
8 8cVctc 8ctD8Ck 8tct thc Co8Q8c o thc tcVoutou8 o
1oqo-qg, CouttDutcd uot 8 ttc.
hc Cou_tc88 8t tu88c8, Iu 1ooo, W88 MIm8tcd D 8
tOt8 dIHctcut 8QtIt tom th8t o It8 tWo QtcdcCc88ot8.
t W88 ct th8t thc Wotkct8 cVctWhctc Wctc 8W8kcu1u_
to ucW Ic 8nd Wctc bcComu_ Cou8t8utl 8utct o thc
oD_cCt o thct cudc8Vout8. hc Cou_tc88, D 8 8t_c
m8_otIt, dcC8tcd t8c ot thc CocCtIVZIu_ o thc 8ud
8ud othct mc8u8 o QtoduCUou, 8Dd C8cd uQou thc
8cCtIou8 ID thc dHctcut CouuttIc8 U _o cXh8u8tIVc Iuto
thI8 guc8Uou, 8o th8t 8t thc ucXt Cou_tc88 8 Cc8t dcC8ou
Coud bc tc8Chcd. th thI8 thc utcD8tou8 took ou 8u
out8Qokm boC88tC Ch8t8Ctct, WhICh W88 mo8t h8QQ
ComQcmcutcd D thc out8tMdID_ IDctt8tI8D tcudcuC
o thc Wotkct8 ID thc 8tIu CouuttIc8. hc tc8outIou
to QtcQ8tc thc Wotkct8 ot 8 _cuct8 8ttIkc to mcct thc
d8u_ct o 8 c8tcucd W8t, DcC8u8c thc Wctc thc oD
C888 th8t Coud D cuct_ctIC utctVcutou QtcVcut thc
ot_8uIZcd D mutdct, 8l8o tc8tIDcd to thc 8QItIt D
WhCh thc utcO8tou8 W88 QcOc8tcd 8t th8t tImc.
^t thc Cou_tc88 Iu 88c, Iu 1og, thc Idc8tIou8 dcVcoQ-
mcut o thc gc8t Wotkct8 8I8uCc tc8Chcd It8 Zcuth.
hc Cou_tc88 CouCcDcd It8c ou Wth guc8tou8 Wh1Ch
h8d 8u ImmcU8tc CouDcCtIou WIth thc cCouomIC 8ud
8oCI8 QtoDcm8 o thc WotKu_ C888. t t8tIDcd thc
tc8outou8 WhICh thc tu88c8 Cou_tc88 D8d 8doQtcd
CouCcDu_ thc CocCtIVc oWuct8hQ o thc mc8u8 o
oj jndvulm
QtoduCton, !c8Vng thc Quc8ton O thc o@8nZ8ton O
!8bout oQcn. ut thc ntctc8ttng dcb8tc8 8t thc 88c!
COngtc88 8hoW Vcty Q!8n!y th8t thc 8dV8nCcd 8cCtOn8 o
thc 1ntctn8ton8! h8d 8!tc8dy bccn gVng 8ttcntOn to th8
Quc8tton, 8nd h8d, motcOVct, COmc tO Vct C!c8t COn-
Cu8On8 8bOut t. Jh8 W88 tcVc8!cd Q8ttCu8t!y n thc
uttct8nCCs COnCcDng thc mQott8nCc O tt8dc unOn
otg8nZ8tOn8 to thc WotKug C!888. 1n thc tcQott uQon
th8 Quc8tOn WhCh Lug0nc n8 !8d bcOtc thc COngtc88
u thc n8mc o thc c!g8u cdct8tOn thctc W88 Qtc-
8cutcd Ot thc ht8t tmc 8 Who!!y ucW QOnt o VcW,
WhCh h8d 8n unm8t8K8b!c tc8cmb!8nCc tO Cct!8D dc88
o LWcn 8nd thc 1ng!8h !8bout moVcmcnt o thc _O8.
1n otdct to m8Kc 8 CottcCt c8tm8tc o th8 Onc mu8t
tcmcmbct th8t thc V8tou8 8ChoO!8 o 8t8tc-8OC8l8m o
th8t tmc 8ttttbutcd to thc tt8dc unon8 cthct uO mQott-
8nCc 8t 8!! Ot 8t bc8t on!y 8 8ubotdn8tc Onc. Jhc
tcnCh !8nQu8t8 88W n thc tt8dc unOn8 mctc!y 8
tcotm moVcmcnt, Wth Wh:Ch thcy W8hcd to h8Vc nOthng
to do, 88 Uct mmcd8tc 8m W88 8 OC8l8t dCt8tot8hQ.
ctdn8nd 8888!!c dtcCtcd 8!! h8 8CtVtc tOW8td Wc!d-
ng thc WotKct8 nto 8 Qo!tC8! Q8tty d W88 8n out-
8QOKcn oQQoncnt o 8U tt8dc unou cndc8Vout8, n WhCh
hc 88W on!y 8 hndt8nCc to thc Qo!tC8! cVO!uton o thc
WotKng C8. W8tX, 8nd motc c8QcC8l!y h:8 tcnd8
o th8t Qctod n Lctm8ny, tcCognZcd, t 8 ttuc, thc
nCQ o thc tt8dc unon8 ot thc 8ChcVcmcnt o
Cctt8n bcttctmCnt8 Wth:n thc C8Qt8!8t 8oC8! 8y8tcm, but
thcy bc!cVcd th8t thct t0!c Wou!d bc cXh8u8tcd Wth tht8,
8nd th8t thcy Wou!d d88QQc8t 8!Ong WU C8Qt8!8m,
8mCc thc tt8n8tOu to boC8!8m Cou!d bc gudcd only by
8 Qto!ct8t8n dCt8tot8hQ.
t 88c! th8 dc8 uudctWcut ot thc ht8t tmc 8 thotough
CttC! cX8mn8ton. 1u tbc c!g8n tcQott Wh:Ch n8
The Fcrerunners
l8ld DCotC thC CougtC88, thC VCW8 CXQt088Cd ln WlCh
WCtC 8h8tCd Dj thC dC!Cg8tC8 tom CQ8Iu, tC CVI88 )ut8,
8nd 8 Cou8ldCt8DlC Q8tl o thC tCuCD 8CCtIou8, lt W3
ClC8tlj 8Ct otlh th8t thC tt8dC uulou otg8ulZ8tIon8 o thC
WotKCt8 uot oulj h8d 8 tght to CX8tCuCC VtIn thC QtC8Cnt
8oClC], Dut thCj WCtC CVCu motC to DC tC_8tdCd 8s tC
8oCl8l CCl8 o 8 Comlug CoCl8l8t otdCt, 8ud lt W88, thCtC-
otC, thC t88K o thC utCtu8tlou8 to CduC8tC thCm ot
tht8 8COlCC. u 8CCotd8nCC Wlth thl8 tC Con_tC88
8doQtCd thC ooWlug tC8olutlon !
hC LougtC88 dCC8tC8 th8t 8 WotKCt8 8!Oud
8ttlVC to C8t8Dll8h 8880l8tlou8 ot tC88t8uCC ln thCIt
V8tlou8 tt8dC8. ^8 8oon 8 tt8dC uulou I8 loDCd thC
uulou8 lu 1hC 88mC tt8dC 8tC to DC uotlDCd S th8t thC
otm8tlou o u8tou8l 8lll8uCC8 lu thC ludu8ttC8 m8j DC
DCgUu. hC8C 8lll8nCC8 8h8ll DC Ch8tgCd VIth thC
dutj o CollCOlug 8ll m8tC8l tCl8tlug to thClt lndu8tQ,
o 8dV8lug 8Dout mC88utC8 to DC CXCCutCd lu Common,
8ud o 8CClug th8t thCj 8tC C8ttlCd out, to thC Cud,
tD8t thC QtOCut W8gC 8j8tCm m8j DC tCQl8CCd Dj thC
CdCt8tlou o tCC QtoduCCt8. hC LougtC88 dltCCt8
thC LCnCt8l LouuCll to QtoVdC ot thC 8l8nCC o thC
tt8dC unlou8 o 8l CounttC8.
u hl8 8tgumCnt ot thC tC8outlou QtoQo8Cd Dj thC
CommttCC lu8 CXQl8luCd th8t Dj th8 douDlC otm o
oQ8nlZ8tloD o loC8l WotKCD 888oCl8tlou8 8ud gCuCt8
8ll8uCC8 ot C8Ch tudu8ttj ou thC ouC h8ud thC QolltlC8
8mul8t8tlou o thC CommtttCC8, 8ud ou thC othCt, thC
gCuCwl tCQtC8Cut8tou o l8Dout, tCglou8l, u8tlou8l 8ud
lutCD8tou8l, Wlll DC QtoVldCd ot. 1hc c0unct 0j lhc
lr0dc mdtndu:lrt0 0rg0nm0lt0n: ut l0kc lhc ]0cc 0j lhc
_rc:cnlg00OmOl, 0nd lhu rQrc:Ol0lmn 0j000urU d0
0u0j, mcc 0nd j0rc0O, utlh lhc g00Omcnl: 0j lhc
]0:l.
a] Sn:cohm
7J
h8 ncW 8nd tutu dc8 grcW Out O thc rcCOgntOn
th8t cVcry ncW cCOnOmC Orm mu8t bc 8CCOmQ8ncd by
8 ncW QOtC8 Orm O Ihc 8OC8 Otg8n8m 8ud COud Ony
8tt8In Qt8CtC8 cXQrc88On n th8. hctcOrc, bOC88m
88O h8d tO 8Vc 8 8QcC8 QOtC8 Otm O cXQrc88On,
Wt!n WhCh t m8y bcCOmc 8 Vng thng, 8nd thcy
thOu_ht thcy h8d Ound th8 Orm n u :lmt 0j lub0ur
c0ucl:. hc WOrKcr8 n thc L8tn COuntrc8, n WhCh
Ihc ntcD8tOn8 Ound t8 QrnCQ8 8uQQOH, dcVcOQcd
thcr mOvcmcnt On thc b888 O cCOnODC hghtng
Org8nz8tOn8 8nd bOC88t QrOQ8g8nd8 grOuQ8, 8nd
WOrKcd n thc 8QIt O thc 88c rc8OutOn8.
P8 thcy rcCOgnZcd n thc 8t8tc thc QOtC8 8gcnt md
dccndct O thc QO88c88ng C888c8, thcy dd nOt 8UVc 8t
8 Or thc COnQuc8t O QOtC8 QOWcr, but Or thc OVcr-
thrOW O thc 8t8tc 8nd O cVcQ Orm O QOtC8 QOWcr,
n WhCh Wth 8urc n8!nCt thcy 88W thc rcQu8tc Qrc-
mn8ty COndtOn Or 8 !yt8nny 8nd 8 cXQOt8tIOn.
hcy dId, thcrcOrc, nOt ChOO8c tO mt8tc thc bOurgcO8
C888c8 8nd 8ct uQ 8 QOtC8 Q8rty, thu8 QrcQ8tng thc
W8y Or 8 ncW C888 O QrOc88On8 QO!:Cm8, WhO8c
gO8 W88 thc COnQuc8t O thc gOVcDng QOWcr. hcy
undcr8tOOd th8t, 8Ong WU thc mOnOQOy O QrOQcrt
thc mOnOQOy O QOVr mu8t m8O bc dc8ttOycd, t
COmQctc rc8h8QIng O 8o8l lc W88 tO b 8ChcVcd.
rOCccdng rOm thcr rcCOgntOn th8t thc Ord8hQ O
m8n OVcr D h8d h8d t8 d8y, thcy 8Ought tO 8ml8DZc
thcm8cVc8 Wth thc 8dmn8tt8tOn O thng8. bO tO
thc 8t8tc QOtC8 O thc Q8ttc8 thQ OQQO8cd thc cCOnOmC
QOCy O thc WOrKcr8. hcy undct8tOOd th8t thc rc-
Org8nZ8tOn O 8OCcQ On 8 bOC88t Q8ttcD mu8t bc
C8rrcd Out n thc V8rOu8 brmChc8 O ndu8try 8nd D thc
dcQ8ttmcnt8 O 8gr8D8n QrouCtOn , O th8 uDdcr-
8Udmg V bOD thc dc8 O 8 8y8tcm O l8bOut COuDO8.

7he Forerunners
t W th8 88mc dc8 WhCh u8gtcd l8t_c 8cCou8 o
thc u888u Wotkct8 8ud gc888ut8 8t tDc outDtc8k o thc
tcVolutou, cVcu u thc dc8 h8d ucVct Dccu thought out
8o Clc8tl 8ud 88tcm8lC8ll u u888 88 u thc 8cCtou8
o thc t8t utcD8tou8l. udct t88t8m thc bU888u
Wotkct8 l8Ckcd thc tcQu8tc utcllcCtu8l gtcg8t8tou ot
th8. ut Dol8hcV8m gut 8u 8Dtugt cud to th8 Dtul
dc. ot thc dc8gol8m o dCt8tot8hg 8t8ud8 n
ttccouCl8Dlc Coutt8dCtou to thc cou8ttuCtVc dc8 o
thc CouuCl 88tcm, th8t 8, to 8 boC8l8t tcCou8tDCtou ot
80ct D thc gtoduCct8 thcm8clVc8. Dc 8ttcmgt tO
ComDuc thc tWo D otCc Could ou lc8d to th8t 8oullc88
Dutc8uCt8C WhCh h88 Dccu 8o d888ttou8 ot thc bu888u
cVolutou. hc CouuCl 88tcm Dtook8 uo dCt8tot8hg,
88 t gtoCccd8 tom tot8ll dctcut 888umgtou8. u t
8 cmDodcd thc Wll tom DcloW, thc Ctc8tVc cuctg o
thc tolug m888c8. u dCt8tot8hg, DoWcVct, lVc8 oul
D8ttcu Comgul8ou tom 8DoVc, WhCD Wll 8uct uo
Ctc8tVc 8CtVt 8ud gtoCl8m8 Dlud 8uDm88ou 88 thc
hghc8t l8W ot 8ll. Dc tWo C8uuot cX8t togcthct.
u u888 dCt8tot8hg gtoVcd Ctotou8. cuCc tDctc
8tc uo motc 8oVctS thctc. ll th8t 8 lct o thcm 8
thc u8mc 8ud 8 _tuc8omc C8tCtutc o t8 otgu8l
mc8uu_.
hc couuCl 88tcm ot l8Dout cmDt8Cc8 8 l8tgc g8tt
o thc cCouomC otm8 cmglocd D 8 Cou8ttuCtVc
boC8l8m WhCh o t8 oWu 8CCotd ogct8tc8 8ud gtoduCc8
to mcct 8ll u8tut8l tcgutcmcutS. t W88 tDc dtcCt
tc8ult o 8 DUl dcVclogmcut o dc88 gtoWu_ out o
thc boC8l8t l8Dout moVcmcut. h8 g8ttCul8t dc8
to8c tom thc coU to gtoVdc 8 CouCtctc D888 ot thc
tc8lz8tou o boc8l8m. h8 D888 W88 8ccu to lc u
thc Cou8ttuCtIVc cmglomcut o cVct cCcut hum8u
Dcu_. ut dCt8tot8hg 8 8u uhctt8uCc tom Dout-
o] a/uo
7J
_col8 8oCIctj, thc tt8dltlou8l gtcCIgIt8tc o tcuCh
]8CoDtu8m, WhtCh W dt8__cd luto thc gtolct8tl8u
moVcmcut D Uc 8o-C8llcd 8DouVl8t8 8ud 8tct t8kcu
oVct D W8IX 8ud Dt8 OloWct8. Dc ldc8 o thc CouuCll
88tcm l8 lDtlm8tc lutct_toWu Wlth oCl8l8m 8ud l8
uutDlD8bc WlthOUt lt , dlCt8tot8h1g, DoWcVct, h88
uoUlu_ Wh8tcVct lu Commou Wlth oCl8l8m, 8ud 8t Dc8t
C ou lc8d to thc mo8t D8ttcu o 8t8tc C8glt8ll8m.
tCt8tot8hlg l8 8 dchultc otm o 8t8tc goWct , thc
8t8tc lu 8t8tc o 8lc_c. lkc 8ll othct 8dVoC8tc8 o thc
8t8tc ldc8, 8o 8l8o thc 8dVoC8tc8 o dCt8tot8h1g gtoCccd
tom Uc 888umgtlou th8t 8u 8lc_cd 8dV8uCc 8ud cVct
tcmgot8l ucCc88tt mu8t Dc otCcd ugou Uc gcogc tom
8DoVc. hl8 8umgtlou 8louc m8kc8 dlCt8tot8h1g thc
_tc8tc8t oD8t8Cc to 8u 8oCl8l tcVolutou, thc gtogct
clcmcut o WhlCh l8 thc tcc lultl8tlVc 8ud Cou8tDCtlVc
8CtlVlt o thc gcogc. lCt8tot8h1g l8 Uc uc_8tlou o
ot_8ulC dcVcogmcut, o u8tut8l Dulldlu_ tom DcloW
ugW8td8, lt l8 thc gtoCl8m8tlou o thc W8td8h1g o thc
totllu_ gcOgc, 8 _U8tdl8u8hlg oICcd ugOu thc m8c8
D 8 tlu mlDotlt. ven g itt tupportot are ammated q
the U bett intentiont, thc ltou lo_lC o thc 8Ct8 Wll
8lW88 dtlVc thcm tDto thc C8mg o cXtIcmc8t dc8gotl8m.
bu88l8 h88 _lVcu u8 thc mo8t u8ttuCtlVc cX8mgc o thl8.
