National Power and EneIgy Conference (PECon) 2003 Pr(eedings, Bangi, Malaysia

t61
Bifurcation Analysis Based Performance
Evaluation of Power System
Incororating FACTS Controller
*Marayati Marsadek, *R.N.Mukerjee, **Badmanathan Tanggawelu, Amir Basha `Aznan Ezraie
Arifin, Member, IEEE
.
Abstract--The major power system breakdowns are caused
by problems relating to the system dynamic responses. The
limiting factor in power system operation is the damping of
oscillations. The damping torque provided by the FACTS
device is proportional to the gain of the controller. A power
system is highly nonlinear dynamical system, having always
some infuence on the controller performance. An
inappropriate controller setting may cause interplay between
controllers dispersed system wide, Iading to evolution of
nonlinear dynamic phenomena such as bifurcation. It is
induced by variation in control gains and system parameters.
For satisfactory system operation, appropriateness of each
setting of the controller needs to be evaluated for a specifc
operating confguration. The in-depth evaluation of a controller
setting leading to lne tuning of the controller gain is feasible
through bifurcation analysis.
Keywords-Bifurcation, Dynamic Analysis, FACTS, Flouet
Multiplier.
1. INTRODUCTION
B
ulk power transmission is mainly used for two puroses.
First, power transfer between electric utilities and power
pools, which enables utilities to derive advantages from
diversity in regional electric peak demands and share
economic benefits through interconnected operation.
Second, power transfer from remote gCeratig sites to load
centre substations using long distance transmission circuits.
High voltage Direct Current transmission permits fast
controllability and interconnected operation of power pools
by asynchronous transmbbioQ links and also reduces losses.
However due to its high initial cost, HYDe remains
attractive only for inter area power transfer. With the advent
of Flexible AC transmissi

