Western nations are more likely to stress individualism

Signs of individualism includes1 . Ca s ua l o r t e mp o r a r y

r e l a t i o n s h i p s 2 . I d e n t i t y i s b a s e d o n s e l f -
e s t e e m, p e r s o n a l g o a l s , p e r s o n a l r i g h t s a n d liberties.

Collectivism is more compromised of interdependence, tradition and harmony.

Relationships in collectivism are enduring

Morality is based on ones duty to society

Identity is based on group goals and commitments
Culture and Child rearing

The child bearing in Collectivist nations tend to stress more of a family sense andtend to be more focused on
emotional closeness

Individualist nations tend to stress independence, which is reflected in their childrearing techniques.
Developmental similarities across groups

Hu ma n s s ha r e ma ny s i mi l a r i t i e s i nc l ud i n g ge n e t i c s , l i f e c yc l e , c a p a c i t y f o r language,
biological needs and the sense of wanting to belong

Similar behaviors could be predicted from a group of individuals due to their similarities
Gender similarities and Differences

Both males and females share over 46 of the same chromosomes.

Women have 70% more fat, 40% less muscle and are over 5 inches shorter

Women also hit puberty 2 years earlier and outlive men

Women are more likely to have depression , express emotions more freely

10 times more the risk at eating disorders

Men are more likely to commit suicide, suffer alcoholism, have antisocial personality disorder,
hyperactivity, autism and color blindness

Gender and Aggression

Men are more likely to act aggressive than women

It is more physical than verbal

Males are also more likely to commit crimes than women

Men are more likely to support violent behaviors and war


Gender and Social Power

Men are more likely to autocratic, domineering leaders

Women are more likely to be democratic

Women are more likely to show support while men show their own opinions

Mi d d l e a g e wo me n b e c o me mo r e a s s e r t i v e wh i l e mi d d l e a g e d me n mo r e empath
etic
Gender and Social Connectedness

Women are more concerned about making connections with others than men

They are more likely to befriend others, be caring and responsible for others

Bonds between women tend to be more stronger than bonds between men

Men emphasize more freedom and self reliance

Bo ys t yp i c a l l y p l a y i n l a r ge gr o up s wi t h a n a c t i v i t y f o c u s a nd l i t t l e i n t i ma t e discussion.

Girls usually play in small groups, often with one friend.

Male answer syndromemen are more likely than women to give wrong answersrather than admit they are ignorant.
The Nature of Gender

The sex of a child is determined by the 23
rd
chromosome

The mother contributes the X chromosome

The father contributes either the X or Y chromosome

XX means that it is a girl

XY means that it will be a boy

Y chromosome holds the production of the hormone testosterone, it triggers thegrowth of external
male sex organs in the 7
th
week of prenatal development

Ge n d e r r o l e s a r e d e f i ne d a s o ur e x p e c t a t i o n s a b o u t t h e wa y me n a n d wo me n behave.
Culture has a big effect on designating a certain gender role

Gender roles differ a lot from nation to nation
Gender and Child Rearing

Gender identity is the sense of being male or female

Gender typing is when some individuals fit into their distinct traditional roles

Social Learning theory theory that we lean social behavior by observing andimitating and by being
rewarded or punished.

Ev e n i f a f a mi l y d i s c our a ge s ge nd e r t yp i n g, t h e c h i l d wi l l s t i l l t ur n t o t h e i r traditional
roles.



Ge n d e r Sc h e ma t he or y i s t he t he o r y t ha t c h i l d r e n l e a r n f r o m t h e i r c u l t ur e s a concept of
what it means to be male and female and that they adjust their behavior accordingly

C a r o l L y n n Ma r t i n a n d D i a n e R u b l e e x p l a i n e d t h a t c h i l d r e n we r e g e n d e r dete
ctives; they find which type or role they must fulfill themselves.
Reflections on Nature and Nurture

There are many influences which contribute individual development

- Social cultural influences1 . p a r e n t a l i n f l u e n c e s 2 . p e e r i n f l u e n c e s 3 . c u l t ur a l
i n d i vi d ua l i s m o r c ol l e c t i vi s m4 . C u l t u r a l g e n d e r n o r ms

Biological Influences1 . s h a r e d
h u m a n g e n o m e 2 . i nd i vi d ua l ge n e t i c v a r i a t i o n s 3 . p r e n a t a l e n v i r o n me n t 4 . s e x
r e l a t e d ge n e s , hor mo ne s a nd p hys i o l o g y

Psychological influences1 . ge ne e nvi r o nme n t i n t e r a c t i o n2 . ne u r o l o g i c a l e f f e c t o f
e a r l y e xp e r i e nc e s 3.responses evoked by our own temperament, gender, etc4 . b e l i e f s , f e e l i n g
a n d e xp e c t a t i o ns

Gender roles merely shape us

Activity (99)