Dd thc gtctcuCc th8t Uc 8o-C8llcd dtatorthip o] tm
prohtariat 8 8omcthu_ dctcut, DcC8u8c Wc h8Vc hctc
to do Wlth Uc dlCt8tot8hg o 8 Cl888, uot thc dlCt8tot8hlg
o ludlVldu8l8, dcCclVc8 Do cc8t CtltlC , lt l8 oul 8
8ogh18tlC8tcd ttlCk to ool 8lmglctou8. bUCh 8 thlu_ 88
thc dlCt8tot8hlg o 8 Cl8 l8 uttct uuthluk8Dlc, 8luCc
thctc Wlll 8lW8j8 Dc luVolVcd mctcl_ thc dlCt8tot8h1g o 8
g8ttCul8t g8tI WhlCh t8kc8 lt ugou lt8cl to 8gc8k
in the name o]a clt, _u8t Uc Dout_col8lc _u8tlDcd 8u
dc8gotlC gtoCccdlu_ in the name o]the people.
7he Ioroo~rs
Thc idca of a counci| systcm for |abour was thc pmctica|
ovcrthrow of thc statc idca as a who|c , it stands, thcrcforc,
in fram antagonism to any form of dictatorship, which
must a|ways havc in Vc thc highcst dcvc|opmcnt of thc
powcr of thc statc. Tc pionccrs of this idca in thc
First ntcmationa| rccogmzcd that cconomic cquality
wthout po|iticm and soia| |ibcrq is unthinkablc , for
this rcason th wcrc 5m|y convinccd that thc |iquidation
of a|| insututions of po|iuca| powcr must bc thc 5rst
task m uc socia| rcvo|ution, so as to makc any ncw form
of xp|oitation imposib|c. Thcy bc|icvcd that thc
workcrs' Intcmationa| was dcstincd gradua||y to gathcr
a|| cdcctivc workcn into its tank, d at thc propcr umc
to ovctumw thc cconomic dcspotism of thc poscssing
c|asscs, and a|ong wth this a|| thc po|itica| cocrcivc
nstitutions of thc cpitahst statc, and to rcp|acc thcsc by
a ncw ordcr of thig. This conviction W hc|d by
a|| |ibcrtarian scctions of thc Intcmatonal. Bunin
cxprcsscd it m thc fo||owing words .
" 5incc thc oqtion of thc Intcmauona| m as
its goa|, not thc scttng up of ncw statcs or dcspots,
but thc radca| dcsuucuon of cvcry scparatc sovcrcignty,
i t must havc an csscntia||y didcrcnt charactcr from thc
oganization of thc statc. To ust thc dcgrcc that thc
|attcr is authoriu, ciaI, and vio|cnt, a|icn and
hostiIc to uc natura| dcvc|opmcnt of thc intcrcsts and
thc instincts of thc pcop|c, to that samc dcgrcc must
thc organization of thc Intcmationa| bc rcc, natura|,
and in cvcry rcspcct n accord with thosc intcrcsts and
nstincts. But what is thc natura| organization of thc
masscs ? It is onc bascd on thc didcrcnt occupations
of thcir actua| dai|y |ifc, on thcir various kinds of work,
orgation according to thcir occupations, tradc
orgtions. Whcn a|| industrics, inc|uding thc
vanous btanchcs of agricu|turc, arc rcprcscntcd n thc
o] Sicali

ntctn8UOn8, lt8 Otg8nlZ8tlOn, thc Otg8nlZ8tlOn O thc

m888c8 O thc QcOQc, Wll Dc Hnl8hcd.
tOm thl8 lnc O thOught 8tO8c lIKcWl8c thc ldc8 O
OQQO8lng tO thc DOutgcOl8 Q8tll8mcnt8 8 Lhumbcr o]
ubour, WhlCh QtOCccdcd tOm thc t8uK8 O thc cgl8n
ntcD8tlOn8l8t8. hc8c 8DOut Ch8mDct8 Wctc tO tcQtc-
8cnt thc Otg8nlZcd 8DOut O cVctj tt8dc 8nd lndu8ttj,
8nd Wctc tO COnCcD thcm8clVc8 WIth 8 guc8tlOn8 O
8OCl8l cCOnOmj 8nd cCOnOmlC Og8nlZ8tlOn On 8 bOCl8ll8t
D88l8, ln Otdct tO QtcQ8tc Qt8CtlC8lj Ot thc t8Klng OVct
Dj thc Otg8nlZcd WOtKct8 O thc mc8n8 O QtOduCtlOu,
8nd ln thl8 8Qltlt tO QtOVldc Ot thc IntccCtu8l tt8lnlng
O thc QtOduCct8. n 8ddltlOn thc8c DOdlc8 Wctc tO Q888
]udgmcnt tOm thc WOtKct8 QOlnt O VlcW On 8 Quc8tIOn8
DtOught uQ ln thc DOutgcOl8 Q8tll8mcDt8 WhlCh Wctc O
lntctc8t tO thc WOtKct8, 8O 88 tO COntt88t thc QOllClc8 O
DOutgcOl8 8OClctj Wlth thc VlcW8 O thc WOtKct8. W8
ctt8u h88 glVcn tO thc QuDllC n hl8 DOOK, cr 7nmchu-
mu: Uon roudhon Zu ro]olkn, 8 hlthcttO unKDOWu
Q8888gc tOm Onc O 8Kunln8 m8nu8CtlQt8 th8t l8 hIghj
IndlC8tlVc O 8Kunln8 VlcW8 On thl8 guc8tlOn !
. . . P1l thl8 Qt8CtlC8l 8nd Vlt8 8tudj O 8Cl8l
8ClcnCc Dj thc WOtKct8 thcm8cVc8 ln thclt tt8dc
8cCtlOn8 8nd ln thc8c Ch8mDct8 Wl, 8nd 8tc8dj h88,
cugcudctcd ln thcm thc un8nlmOu8, Wc-COn8ldctcd,
thcOtctlC8lj 8nd Qt8CtlC8j dcmOn8tt8Dc COnVlCtlOn
th8t thc uu:, jnu, com]ulc tbcrulon o] lhc uorkcrt
: ]o::bu onj u]on onc condlon, lhul o] lhc u]]ro]ru-
lton o] cu]tlu, lhul :, o] ruu mulcru und u lhc loou
o] ubmtr ncudtng und, bj lhc uhoc bodj o] uorkO:.
. . hc Otg8nl78tlOn O thc tt8dc 8cCtIOn8, thclt
cdct8tlOn ln thc 1ntctn8tlOn8, 8nd thclt tcQtc8cnt8tlOn
Dj thc Lh8mDct8 O L8DOut, nOt Onj Ctc8tc 8 gtc8t
8C8dcDj, m WhlCh thc WUtKct8 O thc )ntcD8tlOn8l,
7m Forennert
COmDuug thCOtj 8ud Qt8CtCC, C8u 8ud mu8t 8tudj
CCOuOmC 8CCuCC, thCj 88O DC8t u thCm8CVc thC
Vug gCtm8 O theC sccmord, WDCh 8 tO tC8CC
thC DOutgCO8 WOtd. hCj 8tC CtC8Uug uOt Ouj thC
dC88 Dut 88O thC 8Ct8 O thC ututC t8C. . . .
hC8c dC88 wCtC 8t th8t tmC gCuCt8j d88CUU8tCd
u thC 8CCtOu8 O thC 1utCtu8UOu8 u Cgum, tOlaud,
thC CW88 ]ut8, t8UCC 8ud CQ8u, 8ud g8VC tO thC
COC88m O thC gtC8t WOtKCt8 8l8uCC 8 QCCu8t
Ch8t8CtCt, WhCh Wth thC dCVCOQmCut O QOtC8 l8DOut
Q8ttC8 u utOQC W88 Ot 8 COu8dCt8DC tmC 8mO8t
COmQlCtClj OtgOttCu, 8ud Ouj u CQ8u uCVCt CXh8u8tCd
t8 QOWCt tO VU CouVctt8, 88 tCCCut CVCut8 u th8t COuuttj
h8VC 8O ClC8tj 8hOWu. hCj Ouud 8CtVC 8dVOC8tc8 u
mCu KC ]8mC8 Lu8umC, ^dhcm8t CChWtZgucDC,
ugCuC N8tu, LOu8 udj, Lc88t C 8CQC, ugCuC
tu8, tCCtOt Cu8, Lu8umC C LtCC, NCtOt ^tuOud,
b. 8tg8 CCCt, L. CCutuOu, ^u8CmO LOtCuZO, tO
mCutOu hCtC Ouj thC Dct-KuOWu u8mc8, 8 mCu O
CXCCCut tCQut8tOu u thC 1utCO8tOu8. hC 8Ct 8
tDt thC WhOC utCCCtu8 dCVCOQmCut O thC 1UtCt-
u8UOu8 8 tO DC 88CtDCd tO thC cuthu888m O tDC8C
DCtt8tI8u CCmCut8 u t, 8ud tCCCVCd uO 8tmuu8 rOm
CthCt thC 8t8tC COC88t 8CtOu8 u LCtm8uj 8ud
CWtZCt8Ud Ot QutC t8dC8 1uOu8m u ug8ud.
CO Oug 88 thC 1utCO8tOu8 Qut8uCd thC8C gCuCt8
uC8, 8ud Ot thC tC8t tC8QCCtCd thC tght O dCCI8Ou O
tC 8CQ8t8tC CdCt8UOu8, 88 W88 QtOVdCd u t8 8t8tutC8,
t CXCtC8Cd 8u ttC88tDC uuCuCC OVCt thC Otg8uZCd
WOtKCt8. ut th8t Ch8ugCd 8t OuCC WhCu W8tX 8ud
ugC8 DCgau tO u8C thCt QO8tOu u thC LOudOu LCuCt8l
LOuuC tO COmmt thC 8CQ8t8tC u8tOu8l CdCt8tOu8 tO
Q8t8mCut8ty 8CtOu. h8 OCCuttCd t8t 8t thC uu-
h8QQj LOudOu LOuCtCuCC O )1. h8 DCh8VOut
o] 8ua/u
7V
W8 u 8h8tQ VOl8tOu uOt Oulj O thc 8Qttt Dut al8O O
thc 8t8tutc8 O thc ulctu8tOu8l. t COuld Dut cuCOuulct
thc uutcd tc88t8uCc O 8l! thc lDcIt8t8u clcmcut8 u
thc utcD8tOu8l, thc mOtc 8O 88 thc Quc8tOu h8d ucVct
QtcVOu8lj Dccu DtOu_ht DcOtc 8 COu_tc88 Ot COu-
8dct8tOu.
bhOttlj 8tct thc OudOu LOuctcuCc thc ]ut8 cdct8-
tOu QuDl8hcd thc h8tOtC CItCul8t O bOuVct, WhCh
QtOtc8tcd u dMctmIucd 8ud uucQuVOC8l WOtd8 8_8Iu8t
thc 8ttO_8ut Qtc8umQtOu O thc OudOu Lcuct8l LOuuCIl.
ut thc COu_tc88 8t hc 8_uc u 1o2, u WhCh 8
m8jODQ h8d Dccu 8ttC8llj Ctc8tcd Dj thc cmQlOjmcut
O thc dIttIct 8ud mO8t tcQtchcu8Dlc ucthOd8, CtOWucd
thc WOtK Dc_uu Dj thc OudOu LOuctcuCc O tt8u8-
OtmIu_ thc utctu8tOu8l tutO 8u clcCtOt8l m8Chuc.
u Otdct tO ODVI8tc 8uj m8uudct8t8udtu_ thc l8uQu8t,
dOu8td N8Ill8ut, u h8 8t_umcut Ot thc tc8OlutOu
QtOQO8cd Dj Uc Lcuct8l LOuuCl 8dVOC8tu_ thc COuQuc8t
O QOltC8l QOWct Dj thc WOtKu_ Cl888, cXQl8Iucd th8t
88 8OOu 88 th8 tc8OlutOu h88 Dccu 8dOQtcd Dj thc
LOu_tc88 8ud 8O uCOtQOt8tcd u thc Dlc O thc utct-
u8UOu8l, t Wll Dc thc duQ O cVctj mcmDct tO OllOW
t uudct Qcu8ltj O cXQul8Ou. j U8 WM 8ud h8
OllOWct8 dItcCtlj QtOVOKcd thc OQcu 8Qlt Iu thc utct-
u8tOu8l Wth 8ll t8 d888ttOu8 COu8cQucuCc8 Ot thc
dcVclOQmcut O thc l8DOut uOVcmcut, 8ud u8u_ut8tcd
thc QctOd O Q8tl8mcut8Q QOltC8 WhCh O u8tut8l
ucCc88tj lcd tO U8t utcllcCu8l 8t8_u8tOu 8ud mO
dc_cuct8tOu P thc bOC8l8t mOVcmcut WhCh Wc C8u
OD8ctVc tO-d8j m uO8t COuuttc8.
bOOu mtct thc 8_uc LOu_tc8 thc dclc_8tc8 O thc
mO8t mQOtt8ut 8ud cuct_ctC cdct8tIOu8 O thc utct-
u8tIOu8l mct u thc 8ut-8uthOtt8t8u COu_tc8 u bt.
mmct, WhICh dcCl8tcd 8ll thc tc8OlutOu8 8dOQtcd 8t
8c 7h Forerunners
hc 8guc uul Md VOd. tOm thcu Ou d8tc8 thc 8Q!
u thc bOC8l8t C8mQ DctWccu thc 8dVOC8tc8 O dtcCt
tcVOluttOu8tj 8CtIOu 8ud thc 8QOXc8mcu Ot Q8t8mcut8tj
QOltO, WhtCh Wth thc l8Q8c O tmc h88 gtOWu COu-
8t8utlj Wdct 8ud mOtc uuDtdg8Dlc. W8tX 8ud 8Kuuu
Wctc mctcj thc mO8t QtOmucut tcQtc8cut8tVc8 O thc
OQQO8cd 8CtOu8 u U 8ttugglc DctWccu tWO dctcut
COuCcQtOu8 O Uc uud8mcut8 QtuCQc8 O bOC88m.
ut t WOuld Dc 8 Dg u8t8Xc tO ttj tO cXQl8u th8 8ttuggc
88 mctcj 8 COuCt DctWcu tWO Qct8Ou8ltc8 t W88
thc 8ut8gOu8m DctWccu tWO 8c!8 u dc88 WhtCh g8Vc tO
thI8 8ttugglc !8 tc8l mQOtt8uCc, 8ud 8ttll gVc8 t tO-d8j.
h8t W8O 8ud ugcl8 g8Vc 8uCh 8 8Qtcul 8ud Qct8Ou8l
Ch8t8Ctct tO thc d88cu8Ou W88 8 dt888tct. hc utct-
u8tOu8l h8d tOOm Ot cVctj 8CtOu, 8ud 8 COutuuOu8
d8Cu88Ou O thc dctcut VcW8 COuld Oulj h8Vc
COutDDutcd tO thct Cl8thCttOu. ut thc cOtt tO m8Kc
8ll 8ChOOl8 O thOught 8uD8ctVcut tO ODc Q8ttCu8t 8ChOOl,
Ouc WhCh, mOtcOVct, tcQtc8cutcd Oulj 8 8m8ll mIuOttj
u thc utcD8tIOu8, COuld Dut lc8d tO 8 CcV8gc 8ud tO
thc dcCluc O thc gtc8t 8ll8uCc O WOtXct8, COud Dut
dc8ttOj thO8c QtOm8ug gctm8 WhtCh Wctc O 8uCh gtc8t
mQOD8DCc tO thc l8DOut mOVcmcut m cVctj l8ud.
hc tMCO-tu888u Y8t, Dj WhtCh thc OC8l QOut
O thc bOC8l8t mOVcmcut W88 tt8u8cttcd tO Lctm8uj,
WDO8c WOtXw h8d ucthct tcVOuttOu8tj tt8dtOu8 uOt
th8t tICh cXQctcuCc QO88c88cd Dj COC8l8t8 u thc
COuutDc8 tO thc Wc8t, COttDutcd gtc8tj tO th8 dcCtuc.
Dc dcc8t O thc 8t8 LOmmuuc 8ud thc uCQcut
tc8CtOu u t8uCc, WhtCh Iu 8 cW jc8t8 8Qtc8d OVct bQ8tu
8ud t8lj 88 Wcl, Qu8hcd thc tutu dc8 O 8 COuuC
8j8tcm Ot l8DOut 8t IutO thc D8CKgtOuud. hc 8cCtOu8
O thc utcD8tOu8 u thO8c COuuttc8 Wctc Ot 8 Oug
tmc 8Dlc tO C8tQ Ou Ouj 8u uudctgtOuud cX8tcuCc 8ud
a] 8:ca/m I
Wctc oDgcd !o ConCcn!t8tc 8 thct 8!tcng!D on tcQcng
Uc tc8C!on. Lnj W!D !Dc 8W8Kcnng ol tcVou!on8tj
bjndC8l8m n t8nCc Wctc !hc Ctc8!Vc dc88 oI !hc
t8! n!cD8!on8 tc8Cucd ltom ODVOn OnCc motc !O
VI!8Zc thc boC88! 8DOut moVcmcn!.
d
L L]LLNb L1 PPLL-b3LPLb
n0rch0-O_nJtc0h:m 0rr:u: ]0hltc0 O0ct0t:m ,' 0tlu0
]0rltr: 0nJ 000ur unt0n: JrJrr0:m 0O:w Lrnlr0t:m ,
Orrm0n_ 0nJ O]0m hr 0g0nt0ln 0] n0rch0-
O_nJv0mm hr tm]0lrncr 0] ]0hlu0 ]mltr: ]0r :0ct0
rrc0n:lmcln hr L.^. . tn O]0tn . tl: 0m 0nJ
mrlh0d L0n:lruclt0r 0rk 0] lhr 000ur nJu0lr: mJ
]r0:0nl c0ucltur: tn O]0tn n0rch0-O_ndtc0:m 0nJ
n0lt0n0 ]0tlu: 00rm: 0] 0m ltmr.