n system (FACTS) technology, ac

transmission remains the preferred option for multi-terminal
and multi circuit long distauce transmission. AC
transmission in its 1atural uncom
p
ensated fonn has several
limitations viz. line overloading leading to high losses,
synchronous and NoltagC instability when increased power
transmission is attempted, and over vLltUgeb when a line. is
under loaded. The eYolYing deregulated eleLtricit mrket
concept puts additional requirement 'f avoiding loop flows.
F ACTS deNices overcome these limtations 1
Universiti Tenaga Nasion.l, Km7 Jalan Kajang-Puchong, 43009 Kajang,
Selangor. (email ' 111rayatj{lIniLcn.etlu.mYlra\.illdnl(.lIl1ilt n.cdu.my)
TN1 Research, Malaysia
GSMO, Tenaga Nasional Berhad. Malaysia
0-7803-8208-0103/$17.00 2003 IEEE.
uncompensated lines. By appropriate FACTS controls,
power carrying capacity of the lines may be enhanced to
their themlal limits, permitting efective utilization of
eXlstmg transmission corridors. These devices when
properly set, achieve power flow control, loop flow control,
load sharing among paallel corridors, enhancement of
transient stability, mitigation of system oscillations and
voltage regulation. However, depending on the system
operating configuration, the FACTS controllers need
modification in settings, to ensure damping of low-frequency
power swings on the tie lines. These swings or oscillations
mergC due to the dynamics of power transfer, specifically
when the aggregate power transfer over a corridor is high
relative to its transmission strength and also imply poor
damping in a system.
Most of the major power system breakdowns are caused
by problems relating to the system dynamic responses. The
limiting factor in power system operation is the damping of
oscillations. FACTS devices are becoming increasingly
important in suppressing power system oscillations and
improving system damping. Te damping torque provided
by the damping control of the FACTS device is proporional
to the gain of the controller. This implies that the gain
setting has to be appropriate to te damping required in a
given operating configuration. A .power system is highly
nonlinear dynamical system, improper variations in any
parameter in the system such as load or controller gain, may
result in complicated behaviour, giving rise to oscillatory or
collapse type system instability. Nonlinear dynamic
phenomena always has some infuence on the controller
pefoIance and inappropriate controller setting may cause
interlay beten system wide dispersed controllers lading
to evolUtion of nonlinear dynamic phenomena such as
bifrcation, which implies qualitative change in the
behaviour of the system. Bifurcations may be induced by
variation in control gains and system parameters.
Since a power system witnesses a wide, ange of
operational regimes. and hCnce many modes of power
swings, a FACTS cmtroller has to adapt to all the possible
system operating conditions. For satisfactory system
operation, appropriateness of each setting of the controller
needs to be evaluated for a specific operating confguration,
to ensure sufficient damping. Te analysis methodology
proposed in the literature involves, either time domain
simulation [1] of the power system together with the
controller, or linearization [2] of the nonlinear dynamic
equations of the dynamic elements including that of the
contoller, around an operating point of the system. This is
followed by detennation of eigenvalues of the resulting
system matrix and its associated lef & right eigen vectors.
Time domain simulation for evaluating system performance
at each operatig condition and for each FACTS controller
setting is a labourious process. Though the participation
factors computed using lef & right eigenvectors in the
linearization method do indicate participation of each state
variable in a oscillation mode and the relative presence of
each mode in a output suggesting points of adj ustments in a
system the results relate to a single operating point on the
system trajectory. The analysis is carried out for few
representative system operating conditions, to keep the
volume of analysis to a minimum. The method also fails to
provide an insight in the detailed system behaviour
corresponding to a controller gain setting, throughout the
entire stetch of the system trajectory. Thus an in-depth
evaluation of a controller setting and a fine tuning of the
controller gain can not be obtained. The linearization of an
inherently nonlinear system also introduces inaccuracies.
The methodology proposed in this paper, retains the
system equations including that of the FACS controller, in
their nonlinear form and determines the system trajectory.
The for of the bifurcations that occur as the system
trajectory progresses when the controller gain is varied are
determined and their severity or mechanism of instability is
also evaluated. The continuation method [3,4] is used for the
purpose. The gain setting preceding the occurrence of a
bifurcation point is adopted for implementation. For
validating the proposed procedure, a two machine system
fceding a motor in parallel with a fxed PQ load is modelled
[5,6] together with a shunt VaT compensator. The gain of the
shunt controller is modelled as a parameter, while generating
the system trajectory using the MATCONT [7] package.
II. BIFURCATION IN NONLINEAR DYNAMICAL SYSTEMS
The locus of solutions or stationary points or equilibrium
points of an autonomous dynamical system x * F(x, p),
given by c (t, z) are called trajectorie$ or flows or paths. 7
is n-dimensional state vector, p is a parameter and z is an
initial value of x . Each initial value may yield altogether a
diferent tajectory. or path. Thus, a tajectory with a
+
( )
specifc initial value z is given by t, z . The
equilibrium is termed stable, if the deviation of the perturbed
equilibrium point from the pre perturbed one, remains small
as the time approaches ifnity and it is termed unstable, if
the deviation grows with the time. Ifthe deviation reduces to
zero; the equilibrium is asymptotically stable. A qualitative
or sudden change in the trajectory or path temled a jump
from one state to another, caused by variation of some
parameter, is termed bifurcation and the value of the
