Objectives

1
Analyse 1D motion using verbal, graphical
and algebraic representations
Describe motion in 1D in terms of average
and instantaneous accelerations
Velocity/Speed: corresponds to a change
in position

Acceleration: change in velocity
2
speed direction
Lecture 4: Average & instantaneous acceleration
Accelerate in the direction of velocityspeed up Accelerate in the direction of velocityspeed up
Accelerate against velocityslow down
Accelerate in the direction of velocityspeed up
Accelerate against velocityslow down
Accelerate at an angle to velocitychange direction
4
Successive pictures were taken at equal intervals of
time, in which of the following exhibits acceleration?
5
NO
NO
YES
YES
Speeding up!
Slowing down!
Successive pictures were taken at equal intervals of
time, in which of the following exhibits acceleration?
Acceleration is the rate of
change of velocity with time.
Acceleration,

Commonly expressed in
m/s
2
Acceleration is how the
speed and direction of
the objects motion are
changing
Velocity is how fast and
in what direction an
object moves.

6
Graphical analysis of velocity as
a function of time
Velocity,

Time,

graph

velocity at time

velocity at time

7
Graphical analysis of average
and instantaneous acceleration
Average acceleration,

Slope of the line
connecting (

) and
(

8
Graphical analysis of average
and instantaneous acceleration
Instantaneous
acceleration,

Limit of the average
acceleration as the
time interval
approaches zero

= lim
0

=

2

2



Slope of the
line tangent
to a point in
the plot
9
10
Graphical analysis of average
and instantaneous acceleration
Sign conventions for both
velocity and acceleration
Same signs (+ + or - -): object is speeding up
Different signs (+ - or - +): object is slowing down

> 0,

> 0 moving to the right, speeding up

< 0,

< 0 moving to the left, speeding up

> 0,

< 0 moving to the right, slowing down

< 0,

> 0 moving to the left, slowing down

11
Sample problem:
a) The object is slowing down at a decreasing rate.
b) The object is slowing down at an increasing rate.
c) The object is speeding up at a decreasing rate.
d) The object is speeding up at an increasing rate.
e) The objects speed is changing at a steady rate.
12
Graphical analysis.

Which of the following
descriptions of the motion
depicted on the graph
is most accurate?
Sample problem:
Graphical analysis.

Which of the following
descriptions of the motion
depicted on the graph
is most accurate?
a) The object is slowing down at a decreasing rate.
b) The object is slowing down at an increasing rate.
c) The object is speeding up at a decreasing rate.
d) The object is speeding up at an increasing rate.
e) The objects speed is changing at a steady rate.
13
*decreasing slope
Sample problem:
Velocity and acceleration from a plot.
A
B
D


14
C
E
THINGS TO LOOK FOR:
1. CURVATURE - acceleration
2. SLOPE - velocity
Sample problem:
Velocity and acceleration from a plot.
15
THINGS TO LOOK FOR:
1. CURVATURE
-UPWARD

> 0
-DOWNWARD

< 0
-NONE (ZERO)

= 0

2. SLOPE (recall)
-POSITIVE

> 0
-NEGATIVE

< 0
-NONE (ZERO)

= 0
NOTE:
The greater the curvature,
the greater the acceleration
in the + or direction
The greater the slope, the
greater the velocity.
Sample problem:
Velocity and acceleration from a plot.
A
B
D


16
C
E
Sample problem:
Velocity and acceleration from a plot.
A
B
D


17
C
E
Curvature:
UPWARD
Curvature:
UPWARD
Sample problem:
Velocity and acceleration from a plot.
A
B
D


18
C
E
Curvature:
UPWARD
Curvature:
UPWARD
Curvature:
DOWNWARD
Sample problem:
Velocity and acceleration from a plot.
A
B
D


19
C
E
Curvature:
UPWARD
Curvature:
UPWARD
Curvature:
ZERO
Curvature:
ZERO
Curvature:
DOWNWARD
Sample problem:
Velocity and acceleration from a plot.
20
Pt Curve a
x
A Up +
B 0 0
C Down -
D 0 0
E Up +
Sample problem:
Velocity and acceleration from a plot.
A
B
D


21
C
E
Sample problem:
Velocity and acceleration from a plot.
A
B
C
D
E


22
Sample problem:
Velocity and acceleration from a plot.
A
B
C
D
E


23
Slope:
POSITIVE
Slope:
POSITIVE
Slope:
ZERO
Slope:
NEGATIVE
Slope:
NEGATIVE
Sample problem:
Velocity and acceleration from a plot.
24
Pt Slope v
x
A + +
B + +
C 0 0
D - -
E - -
Sample problem:
Velocity and acceleration from a plot.
25
Pt Curve a
x
Slope

v
x
A Up + + +
B 0 0 + +
C Down - 0 0
D 0 0 - -
E Up + - -
Again:

slope of x-t graph: average velocity
slope of tangent line of x-t graph: instantaneous
velocity (sometimes instantaneous is dropped)
curvature of x-t graph: acceleration



slope of v-t graph: average acceleration
slope of tangent line of v-t graph: instantaneous
acceleration (sometimes instantaneous is dropped)