L Pn8tChu-bndtC8lt8m 8 8 0tcCt Cunttnu8ttun
u thu8c 8uCt8l 88Qt8ttun8 WhtCh tuuK 8h8Qc n thc bu8um
u thc tDt ntcO8tun8l 8nd WhCh Wctc bc8t undct-
8tuud 8nd mu8t 8ttun_lj hcld bj thc ltbctt8t8n WDg u
thc gtc8t WutKct8 8ll8nCc. l8 Qtc8cnt d8] tcQtc8cnt8-
tVc8 8tc thc cdct8tun8 n thc dtUctcnt Cuunttc8 u thc
tcVVcd nlO0lt0n0 0mmrn: ::0ct0lt0n u tgzz,
thc mu8t mQutt8nt u WhCh 8 Uc QuWctul cdct8ttun
u 8buut [L0n]rdO0ct0n ^0ln0 Jr r000y0j n bQ8tn.
t8 thcutcttC8l 888umQtun8 8 b88cd un thc tc8Chng8 u
bcN ut PD8tCht8t buC8l8m, Whlc t8 utm u
ut_M8tun 8 l8t_clj buttuWcd tum tcVulutun8tj
b]n0C8l8m, WhCh n thc jc8t8 m tgO tu tgtO
cXgctcnCcd 8 m8tkcd uQ8Wng, g8tttCul8tlj n mnCc.
t 8t8nd8 n dtcCt uQQu8tun tu thc QulttC8l buC8l8m
u uut d8], tcQtc8cntcd b] thc Q8tl8mcnWtj l8buut
g8ttc8 n thc 0ctcnt Cuunttc8. mc m thc tmc u
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t8C!IC8 ot boCt8I8m 8nd thc 8Uout moVcmCnt 8tct motc
tD8n 8IX!j jc8t8 8C!tVI!j tn 8 Countttc8.
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not Utought thc l8Dout moVcmcnt 8 h8tt8-Utc8dth nc8tct
to boCt8I8m, Uut, th8nK8 to tht8 mcthod, boCt8lt8m h88
8mot Uccn ComQctcj Ctu8hcd 8nd Condcmcd to
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thc QoQc, dIc8 o Dm, h88 hcld ttuc ln U8 Contcnt 88o
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thc n8mc. boC8t8m 8tc8dllj lo8t ttS Ch8DCtct o 8
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thclt Q8tQ untl 8t l88t thcj Dc8mc un8Dlc to d8t1ngul8h
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t WOuld bc 8 mi8t8Kc tO hud iuthi8 8tt8ugc 8bOut-l8Cc
8u iutcutiOu8 bctt8y8l by thc lc8dct8, 88 h88 8O Oltcu
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gt8du8l 888imil8tiOu tO thc mOdc8 Ol thOught OlC8Qit8i8t
8OCicQ, WhiCh i8 8 COuditiOu Ol thc Qt8CtiC8l 8CtiVity Ol
thc l8bOut Q8ttic8 Ol tO-d8y, 8ud WhiCh ucCc888tily
8hcu tDc iutclcCtu8l 8ttitudc Ol thcit QOlitiC8l c8dct8.
hO8c Vcty Q8ttic8 WhiCh h8d OuCc 8ct Out tO COuQuct
QOlitiC8l QOWctuudctthc h8g Ol bOCi8i8m88Wthcm8cVc8
COmQcllcdbythc itOu liC OlCOuditiOu8 tO 88CtihCc thcit
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lutcd 8 lOt Ol bOutgcOi8 mud8 8ud C8tcct-huugry
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8uCCc88c8 8t thc QOl8, md uO lOugct 8tttibutcd 8uy
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8t, 8 tcVOlutiOu8Q 8itu8tiOu 8tO8c iu muy Ol thc
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Anarch-Sndical b
5
thc gOWct thcj h8d 8ttVcu Ot 8O lOu_ 8ud gOutcd tO 88
thc Dt8t gtc-tcQu8tc Ot thc tc8 Z8tOu O bOC8l8m.
u Hu88I8 thc 8cZutc O gOWct Dj thc lct Wlu_ O 8t8tc
bOC88m u thc Otm O O8hcV8m g8Vcd thc W8j, uOt
Ot 8 bOC88t 8OCctj, Dut Ot thc mO8t gtmtVc Qgc
O Dutc8uCt8tC 8t8tc C8gt88m 8ud 8 tcVct8Ou tO thc
gOtIC8 8D8Out8m WhCh W88 lOu_ 8_O 8DOl8hcd u
mO8t COuuttc8 Dj DOut_cO8 tcVOutOu8. u Lctm8Dj,
hOWcVct, Whctc thc mOdct8tc Wm_ u thc Otm O bOC8l
cmOCt8Cj 8l!8ucd tO gOWct, bOC8l8m, u t8 lOu_ jc8t8
O 8D8OtgtOu u tOutuc g8tl8mcut8tj t88k8, h8d DcCOmc
8O DO__cd dOWu th8t t W88 uO lOu_ct C8g8Dc O 8Dj
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th8t ` thc h8tOtj O utOgc8u gcOglc8 h88 uOt gtcVOu8lj
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dc88 8ud 8O Wc8K u tcVOlutOuM cuct_y.' '
ut th8t W88 uOt 8 ! uOt Oulj W88 gOltC8l b0C8l8m
u uO gO8tOu tO uudctt8kc auj #ud O COu8ttuCtIVc
cOtt u thc dtcCtOu O bOC88m, t dd uOt cVcu gO88=8
thc mOt8l 8ttcu_th tO hOld Ou tO thc 8ChcVcmcut8 O
DOut_cO8 cmOCt8Cj 8ud Dct8l8m, 8ud 8uttcudcd
thc COuutQ WthOut tc88t8uCc tO 88C8m, WhlCD 8mNhcd
thc cuttc l8DOut mOVcmcut tO Dt8 Wth 0uc Dl0W. t
h8d DcCOmc 8O dccglj mmccd u thc DOut_c08 8t8tc
U8t t h8d lO8t 8 8cu8c O COu8ttuCtVc b0C8l8t aCU0u
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8_8u8t thc COuCcg!8 8ud mcthOd8 O gOltC8l b0C8l8m,
8 tc8CtIOu WhCh cVcu DcOtc thc W8t h8d 8ltc8dj m8dc
!8cl m8Dc8t u thc 8ttOu_ ug8ut_c O thc b_udC8ll8t
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0 The Oqectitet o[
uot to 8gck o bg8u, Whctc thc gtc8t m8]ottj o thc
otg8ulZcd Wotkct8 h8d 8W8j8 tcm8ucd 8lthul to thc
doCttuc8 o thc t8t utctu8tIou8.
hc tctm Wotkct8 8judC8tc mc8ut u t8uCc 8t
Dt8l mcDj 8 tt8dc uuou otg8uZ8llou o gtoduCct8 ot
thc mmcd8tc bcttctmcut o thct cCouomC 8ud 8oC8l
8t8tu8. ut thc D8 o tcVolutIou8tj bjudC88m g8Vc
thI8 otIgu8l mc8uug 8 muCh Wdct 8ud dccgct mgott.
]u8t 08 thc g8tQ 8, 8o U 8gc8k, thc uumcd otg8uZ8tou
ot dcDultc gotC8l cott Wthu thc modcD Cou-
8ttutlou8l 8t8tc, 8ud 8cck8 to m8ut8Iu thc boutgco8 otdct
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o thc utctc8t8 o thc gtoduCct8 Wthu cX8tlug 8oCctj
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thc tcCou8tDCtou o 8oC8l lc Mtct thc g8ttcD o
boC8l8m. t h, thctcotc, 8 doublc gutgo8c : I. D8
thc Dghtug otg8uu8tou o Uc Wotkct8 Qt thc cm-
glojct8 to cuotC thc dcm8ud8 o thc Wotkct8 ot thc
80cgu8tdug d t88ug o thct 8t8ud8td o lVug ,
2. 8 thc 8chool ot thc utcllcCtu8l tt8Dug o thc Wotkct8
to m8kc thcm 8Cgu8utcd Wth thc tcChuC8l m8u8gcmcut
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8 tcVolutou8Q 8tu8tou 8t8c8 thcj Wll bc c8g8blc o
t8kug thc 8oco-cCouomC otg8D8m uto thct oWu h8ud8
8ud tcm8kug t 8CCotdug to boC8l8t gtIuCglc.
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d8gcu8c Wth tt8dc uuou8, bcC8u8c lcg8l8tlou ohctcd
Znarch-Sjmuah
thcm no QtotcCton u thct 8ttulc ot d8ly btd,
t=thc8 to th8. t tcgucnUj h8QQcncd U8t n ]u8t
th0c 8cCon8 o thc CountQ Whctc thc ooC8l8t Q8rtc8
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Condton8 o l8bout Wot8t. h8t W88 thc C88c, ot
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8dmn8tt8ton8, 8nd n o8Xonj 8nd oc88, Whctc
thtoughout t8 cX8tcnCc Lctm8n ooC8l cmoCt8Cj h8d
bccn 8blc to 8hoW 8 l8tgc oloWng.
LuVcOcnt8 d 8tl8mcnt8 8cldom dcCdc on
cConomC ot 8oC8l tcoO8 on thct oWn nt8tVc, 8nd
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mcnt8 h8Vc 8lW8y8 tcm8ncd 8 dc8d lcttct n thc V88t
W88tc o l8W8. hu8 thc mod=t 8ttcmQt8 o thc Lngl8h
Q8tl8mcnt n thc c8tlj Qctod o bg ndu8ttj, Whcn thc
cg8l8to, tghtcucd bj thC hottblc ccCt8 o thc
cXQlot8ton o Chldtcn, 8t l88t tc8lVcd on 8omc tthng
8mclot8ton8, ot 8 ong tmc h8d 8mo8t no ccCt. Ln
thc onc h8nd th I 8oul o thc l8CK o undct8t8ndng
o Uc Wotkc thcm8clVc8, on thc othct thcj Wctc
88bot8_cd ouUght bj thc cmQloyct8. t W88 muCh thc
88mc WU Uc Wcll-knoWn l8W WhCh thc U8n goVcO-
mcnt cn8Ctcd n thc mddlc QO8 to otbd Womcu Who
Wctc ComQclcd to tol n thc 8ulQhut mnc8 m oClj tom
t8kng thct Chdtcn doWn nto thc Qt8 Wth thcm. h8
8W 88o tcm8ncd 8 dc8d cttct, bcC8u8c thc8c unottun8tc
womcn Wctc 8o Qootj Q8d th8t thcj Wctc oblgcd to
d8tcg8td thc l8W. Lnj 8 Con8dct8bc tmc l8tct, Whcn
thc8c Wotk1ng Womcn h8d 8uCCccdcd u otg8nZng, 8nd
thu8 otCn_ uQ Uct 8t8nd8td o lng, dd thc cVl
d88QQc8t o t8cl. hcw 8tc QlcnQ o 8ml8t u8uCc8
n thc h8toQ o mcQ Countty.
ut cVcn thc cg8l 8uthotZ8ton oI 8 tcorm 8 no
The Obectites oy
gu8t8DtCC O lt8 QCtm8uCuCC uuC88 thCtC CXl8t Out8ldC O
Q8tl8mCut mIlUut m888C8 WhO 8tC tC8dy tO dcCud lt
8g8lu8t CVCty 8tt8Ck. hu8 thC Lugl8h 8CtOty OWuCt8,
dC8QltC Cu8CtmCut O thC tCu-hOut 8W lu tqd, 8hOtt
8tCtW8td 8V8Cd thCm8CVC8 O 8u ludu8ttl8 Ctl8l8 tO
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hCD thC 8CtOty lu8QCCtOt8 tOOk Cg8 QtOCcdlug8
8g8lu8t ludlVIdu8 CmQO)Ct8 Ou thl8 8CCOuut, UC 8CCu8Cd
WCtC uOt Ouy 8CQultUd, UC gOVCDmCut hutCd tO UC
lu8QCCtOt8 th8t thCy WCtC uOt tO lu8l8t Ou thC CttCt O thC
8W, 8O th8t thC WOtkCt8 WCtC OblgCd, 8tCt CCOuOmlC
COudltlOu8 h8d tCVlVCd 8OmCWh8t, tO m8kC thC Hght Ot
thC tCu-hOut d8y 8 OVCt 8g8lD Ou thClt OWu tC8OutCC8.
DmOug thC CW CCOuOmlC lmQtOVCmCut8 WhlCh thC
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WOtkCt8, thC Clght-hOut d8y W88 thC mO8t lmQOtt8ut.
ut lt 8u8tChCd b8Ck tOm thC WOtkCt8 by thC Cm-
QOyCt8 lu mut ludu8ttC8, dC8QltC thC 8Ct th8t lt W88 lu
thC 8t8tutC8, 8Ctu8y 8DChOtCd Cgy lu UC YClm8t
LOu8tltutlOu lt8C.
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mklug thC 8lghtC8t COuttlbutIOu tO thC lmQtOVCmCut O
thC 8t8ud8td O lVlug O thC WOtkCt8 Wlthu QtC8Cut d8y
8OclCty, thCy 8tC 8t C88 8bC tO C8tty Ou thC 0tg8ulC
uQbuldlug O 8 OCl8!l8t COmmuulty Ot CVCu tO Q8VC UC
W8y Ot lt, 8luCC thCy uttCty 8Ck CVCty QmCtlO tCgultC-
mCut Ot 8uCh 8u 8ChlCVCmCut. Vu88l8 8ud LCtm8Dy
h8VC glVCu QultC 8uClCut QtOO O tm8.
hC 8uCChC8d O thC 8bOut mOVCmCut l8, thCtCOtC,
uOt thC QOltlO! Q8tty but thC tt8dC uulOu, tOughCDCd by
d8y COmb8t 8ud QCtmC8tCd by OCl8l8t 8Qltlt. Luy
lu thC tC8!m O CCOuOmy 8tC UC WOtkCt8 8bC tO d8Q8y
thClt u 8OCl8 8ttCugth, Ot lt l8 UClt 8CtlVlty 88 QtOduCCt8
WhlCh hOd8 tOgCthCt thC WhOC 8OCl8 8ttuCtutC, 8ud
Whur0h0-Cgh00u
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hCd thCj 8tC hghtDg OD 0CD 8O 0Dd W08tDg thCt
8ttCDgtb D hOQCc8 8UuggC8 WhCh UtDg thCm DOt 0D
Ou Dcnt tO thC gO0 O thCt dC8tC8. D thC hCd O
Q0t0mCHt0tj QOtC8 C WOtKCt 8 KC thC g0Dt Dwu8
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m lhC 0t 0tCt hC h0d tCd h8 CCt O thC C0tlh WhO W08
h8 mOthCt. LDj 08 QtOduCCt 0Dd CtC0tOt O 8OC0
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uDOD Wth h8 COW8 hC CtC0tC8 D thC tt0dC uDOD thC
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t 8 00mC Wth thC 8Qtt O tCCdOm 8Dd 0Dm0tCd Uj lhC
dC0 O 8OC0 ]u8tCC.
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gCtm8 WhCh 0tC0dj CX8t 8Dd h0VC m0dC lhCt W0j DtO
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8 jCt tmC 0Dd UtIDg thCm tO thC 8ttODgC8t QO88UC
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D thC CduCtOD0 WOtK O thC D0tChO-CjDdC08t8 8
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thc mOt8 888Ut8uC0 tcQutcd Ot thc QctOtm8ucc O thct
t88k. O 8OC8 bOdy 8 bctt0t tt0d Ot th18 QuQO8c th8u
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tmc th0 0thC COuC0Qt8 WthOUt WhCh 8uy 8OC8
tt8u8Otm8tOu 8 1QO88bc ! Vt8 8Od8Ot WIth thct
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Ch8t8Ctct8tC O QOtC8 8bOUt Q8t!c8. Ut C0utt88m,
th8t 8t!hC8 Otg8uZ8tOu tOm 8bOVc dOWuW8td WhtCh
tUO8 OV0t th0 8U8t8 O 0V0QbOdy u 8 umQ tO 8
8m8 muOt!y, 8 8W88 8tt0ud0d by b8tt0u OmC8
tOUtu0 8ud th8 CtU8h08 udVdu8 COuVCtOu, kI8 8
Q0t8Ou8 ut8tV0 by cc88 d8CQuc 8ud butc8UCt8tIC
O88hC8tOu, 8ud Q0tm1t8 uO ud0Qcud0ut 8CtOu. Jhc
Otg8uZ8tOu O Pu8tChO-CyudC88m 8 b880d Ou th0
QtuCQ08 O 0d0t88m, Ou t00 COmbu8tOu tOm b0OW
UQW8td QUttIug thc tght O 80-d0t0tmu8tOu O cV0ty
m0mb0t 8bOVc 0V0Qug c8c 8ud t0COguZug Ouy th0
Otg8uC 8gt00m0ut O 8 Ou thc b888 O k0 ut0tc8t8 8ud
COmmOu COuVCt Ou8.