parameter at the bifurcation point is called bifurcation value
(p c), AI bifurcation point two branches or solution
trajectories with distinct tangents intersect. This is termed
162
branching. When the parameter is varied, the corresponding
state vector 7 and the eigen values of the Jacobian
aF / ax evaluated at a point on the trajectory, change
accordingly. If the eigenvalues have negative real parts, the
system state is asymptotically stable at the point. A negative
eigenvalue implies, the trajectory is directed towards pre
perturbation equilibrium point, while a positive eigenvalue
means a motion of the system away from it.
The bifurcation points that are usually encountered in a
non linear dynamical power system are: saddle point
periodic solution point or limit cycles, turning point or limit
point and Hopfpoint.
If two of the eigenvalues of the Jacobian
of I ax evaluated at a stationary point of the trajectory arc
real and have different signs, the solution or equilibrium
point is a saddle point. A saddle point always indicates
instability. If both the real eigenvalues have same sign and
negative, the stationary point is a stable node. At 1nstable
node both the real eigenvalues are positive. If a trajectory or
fow winds into a closed curve, the closed curve is termed a
limit cycle. A limit cycle implies periodic solution or orbit
and the solution values are same afer some period T. A
trajectory connecting distinct saddles is a heteroclinic orbit,
while the one connecting a saddle to itself is a homoclinic
orbit. The equilibrium of any dynamical system
x = F(x,p) is given by F(x,p);;O. If the jacobian
aF(x,pc)lox evalated at a point(x,pc) on the
trajectory with the bifrcation value p ( , has a simple pair of
purely imaginary eigenvalues p(p () j f such that
d (Re p(p c)) I dp _ : 0, a limit cycle with an initial time
2:r
period To * evolves at (x, Pc)' The point where
f
solution of the ordinary diferential equation defining a
system, begins to exist is a turning point. At the turing point
the solution trajectory or branch comes from one side and
turs back Turing points ofen arise in pairs and hence are
termed saddle nodes. At the turing point also called a fold
bifurcation point, the Jacobian of I ax evaluated at the
point on the trajector has a real eigenvalue which is a zero
value.
A bifurcation or branching from a stable or unstable
equilibrium to a periodic oscillation or limit cycle is called
Hopf bifurcation. In other words, Hopf bifurcation point
connects stationary solutions with periodic solutions or a
branch with periodic motion is cOlulected to a stationary
branch. The parameter value p _ at which Hopf bifurcation
occurs is the Hopf bifurcation value. The Jacobian
of I ax evaluated at the Hopf point has a pair of pure
imaginary eigenvalues. At the Hopf bifurcation point an
exchange of stability takes place from stable equilibrium to
stable limit cycle or unstable periodic orbits or from periodic
branch to a stationary branch.
If a periodi c solution or limit cycle evolves during motion
of a dynamical system with an initial condition ,z', the
stability of one particular solution x (t) with a period
T along the periodic branch is investigated using Floquet
multipliers. The Jacobian evaluated at the point x (I) on a
specifc trajectory or a branch r (T, z ) , due to a speLifc
initial value z', is called monodromy matrix. For n
dimensional state vectors X (t) and /_ the n-dimensional
monodromy matrix eYluated for d parametCr value p has n
eigenvalues or n Floquet mUltipliers
J1 (p), J2 (p ) .... ,J" (p). Thus, the Floquet multipliers are
the function of the parameter
p
under consideration. The
magnitude of one of them is alwaysequal to unity. The other
(n-I) Floquet multipliers determine (local) stability by the
rule[3],
XC!) is stable if I J j I I for j1 '" .n-l
xC!) is unStdble if I J j I> I for some j.
On the stable periodic orbit, the n-I multipliers are always
inside the unit circle. On varying the pdrmCte p, some of
the multipliers may cross the unit circle. The multiplier
crossing the unit circle is called the critical multiplier.
Depending on the mode of crossing of the unit circle by a
critical multiplier or a pair of complex cojugate multipliers,
diferent types of branLhing may occur. Three types of
branching for the three modes of crossing of a specific
critical multiplier viz. the eigen value I
f(p f
) 1= 1 of the
monodromy matrix as shown in Figure I, could be (i) critial
multiplier crossing the nit circle along the +ve real axis
i.e. /(Pc) 1, indicating tuing points of the periodic
orbit, (ii) multiplier ro5sing the unit circle along the -ve
real axis i.e. f(p c) -1, indicating system oscillating
with a period two implying period doubling, (iii)' a pair of
complex conjugate multipliers robsiUg the unit circle with a
non zcro imaginary part, indicating a bifurcation into a tors
or becondUr Hopf bifurcation. The crossing of the
multiplier out of the unit circle implies loss of stability i.e.
unstable limit cyLle and crossing of the multiplier into the
Unit Lircle implies gain of stability i.e. stable limit cycle
when the paramete_r p passes thoVg
h Pc'
Fig. I. Critical multipliers crossing Unit circle -modes
163
III. TEST SYSTEM
For validating the proposed methodology, a three bus
system [5] is used. In this system, a load having an induction
motor in parallel with a conta1t PQ load is fed by two
geneators. The total reactive power demand of the motor
and the constant PQ load is partly met by the two generators,
with a total reactive power supply capability of 25 p.u. and
pardy by the dynamic static Var system provided at the load
bus. Var controller is provided with a variable gain for
adjustment, inliUe with the damping requirement. The state
vector in the dyamical equatioQ X = F(x,Q) of this
system is given by : = [b , O, 5, vf. The state
variables are: 5", the generator rotor angle, O the
generator angular velocity, 5 the angle and V the
magnitude of the load voltage. The Static var compensator
controller gain k
A
and the load reactive power demand Q
are chosen as the system p&rametCrbp, with Q as free
parameter. The load reactive power demand is modelled
through Load PQ equations and the SVC controller gain
k