26
27
Sample Problem:
Shown is a graph of the acceleration of a model railroad
locomotive moving on the x-axis. Graph its velocity and x-
coordinate as functions of time if x = 0and v
x
= 0 at t = 0.
Slope tangent line of v-t graph => a-t graph
Slope tangent line of x-t graph => v-t graph
28
In each acceleration interval, the acceleration equations apply.
When a
x
is constant:
v
x
-t is a straight line
x-t is a parabola
When a
x
= 0:
v
x
-t is constant
x-t is a straight line
a
x
is
constant
a
x
is
constant
a
x
is
constant
a
x
= 0 a
x
= 0 a
x
= 0
slope of constant = 0
slope of straight line = constant
slope of parabola = straight line
What slope would yield to a
constant or zero?
29
a
x
is
constant
a
x
is
constant
a
x
is
constant
a
x
= 0 a
x
= 0 a
x
= 0
a
x
is constant: v
x
-t is a straight line
a
x
= 0: v
x
-t is constant
v
x
-t constant
v
x
t constant
30
a
x
is
constant
a
x
is
constant
a
x
is
constant
a
x
= 0 a
x
= 0 a
x
= 0
a
x
is constant: v
x
-t is a straight line
a
x
= 0: v
x
-t is constant
31
a
x
is
constant
a
x
is
constant
a
x
is
constant
a
x
= 0 a
x
= 0 a
x
= 0
a
x
= 0: x-t is a straight line
a
x
is constant: x-t is a parabola
parabola
parabola
parabola
straight
line
straight
line
straight line
(t>40)
(v<0) (v>0)
32
a
x
is
constant
a
x
is
constant
a
x
is
constant
a
x
= 0 a
x
= 0 a
x
= 0
a
x
= 0: x-t is a straight line
a
x
is constant: x-t is a parabola
33
What is the instantaneous acceleration at t = 10s?
Answer: v-t slope at 5 to 15s constant (no change in velocity)
acceleration from 5s to 15s; a(10s) = 0
Notice: +slope of x-t plot = + velocity and -slope of xt plot = - velocity
Seatwork
- solve problems in your
notebooks
- write the answers only in
your bluebook
- indicate the date

August 14, 2014
1. Blah?

2. Blah blah!

3. Blah blah blah!

4. Blah blah blah blah!
34
Seatwork
35
Find the average x-acceleration,
and describe whether the speed
increases or decreases for each
of these time intervals:
1-2) t
1
=1.0s to t
2
=3.0
3-4) t
1
=5.0s to t
2
=7.0s
5-6) t
1
=9.0s to t
2
=11.0s
7-8) t
1
=13.0s to t
2
=15.0s

t(s) v
x
(m/s)
1.0 0.8
3 1.2
5 1.6
7 1.2
9 -0.4
11 -1.0
13 -1.6
15 -0.8

Hint: Graphing maybe helpful in checking your answer
Seatwork 9, 10.
Velocity and acceleration from a plot.

Sketch the

and

plots from the given

plot.


36
TWTh: Lecture (LP104)
F: Recitation Quiz
TWHFA de Vera (LP104)
TWHFA-1 Zosa (F201)
TWHFA-2 Nayga (F202)
TWHFA-3 De Los Reyes (F206)
TWHFA-4 Olaya (F207)
TWHFA-5 Bendicio (F210)

Topic: Lectures 1 and 2 (Chapter 1)
Physical quantities, units, dimensional
analysis, scalars and vectors
38
1.Attendance will be checked once the recit teacher enters the room:
Case 1: if the number of present students is ODD (if all are present OR 2, 4, are
late/absent)
- have a raffle (using index card) among the present students; 1 lucky raffle winner
can choose which group he/she want to answer the recit for the day, therefore, we
will have 1 group with 3 members; while other groups will have a pair
Case 2: if the number of present students is EVEN (if 1, 3, are late/absent)
- no raffle, students can pair among themselves
2. Late students (as penalty) will have to answer the recit quiz on his/her own.
Those who come to class AFTER the end of the attendance roll-call will be
considered late. If the student comes before the end of the attendance roll-call,
he/she will be accepted and considered NOT LATE even if his/her name was
already called.

3. Recitation quizzes shall be done in closed notes, students may discuss with
their partner and encouraged to consult the recit teacher. Students are only
allowed to use real calculators (not the ones from their tablets, laptops or
cellphones)

4. Recit solutions will be submitted by group/pair. Write the complete solution to
each problem and box the final answer.
5. If a student complains about the partner, the recit teacher can arrange rotation
partners for the next recit session.