1t h88 Ot0u bc0u Ch8tg0d 8g8Iu8t 10d0t88m th8t t
dVd08 thc OtCc8 8ud COQQ08 th0 8ttcugth O Otg8u1Zcd
tc88t8uCc, 8ud, V0ry 8guBC8uty, t h88 b0cu gu8t th0
Hncrcho-jndtcnhsm qI
tcQtc8cn!8!Vc8 O !hc QO!C8 8bOut Q8t!c8 8Dd O !Dc
!t8dc umOn8 undct !Dct nDucnCc WhO h8Vc KcQ! tcQc8!-
ng th8 Ch8tgc !O !Dc QOn! O n8u8c8. u! hctc, !OO,
!hc 8C!8 O !c h8Vc 8QOKcn DOtc Cc8ty !h8n 8ny !hcOty.
hctc V88 nO COun!t n !hc WOId Whctc !hc WhOc
8OOut mOVcmcn! W88 8O COmQc!cy Ccn!I8Zcd 8nd !hc
!cChDJguc O Otg8n28!On dcVcOQcd !O 8uCh cX!tcmc
QcOcC!1On 68 n LctU8ny OcOtc ttct8 8CCc88On !O
QOWct. P QOWctu butc8uCt8!C 8QQ8t8!u8 COVctcd !hc
WhOc COun!ty 8Bd dc!ctmncd cVcty QO!C8 8nd
cCOnOmC cXQtc88IOn O !hc Otg8uiZcd WOtKct8. 1n !hc
VcQ 88! ccC!On8 !hc COC8 LcmOCt8!C 8nd LOmmun8!
Q8t!c8 un!cd OVct tWcVc UOn VO!cI8 Ot thct C8nd-
d8!c8. u! 8!ct t!ct ScZcd QOWct 8X mOn Otg8n2cd
WOtKct8 dJd nO! t88c 8 U.Bgct !O 8Vct! !Dc C8!88!tOQhc
WhCh h8d Qungcd lctm8ny n!O !hc 8Oy88, 8nd WhCh
n 8 cV mOn!h8 bc8! !hct Otg8D28!OB8 COmQc!cy !O
QcCc8.
u! n CQ8D, Whctc fn8tChO-cndC8i8m h8d U8n-
!8ncd !8 hOd uQOn Otg8nZcd 8OOut !tOm !Dc d8y8 O
!hc t8! 1n!cD8!On8, 8nd Oy un!tng Oct!8t8n
QtOQ8g8nd8 8nd 8h8tQ Ugh!n_ h8d !t8ncd ! !O tc88!8nCc,
! W88 !hc QOWcOu L.`.. WhCh Oy Uc OOdnc88 O !8
8C!1On tu8!t8!cd !hc Ctmn8 Q8n8 O I8nCO 8nd h8
numctOu8 hcQct8 8! hOmc 8nd 8OtO8d, 8nd Dy thct
hctOC cX8mQc 8Quttcd !hc CQ8n8h WOtKct8 8nd Qc888nu
!O !hc b8!!c 8g8n8! 188C8m~8 8C! Wh1Ch 1t8nCO hm-
8c m bccn COmQccd !O 8CDOWcdgc. N!hOu! !hc
hctOC tc88UnCc O !Dc fD8tChO-CyndC88! 8OOut unOn8
!hc aC8! tc8C!IOn WOud n 8 cW WccK8 h8Vc dOmn8!cd
!hc WhOc COun!ty.
Yhcn Onc COmQ8tc8 UIc !cChnguc O !hc cdct88!
Otg8m28!On O !hc L... W!h !hc CcB!I88!C m8Chnc
WhCh !hc lctm8n WOtKct8 h8d Ou! lOt !hcm8cVc8,
7h Obectites o/
Onc 8 8utQrt8cd 8t thc 8mQtCty Ot thc tOtmct. n thc
8m8llct 8yndtC8tc8 cVcty t88k tOt thc Otg8nZ8ttOn W88
QcrOtmcd VOunt8tty. n thc l8tgct 8lt8nCc8, Whctc
n8tumlly c8t8blt8hcd OmCt8l tcQtc8cnt8ttVc8 Wctc
ncCc88aty, thcSc Wctc ccCtcd tOt Onc yc8t Ony 8nd
tcCcVcd thc 88mc Q8y 88 thc WOtkct8 n thcr tt8dc.
Vcn thc Lcnct8 bcCtct8ty Ot thc L. .. W88 nO
cXCcQtOn tO th:8 tulc. hI8 t8 8n Old tt8dttIOn WhICh h88
bccn kcQt uQ n bQ8n 8tnCc thc d8y8 Ot thc ntcm8ttOn8l.
h8 8mQc tOtm Ot Org8nZ8tOn nOt Only 8umCcd thc
bQ8n8h WOtkct8 tOt tumng thc L... ntO 8 hghtng
unt Ot thc ht8t t8nk, tt 88O 88Icgu8tdcd thcm 8g8n8t
8ny butc8uCt8ttC tcgmc n thct OWn t8nk8 8Dd hclQcd
thcm tO dt8Ql8y th8t tttc8t8ttbc 8Qtrt OI 8Od8ttj 8nd
tcn8CtOuS bclltgctcnCc WhtCh t8 8O Ch8t8Ctctt8ttC Ot th8
Otg8nZ8uOn, and WhtCh Onc cnCOuntct8 tn nO Othct
COuntty.
Ot thc 8t8tc Ccntr88m t8 thc 8QQtOQt8tc tOtm Ot
Otg8nZ8tOn, 8tnCc tt 8m8 8t Uc gtc8tc8t QO88tbc un-
tOtmj n 8OC8l lttc tOt thc m8tntcn8nCc O QOtttC8 8nd
8OCt8l cQulbrum. ut tOt 8 mOVcmcnt WhO8c VcQ
cX8tcnCc dcQcnd8 On QtOmQt 8CttOn 8t 8ny t8VOut8blc
mOmcnt 8nd On thc ndcQcndcnt thOught 8nd 8CttOn Ot
tS 8ugQOrtct8, Ccntr8l8m COuld but bc 8 Cut8c, by
Wc8kcnDg tS QOWct Ot dcC8tOn d 8y8tcm8tC8lly
tcQt=8ng 8l mmcd8tc 8CttOn. t, tOt cX8mQlc, 88 W88
thc C8Sc n Lctm8ny, cVcty lOC8l 8ttkc h8d hnt tO bc
8QQtOVcd by thc Lcntt8l, WhCh W88 Ottcn hundtcd8 Ot
mlc8 8W8y 8nd W88 u8uly nOt n 8 QO8tOn tO Q8S8 8
COrrcCt ]udgmcnt On Uc lOC8l COndtttOn8, Onc C8nnOt
WOndct th8t thc ncttt8 Ot thc 8QQ8t8tu8 Ot Otg8nZ8tOn
tcndct8 8 QutCk 8tt8Ck Quttc tmQO88tblc, 8nd thctc thu8
ar8c8 8 8t8tc Ot 8h8r8 Whctc thc cnctgctC 8nd n-
tcllcCtu8lly 8lcH gtOuQ8 nO lOngct 8ctVc 88 Q8ttcm8 tOt
wnurch0-jnduuh
VJ
thC C88 8CtlVC, Dut 8tC COndCmnCd Dj thC8C tO ln8CtlVltj,
lnCVlt8Dj Dtlnglng thC WhOC mOVCmCnt tO 8t8gn8tlOn.
Ltg8nlZ8tlOn l8, 8tCt 8, Onj 8 mC8n8 tO 8n Cnd. YhCn
lt DCCOmC8 8n Cnd ln lt8C, lt kl8 thC 8Qltlt 8nd thC Vlt8
nltl8tlVC O lt8 mCmDCt8 8nd 8Ct8 uQ th8t dOmln8tlOn
Dj uCdlOCtI] WhlCh l8 thC Ch8t8CtCtl8tlC O 8 DutC8u-
Ct8ClC8.
118tChO-CjndlC8l8t8 8tC, thCtCOtC, O thC OQlnlOn
th8t tt8dC unlOn Otg8nZ8tlOn 8hOud DC O 8uCh 8 Ch8t8CtCt
88 tO 8Otd WOtkCt8 thC QO88lDlltj O 8ChICVlng thC utmO8t
n thClt 8ttuggC 8g8n8t UC CmQOjCt8, 8nd 8t thC 88mC
tUC QtOVldC thCm Wlth 8 b88l8 tOm WhlCh thCj Wl DC
8bC ln 8 tCVOutlOn8tj 8ltu8tlOn tO QtOCCCd Wlth thC tC-
8h8Qlng O CCOnOmlC 8nd 8OCl8 lC.
hClt Otg8nl28tOn l8 8CCOtdlDgj COn8ttUCtCd On thC
OOWlng QtlnClQ0 . hC WOtkCt8 ln C8Ch OC8ltj ]Oln
thC unlOn8 O thClt tC8QCCtlVC tt8dC8, 8nd IhC8C 8tC 8uD_CCt
tO thC VC1O O nO LCntt8 Dut cQOj thC CntltC tlght O 8C-
dCtCOln8tlOn. hC tt8dC unOn8 O 8 Cltj Ot 8 tut8
dlSttlCt COmDlnC ln 8 8O-C8lCd 8DOut C8tIC. hC 8DOut
C8ttC8 COn8tltUtC thC CCnttC8 Ot OC8 QtOQ8g8nd8 8nd
CduC8tlOn , thCj WCd thC WOtkCt8 tOgCthCt 88 8 C888 8nd
QtCVCnt thC tl8C O 8nj n8ttOW-mndCd 8CtJOn8 8Qltlt.
n tlmC8 O OC8 8DOut ttOubC thCj 8tt8ngC Ot thC
8Old8tlC CO-OQCGtlOn O thC WhOC DOdy O Otg8nlZCd
8bOut ln thC u8C O CVCtj 8gCnCj 8V8l8DC undCt thC
CltCuuSt8nCC8. / thC 8DOut OttCS 8tC gtOuQCd
8CCOtdIng tO dl8ttlCt8 8nd tCglOn8 tO Otm thC 8tlOn8
CdCt8tlOn O L8DOut L8ttCl8, WhCh D8lnt8ln thC QCt-
m8nCnt COnnCCtlOn DCtWCCn thC OC8 DOdtC8, 8tt8ngC8 Ot
tCC 8d]U8tmCnt O thC QtOduCtlVC 8DOUt O UC mCmDCt8
O thC dlCtCnt OQ8nlZ8tlOn8 On CO-OQCt8tlVC lnC8,
QtOVldC Ot thC nCCC888tj CO-Otdln8tlOn ln thC WOtk O
CduC8ttOn, ln WhlCh thC 8ttOngCt C8ttC8 Wl nCCd tO
V+
Th Ob]ectives o/
CCmC tC 8td Cl thC WC8KCt CnC8, 8nd tn gCnCt8 8uQQCtt
thC CC8 gtCuQ8 Wtth CCunCt 8nd gutd8nCC.
1VCty tt8dC unCn t8, mCtCCVCt, lCdCt8tVCy 8tCd Wtth
8 thC Ctg8n28ttCn8 tn thC 88mC tt8dC thtCughCut thC
CCuntty, 8nd thC8C tn tutn Wth 8 tC8tCd tt8dC8, 8C th8t
8 8tC CCmbnCd n gCnCt8 tndu8tt8 88nCC8. t t8
thC t88K Cl thC8C 8t8nCC8 tC 8tt8ngC lCt thC CC-CQCt8ttVC
8CtCn Cl thC CC8 _tCuQ8, tC CCnduCt 8Ctd8tC 8tttKC8
WhCtC thC nCCC88ty 8tt8C8, 8nd tC mCCt 8 thC dCm8nd8 Cl
thC d8y-tC-d8y 8ttuggC bCtWCCn C8Qt8 8nd 8bCut.
hu8 thC CdCt8ttCn Cl 8bCut L8ttC8 8nd thC CdCt8ttCn
Cl ndu8ttt8 ^t8nCC8 CCn8tttutC thC tWC QCC8 8bCut
WhCh thC WhCC lC Cl thC tt8dC untCn8 tCVCVC8.
CuCh 8 lCtm Cl Ctg8ntZ8ttCn nCt Cny gVC8 thC WCtKCt8
CVCty CQQCttuntty lCt dttCCt 8CttCn tn thCtt 8ttuggC8 lCt
d8ty btC8d, tt 88C QtCVtdc8 thCm Wth thC nCCC888ty
QtCtmn8ttC8 lCt C8ttytng thtCugh thC tCCtg8ntZ8ttCn Cl
8CCt8 tlC Cn 8 CCCt8t8t Q8n by thCtt CWn 8ttCngth 8nd
WtthCut 8Cn tntCtVCnttCn, tn C88C Cl 8 tCVCuttCn8ty
Ctt8t8. ^n8tChC-CyndtC8t8t8 8tC CCnVtnCCd th8t 8
CCCt8t8t CCCnCmtC otdCt C8nnCt bC CtC8tCd by thC dCCtCC8
8nd 8t8tutC8 Cl 8 gCVCDmCnt, but Cny by thC 8Ctd8ttC
CC8bCt8tCn Cl thC WCtkCt8 Wtth h8nd Ct bt8tn n C8Ch
8QCCt8 bt8nCh Cl QtCduCttCn th8t t8, thtCugh thC t8Ktng
CVCt Cl thC m8n8_CmCnt Cl 8 Q8nt8 by thC QtCduCCt8
thCm8CVC8 undCt 8uCh lCtm th8t thC 8CQ8t8tC gtCuQ8,
Q8nt8, 8nd bt8nChC8 Cl tndu8tty 8tC tndCQCndCnt mCmbCt8
Cl thC gCnCt8 CCCnCmtC Ctg8nt8m 8nd 8y8tCm8ttC8y C8tty
Cn QtCduCtCn 8nd thC dt8tttbuttCn Cl thC QtCduCt8 tn
thC tntCtC8t Cl thC CCmmuntty Cn thC b888 Cl ltCC mutu8
8gtCCmCnt8.
n 8uCh 8 C88C thC 8bCut C8ttC8 WCud t8KC CVCt thC
CXt8tng 8CCt8 C8Qtt8 tn C8Ch CCmmuntty, dCtCtmtDC thC
nCCd8 Cl thC tnh8btt8nt8 Cl thCtt dt8tttCt8, 8nd Ctg8nt2C
Amcho-S
)
dicalitm
VJ
O cOD8uuQtIOD. hIOu_h thC 8_CDCj O thc D8UOD8
CdCI8UOD O 8DOuI L8ItCl8 It WOuld DC QO88IUlC tO
C8lCul8tC thC tOt8l ICguIICmCDt8 O thC COuDtrj 8Dd 8O]u8!
thC WOIK O QIOduCUOD 8CCOIdID_lj. LD thC OthCI h8DO,
It WOuld DC thC t88K O thC Ddu8tII8l DllI8DCC8 tO t8KC
CODtIOl O 8ll thC ID8ttumCDt8 O QIOduCtOD, m8ChDC8,
I8W m8tCI8l8, mC8D8 O tI8D8QOIt8tOD, 8Dd thC KC, 8HO
tO QIOVIdC thC 8CQ8I8tC QIOduCID_ _IOuQ8 WtD Wh8t thCj
DCCd. D 8 WOId ! I . LI_8DIz8tIOD O thC Ql8Dt8 Dj !hC
QIOduCCI8 thCm8ClVC8 aDd dICCtIOD O thC VOIK D\
l8DOuI COuDCIl8 ClCCtCd Dj thCD. z. LI_8mZ8tOD O thC
tOt8l QIOduCtIOD O thC COuDttj Dj thC IDdu8tt8l 8DO
8_IICultuI8 8lI8DCC8. . LI_8DZ8tIOD O COD8umQtOH
Dj thC 8DOuI L8ItCl8.
D thI8 IC8QCCt, 8l8O, QI8CtIC8l CXQCIICDCC. h88 _IVCD thC
DC8t ID8ttuCtOD. t h88 8hOWD u8 th8t CCODOmIC guC8tOD8
m thC COCI8I8t mC8DID_ COt DC 8OlVCd Dj 8 _OVCtD-
mCDt, CVCD WhCD Dj th8t I8 DC8Dt thC CClCDI8tCd dictl-
shi o/ the roletariat. D Hu88I8 thC Ol8hCVI8t dCt8tO!-
8hIQ 8tOOd OI 8lmO8t tWO WhOlC jC8t8 hClQlC88 DCOtC I!8
CCODOmIC QIODlCm8 8Dd tIICd tO hIdC It8 IDC8Q8CItj DChDd
8 HOOd O dCCICC8 8Dd OtdIDaDCC8, O WhICh DIDCtj-DIDC
QCI CCDt. WCIC DuIICd 8t ODCC ID thC V8IIOu8 DutC8u8.
thC WOIld COuld DC 8Ct ICC Dj dCCICC8, thCIC WOulO
lOD_ 8_O h8VC DCCD DO QIODlCm8 lCt ID Hu88I8. D Il8
8D8UC8l zC8l OI _OVCDCDt, Ol8hCVI8D h88 VIOlCDtlj
dC8tIOjCd _u8t thC mO8t V8u8DlC DC_IDDID_8 O 8 COC8lI8t
8OCI8 OIdCI, Dj 8uQQIC88ID_ thC CO-OQCI8tIVC8, DtID_D_
thC tI8dC uDIOD8 uDdCI 8t8tC CODttOl, 8Dd dCQIIVID_ thC
8OVICt8 O thCII IDdCQCDdCDCC 8lmO8t IOm thC DC_IDDD_.