features in the SVC model given by K

H
/(1 + STA )
[1,5].
Fig. 2. 05l System
III. EVALUATION OF THE SYSTEM PERFORMANCE
WITH SVC CONTROLLER GAIN VALUES
Efect of a FACTS device controller (FDC) gain value on
system performance is evaluated here through bifrcation
analysis, using a tatic var Compensator, a device in FACTS
family, placed in a power system. Evaluation of the specifc
value of the gain on system performance must precede its
implementation in 'a operating power system with a specifc
configuration. As stated earlier, both SVC controller gain
k
A
and the load reactive power demand Q are chosen as
parameters. However, while determining the system
trajectory through continuation procedure using MATCONT
package, k A is assigned a fxed value, while Q is va

ied.
The criticality of SVC gain on its Q compen.sating ability
and the intimate relation it has with system' damping is
illustrated through two case studies carried out on the test
system.
Case-l examines 4 scenario demonstrating a fold
bifrcation, followed by a saddle node bifurcation. A fold
bifurcation is encountered when the SVC delivers a reactive
power demand of 11.79 p.U. with the gain fixed at k _ 134
as a
g
ainst a value of 11.4
p
.u., when the gain is fxed at a
higher value of k
H
~
150_ as shown in Table l .The fold
bifrcation occurrence is identifed by a real eigenvalue
assuming a value zero in both the sitations. The Q delivery
capability is higher with k
A
=134, though the frequency of
oscillation at the saddle
p
oint is al
s
o higher compared to
that, when k
A
=150 However, the -ve real part of the
164
a value of 11.24 p.u., when the gain is fixed at a highr value
of k
A
=2.The limit cycle O periodic bifurcation occurrence
is identifed by the presence of a pair of purely imaginary
eigenvalues (Table 2). The occurrence of Hopfbifurcation is
distinct with the appearance of purely imaginary eigenvalues
indicating oscillation. The subdued oscillations compared to
that for limit cycles, signal the tra
n
sition of the system
trajectory to a stationary branch, that follows it. The extent
com
p
lex eigevlMe being higher, the oscillations decay
of oscillations are moe with the gain fixed at k

=2. A fold
faster whenk
A
=134. The occurrence of a saddle point is
bifurcation is encountered when the SVC delivers a reactive
identifed by the two of the eigenvalues being real but with
power demand of 11.42 p.u. with the gain fixed at k
7
=1 as
o
pp
o
s
ite s
i
gns
.
T
he f
ow
s corr
e
s
p
on
di
ng
to
k
7
~
1 34
a
n
d . against a value of 11.44 p.u., whe] the gain is fixed at a
k
A
=150 are shown in fig.3 a
n
d fg. 4.respectively, while the higher value of k
A
=2.This shows the typical behaviour of a
perforance is sumrized in Table 1.
-
---.
) Pot)
."

-- __m (t{)
=. z &aa.+a&+ ~~
2 R B O l7
Fig. 3. Bifurcation point with k, =134
1.0S
0.05
0.P
oe50
O
Fig. 4. Bifuration points with k
H
150
TABLE I
PERfORMANCE CASE-I
Case-2 eAamnes a scenario demonstrating occurence of
periodic orbit or limit cycle followed by Hopf bifurcation
and then followed by a fold bifurcation. A peiodi orbit is
encountered when the SVC delivers a reactive power
demand of 11.11 p.u. with the gain fixed at k
A
1 as against
nonlinear dyamiCUl power system. The fows corresponding
to k
H
1 and k

=2 are shown in fg.S and fg.

6.respectively, while the performance is suOariZed in
Table 2. This LUoC only emphasizes the need of determining
the appropriate gain for a specifc operting confguration, to
ensure proper system damping.
(Hopf P=l}
(3uPowI}
', "