IOQOtKID 88Id WIth _u8tIcC ID hI8 C888_C tO thC
OIKCI8 O thC C8t-uIOQC8D LOuDtIIC8 .
bu88I8 h8 8hOWD u8 thC W8j ID WICh COCI8lI8m
Omot DC IC8lIzCd, 8lthOu_h thC QOQul8CC, D8u8C8tCd
Tn Obecti~t o/
W!h !hC OO tCgmC, OQQO8CO UO 8C!VC tC88LUCC !O
!hC CXQCtmCU!8 O! !hC UCW gOVCOmCU!. hC OC8
O! WOtKct8 COuUC8 !Ot !hC COU!tO O! UC QO!C8 8UO
CCOUOmC !C O! !hC COuU!Q 8, U !8C!, O! CX!t8-
OtOU8ty mQOt!8UCC. . . . u! 8O OU_ 88 !hC COuU!ty
8 OOmU8!CO by !hC OC!8!Ot8hQ O! 8 Q8t!y, !hC WOtKCt8
8UO QC888U!8 COuUC8 U8!ut8y lO8C !hCt 8gUhC8UCC.
hCy 8tC !hCtCby OCgt8OCO !O !hC 88mC Q888VC tUC
WhCh !hC tCQtC8CU!8!VC8 O! !hC C8!8!C8 u8CO !O Q8y
U !hC !mC O! !hC 8b8Ou!C mOU8tChC8. WOtKCt8
COuUC CC88C8 !O bC 8 !tCC 8UO V8u8bC 8OV8Ct WhCU
UO !tCC QtC88 CX8!8 U !hC COuU!Q, 88 h88 bCCU thC C88C
W!h u8 !Ot OVCt !WO yC8t8. YOt8C 8!l . !hC WOtKCt8
8UO QC888U!8 COuUC8 O8C 8 !hCt mC8UUg WhCU UO
QubC QtOQ8g8UO8 !8KC8 Q8CC DC!OtC !hCt CCC!OU,
8UO !hC CCC!OU8 !hCm8ClVC8 8tC COUOuC!Cd uUOCt !hC
QtC88utC O! Q8t!y OC!8!Ot8hQ. uCh 8 ` gOVCDmCU!
by COuUC8 (8OVC! _OVCtUmCU!) 8mOuU!8 !O 8 OChU!C
8!CQ b8CKW8tO 88 8OOU 88 !hC bCVOuUOU 8dV8CC8 !O
!hC CtCC!OU O! 8 UCW 8OCC!y OU 8 UCW CCOmOUC b888 :
t bCCOmC8 ]u8! 8 OC8O QtUCQC OU 8 UCW !OuUO8!OU.
hC COut8C O! CVCU!8 h88 QtOVCd tOQO!K:U Dgh! OU
CVCty QOU!. bu888 8 !O-O8y !8tCt !tOm COC88m
!h8U 8Uy O!hCt COuU!ry. C8!Ot8hQ OOC8 UO! C8O !O
!hC CCOUOm:C 8UO 8OC8 bCt8!:OU O! !hC !OUg m888C8,
bu! !O !hC 8uQQtC88!OU O! CVCU !hC mO8! !DV8l !tCCOOm
8UO !hC OCVCOQmCU! O! 8U uUm!CO OC8QO!8m WhCh
tC8QCC!8 UO Dgh!8 8Ud !tC8O8 uUOCtOO! CVCty !CCUg O!
hum8U OgU!y. Yha! !hC bu888u WOtKCt h88 g8UCO
CCOUOmC8y uUOCt !h8 tCgmC 8 8 mO8! tuUOu8 !Otm
O! hum8U CXQO!8!:OU, bOttOWCd !tOm !hC mO8! cX!tcmC
8!8gC O! C8Q!88m, U !hC 8h8QC O! !hC !8KD8UOV 8y8!Cm,
WhCh t88C8 h8 QtOOuC!VC C8Q8C!y !O !8 h:ghC8! m!
8UO OCgt8dC8 hm !O 8 g8Cy 88VC, WhO 8 dCUCO 8l
COU!tO O! h:8 QCt8OU8 8bOut, 8uO WhO uu8! 8uDm! !O
nmchO-Ojn0c0D
V1
CVCQ OtdCt O ht8 8uQCttOD Il hC dOC8 nOt \\t8h tO CXQO8C
htm8Cll tO QCn8lttC8 Ol ltlC 8nd ltbCtty. Ut COmQul8Oty
l8bOut t8 thC l88t tO8d th8t C8n lC8d tO COCt8lt8m. t
C8tt8ugC8 thC m8n ltOm thC COmmuntty, dC8ttOy8 ht8 _Oy
tn ht8 d8tl WOtk, 8nd 8tthC8 th8t 8Cn8C Ol QCt8On8l
tC8QOn8bltty tO ht8 lCllOW8 WtthOut WhtCh thCtC C8n bC
nO t8lk Ol bO0t8lt8m 8t 8ll.
YC 8h8ll nOt CVCn 8QC8k O LCtm8ny hCtC. LnC COulU
nOt tC88On8bly CXQCCt Ol 8 Q8Oy ltkC thC bOCt8l LCmOCt8t8
WhO8C CCntt8l Otg8n, lcmerlr, ]u8t On thC CVCntng
bClOtC IhC OVCmbCt VCVOluttOn Ol 1QLo, W8OCd thC
WOtkCt8 ag8tn8t QtCCtQtt8nCy, 88 thC LCtm8n QCOQlC 8tC
nOt tc8d lOt 8 tCQubltC ~th8t tt WOuld CXQCttmCnt Wtth
bOCt8lt8m. OWCt, WC m:ght 88y, lCll lntO tt8 l8Q OVCt-
ntght, 8nd tt 8Ctu8lly dtd nOt kDOW Wh8t tO dO Wtth tt.
I8 8b8OlutC tmQOtCnCC COntttbutCd nOt 8 ltttlC tO Cn8bltng
LCtm8ny tO b88k tO-d8y :n thC 8un ul thC JhtrJ Hmch.
hC Pn8tChO-byndtC8lt8t l8bOut untOn8 O bQ8n, 8nd
C8QCCt8lly Ol L8t8lOnt8, WhCtC thCtt tnhuCnCC t8 8ttOngC8t,
h8VC 8hOWn u8 8n CX8mQlC tn tht8 tC8QC0t WhtCh t8 untguC
ln thC h:8tOty Ol thC bOCt8lt8t l8bOut mOVCmCnt. n thl8
thCy Only COmtmCd Wh8t thC ^n8tChO-byndtC8lt8t8 h8VC
8lW8y8 tDt8tCd On . th8t thC 8QQtu8Ch tO bOCt8lt8m t8
gO88tblC Only WhCn thC WOtkCt8 h8VC CtC8tCd thC nCCC888Q
Otg8nt8m !Ot tt, 8nd WhCn 8bOVC 8ll UCy h8VC QtCVluu8ly
QtCg8tCd lOt tt bj 8 gCnutnCly bOCt8lt8ttC CduC8ttOn 8nd
dttCCt 80tOn. ut tht8 W88 thC C88C tn bQ8tn, WhCtC 8tnCC
thC d8_8 Ol thC ntCtn8ttOn8l thC WCtght Ol UC l8bOu
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tCVOluttOn8Q tt8dC untOn8.
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hc Ob]ectives a/
tion o !beria), ridding Cau|onia of thc cncmy and
frustrating the p|an o the conspirators, based as it was
on suddcn surprise, it was c|ear that thc Cata|onian
workets cou|d not stop ha| way. So thcrc fo| |owcd thc
co||cctivizing o the |and and the taking over of the p|ants
by thc workers' and peasants' syndicates , and this
movement, which was re|eased by thc initiativc of thc
C.N.T. and the F.A. !. , with irrestib|c power overran
Aragon, the Levante, and other sections of thc country,
and cvcn swept a|ong with it a |argc part o the trade
unions o the Socia|ist Party, organizcd in the U. C.T.
(Cencra| Labour Union) . The rcvo|t of thc Fascists had
set Spain on the road to a socia| revo|ution.
This same event revea|s that thc Anarcho-Syndica|ist
workcts o Spain not on|y know how to ght, but that
thcy arc ||cd with that great constructive spirit dcrivcd
from thcir many years o Socia|ist cducation. It is the
grcat merit o Libertarian Socia|ism in Spain, which now
nds expression in the C.N.T. and thc F.A. !. , that sincc
thc days of the First !ntemationa| it has traincd the
workcts in that spirit which trcasurcs frccdom abovc||
c|se and regards the inte||cctua| indcpcndcncc of its
adhercnts as the basis o its existencc. Thc |ibertarian
|abour movement in Spain has ncver |ost itsc|f in thc
|abyrinth of an cconomic mctaphysics which cripp|cd
its intc||cctua| buoyancy by fau|istic conccptions, as was
thc casc in Cermany , nor has it unprotab|y wastcd
its encrgy in the barren routine usks of bourgcois par|ia-
mcnts. Socia|ism was for it a conccm of the pcop|c, an
organic growth procecding from the activity of thc masses
thcmse|vc and having iu basis in thcir ccouomic
orgamzations.
Thercfore the C.N.T. is not simp|y an a||iancc of
industria| wotkets |ike thc trade unions a cveq othcr
nurcm-Ojnduuh1m
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mu8t cVctjWhctc Dc Cut to thc 88mc Q8ttcD. 1n cVcty
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ntctgtoWn Wth t8 hI8totiC8 dcVcloQmcnt, t8 tt8dton8,
8nd t8 QcCu8t Q8yChoOgC8 888umQtion8. hc gtc8t
8uQctotIty o 1cdct88m 8, ndccd, gu8t th8t t t8kc8
thc8c mQott8nt m8ttct8 nto 8CCount 8nd doc8 not D88t
on 8 unotmty th8t doc8 VocnCc to tcc thought, 8nd
otCc8 on mcn tom Wtbout thng8 Contt8ty to thct nnct
nCn8ton.
toQotk1n onCc 88d th8t, t8kng ng8nd 88 8n cX8mQlc,
thctc cX8tcd thctc thtcc gtc8t moVcmcnt8 WhCh, 8t
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to C8tty thtough 8 ComQlctc oVcttuD o 8oC8 cConomy `
tt8dc8 unon8m, thc Co-oQct8tVc otg8nZ8ton8, 8nd
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thcy h8d 8 hXcd go8l n VcW 8nd Wotkcd togcthct 8CCotd-
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th8t th8t lDct8ton W88 Qo88Dlc only thcy thcm8clVcS
8ttcndcd to thc Con8ttuCtVc QtcmD8tc8 nStc8d o
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httcd ot t. Pnd 8DoVc 8 thcy mu8t undct8t8nd th8t
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mu8t, thctcotc, gVc to thct cottS thc DcCc888ty ntct-
n8ton8l Ch8t8Ctct.
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ntctc8t8 o thc n8ton8l 8t8tc8, 88 h88, unottuD8tcly,
h8QQcncd 1n mo8t Counttc8 hthctto. hc Wotld o
otg8nZcd l8Dout mu8t Qut8uc t8 oWn cnd8, 8S t h8S t8
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:o 1/e O/]e:t:ves o)
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tCh m8u8 taDlc. Loll8Dot8ton 8 Qo88Dlc onlj Whctc
thc cud8 8ud, mo8t mQott8nt o 8l, thc utctc8t8 8tc thc
88mc.
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thc 8h8tc o thc Wotkct8 Whcu thc Dout_co8c o thct
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8uCCc8u 8t8tc tom thc C8Wu_ out o ucW m8tkcU 8t
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uucmQlojmcut 8ud thc loWctu_ o thct 8t8ud8td o Vu_.
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dccud 8uj tu]u8ttCc thcj m8j Qctctt8tc ou othct QcoQc8.
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thc WOtkug Cl888 guCKj DughttOulDlmcut.
c o8l QOut O thc QOltl 8ttulc lc8 Ucu, uOt
O6 Tm Methd o/
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u cVct dcC8Vc momcnt u h8toQ. ud thc Dot-
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thc 8mglc W8g-8tDggc to thc guct8 8tkc thc
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gcoglc ot c gtowCtou O lc 8ud lDctQ.
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otg tc88l to Wotk, u thc mOt u8cd. t gl88 u
thc udu8U8l 8gc c 88mc lc Ot thc Wotkct8 88 dd thct
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c8tmg 8j8tcm.
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thc cQl8t cCOuOmIC Otdct, 8ud COu8cQucutlj, 8 VIt8l
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8ubmcgc u thc 8bj88 OQOVcH. LcUj thc 808l
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dcm8ud8 WhO Uc WOtkct mk= Ou lc.
ctc Wc COmc tO thc gcucml OltUml 8gumcO O
thc l8Dut 8UUgglc. cCOuOm:C Ml8uO Ot thc
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8Dudug, 8ud btO8dm thct utcllcCtU8l OutlOOk. j
thc COu8t8t utcllcCtU8l cl8bOmtOu O Un lc
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8ud thc u@c Ot dcut hcld8 O utclh lc. ud
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8gnhC8uCc OthO8c 8ttugglm.
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h8tdj h8Vc muCh uudct8ldIug O thc hghct Cultut8l
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h8d COuQuctcd Ot Ucm8clV=8 bctlct 8ud8td O lVug
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mcut 8mOugthcm. uttuu8tthc8cQmtOu8 Othc
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mt umW m du 0U o)r. '
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mutu8l hclQuluc88, Whoc 8tDugth 18 COu8l8utlj bcug
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WhCh COu8tMtlj m8Kug thc motcttcmcdcm8ud8 Ou
thc CO-OQct8tOu O mcu 8ub=tcd tO thc 88mc COudtOn8,
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WhO Ot thc mO8t Q8tt 8 O Ouj l8tOuC V8luc. t
gUW8 utO thc Vw Ou8OOu8u=8 O8 COmmuuQO8tc,
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&mch-8yuam
Jo OhcD8h d 8tnugthcn Usn8tum 8od8tQ ot thc
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Qrotoundlj 8oOal OhamOtcr, 8 onc ot thc mo8t mQoUant
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or U r=n thc 8jmQathctO 8ttKc 8 onc o thcr
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t mnot aUancd n anj othcr Oounttj. hrough t thc
cOonomO battc bcOmc8 a dcbcmtc aOton ot thc WorKcn
a8 8 Oa88. hc 8ymQathctO 8trKc 8 thc Oolaboraton
ot rclatcd, but a8o ot untcatcd, Ctcgorc8 ot labour, to
hclQ thc batIc ot a QattOuar tradc to vOtotj bj cXcndng
thc 8ttKc to othcr branch ot labour, Whcrc U 8
nco88atj. n U8 C8c thc WorKcm arc not 8at8hcd
Wth gv hnanca 8888tano to Ucr Dghtng brcthrcn,
but go Om, and bj OQQng cnUm ndu8tOc8 Oau8c
a bK m U Whoc cOonomO tc n ordcr to maKc thcr
dcm8nd8 chcOtvc.
o-daj, Whcn bj thc tormatIon ot n8ton8 and ntcr-
natona Uu8t8 and cc8 Qrv8tc O8Qt88m groW8 mom
and morc nto monoQoj OaQta8m, th8 torm ot Vttarc
8 n mo8t C thc onj onc bj WhOh thc WorKct8 C
8tl Qrom8c thcm8cvc8 8uOO8. cCu8c ot thc ntcOal
U8nNotmaton n ndu8tta CQw8m thc 8ymQathctO
8tOKc bcOomc8 tor thc WorKc thc mQctatvc ot thc hour.
]u8t thc cmQot8 m thcr Cl8 8nd QrotcOtvc
orgaton8 arc budng an cvcr bnadcr b888 tor thc
dctcno ot thcr ntcrc8t8, 8o a8o thc WorKcr8 mu8t tuD
thcr attcnton to Orcatng tor thcm8cvc8 bj an cvcr Wdcr
manO ot thcr natonal and ntcOatonal cconomO
ogaton8 thc rcQurcd ba88 tor 8oldaO ma88 acon
adcQuatc tor thc dcmand8 ot thc tmc. hc rc8ttOtcd
8trKc 8 to-daj o8ng morc Md morc ot t8 otgn8
mQoU8nOc, cvcn t t 8 not dOmc to d8aQQcar alto-
gcthcr. n thc modcD cconomO 8ttuggc ctWccn
< 1m meIhm o)
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u thc Old Ot Otg8m8tOu8, WhCh 8tc 88 ct uutOuChcd
b bO8 Idc8, h8Vc g8Qcd th8t, 88 I8 8hOW Clc8tl
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8Vt Oug O thc L.L.. [Lcucml cdcmtIOu O
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o thc L boI8 cmut8Q. ut thc gt0t
gcuct8l 8ttkc mOVcmcut Othc m8 ImmcdI8tclOlOW-
ng, u bQ8u, clgum, t8l, Oll8ud, Hu8, 8ud 8O
Ou, 8hOWc Clcth8tU8llcgd tOQ8 l8WhOll
Wthu thc t=m O thcQO88Iblc 8ud dd uOt 8tI8cmctcl
tOm thc m8gutIOu O 8 cW tcVOlutIOu8t 8u8tIO.
bc gcuct8l 8ttIkc 8, OCOut8c, uOt 8u 8gcuC th8t C
b uVOkcd 8tbItt8t Ou cVct OCc8Ou. t uc=8
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8ttcugth 8ud m8kc It 8 Qml8m8UOu O thc WIll O thc
btO8d m8m O thc QcOQlc. hc tdCulOu8 Cl8Im,
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m6m-ju0h I I
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otdct to 8ChlcVc 8 boCl8l8t 80lctj lu 8 cW d8j8, l8, o
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bj8uj0thct m8-
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bc thc l08t 8l0gc o8 8jmQ8thctC 8ttlKc, 88, ot cX8mQlc,
thc gcuct8l 8ttlKc lu 8tCclou8 ucbtu8Q, IgO2, otth8t
lu llb0o u LClobct, Ig0_, WhlCh m8blcd thc muc-
WotKcD to gct tld o thc h8tcd ttuCK 8lcm 8ud Cm-
Qcllcd thc cmQlojct8 U c8t8bll8h 80ult8tj Coudltou8 lu
thc muc8. t C 88 c88lj bc 8 mc8u8 bj WhlCh
ot_ l8bout ttc8 to cmotCc 8omc gcuct8l dcmaud,
8, ot cXmQlc, u thc 8llcmQtcd gcuct8l 8ttlKc lu thc
.b.. lu IU, U ComQcl Uc gt8utug o thc clght-hout
d8j lu 8ll udu8ttlc. hc gtc8t gcuct8l 8ttlKc ol thc
ugll8h WotKct8 u Ig2U W88 tbc tc8ult o 8 Qlm cd
8ttcmQt bj thc cmQlojcD to loWct Uc gcuct8l 8t8udatd
olVug olthc WotKct8 bj 8 Cut luW8gc8.
ut tbc gcuct8l 8ttuc C 8l8o b8Vc QolltC8l obgcCUVc8
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lu IQq, ot thc llbcmUou o QolU Qt8oucD, ot thc
gcuct8l 8ttlkc lu L8t8ou8 u ]ulj, Ig0g, to ComQcl thc
goVcDcut to tctmlu8tc thc W8t u WoCo. ud tbc
gcuct8l 8tOKc othc LcI WotKcD u Ig20, WhChW88
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budc kuoW th8t W8t8 8 ou W8gcd uthc utctc8t
o thf tuug c ; thQ DccVc, thctcotc, tmt 8u
mc8 8 u8t8Dc th8t C QtcVcut thc o@8mZcd
mutdct o QcoQlc. u U cld 8l8o thc WoHcw h8Vc
cVct mc8 u thctmd, uou thc g thc dc8
8ud thc mot88Ucugth to u8c thcm.
DoVc 8ll t 8 ucCc88Q to Cutc Uc 8Dout moVcmcut
ot8utcO8loCtou8udtdtothc cmQt8Qcct-
g o thc Qo1tC8 Q8ttc8, 8o th8t t m8 o@c 8hc8d
utclm 8ud dcVcoQ Wthu t8cl thc Ctc8tVc
Coudtou8 WhCh mu8t QtcCcdc thc tc8Z8tou o
boC88m. hc Qt8CtO 8tUu8DlQ o 8 go8 mu8t
DcComc o1 thc Wotkct8 8u uuct CcOt 8ud mu8t
DQcu uto 8u cU ucCc88Q. c gtc8t u8 go8 o
boc88m mu8t cmctgc tom 8 thc QmCt d8
8ltugglc8, 8ud gVc thcm 8 O Ch8t8Ctct. u thc
QctIc8t 8U@c, DoD o Uc uccd8 o thc momcut, thctc
mu8t Dc mttotcd thc gtc8t go8 o 8oC8 Dcmtou, 8ud
c8Ch 8uCh 8U@c mu8t hcQ to 8mooth thc W8 8ud
8Uugthc thc 8QDt WhCh tt8u8oDu8 thc uuct lou@ug
o t8 Dc8tcD uto W 8ud dccd.

M L VL-b3Lb
0ulmn0_ n0c0m n r0ncc 0nd t1t n_wc6 0n
lhc mbm mcmcnl n 1wgc hc ndmlN H0rkcrt
0] lhc H0rM nm0mm glO lBr 0rM m ' h6
n0u0lt m lhc hrd nlO00 hc ]m
0] lhc nH n00 H0rkgmcnt tt0c0It0
n0rch0-nm0m n ]0n ] n 10rlg0 ] n l0
n r0ncc n O n u60n n 0d_
n 0ulh mcH0.
modcO u8tCbo-budC88t moVcmcut u utogc,
Wtb thc 8uglc cXCQUou o bg8u, Wbctc tom tbc d88
o tbc t8t utcO8tou8l u8tCbo-b_dIC8l8m m
8W88 bm tbc douut tcudcuQ u thc 8Dout moVc-
mcut, oWc8 t8 otgIu to tbc m o tcVoluUou bud-
Ca8m u tCc, Wtb t8 cld o mucuCc u tbc L.L..
m moVcmcut dcVclogcd gutc 8gout8umu8g wthu
tbc tcuCb Wotk c 8 tc8CUou 8g8u8t golItC8l
boCI:8m, tbc Clc8V@c u WbCb ot 8 loug tImc gct-
mUc uo uuIbcd U8dc uuou moVcmcut. tct thc 8! l
o tbc 8tI8 Lommuu< 8ud tbc outl8Wug o tbc utct-
u8tou8l u t8uCc thc l8bout moVcmcut tbctc m tcu
ou M uttctl Coloutlc88 Cbm8Ctct 8ud b8d 8llc Com-
glctN uudct tbc mucuO O tbc boutgco8 Vcgublu,
]. 8tbctct, Who8c 8logM W M8ou bctWccu
C8g:t8l 8ud l8bout ot uutl thc Cougtc8 u m-
I_2 7m Bcoutm o/
8cllc8 [}g) dd M bOC8l8t tcudcuC= Q mMmt
thcm8clVc8 8ud thc mD0lwn d 1r0Um t COmc utO
Dcug, Ucl tO COmc QuCKl 8ud COmglctcl uudct thc
uucuCc O thc 8O-C8llcd LOllcCtV8U.
ut cVcu Uc LullcCtV8t8 dd uOt lOug tcmu uutcd,
8ud lhc LOugtc88 O bt.Ltcuuc [I2] DtOught8 8glt u
th8 mOVcmcut. Luc 8cCtOu OllOWcd thc 8ChOOl O Uc
8tX8t, ]ulc8 Luc8dc, 8ud Ouudcd thc 0rl Lvw
rmQ0u, Whlc thc Othct 8cCtOu 8tt8Chcd l8cl U thc
Otmct8tCh8t, 8ul tOu88c,tO Otm thc 0rlLm6r
c0vlm0r6 0Olc r0g0u. hc Otmct Ouud t8
8uggOtt Chc m thc cdD0l0 P0l00k dt _0lt,
Whlc thc l8Uct h8d t8 8ttOughOld u thc mD0lmn dt
0vrt6t dv 1r0U0 d r0c6 [cdct8tOu O DOut
LXCh8g= O t8uCc). tct 8 8hOtt tmc thc 8O-C8llcd
llcm8u8l8, uudctthc lc8dct8hg O]c8u llcm8, DtOKc
8W8tOm thctOu88t88ud8tt8ucd8gOWOul uucuCc
u 8Omc O thc lMc 8udC8tc8 thc h8d gVcu ug
g8tl8mcut8t 8OVQ COmglctcl. c8dc8 thc8c thctc
Wctc thc l8gu8t8, uuud m thc L0mlc 0vl0n0r6
L6nlr0, 8ud thc udcgcudcut bOC8l8t8, WhO DclOugcd
tO thc 0Oclc ]0w c0n0m6 0O0k, WhCh h8d Dccu
Ouudc u I, D cuOt 8lOu, 8ud Out O WhCh
C8mc DOth ]c8u ]8utm 8ud llct8ud.
ll thc8c g8ttc8,WU thc cXCcgtOu OUc llcmM8U,
88W mthctt8dcuuOu8mctcltcCtutug 8ChOOl8 Otthct
gOltOl OD_cOV=, 8ud h8d uO uudct8t8udug Wh8tcVct
O Uct tc8l uuOOu8. hc Ou8t8ut d88cu8Ou 8mOug
thc V8tOu8 bOC8l8t 8CUOu8 W u8tut8ll CM cd OVct
utO thc 8udC8t8, Wth Uc tc8ult th8t Whcu thc tt8dc
uuOu8 O Ouc 8CtOu Wcut Ou 8ttKc, thc 8udC8U O
thc Olhct 8ClOu W8lKcd u Ou thcm 8 8ttKc-Dtc8Kct8.
h8 uutcu8Dlc 8tu8tOu gt8du8ll Ogcucd thc WOtKcD
c=, 8u 8W8Kcuug tO WhO thc MU-g8tlMutM
Anarch-Snduahsm
^
QtOQgud8 O thc u8tCh8t8, WhO 8uCc 1g h8d h8d
8 8ttOug OlOWug 8mOug thc WOtkct8 u 8t8 8ud LOu8,
COuttDutc uOt 8 ttlc. bO thc t8dc uOu LOugtc88
8t 8utm [tQq] Ch8tgcd 8 8QcC8 0mUc Wth thc
t88k O dcV8ug W88 8ud mc8u8 Ot Dtugug 80Out 8u
uudct8tMdug 8mOug 8l thc tt8dc uuOu 8l8uCm.
hc tc8ut W88 thc OUDdug u Uc OOWiug c8t 8t thc
COugtc88 u LmOgc8, O thc L.L.., WhCh dcC8tcd
t8c udcQcudcut O a QOltC8l Q8ttc8. t W8 thc
hu8l tcuuuC8tOu D thc tt8dc uuOu8 O QOltiC8l
bOC8lI8m, WhO8c OQct8tOm h8d CtiQQcd Uc tcuc
l8DOut mOVcmcut Ot c8t8 8ud dcQtVcd t O t8 m0t
chcOVc Wc8QOu u t8 hght Ot lDctatiOu.
tOm thcu uu thctc cX8tcd u t8uCc Oul tWO l8@c
tt8dc uuOu gtOuQ8, Uc L.L.. 8ud thc cdcmttOu O
L8DOut LXCh8ugc8, uutl u 1gz, 8t thc LQc88 O
NOuQcct thc l8ttct _Oucd thc L... th th8 thctc
W DtOught 8DOut Qt8CUC uut O thc tt8dc uuOu8.
h8 chOtt 8t Uc uuhC8tOu O Ogcd l8DOut W8
QtcCcdcd D 8u utcu8Vc QQ8g8ud8 Ot Uc gcuct8l
8ttkc, Ot WhCh thc COugtc88c8 8t N8ctllm [1g2],
8t8 [1Qg), 8ud 8utc8 [1Qq) h8d 8ltc8d dcCl8tcd D
8ttOug m8_Ottc8. hc dc8 O thc gcuctM 8ttkc W8
ht8t DtOught utO thc tt8dc uuOu mOVcmcut D thc
u8tCh8t C8tQcutct, Ottcct, WhO h8d Dccu dccQ
8Uttcd D thc gcucta 8ttkc mOVcmcut u thc . b..
u t0-, 8ud t h8d 8ttct Dmu t8kcu uQ D thc lc-
m8u8U, Whlc ]ulc8 Luc8dc 8ud thc tcuCh N8m8t8
h8d cmQh8tiCl QtOuOuuCcd 8g8iu8t t. OWcVct, DOth
mOVcmcut8 O8hcd thc L. .. Wth 8 lOt O t8 mO8t
d8tugU8hcd tcQtc8cut8tVc8 tOm thc lcm8u8t8
C8mc, m Q8ttCu8t, . Ltcllc8 tOm Uc u8tCh8U,
. cllOutct, Uc dcVOtcd 8ud hghl utclgcut 8cCtct8Q
O Uc cdct8tOu O L8DOut LXCh8ugc8, L. Ougct,
I
}

Tm Evalutm a/
cdtot o thc oCM o@ o thc L.L.., 0 m dv
Jk, E. cc88c, L. 3Vctot, Md mMj othct8. Luc
otcu cuCouutct8 u othct Couuttc8 thc Wdcj d8-
mu8tcd oguou, WhCh W o8tctcd Dj cDct
omD8D m g8tICu8t, th8t Voutou8Q judC88m u
wuC oWc8 t8 otgu to utccCtu88 kc L. otc,
. ctth, 8ud . 8g8tdcc, Who u thc gctodC8,
Um lSome, ouDdcd u 1g, c8Dot8tcd u thct
oWu W8j thc utccCtu8 tc8ut8 o thc ucW moVcmcut.
8 8 uttctj 88c. c8c mcu ucVct Dcougcd to thc
moVcmcut thcm8cVc8, uot h8d Ihcj 8uj mcutou8Dc
uucuCc ou t8 utcD8 dcVcogmcut. WotcoVct, thc
L.L.. W88 uot Comgo8cd cXCu8Vcj o tcVoutou8Q
ttadc uuou8 CcDj h o t8 mcmDcD Wctc o
tcoD8t tcudcuCj Md h8d oDj goucd thc L.L. .
DcCu8c cVcu thcj tcCoguzcd Ih8t thc dcgcudcuCc o thc
ttadc uuou8 ou gotC g8Dc8 W 8 m8oDuuc ot thc
moVcmcut. ut thc tcVouUouaQ Wug, WhCh h8d thc
mo8t cuc@ctC 8ud 8CtVc ccmcut8 u otg8uzcd 8Dout
ou t8 8dc 8ud h8d 8t t8 CoUd, motcoVct, thc Dc8t
utccCtu8 otCc8 u thc oQ8tou, g8Vc to thc L.L..
t8 Ch8t8Ctct8tC 8t8mg, 8ud t W thcj, cXCu8Vcj, Who
dctcOucd thc dcVcogmcut o thc dc o tcVoutou8Q
jDdC88m.
th t thc dc88 o Uc od utcD8tou8 W8kcucd to
ucW c, 8ud thctc W ut8tcd h8t 8totm-8ud-8ttc88
gcNod o thc tcuCh 8Dout moVcmcut, Who8c tcVoutou-
aQ uucuCc8 m8dc thcm8cVc8 ct 8t Dcjoud thc
Douud8Nc8 o t8uC. c _tc8t 8ttkc moVcmcut8 8ud
thc Couutc88 gto8cCutou8 o thc L.L.. Dj thc goVcD-
mcut mctcj 8ttcugthcucd thct tcVoutou8Q VcOc,
8ud Cu8cd thc ucW dc to ud thct W8j 88o uto
WQct8ud, LcIj, taj, oMd, cgum, ohcm8,
Md thc C8udu8VM Couuttc8. u ug8ud 88o thc

J
8jdaht Edmati Lege, WhCh h8d Dccu Dtou_ht
lut0 Dclu_u tgto, D om Wm8ud Lu OWm8u, 8ud
Whuc tc8Chu_8 cXctCl8cd 8 Vct 8ttou_ uucuCc,
c8gc0l8 8mou_ thc t8uk-8ud-hc o thc tt8u8goO 8ud
mlulB_ ludu8ttc8, W88 tcVc8cd lu thc _tc8t 8ttlkc
movcmcut8 o that gctlod, oWcd lt8 cXl8tcuOc to tcuOh
budll8m.
c uucuCc o tcDCh budIC8l8m ou thc lutct-
u8tlou8 8Dout moVcmcut W88 8ttcu_thcucd tu _tc8t
dc_tcc D thc tutcD8 Ctl8l8WhCh 8t th8t tlmc 8ld hod
o uc8t 8 thc boCl8u8t 8Dout g8ttlc8. hc D8ttc
DcDccu thc 8o-cd cV8lou8U 8ud thc t_ld W8Ol8t8,
8ud g8ttlOu8t Uc 8Ct that thclt Vct g8tt8mcu
8CtVltlc8 otOdthc mo8tVocDtoggoucut8otcV8loD8m
o u8tut8 ucOc88lt to tt8Vc m gt8CtlCc thc tcVl8ou8t
g8th, C8u8cd m8u o Uc moU thou_hU ccmcut to
tccCt 8ctlou8. JU t Cc 8Dout that mo8t o thc
g8ttlc8 ouud thcm8cVc dtVcu D thc otCc o Clt-
Cum8t8uCc8, ocu 8_8u8t thclt Wt, to m8kc Cct
CouCc88lou8 to thc_cuct88ttkc dc8 othc budlC88t8.
cotc th8 omc8 cuWcuhu8, thc goucct o thc
boCl8l8t 8Dout moVcmcut m o8ud, h8d Dto0_ht 0g
lu thc utcD8tou8 L0u_tc o boCl8l8t8 m tu88c8
(t8gt} 8 gtogo88 ot W8tdlu_ 0thc 8ggto8Chu_ d8u_ct
o 8 W8t D gtcg8tu_ ot_8mcd 8Dout ot thc _cuct8
8ttkc, 8 gtogo88 WhCh W mo8t Dlttct oggo8cd
lhcm lcDKucCt m g8tUCu8t. ut lu 8gltc o thl8
oggo8ltlou 8mo8t 8 D8tlou8 8ud lutcD8tlou8 boCl8l8t
Cou_tc88c8 Wctc 8uD8cg0cut oDl_cd to CouCctu thcm-
8cVc8 motc 8ud motc Wth tht8 g0c8Uou.