Fig. 5. Bifurcation points with k =1

Gain Turning point Sadd Ie Point
Equal Real
Q Q
Eigenvalues
loading loading Complex with
Limit Real Limit Conjugate different
KA (p.u) Eigenvalues (.u) Eigenvalues signs
0, -144, +141.3,
134 1 \.79 -45, -52.8 10.51 -0.10 j4.65 -141.3
0, -160, +158.1,
150 11.40 -5, -0.52 10.34 -0.09 Jj4.58 -158.1
.\\ (fopf Poit)
S2
S3 (T Poit)
/
>'
I_, , [lifure'lion poiilS Wilh k
H
=2
Periodic
8IH [Limit Cycle}
Q
Purely
loading 1n1"ginry
Limit Eigen
A (p,u) values
I 11.11 j3,G2
2 1124 j3.48
TABLE 2
PERFORMANCE CASE-2
HopfPoint
Purely
Turing Point
Q
Complex
Q loading Imaginary loading Conjugate
Limit EigeH Limit Eigen
(p,u) values (p.u) values
11.41 j2,89 11.42 ,O,75+j2.57
11.42 j2.93 11.44 .Ll3j2,30
Real
Eigen
V!UC5
0,
.81,5
0,
.74.0
IV. DETERMINING STABILITY OF PERIODIC OSCILLATIONS OR
LIMIT CYCLES
Floquet or characteristic multipliers are conYenient in
identifying the nature of periodic oscillation from the way,
these multipliers cross the unit circle, A unit circle is a circle
with unit radius and centered at the origin of tile eigen-space.
As stated earlier, the test system defined with 4 variables has
a four dimensional monodromy matrix with four eigenvalues
or floquet multipliers. One of them is always Hnity the other
3 dCteine the stability of the limt cycle.
In case-2, with the SVC controller gain fxed at k
H
=1,
when the Load Q demand reaLhes a value of 11,12 p.u., one
of the multipliers leaves the unit circle and crosses it along
the +ve real axis, indicating occurrence of turning point of
the periodic orbit. This status continues with Q value
swinging between 11.12 p.u. and 11.062 p.u. The Q swing
on the other side between I Ll2 p.u. and 11.358 with
Q=11.I2 p.U, as central value, is accompanied with a period
doubling, since the multipliers leave the unit circle and cross
along the -ye real axis. The Q swing and hence the voltUge
swing at the load bus is not synetrical dUling the existence
of limit cycle, at the point corresponding to Q=11.J2 p.u of
the system trajectory.
165
TABLE 3
^A1URl L LIM'TCYCLE CAs-2. k, =1
Flaquet Multiplier (FL)
Point Q (p.u)
Period FL, FL, FL, FL
Remarks
Turing
11. 15 1.731 0 0 1 I point
11.IlJ 1.733 0 0 I 1.0005
II.! 06 1.740 0 1.0042
11.09 1.755 0 0 I 1.0125
11066 1,787 0 0 I 1,0203
Turing
S, 11,062 1,803 0 0 1 I point
11.109 1.862 0 0 0,3 I
Period
I 1.174 1,903 -I 0 0 I doubling
11.219 1.931 1.9 0 0 I
11.317 2,007 -2 0 0 I
Period
11.358 2,055 ) 0 0 I dQubling
11,388 2,103 0 0,007.jO.004 0,007jO,004 I
11.412 2,162 0, 0 0,9 1
1ABLL 4
NATURE Of LIMIT CYCLE, CASE-2, k
H
=2
Hoquet Multiplier (FL)
Point Q(p,u) Period
FL, FL, FL, FL Remarks
11.246 1.802 0 0 I I Turing point
11.244 1,807 0 a I 1,001
S, 1),235 ),842 0 0 I I Turing point
IUIO 1.962 0 0 0,63 1
11.401 2.101 0 0.83 I
In the same case2 with the SVC controller gain fxed at
k
Z
'2, when the Q demand eaches a value of 11.246 p,u.,
one of the multipliers leaves the unit circle and crosses it
along the +ve real axis, iHdiating occurrence of turing
point of the periodic orbit. This status continues with Q
value swinging between 11.24 p.u. and 11.235 p.u The
voltage swing at the lod bus is relatively less with this gain,
during the existence of limit cycle at the point coresponding
to Q"i 1.246 'p.u of the system tajector. No period
doubling occurs with the gain value k
A
02
V. CONCLUSIONS
Most of the major power system breakdowns are caused
by problems relating to the bybteU dynamic responses. The
limiting faCtUr in power system operation is the damping of
osLillations. The damping torque provided by the FACTS
device is proportional to the gain of the LoOtoller A power
system is highly nonlinear dynamical system, that always has
some influence on the controller performance. An
inappropriate contolleI setting my cause interplay between
system wide dispersed controllers, leading to evolution of
nonlinear dynamic phenomena such as bifurcation. It is
induced by vaiation in control gains and system parameters,
For satisfactory system operation, appropriateness of each
setting of the controller needs to be evaluated for d spec i fe
operating confguration. Time domain simulation for
evaluating system performance at each operating condition