Pt thc boCl8l8t Cou_tc88 lD 8t8 lu t8gg, thc tutc
mlul8tct, Ptl8tdc tI8ud, 8t_ucd ot thc _cuct8 8ttlkc
Wlth 8 hl8 hct cogucuCc 8ud 8uCCccdcd m h8Vtu_ 8u
8ggtogt8tctc8outlou 8dogtcdDthcCOu_tc88. LVcu thc

1m Dul0 o)
tcuCh Lu=8U, WhO h8O gtcVOu8j Dccu thc Dlttc8t
o8 O thc gcuct0 8ttlkc, OuuO thcm8cVc8 ODgcO
8t thc ODgtc88 m Ic [1gOq) tO 8OOQt 8 t0OutlOu
8VOutIug lt, 88 thcj c8tcO thcj WOuO OtDct8c O8c
m thclt luucuCc Wlth th0 WOtkct8. L COm8c uOthlQ
W88 gucO Dj 8uO COuCc88lOu8. c 8cc-88W b8Ck 8uO
Otth bctWou Q8tl8mcuUt8m 8uO OltcCt 8CtlOu COuO
Ouj C8u8c COuu8lOu. bUghUOtW8tO mcu Ikc 1Omc8
lcuWcuhul8 8uO hI8 OoWcu u O8uO, auO Uc
cm8t8 lu t8uCc,OtcthclucVt8Dc lDctcuCc tOm
thclt ucW COuCcQtlOu O thlug8 8uO WthOnW cuttcj
tOm Q8tl8mcut8tj 8CtlVltj , Ot thc Othct8, hOWcVct,
thclt COuCc88lOu8 tO Uc lOc8 O thc gcuc 8ttkc Wctc
mctcjllQ 8ctVICc,Wlth uO Cc8t uuOct8wOugDchluO lt.
thct th8t cOW88 8hOWu ulOj lu thc C88c O tl8uO,
WhO, 88 mIuI8tct, OuuO hlm8cl lu thc tt8glC-COmlC
8lD8tOu O bcug Oblgc tO QtOhIbIt hI8 OWu 8OOtc88 u
8VOut O thc gcuct8l 8Ulkc, WhCh thc L.L.. h8O
O8ttlbutcO lu Q8mQhct Otm bj thc huDOtcO thOu88uO.
uOcQcuOcut OutOQcm bOlC8l8D thctc OcVcOQcO
lu thc . b.. thc mOVmOt O thc Jmwm mhers
o)the orH, WmCh WWhOjthcOu@tOWIh OmctC8u
COuOtIOu8. bt lt h8O u COmmOu Wlth b_uOC8ll8m
thc mcthOO8 O OtcCt 8CtlOu 8uO Uc Oc8 O 8 bOCl8ll8t
tcO@Z8tlOu O8OClcQbjUcIuOu8tO8l8uO 8gDCutut8l
Otg8ulZ8t:Ou8 Othc WOtkct8thcm8cVc8. Alt8OuuOug
COugtc88 u LhC_O () thc DO8t OVct8c t8OC8
clcmcut8 lu thc mctlCu 8DOut mOVcmOt Wctc tcQtc-
8cutcO . ugcuc cD8, l 8jWOOO, Lh8tc8 WOjct,
18ulc 1c cOu, Y. t8utm , WOthct ]Ou0, uCj
8t8Ou8 8uO m8uj OthcU. t8 mO8t lmQOtMt 8cCtlOu
Ot 8 COu8lOct8bc tlmc W88 thc est Feduti o)
Mm s, Whoc uc Wa8 kWu cVcQhctc Ot !8
OcVOtcO 8uO 8c-88CtmClug 8bOut bght8 lu LOOt8OO,
Hhmcm-_hmmm I
1
WOut8u8, 8ud d8DO. buCc tDc _tc8t mOVcmcut Ot
tDc cl_Dt-DOu d8j lu IU-y, WDlCD Cmc tO lt8 tm_lC
COu0lu8lOu WltD tDc cXcCutOu O tDc Ju8tCD8t8, bglc8,
8OOu8, l8CDct, u_cl 8ud lu@, Ou OVcmDct II
1 y, tDc JmctC8u l8DOut mOVcmcut D8d Dccu COm-
Q!ctc!j DO__cd dOWu 8Qlttu8llj. t W88 DclcVcd tD8t
Dj tDc Oudlu_ O tDc ... t ml_Dt Dc QO88lDlc tO
Qut tDc mOVcmcut D8CK Ou t8 tcVOlutlOu8j COuD, 8u
cXQcCt8tOu WDlCD D88 tDu8 8t uOt Dccu ulDllcd. D8t
Culcj dl8tlugu8Dcd tDc ... tOm tDc utOgc8u
bjudC8ll8!8 W88 t8 8ttOu_lj dch1Icd W8Ol8t VlcW8,
WD0D Wctc mQtc88cd Ou t mOtc Q8ttlCul8tlj Dj 8ucl
c cou, WDllc utOQc8u bjudlC8l8t8 D8d COu8gCuOu8lj
8dOQtcd Uc bOCl8ll8t dc88 O tDc lDcM8u Wlu_ O Uc
lt8t utcO8tOum.
Dc ... D8d 8u mQcClmlj 8ttOu_ DucuO OutDc
ltluct8ut WOtKct8 lu tDc c8t, Dut tDcj 8l8O _8lucd 8Omc
luucuc 8mOu_ 8CtOtj WOtKcD m Uc c88tcD 8t8tm,
8ud COuduOd 8 _tc8t m8uj Wldc-8Qtc8d 8UKc8, WDCD
Qut tDc u8mc O tDc ODDllc8 u cVctjDOdj8 mOutD.
Dg tOOK 8u Out8t8udu_ Q8tt lu tDc cmDUcDd D8Ulc8
OttDc 8Mc_u8tUlu_ OtccdOm O 8QccO lu tDc Wc8tcD
8t8tc8, 8ud m8dc m8ujtcttDlc 88CtlDCc8 Olc 8udlDcO
lu dOlu_ 8O. Dclt mcmDct8 DllcdUc]8l8 DjtDOu88ud8,
m8uj Wctc t8ttcd 8ud c8tDctcd Dj 8u8tlC8l Vl_ll8utc8,
Ot ljuCDcd Outtl_Dt. Dc Vctctt m8888Ctc O 1 QtU,
tDc cXcCutOu O tuc l8DOut QOct, ]O lll, u 1Qtj, tDc
Lcutt8ll8 M 8t u tQtQ, 8ud 8 lOt O 8lml8t C88c8, lu
WDCD dccuCclc8 WOtKct8 cl VlCtm8, 8tc Oulj 8 cW
ml!c-8tOuc8 u tDc ...8 D8tOQ O 88Cthc.
Dc OutDtc O tDc Otld 8t 8cCtcd tDc l8DOut
mOVcmcut llKc 8 u8tutM C8t88ttOQDc O cuOtmOu8 8COQc.
ct tDc 888888lu8tlOu8 8t b8t8]cVO, WDcu cVcQDOd
clt 1D8t utOQc W dtVm uudct u!l 88l tOW8td 8
Tm Ewlutm o)
_cucwl W thc L.L.J. QtOQO8cd tO thc lc8dct8 O thc
LD8u tt8dc uuIOu8 th8t Otg8uZcd l8bOut u thc tWO
cuutDm 8hOuld t8kc Olut 8CtIOu tO h8lt thc thD8tcncd
d888ut. ut thc Lctm8u l8bOut lc8dct8, WhO 8lw88
OQQO8cd 8u UtcCt m888 8CtOu, Md u thcIt lOug c8t8
O Q8tl8mcuU tOutuc h8d lOug 8uCc lO8t cVct tt8Cc
O tcVOlutOu8t uU8tVc, COuld uOt bc WOu OVct tO
8uCh 8 QtOQO88l. bO 8lcdthc l88t ch8nCc OQtcVcuUug
thc ghUl C8t88ttOQhc.
tct thc W8t thc QcOQlc8 8Cc 8 uc 8tu8UOu.
JutOQc W88 blccdlug tOm 8 thOu88ud WOuud8 8ud
Wtthug88 Uu thc UtOm O8 cVt. u Lcutt8l tOQc
thc Old tcgmc h8d COll8Q8cd. u888 Ouud hcl u
thc m1d8t O 8 8OC8l tcVOluUOu O WhCh uO Ouc Culd
8cthccud. LwthccVcuUMtctthcWthcOCO cuCc8
u u8 h8d mQtm thc WOtkcw u cVct COuutt
mO8t dcQl. Jhc clt m8tluOVl th8t thg WcD m
thc m1d8t O8 tcVOlutOu8t8tu8tOu, 8udth8t, duOtm
dcC8Vc C8mc Out O t uOW, 8ll Uc hOQm O thc tOllQ
Cl8 WOuld bc C8Qcllc Ot c8m. Jhc WOtkct8
tcCQd th8t 8 88um WhtCh h8d bccu uu8blc tO
Qmcut thc hOtDblc OM8ttOQhc O thc Otld 8t,
but u8tc 0t Out lOugm h8d dDVcu thc QcOQlc8 tO
thc 8l8ughtct-Qcu, h8d Otctc t8 tght tO cX8tcuO,
8ud thc h8lc 8u cOH WhCh QtOm8cd thcm 8 W8
Out O thc cCOuOmlC 8ud QOlUOl Ch8O8 WhCh thc W8t
h8d Oc8tc. Ot u8t th8 tc88Ou thc bcd thc hghc8t
hOQm Ou thc u888u DVOlutOu 8ud thOught t m8tkcd
thc u8ugut8tOu O 8 ucW cD u thc h8tOQ O thc
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dOWu Uc mOVcmcut. hc C0u8QucDCc W thc gtct
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gOtO g8tU, md h COuduCtcd 8 lOt O bg 8ttKc
mOWmcut8. thc VCtOQ O thc 0Ct8tOt8hg u
Ottug8thc L.L.. W Ocd OutOgubC8CtVQ 8ud
tO-d8 c8d8 m uudctgtOuud cX8uCc. hc DCcut
0Hlutb8uCO u OUug8, dcd Qt thc cX
tc8CUOu, 8 OcUCcbctOt8 8CUVUc8.
u U thctc 8lW88 cX8tcd, tOm thc d88 O thc
&ommo-8uo!iw
lwt utcDtlOu8, 8 8ttOug Chl8t mOVcmcut WhlO,
lu Ou 8cCtOu8 O thc COuntQ tcMucd 8 dcC8Vc
luucuCc OWt thc WOtkct8 8ud gcuu. u 1gZ Uc
bOCl8ll8t 8tt Oundcd thc C/edm d 0Um,
WhlCh W88 g8tlccd 8tct thc mOdcl O thc Lctm8u
tt8dc WlOu8 8ud h8d Ot lu gutgO8c thc 8ll8lOu O 8l
thc U8dc uOu OtgZ8tlOu8 O thc COuuU. ut lt
ucVct 8tt8lucd UgO lt W88 uOt cVcu 8blc tO gtcVOt
8 l8@c gmt O lu mcmbcwhlg tOm bclug 8ttOugl
lDucuO0 b thc ldc88 O thc tcuO bjudlC8l8t8.
c blg 8ud 8uCCc88Dl 8ttlkc8, c8gcCl8l U 8tm-
8bOu 8ttkc u 3 8ud ctt8t8, g8Vc 8 8ttOQ
lmQtu8 thc gtctgc Othc 8dVOC8tm O d 8OlOu.
u 1g12 thctc CoVcucd u Odcu8 8 COuctcuCc O
V8tlOu8O@ltOu8WhCh Wctc uOt8t 8l lu8CCOtd Wlth
thc mcthOd8 O thc LOucdct8lOu 8ud lt8 8ub8ctVcuCc tO
thc mucuCc O thc bOCl8ll8t 8tQ. h8 COuctcuCc
ODcd 8 ucW OtgZ8tlOu uudct Uc u8mc, Um
mm lm. hl8 bOd W thc 8Ou O8 Oug l8t
M8cVc8bOut8Ugglcug thcOutDtc8kOthcOtld
8t. u g8ttlCul8t lt tOOk 8 gmmcut gm u thc
O O O thc 8O-lcd Red m lD ]uuc, 1g1_.
c btuU 8U O thc gOlO Ou 8Ug WOtkct8 D
Ou8 o tO gcucm 8ttlkc, WhlCh lu 8 c gtOVluO
dcWlgolutO M8Dcdu8uDcOlOu.
cu, mthcOllOWlQc8t, thcmld 8tbtOkcOut,
8 8ctOu8 CD8l8 8tO8c u thc 1.b.. c mO8t uucutl8
c8dct O thc mOVcmcut, Otc dc mbt8, WhO h8d 8ll
Uc tmc g8cd 8 t8thct 8mblguOu8 t0c, ttlcd tO tOu8c
D thc O@8uU8tlOu 8 8cutlmcut Ot thc W8t. t thc
Ougtm lD 8D8 [1g1q], hOWcVct hc Ouud hm8cl
m thc mluOtQ Md, Wth h8 OlOWct8, WthdtcW tOm
thc mOVcmcut. 1QOu t88 cutt8uCc lutO thc W8t 8
thc kwgtOgQ8u0ut8 O1thc 1... Wctc 8wc8tcd 8ud
7he Lvohtioo o]
mgt8Ouo uuUl thc cud O thc W8t. tct thc Wat 8
tcVOluUOu8ty 8tU8tOu dcVclOQd u t8y, md thc cVcut8
m bu8, WhOc 8OtU8l 8gbmOc OOud 8t th8t Umc,
O cOunc, uOt bc Ocu, tOu8cd 8 VgOtOu8 tc8goc u
thc cOuutty. c .b.. u 8 8hOtt ttmc 8WOkc tO ucW
c 8ud 8OOu OOuutcd 0,O mcmbct8. 8cDO O
80tOu8 l8bOut d8tUtbmOc8 8hOOk Uc OOuutty, tc8Ohug
thct gc u thc OOOug8tOu O thc 8OtOtc8 m ugu8t,
tgzO. t8 gO8l 8t th8t tmc W 8 tcc 8OVct 8y8tcm,
WhOh Wa8 tO tc]cOt 8uy dOt8tOt8hg md bud t8 ba88 u
thc cOOuOmO Otg8uZ8UOu8 O Ot_ l8bOut.
u th8t 88mc yc8t thc .b.. 8ut t8 OtcUy, udO
Otgh, tO O8oW tO 8Qu8ut bb gcnOu8lly Wth
thc 808UOu u bu888. Otgh tcc tO t8ly d
d8llu8Oucd. u thc utctm thc LOmmm8t8 h8d bccu
Uug tO gm thc .b.. utO thmt h8ud8 but thc OOugtc
8t bOmc u tZZ lcd tO 8u OgO b8k Wth O8hc8m
mthc 8ml8tOu O thc Otg8ttOu Wth thc .Y...
cmWhlc 88O8m m dcVclOgc utO 8u mmcd8tc
d8ugct. 8ttOug 8ud wtcd 8bOut mOVcmOt th8t W88
dctcDucd tO t8k cVcQg u dccuOc O t8 tccdOm
ould 8tul h8Vc gut 8 chcOK ugOu th8 d8ugct. ut thc
g0l cOuduOt O thc b08l8t 8 8ud thc LOucdct8-
tOu O 8bOut, WhOh 8ub]cOt tO t8 uucuOc,
WtcOkcd cVctythug. Odc8 thc .b.. thctc tcmuc
Ouly Uc m0r 0r0h00 l0 tO t8lly tOuud thc
uuVcn8lly tcVctcd Oh8mOu O t8l8u tOh8m,
ttOO m8tOt8. YhO u tgZZ thc gcuct8l 8ttkc
@t 88O8m btOkc Out, thc dcmOOt8UO gOVcDmcut
8tmcd thc O8t hOtdc8 8ud thtOttlcd U l88t 8ttcmgt
8t thc dccuOc O t=dOm 8ud tght. ut t8l8u
dcmo h8d dug t8 OW gt8Vc. t thOught t OOuld
u8c u88Olu 8 8 tOOl @8tu8t thc WOtkct8, but t thu8
bcmc t8 OWu gmVc-d@t. Yth thc VOry O
&mch-8ua!a
88C8m thc WhOc t88u 8DOut mOVmcut d88QQcMcd,
8ud 8Oug Wth t thc .b.. 8ud 8 OQcuuc88 u 8OO8 c.
u t8uO 8tct thc W thc 8O-C8cd tcOD8t Wug
h8d g8ucd thc uQQct h8ud u thc L.L.J., WhctcuQOu
Uc tcVOutOmt ccmcut8 8ccdc 8ud Otmcd thcm8V08
utO thc L.L.J.. ut, 8uCc O8cW h8 8 Vm 8ttOug
utctmt u gctt th8 Q8tUCu8t Otg8m8lOu utO t8
haud8, thctc W88 8utcd u t 8u uu8CtuQuOu8 uudct-
gtOuud 8CtVl u Cc8 8tct thc bu88au Q8ttcO, WhICh
Wcut 8O 8t th8t u 1q22 UO 8tOO-bDd08t8 Wctc
8hOt dmu D LOmmuu8t8 u thc 8t8 Jt8dc DOu
hOu8c. JbctcuQOu thc D8tChO-bDd08!8t8, Wth
cttc cu8td, WthdtcW tOm thc L.L.J.., 8ud Otmcd
thc L0]00 m dv 1r0c0 gmmh
Hm e, WhCh ]Omcd thc uuO8UOu Otkug-
mcu8 88OC8UOu. Jh8 O@tOu h08 8uCc thcu
Dccu VgOtOu8 8ClVc Md b COuttDuud gc8U 1O
kccQ 8V 8mOug thc WOtkcm thc Od Qtc-W8t dcM O
thc L.L.J. Jhc d8u8Oumcut OVct bu888 8ud, 8DOVc
8, thc tmOuudug cChO 8mOug thc tcuch WOtkcm O
thc bQ8u8h ught Ot tccdOm, cd tO 8 8tIODg tcVV8 O
VOuUOu8Q bDdC88m u t8uCc, 8O th8t Ouc C
88c cOuut Ou 8 tcDtth O thc mOVcmcut Wthu Qtc-
dcMDc Umc.
u LcM thctc h8d mtc Ot 8 O Umc DcO thc
W thc mOVcmcut O thc 8-Ccd c0mu, WhO8c
8ttOughOd W thc rm loo 4cm cOk-
$chu]u Ouudcd D L. c88ct 8ud . 8ut u 1g}.
8 O@8UOu W88 Ot@u8 u8Qtcd D Qutc
bOO8 cmOCmtC dc8, Dut t cOmD8tc thc ccuUug
uudcuCc8 O Uc gcuct8 LcD tt8dc uuOu mOVcmcut.
Jhc tcVV8 O tcVOutOu8t bDdC88m u t8uCc h8d 8
8ttOug uucuCc Ou th8 mOVcmcut, aud th8 W88 uOt8Dj
8ttcu_hcucd WhO thc Otmct bOO8 cmOCwt 8ud 8tct
IjO
7m Evlution o/
D8tChI8t, t. H. tIcdcDctg, C8mc Out Ot thc gcuct8
8tDKc. 1u IQO thc .N. 1. L. DtOkc COmQ!ctc!j WIth
OCI8l cmOCt8Cj 8ud OQcu!j QtOc88cd judC8lI8m.
ct thc W8t th8 mOVcmcut tOOk 8 8h8tQ uQ8W1ug 8ud
m 8 8hON t;mc COuutcd I2O,OOO mcmDct8. ^t It8
COugtc88 Iu ctlu Iu IQIQ thc dc0!8t8tOu O QtIuCIQ!c8
WOtkcd Out Dj H. HOCkct W88 8dOQtcd , thI8 W88 Iu
c88cutI8l 8gtccmcut Wth thc ODcCtIVc8 O thc Q8uI8h
L... t thc COugtc88 u 188cdOt [IQ2O), thc Otg8u-
JZ8tIOu Ch8ugcd It8 u8mc tO Freie Arbeiter- Union Deatsch-
mm. hc mOVcmcut C8ttcd Ou 8u uuu8u8!!j 80tIVc
QtOQ8g8ud8 8ud tOOk 8u c8Qc0I8!!j cuctgctIC Q8N Iu thc
gtc8t 8CtIOu8 Dj Otg8uZcd l8DOut Iu thc HhcuI8h
Iudu8ttI8! Dc!d. hc .^.1.1. tcudctcd 8 gtc8t 8cDCc
tDtOugh thc tItclc88 l8DOut8 O It8 8CtIVc QuDI8hIug-hOu8c,
WD1Ch, m 8ddItIOu tO 8 VO!um1uOu8 Q8mQhlct lItct8tutc,
DtOught Out 8 l8tgc uumDct O !Ougct WOtk8 Dj btOQOtKIu,
8kuIu, ctt!8u, HO0kct 8ud Othct8, 8ud Dj th8 80tIVIQ
8Qtc8d thc lIDctt8tI8u Idc88 O thc8c mcu tO WIdct CIt0lc8.
Dc mOVcmcut, Iu 8ddtIOu tO It8 Wccklj Otg8u, Der
Sjihaht, 8ud thc thcOtctIC8 mOuthlj, Die 1nt-
mtnah, D8d 8t It8 COmm8ud 8 uumDct O lOC8l 8hcct8,
8mOug thcm thc d8!j Q8Qct, D Shp[ag, Iu U88cl-
dOt. Jtct 1It!ct8 8C0c88IOu tO QOWct thc mOVcmcut
o thc Lctm8u u8tChO-judIC8!I8t8 V8uI8hcd tOm thc
8Ouc. @c8t m8uj O It8 8uQQOttct8 l8uguI9hcd Iu
CouCcutt8tIOu C8mQ8 Ot h8d tO t8Kc tcugc 8DtO8d. 1u
8QItc O thI8 thc Otg8uIZ8tIOu 8tI! cXI8t8 Iu 8cCtct, 8ud
uudct mO8t dICu!t COudItIOu8 C8ttIc8 Ou It8 uudct-
@Ouud QtOQ8g8ud8.
1u Wcdcu thctc h88 cX8tcd Ot 8 !Oug tImc 8 Vcty 80tVc
judIC8!I8t mOVcmcut, thc Serges Arbetares Central-
oraniaation, WhICh I8 8l8O 8!I8tcd WIth thc 1...^.
D8 Og8mZ8tIOu uumDct8 OVct qO,OOO mcmDct8, WhICh
4aock-8icam
COn8ttutc8 a vcry hgh gcrCcntagc Othc bWcdsh abOur
mOVcmcnt. hc mtcna OrganZatOn O thc bWcdsh
byndCastssnvcQcXCccntCOndtOn. hcmOvcmcnt
h8s tWO day QaQcrs, Onc O thcm, rbcl0rm, managcd
by bcrt ]cnscn n btOCkhOm. t has at ts dsQOsa a
argc numbcr O dstngushcd QrOQagandsts, and has
asO nauguratcd a vcry aCtvc byndCast YOuth mOvc-
mcnt. hc bWcdsh bynd0sts taKc a strOng ntcst
n a thc WOrKcrs' struggcs n thc COuntry. Yhcn, On
thc OCCasOn O thc grcat str:Kc O Pd8cn, thc bWcdsh
gOvcmcnt Or thc hrst tmc scnt mta aganst thc
WOrKcrs, hvc mcn bcng shOt dOWn n thc ahr8y, and thc
bWcdsh Org8nZcd WOrKcrs rcQcd Wth a gcncra strKc,
thc byndC8sts Qaycd aQrOmncntQart, 8nd thcgOvcn-
mcnt W8s at ast COmQccd tO m8Kc COnCcssOns tO thc
QrOtcst mOvcmcnt Othc WOrKcrs.
n 1Oand 8s byndCast mOvcmcnt thcrc Was thc
^0l0n0k rbcclcr-ckrcl0rml [..b.|, WhCh COuntcd
qO,OO mcmbcrs. utWhcn ths Camc stcady mOrc 8nd
mOrc undcr LOmmunst nbucnCc, thc ^cmrmnmtch
jmkuch 0k0crb0ndsQtohrOm tand annOunCcd
ts amatOn Wth thc .Y..P. hc mOst mQOHant
unt n m ncW organZatOn s thc mcta WOrKc' unOn
undcr thc 1cadchg o P. HOusscau. hc mOvcmcnt
h8s cd on, csQcCay n rcCcnt ycat8, a vcry aCtvc
QrOQ@da, and gOs8c8scs n c jndk0ul, cdtcd bj
Pbcrt c ]Ong, an cxCccnt Orgn. nd thc mOnlhj
0nd-@m, WhCh aQQcarcd or acW yca undcr thc
cdtOrshg o P. ucr-hnng, dcsctc8 aso to bc
mcntOncdhcrc. MOandhbccn rOmOodthcCsC
8nd O ant-mtarsm. Omca cuWcnhus, Ormcr
grcst and atcr narChst, hghy tcsQcCtcd by cvcQOnc
Or hs gurc dcasm, m 1gOq oundcd thc nl-dl0nl
nlHl0n0, WhCh, hoWcvcr, had nbucnCc WOtth
Tm Etolutm o[
mmUong onlj n MollMd 8nd mCc. t thc tbtd
8nt-mlM8t CoDgtcM 8t hc M8guc [tQ2tj thc ntct-
n8ton8l lt-ml0Nl wc0ug0t:l Hm mdculw
W88 oundcd, WhCh otthc g88t 8xtccn jc8t8 h88 Cmcd
on 8n cxttcmclj8Ctvc ntcDton8 gtog@8nd8, 8nd m
ound 8blc 8nd Dk8h gtcntv n mcn :kc
. dc gl 8nd bctt dc ]ong. hc utc8u W88 tcgtc-
8cntcd 8t 8 numbct ontcDton8l gC CongO 8nd
gut out 8 8gcC8 g88-8ctvCc n vct8l l8ngu8gc8.
n tQ2_ t mlcd Ucl Wth Uc ..N.. thuugh Uc
1mw0 lt-m0 L0mc, 8nd n 888oO8uon
WU th8t otgZ8ton Otton8Utcl88ttugglc8g8n8t
tc8CUon 8nd thc gctl o ncW W.
n 8ddton to th= thctc cx8t ho-bydC88t
gtog@8nd8t gtoug8 n oW8j, ol8nd, 8nd ulg8t8,
WbCh c M mUd Wth thc ..N.. kcW thc
]8g8nc8c _ c@0 mlm Zckku 0g h8d cntctcd
nto otm8l 8ll8nC Wth thc ..N..
n bouth mctO, gcO8llj u tgcnUn8, thc mo8t
8dWnCcd CounU on thc 8ouUw OnUucnt, thc joung
8bout movcmcnt W tom tbc VcQ bgmng 8ttonglj
nhucnCcd bj thc lbcO 0c88 o bg8n8hnMCh8m.
n t Q to ucn0 8 tom Mlon8 Omc cllCt
8t8to, Who h8d lvcd thtougb thc mc o thc t
ntcD8Uon8 8ndW88 onc o thcO8mgom o lbcH8n
bo8l8m m bg8n. 1ndct h8 mucnCc 8 Cop8 o
tt8dc unon8 Convcncd n ucno8 tc8 n tQt, tom
WhCh 8to8c thc cdr0O
@
L0rO0 @cltm, WhCh 8t
t8 outth Congtc88O8ngcd t8 n8mc to cdr0
@
L0rO0
@00 r_clt0. hc .L.V.. h88 C8ttcd on 8nCc
thcn Wthout ntcttugton, cvcn though t8 cmCcncj W88
otcn, 88 t 8 8g8u to-d8j, d8tutbcd bj gct08 o tc-
8CUon, 8nd t W88 dtvcn to undctgtound 8Cuvtj. t
8 8n n8tCh8t tt8dc unon otg8nZ8ton, 8nd t W tbc
Hmch-bjm0h l
5
J
8oul o 8ll thc gtc8t l8Dout 8Ugglc8 WhICb h8Vc M ocn
8hNcn th8t Countt. c .L... Dcg8n IW 8CtIt
WIth qO,OOO mcmDcm, WhICh numct h88 gtoV w
thc otld 8t to OO,OO. u hI8toQ, WhICh . 1.
dc b8ntIll8n m 8kctChcd m m Wotk, .L..., I8
onc o thc mo8t D8Ulc-hlo C8QtcD In thc o
thc IntcDtIon8l l8Dout moVcmcnt. ot oVct Wcntj-
HVc jc8t8 thc moVcmcnt m 8 d8Ilj Q8Qct, Iomtu,
WbICh undct thc cdItot8hIQ o b8ntll8n 8nd , ot
jc8t8 guDlI8hcd 8 Wccklj 8uQQlcmcnt to WhIC thc Dc8t
mnd8 o IntcO8Uon8l lDctwt8n boCImI8m ConttIDutcd.
c g8Qct W88 8uQQtc88cd 8tct thc coq d`etat o Lcncm
tIDut8, Dut It Contnuc8 to 8QQc8t 1n 8n undctgtound
cdIton cVcn to-d8j, cVcn not guItc d8Ilj. WotcoVct,
8mo8t mc Con8Idct8Dlc Udc unIon h8d It8 oWn o@8n.
hc .L.b.. c8tlj ]oIncd tbc .W.., h8VIng Dccn
tcQtc8cntcd 8t It8 oundIng Congtc88 Dj tWo dclcg8tc.
n W8y, tgzg, thc .L... 8ummoncd 8 Congtc8 o
8l thc bouth mctC CounttIc8, to mcct In ucnm
Itc8. o It thc .W.. 8cnt tom ctlIn It8 Lottc-
QondIng bcCtc, . bouChj. t U8 Congtc88, Dc8Idc8
thc .L... o @OtIn8, thctc Wctc Qtc8cntcd
8t8gu8j Dj thc Cenno Ubroo dl Igaj , olIVI8
Dj thc m00 Locul d m Iu, Lu Antorchu, 8nd
Lm j Lwertud WcXICo Dj thc Con)edr Gul
d Trabaudret Lu8tcm8l8 Dj thc Comu pro Acd6n
8imcal tugu8j Dj Uc m0 Reul Urgma.
tom wZIl tt8dc unIon8 om 8cVcn o thc Con8tItucnt
Ntc8 Wctc tcQtccntcd, Lo8t8 VC W88 Qtc8cntcd Dj
thc o@8nIZ8tIon, 0 M Ldertm. LVcn thc Lm
.. 8cnt tcQtc8cnt8tIVc, 8lthough 8InCc thc dICt8tot-
80IQ o D8ncZ It h8d DOn 8Dlc to c on onlj undct-
gtound 8CtVItIc. t thI8 Cong8 thc Continentul
Ammcm orHQmen't Att W88 Dught mto
1
\

1/e Etolution o] Anch-Sm

cxstcncc, consttutng thc Amcrcan mvson of mc
..N.. Jhc scat of ths organzaton w at rst m
ucnos Arcs, but |atcr, bccusc o thc dctatonhp, t
had to bc transfcrrcd to \ruguay.
Jhc arc thc orccs whch Anarcho-8yndcdsm at
prcscnt has at ts dsposa| n thc scvcraI comtrcs.
Evcqwhcrc t h to m on a dmc|t stmggIc gt
rcacton as wc|| as agnst thc conscnatvc cIcmcnu m
thc prcscnt Iabour movcmcnt. Jhrough thc hcroc
bauIc ot thc 8psh workcrs thc attcnton ot thc worId
s to-day drcctcd to tbs movcmcnt, and adhcrcn
arc hrmIy convnod t a gmat and succcssm! mturc
I bctorc thcm.
LLHM
d8mC Ou8. Jmlc. hc btOQ O Ll888 YOlcuCc
m mctC8, 1g_ 1.
8gu8k, W. duummw cDcudgc, kcDc tOtcD
LcWctk8Ch8!cu, 1g2.
akuuu, WCh8cl. 0d md lh lulc, 1g-
uhucukwBtctummclc Hkc,_ VOh., 1g2_-2g.
cct, W8. 0cu lmgk m%o0, 1g2.
ctkm8u, lcXdct. cm01 0] m Wmchul,
1gI2
1m 0hc lh, 1g2g.
1m Wl-Lhm4, 1g2g.
^m m u]lH. L O LOmmuu8t uatCh8m,
1g2g
-
c8u8td, cttc. Lct Qnmult m 1 rl u rMmw
t0.
m Buv.
Wmchomm cl k1 umcm, 1g_g.
t88cudcu, . . 1m. . - tudj omcDC8
judCm, 1g1g.
tuQD8Chct, tO. wx wwn, 1g1_.
Lcjtc, YOt8DDc dc. rkclrd Mk, 1g1g
LOlc, L. . M. 0O , 1g20.
0rkhg Lr_mwn, 1g2_.
L@mrdI, 1g2q.
00Hl m, 1g2g.
LOOk, . j. /m ^mg1, 1g2b.
LOD8cu, Lh. c0H tnlOww 4k4-
1g10.
Bibhyaph
Ltmk, . . hwl ul0Q 0 lhc 0J rluh
W0rk@ Lm: mcmcl, tQtQ.
h8t,N. hcm0ulwm0Ucmcl]0m, tQq.
8Vd, M. hc uk 0 lhc gl _mr, tQ.
cc88lc, . O 0 mNh0d: du dcm, tQoy.
0lw mm cl k:m0rchulc:, tQOO.
cgt, . 0]mOmc, t Q.
Omcl8-cuWcuhu8, . t mO, 1g
]
.
ltZb8Chct, 8ul. 0rcmm, tQO.
O8tct, . N. Z. N 8tl L. Otd. gdumm.
LOdWu, ll8m. 10lu0_lcc, tyQ.
LOldm8u, Q mcmm 0d 0lhcr ::Q:, tQt t .
g wm m u:m, t Qz.
tUp mg gc, tQt .
LDclhc8, N. 0lt0 du0mlc, tQ.
Lull8umc, ]8mc8. lHm0, 4U cl
:0uUcm:, q VOl8. tQo-to.
gOOd, . dq : 0k, tQ2Q.
Muutct, VODcH. mm md lm 0b mcl,
tQtq.
..N.. Hm /m:l Hm, t Qz.
..N.. Zcm g0mc tmm Mt:ck0m@,
tQz.
tOgOtku, ctct. mchul L0mmuum U D888 Md
gtuCglc8, tQt.
hc Ltl 0m, tg2.
m l0lc . U0kmulw, t Q.
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D LDD8 8D8ICDSt gIOUQS cXStcU DcOIc tDc W8I D V8IOUS
1 Aaarcha-5ya4/cal/sm
tOwns, which pub!ishcd lbttatian pctiOdica!s and pamphlcts and
kcpt in tOuch with thcit cOmtadcs in Amctica and utOpc. A tcViVal
Ot this mOVcmcnt tOOk placc attct thc wat, inspitcd by gtOups Ot
intc!lcctuals in VatiOus placcs Ot thc cOuntty.
)bcttatian idcas haVc a!sO tcccntly pcncttatcd intO lndia, whctc
a gtOup Ot lndian intc!!cctua!s in BOmbay, tOundcts Ot thc lndian
lnstitutc Ot SoiOlOgy and its Otgan thc la4/aa 5aca/ajist, atc Vcty
actiVc in sptcading thc ncw idcas. Thcy a!sO ctcatcd a ccnttc tOt
!ibcttatian publicatiOns, thc Libcttatian BOOk HOusc in BOmbay,
which has altcady btOught Out a !atgc numbct Ot bOOks and
pamph!cts Ot al! kinds by wc!!-knOwn libcttatian wtitcts in utOpc
and Amctica.
Thc ptcscnt tcnaissancc Ot thc !ibcttatian mOVcmcnt thtOughOut
thc wOtld is thc bcst ptOOt that thc gtcat idcas Ot !ibctty and sOcial
usticc atc stil! a!iVc attct thc hOttiblc Otdcal mOst cOunttics haVc
had tO undctgO, and that thcy atc tcgatdcd as guiding ptincip!cs by
many intcnt On lVing thc Vaticd ncw ptOblcms Of Out timc and
ctcating thc paths tOt a bcttct tututc and a highct lcVcl Ot
humanity.
lt is thc Only mOVcmcnt which nOt On!y cattics On thc tight
against thc many cVils Ot ptcscnt sOcicty but alsO ttics tO ptcVcnt
thc dangcts Ot dictatOtship Ot cVcty tOtm and shapc, tuti!c statc
capita!ism and pOlitical tOta!itatianism, which can Only lcad tO thc
wOtst slaVcty mankind has cVct cxpcticnccd.
kudOlt kOckct
CtOmpOnd, , |unc 147