and for each FACTS controller setting is a labourious
process. linearization method relates to a single operating
point on the system trajectory and fails to provide an in
depth evaluation of a controller setting and hence fne tuning
of the contoller gain can not be obtained. The in-depth
evaluation of a controller setting leading to fne tuning of the
controller gain is possible through bifurcation analysis.
VI. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Research facilities provided by Universiti Tenaga
Nasional Malaysia and intersting discussions with Annick
Dhooge are gratefully ackowleged.
VII. RErERENCES
[1) H. F Wang, F. J Swif, " A Unified Model for the analysis of FACTS
devices in Dmping Power Oscillalion Parl I: Sillglc-machillc
Infnite-bus Power System", IEEE Trans on Power Delivery, Vol 12,
No.2, April 1997, pp. 941-946
[21 P. Kundur,'Power System Stability and Control', McGraw-Hili, New
York 1994
[3] Seydel ROdiger,' From Equilibrium to chaos, Practical Bifurcation
and Stability Analysis', Elsevier, New York 1988
[4] Gruckenheimer J and PJ Holmes,'Nonlinear oscillation, Dynamical
Syslems and bifurcalion of veclor felds', New York: Springer
Verlag, 1983
[5] Ian Dobson, Hsiao-Dong Chiang, James S. Thorp, Lazhar Fekih
Ahmed;"A model of voltage collapse in Eleclric Power
Systems' ,IEEE Preceding of 271 Conference On Conlrol and
Decision, December 1988, pp.21 04-2109
(6) N. ^jjarapu, W.1c " Bifurcation Teory and U Application To
Nonlinear Dynamical Phenomena in 8N Elecl ric Power System",
IEEE Trans on Power System, Vol 7, No. 1 , February 1992, pp.424-
431
[7] Annick Dhooge, Willy Govaerls, Yuri A. Kuznetov, .. MATCONT:
A matlab package for numerical bifurcalion analysis of ODE's", Acm
Toms29(2)(2003),pp.141-164,
htlp:lallscrv nog.ae le/-ajdhoogc/rcsca |Lh.h Iml
VIII. llOGRAPllIES
Mara)ati Marsadek recei ved her !achclor of Eleclrical Power
Engineerilg from Ulliversili Tenaga Nasional, Malaysia in 2002. She is
currently pursuing her Master of Engineering. Her present research is in
area of non linear theory and dynamical systems.
R.N Mukerjce had his docloral sludies at the Indian InSlitute of
Technology Kharagpur during 1984 to 1987. During his employment with
Metallurgical & Engineering Consullants India Lid. from 1975 10 1990, he
W$ involved in engineering and design of power plants and T & D
networks. lie was also wilh Ihe Analytical Methods and Specialized
Studies section of System Planning Divi sion, Ontario Hydro Toronlo where
he wrked on small signal stability and coherency identifcation problems.
He also taught at the Birla Institute of Technology, Ranehi and Instilute of
Technology, Benaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India. Ilis lields of
166
interest includes power system dyamicS, nonlinear theory, power gul!y,
and applic.tion of Illcchniqucs tn power "y,cm problems
n.dllanathan Tanlj.wd" graduated in control engineering from
University Science Malaysia. Presently, working as a researcher in TNB
Research on Distribution losses, Ferror.son.nee problems and EMTDC
related sludies. His areas of interests inclutle non linear theory, power
system dynamics, conlrol applicalions and power system simulalion.
AlnSI! Ezraie Ari[fn holds lilc 1. Eng.
d
egree Ii'olll Ionperi.1 College
in 1993 and M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees from UMIST in 1995 ami 1998
respectively, all in Electrical Engineering. lie spcnl time doing
collaboralive research in !erkele
y
Center of Control and IdcOlifration,
Universily of Caliroria at Berkele
y
in 1996/97. Aznan is curently with
Grid Syslem Managemenl Division of Tenaga Nasion.1 Bcrhad Malaysia.
lie has worked on estimation of genemtor paramelers for network system
study simulalion, development of power plant gas lurbine models and
investigation or the occurence of ferroresonce in electrical dislribution
syslem. lie sits OD various TN I commillecs in planning and operation
studies and is actively involved in ClORE commiltee, namely in modelling
and performance' reporling or IIVDC syslems. His research inleresls arc
modelling and simulation of electric power nelwork and application of
advance control devices lO improve reliability in power systems. lIe
teaches part-lime ;n Ihe UNITEN Malaysia.